title: Vaginal spermicides and outcome of pregnancy: findings in a large cohort study.
abstract: By the end of 1980, 5729 singleton planned pregnancies, 1552 singleton unplanned pregnancies, and 81 multiple pregnancies had been observed among the 17032 participants in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. The outcome of these pregnancies was investigated in relation to the use of vaginal spermicides. There was some suggestion that spermicide use might have a small adverse effect on the risk of congenital malformations, especially among infants conceived as a result of contraceptive failure. There was not, however, any evidence of any other adverse effect of spermicide use. In particular, the results provide strong evidence against the hypothesis that spermicide use has any appreciable effect on the risk of spontaneous abortion.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies