title: Polymeric microspheres prepared by spraying into compressed carbon dioxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to prepare polymeric microparticles by atomizing organic polymer solutions into a spray chamber containing compressed CO2 (PCA-process) and to study the influence of various process parameters on their morphological characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The swelling of various pharmaceutically acceptable polymers [ethyl cellulose, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(dl-lactide), poly(l-lactide) and poly(dl-lactide-glycolide) copolymers] in CO2 was investigated in order to find polymers which did not agglomerate during the spraying process. Poly(l-lactide) (L-PLA) microparticles were prepared by spraying the organic polymer solution into CO2 in a specially designed spraying apparatus. The effect of various process (pressure and temperature of the CO2 phase, flow rate) and formulation (polymer concentration) variables on the morphology and particle size of L-PLA-microparticles was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymers with low glass transition temperatures agglomerated even at low temperatures. The formation of microparticles was favored at moderate temperatures, low polymer concentrations, high pressures and high flow rates of CO2. High polymer concentrations and low flow rates resulted in the formation of polymeric fibers. Colloidal L-PLA particles could also be prepared with this technique in a surfactant-free environment. Initial studies on the microencapsulation of drugs resulted in low encapsulation efficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCA method is a promising technique for the preparation of drug-containing microparticles. Potential advantages of this method include the flexibility of preparing microparticles of different size and morphology, the elimination of surfactants, the minimization of residual organic solvents, low to moderate processing temperatures and the potential for scale-up.
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; C033616:poly(lactide)