title: Electrically evoked long-latency responses in human forearm, arm and shoulder muscles.
abstract: Little is known about electrically evoked long-latency responses (LLR) in muscles other than hand muscles. We obtained LLR in forearm, arm and shoulder muscles by ipsilateral homonymous and heteronymous mixed and pure cutaneous electrical stimulation of the median or ulnar nerve in healthy subjects and in patients with focal unilateral Central Nervous System lesions. Our results point out the important role played by hand afferents in the sensorimotor coordination of multiarticulate upper limb movements.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000294:innervation*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000294:innervation*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology