title: Cytogenetics of bladder carcinoma: a key to prognosis in noninvasive and submucosal invasive carcinoma.
abstract: In 65 patients with noninvasive or submucosal invasive well-differentiated carcinoma of the bladder observed for 15 months to 11 years, cytogenetic analysis by the direct technique (nonculture) has been serially performed. Markers (abnormal chromosomes) have been found in 45 tumors, and recurrence has developed in all 45, resulting in 16 deaths. Two of the 20 patients without markers have developed recurrence. In one recurrence, 8 months postdiagnosis, the karyotypic mode changed from 69 to 92, evidence of development of a new tumor in a bladder prone to neoplasia. Based on our overall cytogenetic experience with 200 patients with carcinoma of the bladder a new classification is presented. This classification, builds on objective cytogenetic characteristics of early carcinoma, including the presence or absence of marker chromosomes, allows accurate prognosis, and thus provides the basis for development of standard therapy.
mesh_terms: D002877:Chromosomes, Human; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*