title: The role of microsomal enzyme inducers in the reduction of misonidazole neurotoxicity.
abstract: In a series of studies, we have shown that phenytoin, 300 mg daily for one week, produces consistent hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, resulting in a decrease of 25% in misonidazole half-life, without causing any toxicity per se. A longer period of administration gives only a slightly greater induction. Phenobarbitone in a daily dose of 90 mg causes a reduction of 18% and 23% in misonidazole half-life after 1 and 2 weeks' pre-treatment respectively, but is less suitable clinically because of its sedative effect. A further series of studies using phenytoin as the inducing agent has shown that, despite adequate enzyme induction and increased misonidazole metabolism, it is impossible to increase the total dose of misonidazole beyond the usually accepted value of 12 g/m2 because of unacceptable neuropathy (a rate of 50% at a dose of 14 g/m2 over three weeks). In single doses of above 3.0-4.0 g of misonidazole, severe nausea and vomiting are prominent, so that this side effect is a determining factor in the treatment fractionation. Audiometric studies show no correlation between the incidence of peripheral neuropathy and abnormal audiograms, and have no value in the early prediction of neurotoxicity. It seems that despite causing increased metabolism, enzyme induction does not protect against neurotoxicity and thus will not permit the use of higher doses of misonidazole for increased radiosensitisation.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008920:Misonidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D010672:Phenytoin; D008920:Misonidazole; C009997:desmethylmisonidazole; D010634:Phenobarbital