In situ voltammetric microelectrodes: application to the measurement of median eminence catecholamine release during simulated suckling.
Catechol-sensitive microelectrodes (10-30 microns) were developed and then used to study the dynamic regulatory role of the prolactin inhibiting factor, dopamine, under conditions of simulated suckling. Current flow resulting from the electrochemical oxidation of catecholamines at the microelectrode surface was linearly related to the concentration of catecholamines present in solution over the range of 5-100 microM. Endogenous catecholamine levels in the rat median eminence were readily detectable and the electrochemical signal corresponding to dopamine release responded in an appropriate manner to various pharmacologic manipulations. We then implanted carbon microelectrodes into the medial median eminence region among capillaries of the primary portal plexus of urethane anesthetized lactating rats. Catecholamine release into the extracellular fluid was electrochemically measured once each minute before, during and after electrical stimulation (15 Hz, 5-30 V, 15 min) of a surgically isolated mammary nerve trunk. This simulated suckling paradigm reliably evoked prolactin secretory episodes qualitatively similar to those observed during suckling of the nipples by the young. During the period of nerve stimulation, a transient (3-5 min) 65% decline in electrochemically detectable catecholamine release was observed. Following cessation of nerve stimulation an oscillatory pattern of catecholamine release was observed with an overall trend toward an increased level of release. This latter observation corresponds with previous reports of increased hypothalamic dopamine turnover during or following suckling and with the increased levels of dopamine measured in hypophysial portal blood following mammary nerve stimulation. The transient nature of the decline of catecholamine release during the nerve stimulation period may explain why a similar observation has not been forth-coming from experiments utilizing the stalk blood collection technique (unless the standard collection periods are considerably shortened). These observations lead us to reject the hypothesis of a mirror image relationship between stalk blood dopamine and peripheral prolactin levels. Instead, we suggest that a transient decline in dopamine secretion coincident with the onset of suckling acts to prepare the pituitary lactotrophs to respond to a prolactin releasing factor which then facilitates prolactin secretion.
D000818:Animals; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000294:innervation; D008473:Median Eminence / Q000502:physiology*; D008893:Milk Ejection; D009115:Muridae; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats
D002395:Catecholamines; D011388:Prolactin; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine