title: Axillary sampling in the definitive treatment of breast cancer by radiation therapy and lumpectomy.
abstract: Between January, 1967 and July, 1980, 176 women who were referred to the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (JCRT) for definitive breast irradiation underwent low axillary dissection. A typical operative technique is described. The dissection stops short of the axillary vein although the vein is usually visualized. One hundred thirty-two axillae were thought to be N0 or N1a. Forty-six axillae were felt to be N1b. Seventeen percent of the T1 N0 patients had pathologically positive nodes. Twenty-seven percent of the T2 N0 patients had positive nodes. When 5 or less nodes were removed at axillary sampling the incidence of nodal involvement was very low. There were no differences in nodal positivity when comparing upper quadrant to lower or central lesions. Lateral lesions appeared to have higher positivity rates compared with either medial or central lesions. Ninety-four percent of axillae with N1b lesions were pathologically confirmed. The complication rate for this procedure was low. There were 5 transient non-surgical complications and 1 cellulitis resulting in a frozen shoulder, which required corrective surgery. There were no cases of moderate or severe arm edema. Axillary sampling is compared to axillary dissection as a diagnostic procedure. Axillary sampling may underestimate the true pathologic positive rate, but diagnostic accuracy appears excellent if level 1 and 2 nodes are sampled.
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis