title: Sp1 is a component of the cytokine-inducible enhancer in the promoter of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
abstract: Transcription of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene in endothelial cells is induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. Previous studies demonstrated that the cytokine-response region in the VCAM1 promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and interferon regulatory factor-1. Using a saturation mutagenesis approach, we report that the cytokine-inducible enhancer consists of these previously characterized elements and a novel region located 3' of the NF-kappa B sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprint studies with endothelial nuclear extracts and recombinant protein revealed that the transcriptional activator Sp1 interacts with this novel element in a specific manner. Transient transfection assays using vascular endothelial cells revealed that site-directed mutations in the Sp1 binding element decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced activity of the VCAM1 promoter. The cytokine-induced enhancer of the VCAM1 gene requires constitutively bound Sp1 and induced heterodimeric NF-kappa B for maximal promoter activity.
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D004247:DNA