title: Intrauterine hypoxia-ischemia increases N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cGMP formation and glutamate accumulation in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells.
abstract: Effects of intrauterine hypoxia-ischemia (HI) on brain functional development in the term rat were examined in cerebellar granule cell cultures obtained from an in utero HI model. On gestation d 17, HI conditions were achieved by complete clamping of the uterine vasculature for designated durations followed by removal of the clamps to permit reperfusion. Sham operation (surgery without vasculature clamping) was performed as the control. After surgery, the uterine horns were returned to dam's abdomen to let the pups deliver naturally. Severe HI insult from the surgical manipulation was evident in that the lactate levels of fetal brain increased, and fetal blood pH decreased with the duration of vasculature clamping up to 1 h. The experimental HI insult up to 1 h did not affect fetal survival rate, but retarded growth of fetuses or newborns was observed in the 1 h HI group. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and kainate (KA)-stimulated cGMP formation and glutamate accumulation were measured in cerebellar granule cell cultures from 8-d-old pups suffering from various durations of antenatal HI insult. NMDA (100 microM)-induced elevation of cGMP was further augmented by a 10-35-min HI insult as compared with the control cells (62.4-78.2 versus 49 pmol/mg protein). In the presence of L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA, 150 microM), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NMDA-induced cGMP formation was blocked, and the blockade of cGMP formation by L-NMMA (10 microM) could be reversed by simultaneous application of 1 mM arginine in both control and HI cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D007608:Kainic Acid