title: The antifertility and antiadrenergic actions of thiocarbamate fungicides in laying hens.
abstract: The effects of the thiocarbamate fungicides, thiram, ziram, ferbam, maneb, and zineb, on norepinephrine synthesis by laying hens were investigated. Inhibition experiments with dopamine beta-hydroxylase purified from chicken adrenals indicated that thiram, ziram, and ferbam are potent competitive inhibitors with the substrate the substrate ascorbate. Maneb and zineb were without effect at comparable concentrations. Experiments investigating the interaction of thiram, ziram, and ferbam with cupric ions suggested that these compounds probably inhibit the enzyme by complexing the fully oxidized copper at its active site. Maneb and zineb also complexed cupric ions in solution and thus their failure to inhibit is not due to their inability to complex copper. When tested in vivo, thiram, ziram, and ferbam at po doses of 2.5 mg/kg or greater significantly reduced the conversion of radioactive dopa, given systemically, to brain norepinephrine. Since they did not affect the uptake of radioactive dopa by the brain or its subsequent decarboxylation within the brain to yield dopamine, these three compounds inhibit cerebral dopamine beta-hydroxylase in vivo. In contrast maneb and zineb at a po dose of 20 mg/kg had no significant effect on brain norepinephrine synthesis. Previously published results (Weppelman et al., Biol. Reprod. 23, 40-46, 1980) demonstrated that thiram, ziram, and ferbam (but not maneb or zineb) have antifertility action in laying hens. The correlation between this action and inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase suggests that the antifertility effects of thiram, ziram, and ferbam might result from their antiadrenergic action. The observation that all doses of thiram in the diet which caused significant antigonadal action when fed to laying hens for 1 week also significantly decreased central and peripheral stores of norepinephrine supports this conclusion.
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D003300:Copper; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine