title: Secondary rhinoplasty following open rhinoplasty.
abstract: On the basis of 56 cases of secondary rhinoplasty following an initial open rhinoplasty, I conclude that secondary surgery is safe and effective. Either an open or closed approach can be used in most cases with little risk of skin necrosis or poor scar formation. The decision as to which approach to use depends on numerous factors. In general, a closed technique is favored when augmentation is the solution, while an open technique is favored when structural correction is required. Reopening the nose was done consistently without problems but was avoided in two patients because of severe thinning following previous defatting. However, certain "stigmata" were seen following open primary rhinoplasty and should be avoided: (1) a depressed, visible scar, (2) destruction of the soft-tissue facets and nostril apices, (3) columella deformities with associated nostril asymmetry, and (4) excessive tip or supratip defatting.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*