title: Pulmonary lymphatics and their spatial relationship to venous sphincters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary lymphatics are critical to clearing lung fluid. Although their structure can be shown with light and transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy of their casts can better show their number, size, shape, distribution, and degree of filling. This technique has identified four forms of lung lymphatics, but these forms have not been fully evaluated by tissue microscopy. A most important site of pulmonary edema formation, the pulmonary capillary, is just upstream from small veins which have focal, smooth muscle tufts termed venous sphincters. Because of their constricting potential, these sphincters may control lung perfusion and cause edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  With light and transmission electron microscopy of tissue and scanning electron microscopy of casts, the lymphatic forms were explored in relation to the tissue anatomy in rats without pulmonary edema and with mild-to-moderate edema caused by extended vascular rinsing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The edematous lungs had increased sacculo-tubular lymphatics adjacent to the venous sphincters. These lymphatics were in the adventitial connective tissue and were partially endothelialized. As lymphatics became more tubular their endothelium became more complete. Collagen fibers traversed the lumen of these lymphatics even where endothelial cells were present and caused the lines on the surface of the lymphatic casts. Overlapping endothelial cells caused clefts on the casts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scanning electron microscopy of lymphatic casts better defines their ultrastructure and shows the spatial relationship of veins and their sphincters to venous lymphatics. Sphincter contraction may influence pulmonary lymph production which could affect other aspects of regional lung perfusion.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000473:pathology*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley