title: Further development for testing the effects of pesticides on wolf spiders.
abstract: Based on preliminary guidelines of the "Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft" (BBA, Germany) for testing the effects of pesticides on wolf spiders (genus Pardosa, Lycosidae, Araneae), two test series were carried out with the pesticides Karate (a.i. lambda-cyhalothrin) and a noname product. At start of the test the pesticides were applied onto spiders and a sand substrate with an application apparatus. Thereafter, the mortality, the behavior, and the feeding rate were observed up to 14 days. Ninety-eight percent of the tested individuals belonged to the species Pardosa amentata. The results of the Karate experiments indicated a considerably higher reaction for males than for females. The aggression of the spiders proved to be a stress factor when the vessel was inhabited by more than one spider and caused higher mortality in individuals treated with pesticides. Spiders raised from cocoons in the laboratory were in general less sensitive than animals collected in the field and accustomed to laboratory conditions. Experiments performed with the noname pesticide in different seasons revealed that the sensitivity of the animals was influenced by their age. The parameters of mortality, behavior, and feeding rate proved to provide data adequate for evaluating the lethal and sublethal effects of the substances examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D013112:Spiders; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C037304:cyhalothrin