title: Diazepam-associated thrombophlebitis: a review and discussion of possible prevention.
abstract: Intravenous diazepam is an excellent anxiolytic drug for dental patients. Thrombophlebitis associated with its use has prompted this review. Recognition and management of thrombophlebitis are discussed along with the causes of vascular injury after intravenous diazepam. In two histologic studies, Graham and others thought it unlikely that precipitated crystals of diluted diazepam caused postinjection vasculopathology. It seems to be an inherent property of the vehicle or the drug itself. The reviewed methods of minimizing thrombophlebitis after intravenous diazepam are with hepari flush or saline solution flush, steroids, vein size and venipuncture site, the use of a different vehicle, dilutions, and the use of other benzodiazepines. Lorazepam, midazolam, and flunitrazepam are relatively new benzodiazepines that produce less thrombophlebitis than diazepam after injection. These newer benzodiazepines are still being investigated and more clinical trials must be done to recommend any of them as alternatives to intravenous diazepam in dentistry.
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam