title: Liposomal formulations of cyclosporin A: influence of lipid type and dose on pharmacokinetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Liposomal formulations of Cyclosporin A (CyA)3 have been described in more than 30 publications to substitute Cremophor EL (CrEL), a triricinoleate ester of ethoxylated glycerol, as drug carrier. However, conflicting reports did not allow to draw consistent conclusions about the influence of liposomes on CyA pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of liposomal CyA-formulations with varying liposome composition and lipid dose but constant CyA dose was compared in rats. Data were analysed with a PK-model taking into account the varying volume of distribution with the varying lipid concentration in blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface properties and lipid type of liposomes are not important PK predictors of liposomal CyA, at least for small dosages of liposomes. Rather, the absolute lipid amount and the lipophilicity of cyclosporins are critical factors influencing the PK of liposomal CyA. The higher the concentration of lipid in blood and the greater the lipophilicity of cyclosporin is, the higher are the concentrations of CyA in blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These relations may explain the inconsistent literature results. Together with earlier observations from our group the above findings indicate, that CyA is not caged in the liposomal membranes. Reports in literature, which claim lower clearance and a lower volume of distribution of CyA in obese rats compared to lean rats, support our assumption about the involved mechanisms. A semi-quantitative model of CyA distribution is presented, which points to the variable free fraction of CyA in plasma as the crucial factor for all previously reported phenomena in liposomal CyA formulations.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006207:Half-Life; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D016572:Cyclosporine