title: Behavior and ranging patterns of a solitary female red howler (Alouatta seniculus).
abstract: Behavior and ranging patterns of a solitary red howler female (Alouatta seniculus) were observed during a period of 11 months. The female spent most of the time in a 2 ha area in the range of one howler troop. Her behavior indicated that she tried to integrate herself into this troop but was prevented from doing so by other females. Solitary and subadult troop males consorted and mated with the female but adult troop males showed relatively little interest. Aggression by the troop females was primarily in the form of vocalizations. The elaborate loud call of this species is therefore not a simple adaptation for long-distance communication but may be an alternative to energetically expensive chases and fights.
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000508:Alouatta; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002427:Cebidae; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D006702:Homing Behavior; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D012919:Social Behavior; D012934:Social Isolation; D014687:Venezuela; D014828:Vocalization, Animal