title: The fix Escherichia coli region contains four genes related to carnitine metabolism.
abstract: Anaerobic carnitine metabolism in Escherichia coli was recently shown to involve six genes organized in the cai operon and located at the first minute on the chromosome. The DNA sequence lying at the 5' end of the cai locus was further investigated. It contains four open reading frames organized as an operon. In vivo overexpression of this DNA region revealed four polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 27, 33, 45 and 6 kDa. These proteins displayed significant amino acid sequence homologies with polypeptides encoded by the fixABCX operons from Azorhizobium caulinodans and Rhizobium meliloti. The four ORFs were thus named fixABCX. The first two gene products were also found to share a high degree of sequence similarity with the subunits beta and alpha, respectively, of mammalian electron transfer flavoproteins, suggesting a role for these proteins in a redox reaction. A singly polycistronic 5 kb mRNA transcript was detected in Northern blots under anaerobic conditions in the presence of DL-carnitine. Expression of a fixA-lacZ transcriptional fusion was induced by L(-)-carnitine and crotonobetaine but not by D(+)-carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine, glycinebetaine and choline as found previously for the carnitine pathway. Similarly, the fix operon was repressed by glucose and nitrate. Moreover, expression of the fix operon was induced by the global regulatory proteins CRP and FNR and repressed by the histone-like protein H-NS. All these regulatory proteins have been shown also to control expression of carnitine enzymes. Results from Northern blots and lacZ fusion studies indicate a common regulation of expression of fix and cai operons, which implies a physiological linkage between these two loci.
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005420:Flavoproteins; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002241:Carbohydrates; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005420:Flavoproteins; D009566:Nitrates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C068362:fixX protein, Azorhizobium caulinodans; C068361:fixB protein, E coli; D002331:Carnitine