title: Effects of ultrasound on the mouse exposed at different stages of gestation: acute studies.
abstract: At five stages of gestation, mice were exposed dorsally to ultrasonic irradiation at 1 W/cm2 (spatial and temporal average), 2 MHz, and 34 and 37 degrees C (temperature at beginning of exposure). The results indicated that ultrasonic exposure up to at least 100 s is not hazardous to a pregnant mouse or its offspring in utero under the conditions of our experiment. Thresholds for both undesirable and lethal effects on the dam and its embryos or fetuses appeared between 100 and 200 s. Temperature rises in the uterus to more than 40 degrees C and similarity of results obtained with continuous-wave and burst modes of irradiation suggest a thermal mechanism as one cause of these effects. Preliminary conclusions are that thresholds for both tissue damage to the dam and deleterious effects on pregnancy were similar; however, they occurred at spatial average intensity and exposure levels far in excess of those used in clinical diagnostic medicine.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D003338:Corpus Luteum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005327:Fetal Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D005328:Fetal Viability; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005865:Gestational Age; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography