title: The human I alpha 1 region contains a TGF-beta 1 responsive enhancer and a putative recombination hotspot.
abstract: It appears that the switch recombination machinery of a B lymphocyte targets preferentially unrearranged heavy chain genes that have been rendered transcriptionally active. Transcriptional activation of the 'germline' human C alpha 1 and C alpha 2 genes is triggered by TGF-beta 1 and is controlled by proximal positive and distal negative regulatory elements residing upstream of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 switch regions respectively. In this report we characterize the positive proximal regulatory elements and analyse their interaction with DNA binding proteins. Our data demonstrate that a 100 bp fragment that contains a cAMP responsive element (CRE)/activating transcription factor (ATF) motif, a putative Ets binding site and an element that is created by two previously described neighbouring direct repeats (DRE), can increase the basal level of transcription and confer TGF-beta 1 inducibility to a heterologous promoter in an orientation- and position-independent manner. Ubiquitously expressed DNA binding proteins interact specifically with the CRE/ATF, the Ets site and the DRE element. Additionally, nuclear proteins interact with sequences which are located downstream of this enhancer are not essential for transcription in the transient expression assays utilized; however, they contain motifs that have been previously implicated in regulating DNA recombination events. These motifs include a Chi motif and a Chi-like element previously found in the recombination hotspot region of the Bcl-2 proto-oncogene and close to chromosomal breakpoints in T-ALL lines. Our findings raise the possibility that the intervening region associated regulatory elements in addition to regulating the transcriptional activation of the Ig heavy chain genes could also facilitate the physical interaction of transcription and recombination controlling molecular mechanisms.
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000276:immunology; D015322:Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007134:Immunoglobulin Switch Region / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000276:immunology*; D004915:Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000276:immunology; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta