title: Effects of vamicamide on urinary bladder functions in conscious dog and rat models of urinary frequency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the usefulness of vamicamide, (+/-)-(2R*, 4R*)-4-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)valeramide, as a novel drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary frequency was evaluated in specially devised conscious dog and rat models by investigating the effects of the drug on urinary bladder function of these animals by cystometrography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the dog model with transected hypogastric nerves, the bladder volume at micturition (bladder capacity) was less than 50% that of the sham-operated dog, and in the rat model with bilateral lesioning of nuclei basalis, a part of the brain, by ibotenic acid injection, bladder capacity was about 50% that of the sham-operated rat. Other bladder functions in both models were unchanged. In the dog model, orally administered vamicamide at 0.32 and 1.0 mg./kg. significantly increased bladder capacity and did not change residual urine volume or micturition pressure. Oxybutynin 0.10 mg./kg., one of the most popular drugs for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence, or atropine 0.10 mg./kg. induced significant increases in bladder capacity similarly to vamicamide at 0.32 mg./kg. In the rat model, oral vamicamide 0.32 mg./kg. also significantly increased bladder capacity and did not change micturition pressure or threshold pressure. Again, oxybutynin 0.10 mg./kg. or atropine 0.32 mg./kg. had almost the same effects as vamicamide 0.32 mg./kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that vamicamide should be useful for the treatment of urinary frequency.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness; D004285:Dogs; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011725:Pyridines; C083702:vamicamide