title: Space and radiation protection: scientific requirements for space research.
abstract: Ionizing radiation poses a significant risk to humans living and working in space. The major sources of radiation are solar disturbances and galactic cosmic rays. The components of this radiation are energetic charged particles, protons, as well as fully ionized nuclei of all elements. The biological effects of these particles cannot be extrapolated in a straightforward manner from available data on x-rays and gamma-rays. A radiation protection program that meets the needs of spacefaring nations must have a solid scientific basis, capable not only of predicting biological effects, but also of making reliable estimates of the uncertainty in these predictions. A strategy leading to such predictions is proposed, and scientific requirements arising from this strategy are discussed.
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D017357:Cyclotrons; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012107:Research Design; D013026:Space Flight; D014481:United States; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D011522:Protons