title: Alpha-hydroxylation and oxidation of lignoceric acid in brain: the role of heat-stable and heat-labile factors.
abstract: Our previous investigations disclosed that the heat-stable and heat-labile factors obtained from brain cytosol are required for alpha-hydroxylation and oxidation of lignoceric acid by rat brain particulate fraction. The heat-stable factor was recently found to contain glucose-6-phosphate, N- acetylaspartate , glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, inorganic phosphate and low levels of adenosine nucleotide as active components. A combination of these compounds was as effective as the crude heat-stable factor for enzymic activity. Using these compounds, we reinvestigated the requirement for the heat-labile factor. With crude heat-stable factor there was an absolute requirement for the heat-labile factor; however, with various combinations of the individual components of the heat-stable factor, some degree of activity was obtained without the heat-labile factor. When aspartate or one of its derivatives, N- acetylaspartate or oxaloacetate, was used in place of the heat-stable factor, the activity was relatively low but highly stimulated by the addition of heat-labile factor. On the other hand, higher activity was obtained when glutamate or one of its derivatives, glutamine or alpha-ketoglutarate, was used without heat-labile factor. The addition of heat-labile factor to this system did not stimulate the activity. When studying the aspartate family, we discovered that the requirement for the heat-labile factor varied in a descending order: N- acetylaspartate greater than aspartate greater than oxaloacetate. Lignoceric acid oxidation was further characterized with rat brain particulate fraction, NADPH, Mg2+, glutamate, inorganic phosphate, and AMP without heat-stable and heat-labile factors. It was found that the requirement for NADPH was also partially eliminated with glutamate but not aspartate. The effects of various inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the electron transfer system, oxidative phosphorylation, the enzymes involved in citric acid cycle, and glycolysis, suggest that the heat-stable factor is involved in producing ATP or other high energy compounds to be used for the activation of lignoceric acid. ATP added to the system in place of heat-stable factor resulted in less than one-half of the lignoceric acid oxidation.
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004579:Electron Transport; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; D005958:Glucosephosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006019:Glycolysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006900:Hydroxylation; D009249:NADP / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005958:Glucosephosphates; D010710:Phosphates; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D009249:NADP; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; C010210:lignoceric acid