title: Should meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus be totally resected?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical strategy for meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus (CS) is still controversial because of the difficult surgical approach and the risks of injury to the cranial nerves or the internal carotid artery. We evaluated the efficacy of subtotal removal of meningiomas involving the CS following chemical embolization, preserving cranial nerve functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the histology, embolization material, recurrence rate, and neurologic complications in 19 fresh cases with meningioma involving the CS, who received subtotal removal surgery and were followed over 1 year. Patients were 6 men and 13 women aged from 30 to 69 years (mean, 52.2 years) on admission. All patients received preoperative chemical embolization of the feeding arteries to reduce intraoperative bleeding. In the 11 earlier patients, we used estrogen (Est) as the embolization material, but changed to estrogen with 25% alcohol+polyvinyl acetate (Est+PVac) for the latter 8 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients were recurrence free after 1-16 (6.5 +/- 5.5) years. The performance status of the survivors was good. Five patients, including two cases of malignant meningioma, developed recurrence, with a mean recurrence-free period of 1.7 +/- 0.5 years. Patients who received embolization with Est showed a higher recurrence rate than Est+PVac.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that subtotal resection following Est+PVac embolization is a safe and effective strategy for this tumor.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011145:Polyvinyls; C013215:polyvinyl acetate