title: Paradoxical communication as interpersonal influence.
abstract: This paper is concerned with the strategic uses of paradoxical communication in therapy. Eight more or less distinct uses of paradoxical communication are described, and the proposition is put forward that the paradoxical interventions associated with the Milan group differ from those described by Haley and the Palo Alto group only in that they appear to be designed to influence simultaneously the behavior of several family members. The currently popular idea that such interventions should, or even can, be based on a systemic hypothesis, if "hypothesis" is understood in its usual sense as a statement amenable to empirical testing, is explicitly questioned.
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D003073:Cognitive Dissonance; D003142:Communication; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000628:therapy; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012649:Self Concept