title: The pattern of hammer speed during a hammer throw and influence of gravity on its fluctuations.
abstract: Hammer speed at release is one of the most important factors contributing to the distance of a hammer throw. Hammer speed follows a generally increasing trend during the throw, with one fluctuation per turn. The purpose of the present paper was to quantify the influence of gravity on the speed fluctuations. Eight experienced hammer throwers were studied with three-dimensional filming methods. Instantaneous values of hammer velocity and speed were calculated from the film data. The rate of change of hammer speed due to the tangential component of gravity was computed, and integrated to calculate the accumulated contribution of gravity to hammer speed at all instants of the throw. These values were subtracted from the corresponding values of hammer speed. The amplitude of the fluctuations was reduced in the corrected speed functions, indicating a contribution of gravity to the original fluctuations. However, the fluctuations were still clearly present in the corrected speed functions, indicating the existence of other causal factors.
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D009038:Motion; D013177:Sports