title: Paracrystalline disorder of biological and synthetic carbonate-substituted apatites.
abstract: Paracrystalline disorder, a type of lattice imperfection which results in a loss of long-range crystalline order, was assessed in a range of biological and synthetic apatites using x-ray diffraction data. Carbonate substitution in the apatite lattice increased the amount of paracrystalline disorder in synthetic precipitated apatites, whereas trace amounts of fluoride and, to a lesser extent, zinc and strontium partially offset the disorder induced by carbonate. Paracrystalline disorder was significantly reduced in synthetic apatites prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction. Human dental enamel was less disordered than either dentin or bone.
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites; D002254:Carbonates; D003460:Crystallization; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005459:Fluorides; D006801:Humans; D013324:Strontium; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002254:Carbonates; D015032:Zinc; D005459:Fluorides; D013324:Strontium