title: Polyamines in early embryonic development: their relationship to nuclear multiplication rate, cell cycle traverse, and nucleolar formation in a dipteran egg.
abstract: Polyamine synthesis and accumulation were assessed from fertilization until gastrulation in a dipteran egg (Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen). Spermidine synthesis was activated immediately after fertilization, generating a broad spermidine peak during early cleavage. This period is characterized by the most rapid nuclear multiplication known from animal material. Cleavage consists of nuclear multiplication only, and the egg remains syncytial until gastrulation. After nine synchronous nuclear divisions with a cycle length of 10 min, the cycle length is gradually increased to 20 min during the subsequent four parasynchronous nuclear divisions. The spermidine level decreased in parallel with this decreasing rate of nuclear division. The interphase of the next nuclear cycle is remarkably prolonged and lasts for more than 90 min, i.e., until after the onset of gastrulation. It consists of an initial short S phase followed by a longer G2 phase; G1 is extremely short or absent. During this prolonged interphase, spermidine content showed a biphasic pattern of changes with peaks during S and late G2. The S-phase peak also coincides with the first appearance of nucleoli during embryogenesis. The late-G2-phase peak coincides with the period of rapid cytokinesis, during which all nuclei in the peripheral layer of the syncytium become separated by membranes forming a cellular blastoderm. The polyamine pattern is consistent with the idea that the polyamines play an important role in DNA replication and in cytokinesis as well as in nucleolar formation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004261:DNA Replication; D004175:Diptera / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005775:Gastrula / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007399:Interphase; D008938:Mitosis; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D013095:Spermidine / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D011073:Polyamines; D013095:Spermidine