title: Long-term maintenance lithium therapy and possible irreversible renal damage.
abstract: This article reviews the literature regarding structural damage and functional disturbances of the kidneys due to long-term maintenance lithium therapy. The correlation between structural changes and functional disturbances of the kidneys is examined. The prognostic implications of lithium-induced nephropathy are discussed, especially in regard to the possible development of chronic renal failure. Recommendations are made to provide maximum benefits of lithium therapy and to minimize accompanying risks of renal side effects.
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D007671:Kidney Concentrating Ability / Q000187:drug effects; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D007686:Kidney Tubules, Distal / Q000473:pathology; D008094:Lithium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000506:poisoning; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011141:Polyuria / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium