title: Chronic airflow limitation.
abstract: Chronic airflow limitation (CAL) is a problem which causes much disability and the necessity for long-term care. This article discusses the clinical and psychosocial assessment of the patient with CAL as it relates to the goals of management: to optimize airflow; to minimize respiratory failure; to facilitate adaptation to chronic illness; and to develop appropriate coping skills.
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D012944:Social Support