Closed circuit anesthesia in infants and children.
A closed-system low-flow technique with enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane as the sole anesthetic was used in three groups of ten children each. Anesthesia was induced by injection into the expiratory limb of a priming standard dose of the liquid anesthetic, followed by additional doses at 15, 30, 60, and 90 sec, and 2, 3, and 4 min. Further injections following the "square root of time" sequence were used for maintenance. Volumes of anesthetics used averaged 3.7 +/- 1.1 ml for enflurane, 2.3 +/- 1.1 ml for halothane, and 3.0 +/- 0.9 ml for isoflurane. These volumes were higher than predicted on theoretical grounds, as was the frequency with which anesthetics had to be injected. Closed-system low-flow anesthesia is a practical, economical, and nonpolluting technique in pediatric patients. Complications associated with isoflurane suggest, however, that isoflurane is not as satisfactory as enflurane or halothane when using this technique in infants and children.
D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004737:Enflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli; D012995:Solubility
D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane