title: Laparoscopic detection of hepatic metastases in patients with residual or recurrent medullary thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After initial operations for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), reoperation with removal of metastatic disease confined to the neck may benefit some patients. The identification of distant metastases precludes the possibility of curative reoperation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with hypercalcitoninemia after initial surgical treatment for MTC underwent laparoscopic (n = 36) or open (n = 5) examination and biopsy of the liver. Thirty-seven of these patients underwent imaging by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver, or both, and 17 underwent selective venous catheterization (SVC) with measurement of hepatic and peripheral vein stimulated calcitonin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver metastases were found in eight patients, seven by laparoscopy and one by open examination. Seven of these patients had normal CT or MRI scans of the liver. Laparoscopy or open liver examination revealed metastases in 2 of 11 patients with elevated hepatic vein-peripheral vein stimulated calcitonin ratios (greater than 1.3). Metastases appeared as small (less than 5 mm), bright white nodules on the surface of the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct examination and biopsy of the liver by laparoscopy may show small deposits of metastatic MTC in patients with normal CT and MRI scanning.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002116:Calcitonin