title: D,L-alpha-Fluoropalmitic acid inhibits sphingosine base formation and accumulates in membrane lipids of cultured mammalian cells.
abstract: D,L-alpha-Fluoropalmitic acid was synthesized by tosylation of methyl-D,L-alpha-hydroxypalmitate, and displacement of the tosylated function by tetrabutylammonium fluoride in acetonitrile. Uptake and utilization of the compound by cultured Balb/c 3T3 cells were studied after presentation of the fluoro fatty acid analogue complexed with bovine serum albumin. A concentration of 0.28 mM had very little effect on cell growth over several days of incubation, and cell morphology was unchanged. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses at 6 and 12 h of incubation showed that D,L-alpha-fluoropalmitic acid was taken up by the cells and incorporated without modification as a fatty acyl moiety into select lipids. Significant levels of the compound were found at 12 h in phosphatidylcholine (1.6%) and sphingomyelin (0.6%) fatty acids, but not in those of other phospholipids or neutral lipids. D,L-alpha-Fluoropalmitic acid represented a significant percentage of the fatty acids of neutral glycosphingolipids (1.4%) and ceramides (0.8%) by 12 h. The fluoro fatty acid was not incorporated into long-chain sphingolipid bases, and mass spectrometry failed to reveal additional carbon-2 fluorine-substituted compounds in cellular lipids. Cellular levels of triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine remained essentially unchanged, or were slightly increased, while amounts of ceramide and gangliosides were decreased. Comparison of labeled palmitate incorporation into sphingolipid bases and fatty acids of sphingomyelin suggested inhibition of sphingosine synthesis by the fluoro fatty sphingomyelin suggested inhibition of sphingosine synthesis by the fluoro fatty acid. D,L-alpha-Fluoropalmitic acid inhibited the formation of palmitoyl-CoA by Balb/c 3T3 long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase in vitro. The results support involvement of CoA thiol ester-independent steps in modification of membrane lipids.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D013107:Sphingolipids; C040514:2-fluorohexadecanoic acid; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases; D013110:Sphingosine