title: Bladder cancer and cigarette smoking in males: a case-control study.
abstract: Cigarette consumption was compared between 355 males with cancer of the lower urinary tract and 276 male hospital controls. Both duration of smoking and average daily consumption of cigarettes showed a dose-response relationship with risks of developing bladder cancer. Quitting smoking seems to have a protective role, whereas higher relative risks are associated with an early age at start of smoking. The use of a filter seems to have a weak protective effect.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*