title: A sex difference in the effects of oral codeine and promethazine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in human volunteers.
abstract: 1 Interactions between codeine and promethazine have been studied in male and female volunteers, measuring ventilation, end tidal PCO2, ventilatory response to CO2, pulse and blood pressure. 2 The effects of codeine on the above measurements have been compared in subjects who habitually smoke cigarettes and non smoking subjects. 3 Codeine displaced the ventilatory response to CO2 to the right and increased end tidal PCO2 in female subjects but not in males. 4 Promethazine plus codeine displaced the ventilatory response to CO2 to the right in male subjects but tended to reduce the response to codeine in females. 5 The slope of the ventilatory response to CO2 was significantly steeper in smokers and codeine caused significant reductions in slope in these subjects.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003061:Codeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011398:Promethazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D011398:Promethazine; D003061:Codeine