title: Hypercalcemia associated with an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac.
abstract: Clinical, gross, and light microscopic findings are described for 36 dogs, 33 females and three males, with adenocarcinomas arising from the apocrine glands of the anal sac. All tumors had light microscopic features of malignancy and 22 of 23 metastasized to iliac and lumbar lymph nodes. Nine dogs had disseminated metastases, but bone metastases were found in only one dog. Differentiated neoplasms formed secretory acini and tubules lined by tall columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Most neoplasms were histologically bimorphic, with glandular areas and solid nests. Parathyroid glands were atrophic. Hypercalcemia (mean = 16.1 mg/dl) was present in 20 of 22 dogs (90%) and hypophosphatemia (mean = 3.2 mg/dl) in 12 of 17 (71%). Remission of hypercalcemia by tumor ablation and recurrence of hypercalcemia with tumor regrowth suggested that the tumor produced a substance that caused hypercalcemia. This unique clinicopathologic syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia in old, predominantly female, dogs with an adenocarcinoma arising from the apocrine glands of the anal sac.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000694:Anal Gland Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D000695:Anal Sacs / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000662:veterinary