title: Neurological correlates of fetal cocaine exposure: transient hypertonia of infancy and early childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether prenatal cocaine exposure has any long-term effects on neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study with examiners blind to drug exposure and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 144 high-risk infants enrolled in a perinatal HIV neurodevelopmental study, 119 (83%) infants with both neurological and urine toxicology measures were followed up to age 24 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurological and developmental assessments were analyzed at 6-month intervals grouped according to the presence of cocaine in urine toxicology: 51 infants were cocaine-positive. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained by logistic regression equations that adjusted for perinatal variables, including measures of fetal growth, gestation, HIV status, and infant toxicology results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Harlem Hospital Center from 1988 to 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At age 6 months, 21 of 51 (41%) cocaine-positive children exhibited hypertonia of any type (hypertonic tetraparesis, hypertonic diparesis, and hypertonic hemiparesis) compared with 17 of 68 (25%) cocaine-negative infants (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.0-4.6). Cocaine-positive infants were four times more likely to show hypertonic tetraparesis (HTP) than cocaine-negative infants (OR = 4.0; CI = 1.5-10.8). The association remained significant in multivariate analyses. Hypertonia, consistent with cerebral palsy, diminished over time in both groups. In 97% of affected infants hypertonia resolved by 24 months. Arm hypertonia abated first; leg hypertonia remained in some children up to age 18 months. No differences in development scores between cocaine-positive and cocaine-negative were noted at any age interval. However, among cocaine-positive infants those with early HTP showed significantly lower mean developmental scores at 6 and 12 month compared to infants without HTP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine positivity urine toxicology at birth is associated with hypertonia during infancy. Such cocaine-induced effects are usually symmetrical, transient, and the majority of exposed children outgrow hypertonia by 24 months of life. Among cocaine-positive infants, HTP may be a marker for later developmental impairments.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine