title: Female urethral syndrome: clinical and urodynamic perspectives.
abstract: Eighteen women with the urethral syndrome were studied urodynamically with synchronous video-pressure flow studies and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter (EUS). When compared with an age and sex matched control group, the most striking finding was a significantly higher than normal maximum urethral closure pressure. Abnormal and low urinary flow rates, instability of the intraurethral pressure at rest, incomplete funnelling of the bladder neck, and distal urethral narrowing during voiding constitute other typical urodynamic findings in the female urethral syndrome. Detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia or primary striated sphincter spasm was not observed. Even though striated EUS spasticity cannot be excluded as a cause of this syndrome in some patients, an autonomically mediated spasm of the smooth muscle sphincter seems plausible to explain both our urodynamic findings and a favorable response of 4 patients treated with alpha-blocking agents.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D013577:Syndrome; D014521:Urethra / Q000503:physiopathology; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014554:Urination; D014563:Urodynamics