title: Masseter, digastric and omohyoidal responses from weak mechanical oral stimuli in the chewing rat.
abstract: In rats anesthetized with ketamine, effects of jaw jerks (rise time 5 ms, strength 70 mN) applied in the open direction were studied both in the quiescent preparation and during rhythmic jaw-opening and jaw-closing movements (induced by mechanical stimulation of the palate). The left masseter, posterior and anterior digastric and omohyoid muscles were fitted with electrodes for recording electromyographic responses. In the quiescent state a jaw jerk causes responses in all recorded muscles. In the rhythmic preparation masseter responses persisted but digastric and omohyoidal responses were suppressed. This suppression was most prominent when jerks were applied during closing. However, responses in digastrics and omohyoid persisted when masseter nerves and periodontal afferents of the lower incisors were blocked with xylocaine. The suppression of digastric and omohyoidal responses therefore originates--at least partly - from masseter and periodontal afferents. When the periodontal afferents alone were blocked with xylocaine only the response in the opening phase persisted. The suppression of digastric and omohyoidal responses during opening are therefore reflexes from periodontal receptors. These observations support the concept that oral activity is controlled by two relatively independent systems. The first program-oriented system generates the basic movements whereas the second, environment-oriented, system has access to the program for correcting perturbations. There is evidence that muscles poorly supplied with muscle spindles (digastrics and omohyoid) act as pure effectors. Modulation of their activity is prompted by exteroceptors and muscle receptors in the masticatory muscles.
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000294:innervation; D008409:Mastication; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D009055:Mouth / Q000294:innervation; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology