title: Influence of formulation on the efficacy of experimental oil-emulsion Newcastle disease vaccines.
abstract: Twenty-one experimental oil-emulsion vaccines with different emulsifier contents, aqueous-to-oil ratios, and antigen concentrations were compared by immunization of 4-week-old chickens. Vaccines that contained oil-phase (Arlacel 80) and aqueous-phase (Tween 80) emulsifiers induced 2-to-4-fold higher hemagglutination-inhibition titers than vaccines with only the oil-phase emulsifier. The emulsion vaccines containing both emulsifiers were also more stable at 37 C and less viscous than those containing only the oil-phase emulsifier. Vaccines that had different aqueous-to-oil ratios and contained different quantities of allantoic-fluid antigen (1.2% to 50% of the vaccine volume) induced similar protection against challenge, but hemagglutination-inhibition titers were proportional to the amount of antigen added. Vaccines that had different aqueous-to-oil ratios but contained equal amounts of antigen induced similar hemagglutination-inhibition titers and similar protection against challenge.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002645:Chickens; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D014765:Viral Vaccines