title: Hypophosphatemia and hypercalciuria in small premature infants fed human milk: evidence for inadequate dietary phosphorus.
abstract: Phosphorus and calcium balance was measured prospectively in stable premature infants (less than or equal to 1600 gm) fed human milk or a standard commercial formula. Throughout the study, the P and Ca intakes of the infants fed human milk were two to three times less than those of infants fed formula. Infants fed human milk showed low serum P and normal serum Ca concentrations, complete renal reabsorption of P, and elevated renal Ca excretion. The net effect in infants fed human milk was a 50% reduction in the P and Ca retention, compared with the formula-fed group. Despite the unfavorable P and Ca balance in the group fed human milk, the only evidence of rickets was elevated alkaline phosphatase activity. Nevertheless, based on the biochemical changes in these infants, low serum P values, and excess urinary calcium losses, we conclude that the stable small premature infant fed human milk exclusively is deficient in phosphorus and only slightly more sufficient in calcium.
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000032:analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium