title: Mechanisms involved in iontophoretic transport of angiotensin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The feasibility of using iontophoresis to enhance the permeation rate of a model peptide was investigated in vitro using hairless mouse skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angiotensin 2 (AT 2) was employed as a permeant probe, using optimum iontophoresis conditions. A number of physicochemical parameters (donor ionic strength; valence of competitive ions; pH of donor solution) were studied with the aim of exploring the mechanisms involved in the iontophoretic transport through the skin: electrokinetic transport or convective transport. For this purpose, the magnitude of the convective solvent flow was also evaluated by the permeation of (3H) H2O. The interest of pulsed currents for peptide delivery was also investigated and the effect of current density and frequency was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AT 2 transport was found to be enhanced 20-fold in comparison to passive permeation and was found to be proportional to the current density with direct currents as with pulsed currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the flux enhancement of ions during iontophoresis is due principally to the electrical potential gradient, secondary effects such as convective solvent flow contribute also to flux enhancement of peptide delivery. This effect is dependent of physicochemical conditions of formulation.
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D009995:Osmosis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D000804:Angiotensin II