title: A comparison of controlled feeding programs for maximizing returns of white Leghorn layers.
abstract: Three controlled feeding programs initiated after peak egg production and a full feeding program were evaluated for their effects on production and income performance of White Leghorn layers. Program 1 consisted of full feeding from 20 to 64 weeks of age. Controlled feeding programs were initiated at 36 weeks and consisted of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 2), a phase reduction feeding program consisting of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 53 weeks of age followed by feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 3), and feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day continuously from 36 weeks (Program 4). Controlled feeding programs resulted in significant (P less than .05) reductions in total feed usage compared to full fed birds. Eggs per hen, however, were significantly (P less than .05) reduced only for feeding Programs 3 and 4, and egg weights were reduced only with feeding Program 4. Egg mass production and body weights were significantly affected by controlled feeding programs. Egg grade distributions were not significantly (P greater than .05) different among Programs 1, 2, or 3; however, Program 4 produced a significant (P less than .05) increase in the percentage of medium grade eggs obtained. Egg incomes over pullet and feed costs favored all controlled feeding programs, demonstrating that maximum production levels do not always mean maximum returns.
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition