title: Determination of muscle orientations and moment arms.
abstract: In muscle force analysis, orientations and moment arms of the muscles about a joint provide essential coefficients in the equilibrium equations. For the determination of these parameters, several experimental techniques, including geometric measurement, tendon-joint displacement measurement and direct load measurement, are available. Advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the techniques are reviewed and compared based on our extensive experience.
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008433:Mathematics; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*