title: Comparative myology of the hominoid cranial base. I. The muscular relationships and bony attachments of the digastric muscle.
abstract: This paper aims to document accurately the soft tissue anatomy and bony attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and other closely related muscles in the mastoid region of extant hominoids and fossil hominids. Five wet specimens including individuals of Pan, Gorilla and Pongo were dissected and described. Eight casts of fossil hominid cranial bases were also studied along with measurements and notes made from the same original fossil hominid specimens to assess their soft tissue markings in the light of the findings for the three great apes. The results indicate that whereas the attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle in Homo sapiens is associated with a deep groove or fossa, it originates from a widened area and leaves no bony markings on the cranial base of the three great apes. Following a change in the position of the foramen magnum and the occipital condyles in hominids and H. sapiens the insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric has remained posteriorly positioned but has become compressed into a deep groove. It is likely that this has come about by the displacement of the more medial soft tissue structures which have been moved laterally away from the occipital condyles.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005580:Fossils; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010163:Paleontology; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013045:Species Specificity