title: NMDA receptors are involved at the ventrolateral nucleus tractus solitarii for termination of inspiration.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors at the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius would influence respiratory activity. This was done by microinjecting excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists into the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius of alpha-chloralose-anesthetized animals while monitoring respiratory activity using a Fleisch pneumotachograph and arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Bilateral microinjection of the NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-[(R)-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1- phosphomic acid (CPP), 5.62 nmol per side, produced an increase in inspiratory duration (+4 +/- 1.6 s, n = 8) which progressed to an apneustic pattern of breathing. Similar results were obtained with CPP microinjected into the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius of three vagotomized animals. Bilateral microinjection of a second NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoic acid (AP7), 562 nmol per side, produced qualitatively similar effects on respiration as seen with CPP. In contrast, blockade of non-NMDA receptors with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNXQ), 0.125 nmol per side, had very little effect on respiration. Activation of NMDA receptors at the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius with bilateral microinjection of NMDA, 39 pmol, produced a large increase in expiratory duration (+11 +/- 3 s, n = 8), and apnea during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle in half of the animals studied. Similar results were obtained with D,L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol-proprionate (AMPA). These results indicate that an endogenous excitatory amino acid released at the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius and acting at the NMDA receptor, plays a significant role in respiratory timing.
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000139:chemically induced; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014628:Vagotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: C089875:6-cyano-5-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D000596:Amino Acids; D010879:Piperazines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; C050592:3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid; C031231:2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid