title: Diagnosis and management of face presentation.
abstract: Face presentation is an unusual complication of pregnancy; it occurs once in every 500 to 600 deliveries. Prematurity, fetal macrosomia, anencephaly, and cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) are the major obstetric factors that predispose the fetus to face presentation. Although the mechanisms of labor in face presentation are different from those of simple vertex presentation, there is no consistent alteration in the duration of labor in the absence of underlying CPD. When disproportion does not exist and gross anomalies are not present, the prognosis for spontaneous vaginal delivery is excellent. The majority of perinatal losses reported in face presentation have resulted from traumatic operative vaginal deliveries, specifically version and extraction and midforceps rotations. Recent experience at this institution with a limited series of face presentations demonstrates that, with careful intrapartum surveillance, delivery can be accomplished with no increase in risk to either mother or fetus.
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007746:Labor Presentation; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D011247:Pregnancy