title: Renal cancer invading the inferior vena cava: clinical review and anatomical approach.
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma invades the inferior vena cava in approximately 5 per cent of the patients. The only effective therapy for intravascular renal cell carcinoma is radical nephrectomy and complete removal of the tumor thrombus. To formulate a reasonable operative approach to intracaval renal cell carcinoma we have reviewed our experience with 6 cases as well as the experience of other investigators. In addition, we studied the collateral circulation of the renal veins as described by various anatomists, and to this information we have added our experience with inferior venacavography and with intraoperative and autopsy dissections. Herein we describe a new preoperative staging system for intravascular renal cell carcinoma. The operative approach to each stage is discussed in detail beneficial intraoperative maneuvers are described and illustrated.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging