title: Norepinephrine levels in developing pigeon brain: effect of monocular deprivation on the Wulst noradrenergic system.
abstract: The endogenous level of norepinephrine (NE) was measured in discrete brain areas of the pigeon during post-hatching development. The pontine tegmentum showed the highest NE content, which remained constant during the post-hatching period. On the contrary, the NE content in the Wulst and cerebellum gradually decreased from hatching to 6 days. After this period, the Wulst NE level did not change significantly. In fact, there was no significant difference between NE values at 6 days and those at 6 months of age. In contrast, the difference between the cerebellar NE level at 6 days and that at the adult stage was highly significant. The NE content in the Wulst could be related to noradrenergic afferents originating in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus and substantia grisea centralis, since an electrolytic lesion of the pontine tegmentum caused a 60% reduction in the NE level in the ipsilateral Wulst. In line with the hypothesis that NE plays an important role in cortical plasticity, effects of early monocular deprivation on the Wulst NE content were also observed. After monocular deprivation during the first 6 months of life, the NE level increased by 40% in the Wulst ipsilateral to the deprived eye in comparison to the other side, where the NE level was normal. Monocular deprivation performed in adult animals did not affect the NE content in the Wulst. These results indicate that noradrenergic systems in the Wulst are affected by early, but not late visual deprivation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology; D010856:Columbidae; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011149:Pons / Q000166:cytology; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine