title: Species dependent esterase activities for hydrolysis of an anti-HIV prodrug glycovir and bioavailability of active SC-48334.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The in vitro fate of an ester prodrug, glycovir, was studied to determine if the species differences in the bioavailability of pharmacologically active SC-48334 observed after glycovir administration and not observed after SC-48334 administration is due to species differences in ester hydrolysis rate or species differences in absorption of the prodrug itself, and to determine the site(s) of ester hydrolysis which contributes most to species differences in the bioavailability of SC-48334 if any.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycovir was incubated with small intestinal mucosa, liver S9 fractions, whole blood, red blood cells (RBC) and plasma of the rat, dog, monkey (cynomolgus and rhesus) and man, and glycovir concentrations were determined by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative bioavailabilities of SC-48334 after prodrug administration to the rat, dog, monkey and man were 99, 15, 42 and 37%, respectively. After SC-48334 administration, SC-48334 was rapidly and similarly well absorbed in all species. The hydrolysis rate in the small intestinal mucosa was well correlated with the relative bioavailability of SC-48334 after prodrug administration. Among different species the hydrolysis rate of glycovir in liver S9 fractions, blood, RBC and plasma did not parallel those in the mucosa of the small intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The species differences in bioavailability of SC-48334 with the prodrug were due to species differences in hydrolysis rates of the prodrug in small intestinal mucosa. The monkey was a good animal model for prediction of esterase activity in human small intestine and relative bioavailability in man.
mesh_terms: D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002087:Butyrates / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004285:Dogs; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002087:Butyrates; D010880:Piperidines; D011355:Prodrugs; C096960:glycovir; D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin; C059896:miglustat; D004950:Esterases