title: Avulsion of the upper lateral cartilage: etiology, diagnosis, surgical anatomy and management.
abstract: Relatively little has been published about upper lateral cartilage abnormalities, trauma, and management in rhinoplastic literature. In this paper we would like to present a relatively common problem seen either by trauma or as a result of rhinoplasty. The upper lateral cartilages are a pair of triangular cartilages, one on each side of the dorsum, which comprise the upper cartilaginous vault with the septum and can be avulsed due to direct trauma. This results in loss of their attachments and resultant healing in a new angulated position. The middle third of the nose, being relatively mobile is less susceptible to trauma than the upper third which is rigid and comprised of bone, and that frequently is the reason for less incidence of avulsion of the upper lateral cartilages compared to fractured nasal bones. The surgical treatment of the structures adjacent to the upper lateral cartilage during the process of rhinoplasty severs many attachments of these cartilages and frequently causes them to be free floating. This may not be recognized and not treated. Lack of appropriate realignment in the normal anatomical position may heal the cartilage in a distorted angulated position. Irrespective of etiology, when distortions of the upper lateral cartilage occur, they may cause significant concavity and "hollowed out" appearance on the side of the avulsion which functionally may impede the nasal airway by encroachment and/or "flutter valve" effect. During inspiration this unsupported upper lateral cartilage may interfere with anatomy, physiology and efficiency of the internal nasal valve function. Avulsion of the upper lateral cartilage is a definite entity and should be recognized and treated appropriately to realign the lateral cartilage in its normal anatomical position for a functional as well as a good cosmetic result.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D009295:Nasal Bone; D009666:Nose / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors