title: The effects of indirect blunt trauma on adult canine articular cartilage.
abstract: In order to determine the effect of subfracture loads on articular cartilage, we impacted twelve adult canine patellofemoral joints utilizing a drop-tower with two different force-levels. The joints were examined with light and electron microscopy at two, four, and six weeks after impaction. In ten additional animals a single knee was impacted and they were analyzed biochemically at similar time-periods, using the contralateral joint as a control. In all impacted specimens changes were observed in the zone of calcified cartilage, represented by an increase in cellular clones, vascular invasion, and proteoglycan content of the matrix. Ultrastructural evaluation of the superficial and deep radial zones of the articular cartilage revealed loss of the cellular processes and territorial matrices of chondrocytes in both layers. Ruthenium-red staining of impacted samples revealed a 40 per cent decrease in proteoglycan associated with collagen fibers in the extraterritorial matrix. An increase in collagen-fiber width was observed in the four and six-week groups. The earliest changes in articular cartilage included activation of the zone of calcified cartilage as well as ultrastructural alterations in the superficial and radial zones. Biochemical analysis revealed an increase in water content and hexuronic acid at two weeks. These changes occurred at a subfracture level in the absence of surface disruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These animal experiments indicate that adult articular cartilage may show significant alterations in its histological, biochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics without disruption of the articular surface. This model of articular cartilage "contusion" may represent a corollary to the joint damage that is observed following direct blunt trauma transmitted across articular surfaces without radiographic evidence of fracture. The possibility that this form of injury may be the precursor of chondromalacic changes in patellar or femoral cartilage merits further study.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000032:analysis / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004285:Dogs; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010329:Patella / Q000293:injuries; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans