title: Ritual and rational action in hospitals.
abstract: Menzies argues that nursing hierarchies and ritual practices protect nurses from the anxieties provoked by encountering human suffering. This proposition is examined with particular reference to ritual practices in nursing. It is argued that Menzies studied nurses in isolation from the societal and subcultural norms and values which direct hospital activity. Her psychodynamic model is contrasted with a sociological model of human conduct and action. The characteristics of ritual and rational action, and the difference between non-rational and irrational rituals, is explored. The findings of three 5-month periods of participant observation are presented as illustrative case material to support the authors view, that ritual procedures are not only defence mechanisms against anxiety, but social acts which generate and convey meaning. Ritual practices described in this analysis include rituals surrounding birth, death, status and power. It is concluded that if nurses wish to change or alter ritual nursing practices in hospital it is necessary to understand their social as well as their psychological meaning.
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004644:Emotions; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory