title: Preliminary evaluation of isocyanate-generating nitroheterocycles as chemosensitizers, radiosensitizers and hypoxic cell cytotoxic agents.
abstract: Nitro-compounds containing an acetylated acetohydroxamic acid side chain in the N-1 position of a 5-membered ring nitrogen heterocycle have been synthesized. These compounds, which can generate isocyanates via a Lossen rearrangement, were evaluated in order to test the hypothesis that they may be effective radiation and chemosensitizing agents by nature of their isocyanate-associated carbamoylating potential. Evaluation of one such compound, DJW-77 (1(O-Acetyl-Acetohydroxamic acid)-3-nitropyrazole) as a radiation sensitizer, chemosensitizer and hypoxic cell toxin is reported. In vitro DJW-77 demonstrates a potent selective cytotoxicity toward hypoxic EMT-6 tumor cells, is an effective potentiator of CCNU toxicity and is comparable to MISO with respect to its radiation-sensitizing potential. The activity of the drug is eliminated under aerobic conditions. To test the hypothesis that the activity of DJW-77 is related to isocyanate generation, the non-acetylated analog of DJW-77 (which does not directly undergo the Lossen rearrangement) and the parent 3-nitropyrazole ring structure were evaluated. Neither compound enhanced CCNU toxicity, and on an equimolar basis were inferior to DJW-77 as radiation sensitizers. While the non-acetylated analog was cytotoxic to hypoxic cells, relative to DJW-77 this activity was substantially reduced. These studies indicate that the addition of a side chain capable of generating an isocyanate can enhance the cytotoxicity and sensitizing activity of nitroheterocycles.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D008130:Lomustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C043058:3-nitropyrazole; D008130:Lomustine; C043057:1-(O-acetyl-acetohydroxamic acid)-3-nitropyrazole; C043059:1-acetohydroxamic acid-3-nitropyrazole; D010100:Oxygen