title: Multistage tumor development in the human esophagus - the first identification of cocarcinogens of the tumor promoter type as principal carcinogenic risk factors in a local life style cancer.
abstract: An experimental analysis is described which demonstrates that the epidemiologically established high rate of esophageal cancer among blacks and creoles in Curacao most likely is the result of a multistage process involving initiators and promoters. As part of local lifestyle, the group at risk utilizes for various purposes plant parts of an indigenous bush Croton flavens L. ("Welensali"). Moreover they consume, as an everyday beverage, a "bush tea" made from the leaves of the bush. The roots, leaves and tea are shown to contain a multitude of irritant croton factors which are characterized as diterpene esters of the tigliane type. In mouse skin these exhibit strong promoting activity comparable to that of TPA. As the latter, also the croton factors isolated, show no solitary carcinogenic activity. One cup of Welensali tea contains the equivalent of about 12-times the irritant dose of croton factor F1; in addition, the equivalent of about 1.4-times the irritant dose 50 of the corresponding "cryptic" promoter F1-20-decanoate is present. These amounts are considered sufficient to maintain chronic irritation of the esophagus as an important element of co-carcinogenesis, especially of tumor promotion. Also, persons at risk in Curacao have been exposed at times previously to certain initiators. Mice treated by an initiation/promotion protocol with DMBA (or other initiators) and TPA develop tumors of the forestomach. Therefore, esophageal cancer on Curacao may be considered the first case for cocarcinogens of the tumor promoter type being principal risk factors in a life style cancer.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000633:toxicity; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity; D010947:Plants, Toxic / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004224:Diterpenes; D007509:Irritants; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010936:Plant Extracts; C028113:croton factor F1; C028114:croton factor F2