DNA changes involved in the formation of metaphase chromosomes, as observed in mouse duodenal crypt cells stained by osmium-ammine. II. Tracing nascent DNA by bromodeoxyuridine into structures arising during the S phase.
BACKGROUND
Since it has been found that new chromatin structures make their appearance in the nucleus during the DNA-synthesizing or S phase of the cell cycle, the question arises as to how these structures are related to the nascent DNA.


METHODS
DNA-containing structures were detected in sections of mouse duodenal crypt cells by the DNA-specific osmium-ammine procedure. In the same sections, the nascent or newly-replicated DNA was localized during stages I-IV of the cell cycle (corresponding to four successive parts of the S phase) by immunogold labeling of the DNA precursor bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in mice sacrificed 10 min after its injection. Moreover, the fate of the nascent DNA with time was traced up to 6 hr after the injection. (The nomenclature of the DNA-containing structures is that proposed by El-Alfy et al., 1995.)


RESULTS
Ten minutes after BrdU injection, the gold particles indicative of nascent DNA are associated with discrete nucleofilaments scattered in the nucleoplasm, but not with the compacted nucleofilaments making up the heterochromatin or the new S phase structures named "aggregates." The gold-particle-associated discrete nucleofilaments are classified into three types: a) The "free" nucleofilaments have been given this name, since they appear to be independent of heterochromatin and aggregates; nearly all gold particles are over these at stage I; but the numbers of particles over them decreases from stage I to IV. b) The "aggregate-attached" nucleofilaments project from the surface of the aggregates; the number of particles over these is high at stages II and III but decreases at stage IV. c) The "heterochromatin-attached" nucleofilaments project from the surface of the heterochromatin; the number of particles over these increases from stage II to IV. By 1 hr after BrdU injection, gold particles can be over loose clumps of nucleofilaments at stages I and II, but are mostly over small aggregates at stage II, midsized aggregates and small heterochromatin-associated "bulges" at stage III and large aggregates and large bulges at stage IV. By 2-6 hr, virtually all particles are over aggregates and bulges, frequently deep within them.


CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of the gold particles at 10 min reveals that DNA is synthesized in discrete nucleofilaments that are "free" or "aggregate-attached" or "heterochromatin-attached." In contrast, by one and especially two hours, the gold particles are present over aggregates and bulges, indicating that, after discrete nucleofilaments acquire nascent DNA, they are displaced to become part of these structures. More precisely, the aggregates arise from the repeated addition of replicated portions of "free" nucleofilaments, while the bulges arise from the repeated addition of replicated portions, of "heterochromatin-attached" nucleofilaments. Aggregates and bulges are the two initial building stones from which mitotic chromosomes are eventually formed.
D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004261:DNA Replication; D004386:Duodenum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology*; D017892:Osmium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
D017892:Osmium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D004247:DNA; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine