title: Nicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals.
abstract: Results are summarized from 17 studies in which intravenous nicotine was evaluated in self-administration paradigms. Six species, ranging from the albino rat to the human, have been tested under a variety of schedules of reinforcement, and as a function of several pharmacologic manipulations. Under certain environmental conditions, it is clear that nicotine can serve as a reinforcer. However, nicotine differs from many other drugs of abuse in that the range of environmental conditions under which it serves as a reinforcer appears to be more restricted.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010215:Papio; D051381:Rats; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012453:Saimiri; D012646:Self Administration; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine