title: The problem of cycloplegia in the pediatric age group: a combination formula for refraction.
abstract: Cycloplegic refraction and indirect ophthalmoscopy are essential to evaluation of the pediatric patient. Unfortunately, along with this practice occur the attendant risks of toxicity and the unpleasantness of instillation. The literature that documents the development of cycloplegic agents is often contradictory regarding efficacy and side effects. It is presented for perspective. We have found that efficacy and discomfort are inseparable; however, as with efficacy and toxicity they are directly related to the concentration used. The case is therefore made to use each agent in its minimal effective concentration and thereby minimize both discomfort and toxicity. Our combination of 1.3% cyclogyl, .167% mydriacil, and 1.6% phenylephrine accomplishes effective cycloplegia for refraction and indirect ophthalmoscopy, has a rapid onset and short duration, works reliably in dark irides, is accomplished in a single encounter with the patient, and exhibits none of the side effects of the individual agents in our series.
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003519:Cyclopentolate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014331:Tropicamide / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D009184:Mydriatics; D010656:Phenylephrine; D003519:Cyclopentolate; D014331:Tropicamide