title: Clinical use of calcium entry blockers.
abstract: Recently it has been recognized that coronary vasospasm plays a significant role in precipitating myocardial ischemic pain in a significant minority of individuals with coronary atherosclerosis (approximately 27-35% of patients with angina pectoris at rest). In these individuals normal physiological vasoconstrictor stimuli appear to trigger a spasm of the large epicardial coronary vessels; evidence suggests that it may be caused by the release of increased amounts of calcium from augmented sarcolemmal storage sites. The calcium entry blockers are remarkably effective in preventing coronary spasm by reducing intracellular calcium, but by different mechanisms. Verapamil appears to reduce intracellular and, more specifically, sarcolemmal calcium stores directly. Diltiazem appears to reduce intracellular calcium by stimulating the sarcolemmal sodium-potassium pump and reducing intracellular sodium, and by this mechanism. potentiating passive sodium-calcium exchange. The effects of the calcium entry blockers on myocardial contractility, cardiac pacemaker and conduction tissue, and regional vascular smooth muscle are also different. This makes some of these agents more suitable than others for therapy of other clinical problems such as chronic stable angina pectoris, supraventricular tachycardia, hypertension, hypertropic cardiomyopathy, and protection of the ischemic myocardium during cardiac surgery.
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005444:Flunarizine; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008013:Lidoflazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010480:Perhexiline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002936:Cinnarizine; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem; D009543:Nifedipine; D008013:Lidoflazine; D010480:Perhexiline; D005444:Flunarizine