title: The effects of joint stress on sticklebacks.
abstract: The effects on the three-spined stickleback, (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), of various combinations of stresses due to parasitism by Schistocephalus solidus, dietary restriction, and exposure to cadmium (0.032 mg 1-1) were investigated. Sticklebacks exposed to a combination of all three stressors died first with a median period of survival significantly shorter than that for fish subjected to fewer stressors. Compared with fish on a restricted diet alone, parasitism plus dietary restriction also reduced survival; however, the combination of cadmium exposure and restricted diet did not. A possible explanation for this finding is proposed.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002589:Cestoda / Q000254:growth & development*; D005399:Fishes / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium