title: Surgical strategy for pheochromocytoma: emphasis on the pledge of flank extraperitoneal approach in selected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior transabdominal exploration has traditionally been advocated as the standard procedure for pheochromocytoma. However, some authors claim that a flank extraperitoneal approach with accurate unilateral localization is justifiable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis was performed on 87 patients with pheochromocytoma to determine the appropriateness of extraperitoneal exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 45 men and 42 women with a mean age of 44.7 years (range, 16 to 83 years). Fifteen patients (17.5%) had pheochromocytoma as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A, and four had familial pheochromocytoma, von Hippel-Lindau disease, or von Recklinghausen's disease. All tumors detected by preoperative localization studies were correctly identified and were resected through flank extraperitoneal (45 patients), transabdominal (28), thoracoabdominal (13), and posterior (1) approaches. Tumors were extraadrenal in 14, multiple in 22, bilateral in 12, and unequivocally malignant in 2 patients at the initial operation. Two patients died during the immediate postoperative period, giving an operative mortality of 2.3%. Two patients had persistent disease. During follow-up within a mean period of 5 years (range, 1 month to 13.7 years) 8 patients (9.1%) experienced recurrence or metastasis. Other than the patients with MEN 2, recurrence was not attributable to the operative approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a preoperative localization study is accurate, an extraperitoneal approach is justifiable for many patients with pheochromocytomas.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018813:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a / Q000601:surgery; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies