Interactions of Mg and K on cerebral vessels--aspects in view of stroke. Review of present status and new findings.
Considerable experimental evidence has accumulated to indicate that brain ischemia or stroke-like events will lead to rapid losses of brain potassium, magnesium, ATP, creatine phosphate and glucose. These events are usually followed by an uptake of sodium and calcium ions. Increased uptake or excess Ca2+ uptake in neuronal cells is thought to be the prime cause of neuronal death in the brain. Mg2+ deficiency is known to produce a host of neurological disturbances in man; experimentally, Mg2+ deficiency leads to excess uptake of Ca2+ in the brain. Strokes and transient ischemic attacks also are known to be associated with neurological disturbances and ionic changes in the brain. Stroke patients have been reported to exhibit deficits in serum and CSF [Mg]. Acute Mg or K deficiency can produce cerebrovasospasm, at least experimentally. The lower the extracellular concentration of either Mg2+ or K+, the greater the magnitude of cerebral arterial contraction. These cerebrovascular contractions induced by lowering either the [Mg2+]0 or [K+]0 cannot be antagonized or attenuated by known pharmacologic antagonists. The cerebrovasospasms produced upon lowering [Mg2+]0 can be modulated by [K+]0 and vice versa; e.g. the lower the [K+]0, the greater the degree of vasospasm upon withdrawal of [Mg2+]0 and vice versa. Lowering [Mg2+]0 in situ and in vitro results in increased uptake of Ca2+ in the brain and the cerebral arteries. Cerebrovasospasms induced by substances that are known to be released in the brain on injury, such as prostanoids and serotonin, are relaxed dramatically by addition of [Mg2+]0. Infusions of MgSO4 into the brain via the internal carotid artery produces dose-dependent lowering of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as dose-dependent vasodilatation of arterioles (17-30 micron) and venules (18-40 micron) in the cerebral microcirculation, as observed by direct in situ high-resolution TV image-intensification microscopy. In clinical studies, infusion of MgSO4 has been reported to alleviate cerebrovasospasms. Epidemiological evidence is accumulating to suggest that consumption of fruit and vegetables (foodstuffs relatively high in K and Mg, and low in Na) is associated in certain geographic regions with a lower than normal incidence of strokes, particularly that of cerebral hemorrhage. On the basis of such data, and the findings reported herein, we believe one must consider that certain types of cerebrovascular accidents, transient ischemic attacks and 'classical' migraine attacks may be associated with a 'true' Mg deficiency and altered fluxes of K+ ions in the brain and CSF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium