title: Amphibian organ culture in experimental toxicology: the effects of paracetamol and phenacetin on cultured tissues from urodele and anuran amphibians.
abstract: Organ cultures of various tissues from urodele amphibians deacetylate paracetamol to p-aminophenol, which polymerises to form a brown precipitate. Paracetamol addition results in a loss of glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from urodele liver cultures and an increase in glucose release, and in LDH loss from kidney cultures. Organ cultures from anuran amphibians are unable to metabolise paracetamol and are not affected by its presence in the culture medium. The addition of unpolymerised p-aminophenol resulted in a loss of LDH from urodele and anuran organ cultures, whilst the addition of polymerised p-aminophenol had no such effects. This suggests that the toxic effects which follow the addition of paracetamol to urodele organ cultures are caused by unpolymerised p-aminophenol, a known toxicant in mammals. Cultures from both urodele and anuran amphibians are able to deacetylate phenacetin to p-phenetidine, but p-phenetidine was found to be much less toxic to amphibian tissues than p-aminophenol, causing LDH loss from kidney cultures only at very high dose levels.
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000478:Alkylation; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010615:Phenacetin / Q000633:toxicity*; D010628:Phenetidine / Q000633:toxicity; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D014562:Caudata / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010628:Phenetidine; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D010615:Phenacetin