title: Body movements and retinal pattern displacements while approaching a stationary object in the walking fly, Calliphora erythrocephala.
abstract: When a walking fly approaches a stationary object two types of body movements are distinguishable. Type I body movements are characterized by low frequencies (0.4-1.3 Hz) and large amplitudes (28-65 degrees). Superimposed on these movements are type II body movements which are characterized by high frequencies (7.3-10.6 Hz) and small amplitudes (5.9-8.2 degrees) (Figs. 3-6; Table 1). Type II movements occur no matter whether the fly is fixating a pattern or orientating itself in homogeneous surroundings without any pattern. In contrast, only 72% of the flies with immobilized heads and 62% of the flies with movable heads make type I body movements. The amplitude of type I and type II body movements increases slightly after immobilization of the head. Binocular as well as monocular pattern projection occurs for the whole walking trajectory (Fig. 7-9). Monocular pattern projection seems to be more frequent in flies with immobilized heads than in those with movable heads. The degree of pattern fluctuations in the visual field of the flies increases slightly along the walking trajectory. Near the starting point in the centre of the arena it amounts to 5-7 degrees, while at the end of the walking trajectory it amounts to 8-10 degrees (Table 2). The following conclusions and hypothesis can be drawn from these experiments. 1. The graph BT for the direction of the fly's longitudinal axis can be approximated by the first derivative of the walking trajectory WT, that means, dWT(x)dx approximately BT(x) (Fig. 11) 2. The amplitudes of type II body movements are caused by the alternating movements of the legs during forward motion, while type I body movements are classified as exploring movements. During evolution of visually guided behaviour it is possible that blowflies have adapted their elementary movement detector system to type II body movements. 3. The types of pattern projection into the visual field of the fly while approaching an object can be explained by a simple neuronal network characterized by either inhibitory and/or excitatory influences of the visually activated neurones on the motor neurones generating the propulsive forces, that means the forward motion. In addition it is postulated that the large frontal and antero-lateral receptive fields of these neurones are not coupled with the motor centres on the same side of the body (Fig 12).
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007103:Immobilization; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion; D008433:Mathematics; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000502:physiology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D012172:Retinaldehyde