Inhalation exposure to formaldehyde: an overview of its toxicology, epidemiology, monitoring, and control.
Increasing production and use of formaldehyde in consumer products have resulted in widespread recognition of its acute irritant effects at exposure levels below the current occupational health standard [3 parts per million parts of air (ppm)]. Formaldehyde is an allergic (immunologically mediated) skin sensitizer which may also cause or exacerbate respiratory distress in individuals with preexisting or formaldehyde-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Formaldehyde gas is a very reactive alkylating agent which is mutagenic in several in vitro test systems. At exposure levels less than one order of magnitude greater than those often found in human occupational and nonoccupational environments, it induces squamous cell carcinomas in the nasal cavity of rats. Recent reviews suggest that formaldehyde exposure should be treated as though it poses a carcinogenic risk to humans and should be reduced to the lowest feasible level. This report reviews information on the epidemiologic evaluation of health effects which may result from hazardous levels of exposure to formaldehyde. Methods for monitoring exposure are discussed in detail because of considerable diversity in the methods used by state health departments for recognition, evaluation and control of nonoccupational exposures. Current guidelines for the evaluation and control of exposures to formaldehyde gas are suggested.
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced
D000393:Air Pollutants; D005557:Formaldehyde