title: The treatment of severe dystonia in children and adults.
abstract: Twenty-three children (aged less than 18 years) and 17 adults with severe widespread dystonia were treated with high doses of benzhexol (up to 130 mg daily introduced slowly over many weeks). Children tolerated higher doses (median 30 mg/day) than adults (median 20 mg/day). 52% of the children gained useful benefit, many (43%) without unwanted side effects. Such an approach was less successful in adults; 41% gained benefit, but only 35% had no side effects. Twelve adults with severe axial dystonia, and two children with life-threatening generalised dystonia were treated with a combination of a low constant dose of tetrabenazine to which were added pimozide and benzhexol as necessary. The dose of tetrabenazine was aimed at 75 mg daily; pimozide was increased (6 to 25 mg/day) until the dystonia was relieved or Parkinsonism and other side-effects prevented further increments; if necessary benzhexol (6 to 30 mg/day) then was added to control side-effects and to provide additional benefit. 75% of the adults with severe axial dystonia, and one of the two children with life threatening generalised dystonia gained useful benefit from this regime. It is concluded that high dose benzhexol is the present first treatment of choice for children with severe dystonia, and is worth a try in adults but with less expectation of success. When benzhexol treatment alone fails in adults with severe disabling axial dystonia, or in children with life-threatening generalised dystonia, combined therapy with tetrabenazine, pimozide and benzhexol may give valuable symptomatic relief.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004422:Dystonia Musculorum Deformans / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009120:Muscle Cramp / Q000188:drug therapy; D010868:Pimozide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014103:Torticollis / Q000188:drug therapy; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D010868:Pimozide; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl; D013747:Tetrabenazine