title: Fractures of the first rib in child abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and specificity of fracture of the first rib as an indicator of child abuse and to determine a mechanism of fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants and young children with rib fractures who were seen at the radiology department of an academic medical center over a 2-year period were identified from the radiology data base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rib fractures were attributed to child abuse in 12 of 35 children identified. Apart from a neonate with congenital osteogenesis imperfecta, only three children, all abused, had first-rib fracture, one bilaterally. Two additional children with first-rib fracture were identified from years prior to the study period. In four children, first-rib fractures were "isolated," without fractures of adjacent bones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Child abuse should be considered in cases of pediatric rib fracture, particularly fracture of the first rib. Possible mechanisms for first-rib fracture include impact force, compressive force, and shaking or acute axial load (slamming), which cause an indirect fracture.
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010013:Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging