title: Clinical pharmacology of edrophonium in infants and children.
abstract: The dose-response relationship, onset, duration of action, atropine requirement, and pharmacokinetic variables of edrophonium were determined in infants and children during N2O-halothane anesthesia. The technique of steady state infusion of d-tubocurarine anesthesia. The technique of steady state infusion of d-tubocurarine (dTc) was used to determine the ED50 for edrophonium (i.e., the dose producing 50% antagonism of 90% neuromuscular depression) in 4 infants (145 micrograms/kg) and 12 children (233 microgram/kg). The reported values for ED50 for edrophonium (obtained under similar anesthetic conditions) is 128 micrograms/kg for adults. These three dose-response curves do not differ statistically; however, there was greater variability among infants and children than adults. Time to peak antagonism was similar for all three age groups. Duration of antagonism was determined in six infants and six children and did not differ from the reported value for adults. The optimal dose and time of administration of atropine were established by administering edrophonium (1 mg/kg) and atropine (10-20 micrograms/kg) to 24 infants and children. The smallest changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure occurred when atropine (10 micrograms/kg) was given 30 s before edrophonium. The pharmacokinetics of edrophonium (1 mg/kg) were studied in four infants and four children and were compared with published values for adults: distribution and elimination half-lives and distribution volumes were similar for the three groups. Total clearance (ml.kg-1.min-1) was greatest for infants (17.8 +/- 1.2) compared with children (14.2 +/- 7.3) and adults (8.3 +/- 2.9). The authors conclude that the dose of edrophonium required toantagonize dTc-induced neuromuscular blockade is similar or possibly greater for infants and children than for adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004491:Edrophonium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007700:Kinetics; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014403:Tubocurarine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D009388:Neostigmine; D004491:Edrophonium; D001285:Atropine; D014403:Tubocurarine