title: The origin of the T-wave.
abstract: Of all the features of the electrocardiogram, the T wave shows the earliest and most dramatic correlation with abnormalities of electrical behavior in the heart. Yet, it has remained difficult to make quantitative connections between the T wave and electrical activity in the heart at the cellular level. It is the purpose of this paper to review attempts at deriving T waves from a knowledge of the membrane electrical activity in the heart and the geometry and conductive properties of the heart and its surrounding medium. We first summarize the problem of calculating T-wave potentials on the body surface, based on physical laws. Next, we review the empirical conclusions that have been reached through observations of the T wave, including its connection with repolarization of the cell membrane, the distributed nature of the current source during the T wave, and the gradient in action potential duration responsible for the positive polarity of the normal T wave. Six quantitative models have been proposed for the T wave; we compare these models and comment on their accuracy and underlying assumptions. Finally, we discuss ideas that have been suggested for the membrane mechanism of repolarization and the T wave.
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008954:Models, Biological