Metaphors and isomorphisms: analogical reasoning in Beyond the Pleasure Principle.
The mind uses analogies in order to understand the unknown. The utilization of these is explored in Freud's writings and in science in general. Analogies can be metaphorical (figurative) or isomorphic (literal); the latter are used in the induction of scientific hypotheses. The distinction between these two forms of comparing can be ambiguous. The inappropriate transformation of metaphors into isomorphisms in the construction of theory leads to illegitimate inferences. This paper comments on the use of this type of vitiated logic in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, particularly with reference to Freud's comparison of protozoan biology with human psychology.
D005619:Freudian Theory; D006801:Humans; D007323:Instinct; D007802:Language; D007989:Libido; D010990:Pleasure-Pain Principle; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D013850:Thinking; D014956:Writing