title: Increased incidence of levodopa therapy following metoclopramide use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is an increase in use of antiparkinsonian therapy in older persons taking metoclopramide hydrochloride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  New jersey Medicaid program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicaid enrollees aged 65 years and older. Cases were patients newly prescribed a levodopa-containing medication (n = 1253); a secondary case group were patients newly prescribed an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drug (n = 2377). The control group consisted of 16435 Medicaid enrollees older than 65 years who were not users of any antiparkinsonian therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used logistic regression to determine the odds ratio (OR) for the initiation of antiparkinsonian therapy in patients using metoclopramide relative to nonusers, after adjusting for age, sex, race, nursing home residence, exposure to antipsychotic medication, and days hospitalized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metoclopramide users were three times more likely to begin use of a levodopa-containing medication compared with nonusers (OR = 3.09; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.25 to 4.26). Risk increased with increasing daily metoclopramide dose: the OR was 1.19 (95% Cl, 0.50 to 2.81) for more than 0 to 10 mg per day, 3.33 (95% Cl, 1.98 to 5.58) for more than 10 to 20 mg per day, and 5.25 (95% Cl, 1.16 to 8.50) for more than 20mg per day. The effect persisted after adjustment for demographic, health service utilization, and medication use variables. The OR for initiation of anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs was also elevated in metoclopramide users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metoclopramide use confers an increased risk for the initiation of treatment generally reserved for the management of idiopathic Parkinson's disease in patients with drug-induced parkinsonian symptoms, which should be ruled out before starting dopaminergic therapy for this condition.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa; D008787:Metoclopramide