title: Reference intervals (normal ranges): a challenge to laboratorians.
abstract: Interpretation of laboratory data depends on comparison of individual patient results with reference information from three sources: literature reports, previous results from the patient, and studies conducted in one's own laboratory. Reference data are commonly generated by analyzing specimens from readily available "healthy" subjects, and the results are often used to derive reference intervals which are then given the confusing designation "normal ranges". This paper includes: a review of current practices, recommendations for immediate improvements, and suggestions of future improvements. As acceptable accuracy and precision are established, it will be possible to develop an interlaboratory reference data base. With the developing potential for computer communications, each laboratory could provide reference information relevant to the individual patient, ie, age, sex, body weight, posture, race, diet, physical activity, etc. Not only will reference data be available on "healthy" subjects, but it will be possible to compare patient data with reference intervals associated with specific diseases.
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science; D011153:Population; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium