title: Prometaphase forces towards opposite spindle poles are not independent: an on/off control system is identified by ultraviolet microbeam irradiations.
abstract: Individual spindle fibres in prometaphase spermatocytes of the cricket, Neocurtilla hexadactyla, were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam. The stretched heteromorphic bivalent (X2Y) contracted to about 75% of its pre-irradiation length after irradiation of either of its two oppositely directed spindle fibres (i.e., the X2 or Y spindle fibre). The X2Y bivalent also contracted after irradiation of the connection between the kinetochores of the univalent X1 chromosome and the Y chromosome but it did not contract after irradiation of autosomal spindle fibres or of the spindle fibre of the X1 univalent sex chromosome. The spindles sometimes shrank after irradiation, but contraction of the X2Y bivalent was independent of spindle shrinkage. The data strongly suggest that the oppositely directed forces on a bivalent are not independent. One reason is that the X2Y contractions were asymmetrical: during contraction one kinetochore remained fixed in position while the other kinetochore (facing the opposite pole) moved towards the equator. In 75% of the cases the stationary kinetochore was associated with the irradiated spindle fibre. Thus, we suggest that the irradiation of a spindle fibre produces a state analogous to rigor in the irradiated spindle fibre and, because of effects on the control system, produces relaxation of tension in the oppositely directed non-irradiated spindle fibre, so that the kinetochore associated with the non-irradiated spindle fibre moves towards the equator. These experiments have identified a control system that coordinates force production to opposite poles.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D008677:Metaphase / Q000528:radiation effects; D009987:Orthoptera / Q000235:genetics*; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays