title: In situ behavior of human Langerhans cells in skin organ culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidermal Langerhans cells (ELC) play a critical role in the initiation of cutaneous immune responses. ELC are characterized by the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Ag and a number of adhesion/costimulatory molecules. Evidence suggests that cytokines induced within the epidermis regulate the functions of ELC, including their phenotypic expression. In the human system, no information is available regarding the behavior of the ELC in situ: their changes in morphology, expression of functional molecules or migration within the microenvironment. In the present study, using an ex vivo human skin organ culture model, we addressed the above questions and also examined the phenotypic modulation of ELC in situ by cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin explants were cultured either in a Trowell-type method or free in the medium. Skin explants were cultured with and without cytokines and were processed for light and electron microscopy and for immunohistochemical definition of ELC phenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Trowell-type skin organ culture, morphologic integrity of ELC, CD1a molecule, and Birbeck granules could be preserved intact up to 3 to 4 days in culture. During the first 3 days of culture, the intensity of MHC-II (HLA-DR, DP, and DQ) and CD1a expression on ELC increased sharply, and the dendritic appearance of ELC became more prominent at Day 3. Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1, LFA-3, HECA-452, sLx, and B7/BB1 were also spontaneously acquired in varying amounts by CD1a+ ELC after 3 days in culture. Significant increase of CD1a and ICAM-1 expression on ELC was observed within 12 hours, when skin explants were cultured free in the medium with GM-CSF and TNF-alpha, respectively. Further, we demonstrated spontaneous migration of ELC within the epidermis and then to the dermis during the Trowell-type skin culture. We also showed the migration of ELC out of the human skin when skin explants were cultured directly in the medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human ELC showed significant phenotypic changes within the epidermis and acquired migratory capacity during the skin organ culture. ELC in skin organ culture appear to undergo a phenotypic maturation within the epidermis. ELC in situ rapidly respond to GM-CSF and TNF-alpha by increasing the expression of CD1a and ICAM-1 molecules, respectively. These results suggest the modulation of phenotypic characteristics of ELC and their migration in response to the changes of epidermal microenvironment and cytokines and implicate the potential use of skin organ culture model to elucidate the role of human ELC in the immunopathology of skin diseases.
mesh_terms: D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D046508:Culture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010641:Phenotype; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; D016207:Cytokines; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1