title: Multiple afferent innervation of primate facial hairs--Henry Head and Max von Frey revisited.
abstract: Large guard hairs as well as small vellus hairs are multiple innervated having lanceolate terminals of variable number. Ruffini corpuscles consisting of fine axonal ramifications are arranged circularly and located external to the lanceolate terminals. Free nerve endings (FNE's) can also be identified on some hairs distinct from Ruffini terminals. Ruffini terminals and FNE's are usually innervated by axons from the superficial dermal nerve net whereas lanceolate terminals are innervated by axons from the deeper portions of the dermal nerve net. All guard hairs have both types of terminals (lanceolate and Ruffini) confirming Hoggan and Hoggan, Retzius and Symonowicz, and most guard hairs have presumptive FNE's. Many vellus hairs have only small Ruffini endings or FNE's. The diameter of axons supplying Ruffini terminals is 1-2 micrometer and those to lanceolate terminals is 2-4 micrometers. Axons innervating lanceolate and Ruffini terminals branch rarely as correlated with small punctate receptive fields. FNE's branch widely and are correlated with large receptive fields of known nociceptors. The multiplicity of anatomically defined terminals is consistent with the known diversity of physiologically defined hair mechanoreceptive afferents as well as perceptual complexity of human hairy skin. The concept of multiple innervation of hairs confirms Head's prediction and could provide the anatomical basis of Head's basic thesis of altered sensibilities in nerve regeneration (i.e. epicritic and protopathic responses). Head's concept of two separate nervous systems, however, is an over-simplification in the light of current knowledge.
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005145:Face / Q000294:innervation*; D006197:Hair / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008046:Lip / Q000294:innervation; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000294:innervation; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012627:Sebaceous Glands / Q000294:innervation; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013823:Thermoreceptors / Q000033:anatomy & histology