title: A prospective multicentre study of the ovulation method of natural family planning. IV. The outcome of pregnancy. World Health Organization.
abstract: In a prospective, five-country study of the ovulation method of natural family planning, 175 pregnancies occurred, with known outcome in 163. There were 140 live births (86% of known outcome); 2 congenital malformations (1.2%), including 1 stillbirth; 16 spontaneous abortions (9.8%); and 6 induced abortions (3.7%). The rates of congenital malformations, stillbirths, and spontaneous abortions do not differ from outcomes in the community or outcomes associated with other fertility-regulating methods. Among the live births, there were 81 males and 59 females, a male proportion of 0.58. There were no significant differences in sex ratio from varying intervals between the likely act leading to conception and the estimated day of ovulation.
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009096:Multi-Institutional Systems; D010060:Ovulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk