Dr Leonard Arthur: his trial and its implications.
Oscillatory growth of pollen tubes has been correlated with oscillatory influxes of the cations Ca(2+), H(+), and K(+). Using an ion-specific vibrating probe, a new circuit was identified that involves oscillatory efflux of the anion Cl(-) at the apex and steady influx along the tube starting at 12 mum distal to the tip. This spatial coupling of influx and efflux sites predicts that a vectorial flux of Cl(-) ion traverses the apical region. The Cl(-) channel blockers 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid completely inhibited tobacco pollen tube growth at 80 and 20 muM, respectively. Cl(-) channel blockers also induced increases in apical cell volume. The apical 50 mum of untreated pollen tubes had a mean cell volume of 3905 +/- 75 mum(3). DIDS at 80 muM caused a rapid and lethal cell volume increase to 6206 +/- 171 mum(3), which is at the point of cell bursting at the apex. DIDS was further demonstrated to disrupt Cl(-) efflux from the apex, indicating that Cl(-) flux correlates with pollen tube growth and cell volume status. The signal encoded by inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4)] antagonized pollen tube growth, induced cell volume increases, and disrupted Cl(-) efflux. Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) decreased the mean growth rate by 85%, increased the cell volume to 5997 +/- 148 mum(3), and disrupted normal Cl(-) efflux oscillations. These effects were specific for Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) and were not mimicked by either Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) or Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P(5). Growth correlation analysis demonstrated that cycles of Cl(-) efflux were coupled to and temporally in phase with cycles of growth. A role for Cl(-) flux in the dynamic cellular events during growth is assessed. Differential interference contrast microscopy and kymographic analysis of individual growth cycles revealed that vesicles can advance transiently to within 2 to 4 mum of the apex during the phase of maximally increasing Cl(-) efflux, which temporally overlaps the phase of cell elongation during the growth cycle. In summary, these investigations indicate that Cl(-) ion dynamics are an important component in the network of events that regulate pollen tube homeostasis and growth.
D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D004739:England; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice