title: An evolution of therapy for mucocutaneous candidiasis.
abstract: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a relatively uncommon form of candida infection, and can be found in patients with primary deficiencies of their immune systems. When such infection occurs in patients with non-lethal immune deficiences defects of chemotaxis or cellular immunity can be found. In addition, significant endocrinopathies may occur, particularly involving the parathyroid and adrenal glands. A number of therapies have been devised for the treatment of chronic candidiasis, and have included both local and systemic medications. The most useful of these in the past have included the polyene antibiotics -- most notably, nystatin and amphotericin B. Antifungal activity has also been demonstrated clinically with the use of 5-fluorocytosine (a fluorinated pyramidine) and clotrimazole (a synthetic imidazole derivative). However, long-term therapy with medication has been required, and re-emergence of symptomatic infection has occurred when medications have been stopped. More recently, immune reconstitution with transfer factor has been employed in the treatment of patients who have been found to be anergic to candida. Such treatment in conjunction with chemotherapy has indicated that effective patient remissions can be obtained in those patients who develop and maintain cell-mediated immunity to candida. Twelve patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis are profiled. Sites of involvement in the head and neck included the skin and hair (9), ears (9), nose (4) and throat (12). One patient had candida laryngitis, while five patients had evidence for esophageal disease. Of this latter group, one (a 5-year old boy) developed esophageal stenosis which required gastrostomy and retrograde esophageal dilatations. Nine patients were found to be anergic to candida. In these patients, systemic chemotherapy (as amphotericin B or 5-fluorocytosine) was used to induce remissions of disease and transfer factor was given to induce reactivity to candida. By so doing, topical or oral medications (utilizing miconazole, clotrimazole and nystatin) were found to suffice in maintaining effective local control of infection.
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida / Q000166:cytology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002179:Candidiasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D010419:Pentamidine; D000666:Amphotericin B; D005840:Gentian Violet