Interscalenic approach to the cervico-brachial plexus.
The concept of a closed peri-neurovascular space surrounding the cervicobrachial plexus, introduced by A. Winnie, allows the blockade of the cervical and brachial plexuses by means of a single puncture technique. The single puncture has positive advantages: 1. The rapidity of the blockade; 2. The simplicity of the blockade; 3. Comfort for the patient. The landmarks are easy to make. As with epidural blockade, the injection level and the volume of local anesthetic determine the quality and extent of the block. The traditional indication is surgery of the shoulder and of the supraclavicular area. A new indication seems to be the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. Complications often quoted in literature are Horner syndrome-a minor complication-and blockade of the ascending branches of the recurrent laryngeal  nerve and of the phrenic nerve. The risk of a pneumothorax is almost nil.
D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
D000779:Anesthetics, Local