Kinematics of the foot.
Orthogonal stereoradiographs are frequently utilized in determining three-dimensional geometrical parameters of human body segments. They have been applied here in the estimation of the length and elongation of the ligaments of the normal foot. Three small spherical metallic markers were respectively encrusted into the tibia and fibula, the seven bones of the tarsus and into the five metatarsals of an amputated lower limb to identify uniquely their spatial location. The foot was then positioned on a rotating platform. Standardized antero-posterior and lateral radiographs were taken. Afterwards the foot was dissected and the proximal and distal insertions of most of its ligaments were located by means of spherical markers. A second series of orthogonal radiographs were taken of each of the fourteen bones. The radiographs were digitized. The length of each ligament and elongation for a simple and complex movements were calculated by means of a computer program. The results of a simple movement of rotation representing a normal 20 degree dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint and of complex movements of rotation stimulating an abnormal high arch such as encountered in Friedreich's ataxia are presented and discussed.
D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003201:Computers; D005531:Foot Deformities, Acquired / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005621:Friedreich Ataxia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000503:physiopathology; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D011859:Radiography; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000295:instrumentation