title: Panic anxiety: a new biological model.
abstract: Previously unrecognized similarities among metabolic responses to various maneuvers used to evoke anxiety in patients with panic disorder are described. On the basis of these observations, a new biological model is proposed for panic disorder, in which the primary defect--which is neuroendocrine rather than psychiatric--is operationally placed within the redox-regulating apparatus of the brain stem. This model is consistent with many clinical features of panic disorder and also provides a theoretical framework for further studies of the pathophysiology of this and related conditions (e.g., hyperventilation syndrome).
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005239:Fear; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008954:Models, Biological; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010200:Panic; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000097:blood; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D011773:Pyruvates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine