title: The trefoil configuration of the lumbar vertebral canal. A study of South African skeletal material.
abstract: The shallow lateral recesses of the trefoil shape of the lumbar spinal canal have been implicated in the production of the spinal stenosis syndrome. In the present study, 485 skeletons of South African Blacks and Whites were examined in order to establish the incidence and possible genesis of the trefoil configuration. The overall incidence was 14 per cent, with little variation between the sexes or races. The incidence was not related to increasing age, measured stenosis of the spinal canal or osteophytosis. Of 74 trefoil-shaped vertebrae, 68 (92 per cent) were found at the fifth lumbar level. It is suggested that the trefoil configuration is a common non-pathological condition, usually of the fifth lumbar vertebral canal, and is probably a developmental variation of normal anatomy.
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D013019:South Africa; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013128:Spinal Osteophytosis / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People