title: Solving ossicular problems in tympanoplasty.
abstract: Four troublesome problems encountered in ossicular reconstruction are: low profile stapes, lateral tympanic membrane, remaining stapes crura, and absent stapes capitulum. The design advantages and modifications of the semibiological ossicle cup and ossicle columella prostheses are given to solve these problems. The hearing results are completely satisfactory.
mesh_terms: D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000601:surgery*; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013199:Stapes / Q000002:abnormalities; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014433:Tympanoplasty / Q000379:methods*