title: Smoking characteristics of female veterans.
abstract: Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of smoking among active duty military women is higher than that of active duty military men or civilians of either gender. No data have been published on cessation rates among female veterans. We wanted to report such rates in a group of female veterans at Pettis VAMC Preventive Medicine Clinic and to study predictive factors for smoking cessation and prevention. We identified female patients at Pettis VAMC Preventive Medicine Women's Clinic who had received services in the past 3 years or who enrolled as new patients during the study period; 529 received questionnaires by mail or at the clinic; 409 returned completed surveys. A high proportion (32.5%) of our sample of female veterans were current smokers, and 67% of female veteran smokers reported smoking at least one pack daily. More than one-third of ever-smokers began smoking during military service. Thirty-nine percent of the female veteran sample had CES-D scores of 16 or greater, and current smokers had significantly greater mean CES-D scores than former smokers. Twenty-three percent of current smokers had high nicotine dependence scores (> 7). The highest proportion of CES-D scores compatible with depressive symptoms (55%) was seen among current smokers who consumed a pack or more of cigarettes per day. Ever-smokers who screened as depressed were significantly less likely to have quit than those with lower CES-D scores; however, in multivariate models, CES-D scores were not significantly related to cessation. The prevalence of current, ever, and heavy smoking was high among this sample of female veterans attending a VAMC Preventive Medicine clinic. An unexpectedly high prevalence of screening scores compatible with depression was found among this sample, particularly among smokers. This warrants further investigation, particularly in light of the reported relationship between depression and smoking.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*