title: Heterogeneity of excitatory synapses at the ends of single muscle fibers in lobster, Homarus americanus.
abstract: Crustacean neuromuscular synapses arising from a single excitor axon are known to be well differentiated among different muscle fibers but little is known about their condition along single fibers. Focal recording techniques were used to examine the quantal transmitter release and facilitation properties of synapses in the single excitatory innervated distal accessory flexor muscle of the lobster, Homarus americanus. Synapses were reliably differentiated with respect to quantal output so that those located near the tendon end were 1.15--4.12 times greater than those at the opposite, exoskeletal end (p less than 0.01, paired t-test). Regional differences were also seen in the amount of facilitation determined from twin pulse experiments. The fine structural basis for these differences was determined by serial section electron microscopy of 10-micrometer segments at each end to ensure that the area of focal recording was sampled. No quantitative differences were found in the terminals or synapses in the two regions. Instead, the physiological diversity was correlated with number and size of presynaptic dense bars. Thus, the tendon end had a greater number and larger mean surface area of dense bars compared to the exoskeletal end. This heterogeneity of excitatory multiterminal innervation is correlated with the axonal branching pattern. Thus, the main axon and the larger primary axon branches lie in close proximity to the tendon end of the muscle fibers, whereas the exoskeletal end is innervated by smaller secondary and tertiary axonal branches. This proximity to the large axonal branches of the higher quantal output synapses at the tendon end may be regulated by some neural influence including a timing of innervation and/or access to greater amounts of metabolites in the larger branches which may be conducive to forming high-output synapses.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D008121:Nephropidae; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure