Left heart catheterization by direct puncture with two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance: a case report.
In patients with mechanical valves in both the mitral and aortic positions, direct ventricular puncture is the recommended approach to catheterization. We report a case in which two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography was used to guide left heart catheterization by direct ventricular puncture and propose that the use of 2D echocardiography might reduce the risks historically associated the procedure.
D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects