title: Conformal prostate brachytherapy: initial experience of a phase I/II dose-escalating trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve treatment results on prostatic adenocarcinoma, conformal radiation therapy (CRT) has been used. Two major drawbacks of external CRT are: (a) internal organ motion/daily set-up variations, and (b) exclusion of several patients for CRT based on poor geometrical relationships as identified by three dimensional (3D) treatment planning. To overcome the above problems, we began the first prospective Phase I/II dose-escalating clinical trial of conformal brachytherapy (CB) and concurrent external beam irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine patients with T2b-T3c prostatic adenocarcinoma received 176 transperineal ultrasound-guided conformal high-dose rate (HDR) boost implants. All patients received concomitant external beam pelvic irradiation. Dose escalation of the three HDR-CB fractions proceeded as follows: 5.5 Gy (30 patients), 6 Gy (20 patients), and 6.5 Gy (9 patients). The CB dose was prescribed to the prostate contour as outlined using an online biplanar transrectal ultrasound probe. The urethra, anterior rectal wall, and prostate boundaries were identified individually and outlined at 5 mm intervals from the base to the apex of the gland. The CB using real-time ultrasound guidance with interactive online isodose distributions was performed on an outpatient basis. As needles were placed into the prostate, corrections for prostate displacement were recorded and the isodose distributions were recalculated to represent the new relationship between the needles, prostate, and normal structures. No computerized tomography (CT) planning or implant preplanning was required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient was rejected based on poor geometrical relation of pelvic structures. In every implant performed, prostate displacement was noted. Craniocaudal motion of the gland ranged from 0.5-2.0 cm (mean = 1.0 cm), whereas lateral displacement was 0.1-0.4 cm. With the interactive online planning system, organ motion was immediately detected, accounted for, and corrected prior to each HDR treatment. The rectal dose has ranged from 45 to 87%, and the urethral dose from 97 to 112% of the prostate dose. It is significant to note that operator dependence has been completely removed because the interactive online planning system uniformly guides the physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With ultrasound guidance and the interactive online dosimetry system, organ motion (as compared to external beam) is insignificant because it can be corrected during the procedure without increasing target volume margins. Common pitfalls of brachytherapy, including operator dependence and difficulty with reproducibility, have been eliminated with the intraoperative online planning system.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001706:Biopsy; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012007:Rectum; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014521:Urethra
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen