Kidney of elephants.
BACKGROUND
Elephants are an important and isolated order. Their kidneys need substantial investigation and hitherto have not been portrayed even by a pyelogram.


METHODS
Pyelograms and injection of vessels with colored acrylic emulsions were done initially. Dissection was under fiberoptics using a dissecting microscope with frequent measurements. Special areas were cut for microscopy (light and electron) and photography. Glomerular counts were done by macerating weighted pieces of cortex and later finding the cortical fraction of the renal parenchyma.


RESULTS
The elephant kidney is devoid of dorsoventral symmetry. It is composed of 8 +/- 2 lobes separated by fine interlobar septa. There is no reduction of lobes with maturity. The pelvis bifurcates at the sinus into primary branches or infundibula which dispatch a secondary branch or infundibulum into every lobe. Interlobar arteries and veins, nerves, fat, and connective tissue generally accompany every secondary infundibulum into its lobe. A major branch of the renal artery may perforate the renal capsule and course to the cortico-medullary (C-M) border independently of the secondary infundibulum to that lobe. The number of glomeruli per kidney is approximately 15 x 10(6). In adults the glomerular mass is 4.9 +/- 0.5% of the renal parenchyma and 6.7 +/- 0.3% of the cortex. Areae cribrosae occur generally at low papillae. They are the outlets of numerous terminal collecting ducts which may be accompanied by a tubus maximus (T.M.) A T.M. of diameter 1.6 mm and length 10 mm may act as the only substitute for an area cribrosa. Wide anastomoses between the two main renal veins occur within the renal sinus. Intralobar arteries and veins often course right through the outer medulla to and from, respectively, the C-M border.


CONCLUSIONS
Anatomically, an elephant's kidneys appear to be able to concentrate urine only moderately. Their kidneys tend to resemble those of the manatee but not of the dugong.
D000818:Animals; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011859:Radiography; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014513:Ureter / Q000033:anatomy & histology