title: Triggering of the human interleukin-6 gene by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in monocytic cells involves cooperation between interferon regulatory factor-1, NF kappa B, and Sp1 transcription factors.
abstract: We investigated the molecular basis of the synergistic induction by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene in THP-1 monocytic cells, and compared it with the basis of this induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Functional studies with IL-6 promoter demonstrated that three regions are the targets of the IFN-gamma and/or TNF-alpha action, whereas only one of these regions seemed to be implicated in LPS activation. The three regions concerned are: 1) a region between -73 and -36, which is the minimal element inducible by LPS or TNF-alpha; 2) an element located between -181 and -73, which appeared to regulate the response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha negatively; and 3) a distal element upstream of -224, which was inducible by IFN-gamma alone. LPS signaling was found to involve NF kappa B activation by the p50/p65 heterodimers. Synergistic induction of the IL-6 gene by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, in monocytic cells, involved cooperation between the IRF-1 and NF kappa B p65 homodimers with concomitant removal of the negative effect of the retinoblastoma control element present in the IL-6 promoter. This removal occurred by activation of the constitutive Sp1 factor, whose increased binding activity and phosphorylation were mediated by IFN-gamma.
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494257:IRF1 protein, human; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase