title: Non-gonococcal ophthalmitis associated with erythromycin ointment prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
abstract: Substitution of erythromycin ointment for silver nitrate in the prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON) was accompanied by eight infections in 749 (1.1%) well-born and 21 infections in 285 (7.4%) intensive care infants during an eight-month period. This was significantly higher than previous rates of ophthalmitis during the use of silver nitrate, 0.3% (5/1877) and 2.1% (19/904) for well and intensive care infants, (P less than 0.01). Multiple bacteria were isolated, polymicrobial infection occurred frequently and the pattern of bacterial isolates did not favor cross-contamination between infants. Observation suggested the frequent unintentional introduction of ungloved fingers into neonatal eyes during attempts to insert erythromycin ointment. Replacement of ophthalmic ointment with a liquid tetracycline preparation resulted in a decrease in non-gonococcal ophthalmitis to rates similar to the baseline period 8/997 (0.8%) for both nurseries. The increased number of infections appear related to the ointment vehicle, difficulty in its application and the mechanical introduction of bacteria. It is inferred that appropriate application of liquid medication also reduced the risk of inadequate prophylaxis.
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009824:Ointments; D009878:Ophthalmia Neonatorum / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009824:Ointments; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D004917:Erythromycin; D012835:Silver Nitrate