Regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation by a family of neuronal calcium sensors.
Recoverin is a calcium sensor that regulates rhodopsin phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner. Cloning experiments indicate the presence of a numerous gene family, called the NCS family, encoding recoverin-like proteins expressed predominantly in neurons. Here, we report the cloning of three novel NCS genes, and demonstrate that at least six distinct members of the NCS family (including recoverin, S-modulin, vilip 1, NCS-1, Ce-NCS-1, and Ce-NCS-2) specifically inhibit rhodopsin phosphorylation. The presence of species homologues within the NCS family suggests that this function might be shared by at least 12 (out of 18) NCS proteins. Recent studies indicate that recoverin inhibits rhodopsin phosphorylation by directly regulating rhodopsin kinase, a G protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK). Since several NCS proteins are found in neurons throughout the entire nervous system, they may regulate other members of the GRK family. Together, our data suggest a general role for NCS proteins in the regulation of calcium-dependent phosphorylation in the nervous system.
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000378:metabolism; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D005136:Eye Proteins; D051606:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051597:Hippocalcin; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051580:Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D051603:Recoverin; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; C000589452:NCS-1 protein, C elegans; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051580:Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C496731:RCVRN protein, human; C496733:Rcvrn protein, rat; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C101464:frequenin calcium sensor proteins; D051603:Recoverin; D051597:Hippocalcin; D012243:Rhodopsin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051606:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1; C496764:GRK1 protein, human; C496765:Grk1 protein, rat; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D002118:Calcium