title: Innocuity of agents for radiocontrast enhancement of urinary tract stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mineral kidney stones are frequently difficult to detect due to their radiotranslucency. We have recently developed a method that enhances the visibility of such stones by retrograde infusions of certain heavy metal salt solutions such as cesium or lanthanide gadolinium. This report describes toxicologic studies carried out on the use of those contrast agents to introduce this technique eventually into clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systemic absorption was assessed in dogs through infusion of radioactive contrast agent into the renal pelvis with or without ureteral obstruction. Radioactivity in urine and blood was monitored. Local toxicity was studied in animals infused with the contrast agent at intervals up to 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reabsorption studies under high intrapelvic pressures (70 cm H2O or higher), demonstrated reabsorption of cesium. However, at normal intrapelvic pressures, only a moderate reabsorption of cesium was observed. No gadolinium reabsorption was detected even at high intrapelvic pressures. Histopathologic studies showed no major urothelial lesions but only a transient inflammatory reaction that was undetectable 4 weeks following exposure to gadolinium salts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gadolinium salt solutions are good positive radiocontrast agents for mineral kidney stones without having serious toxic effects or systemic reabsorption.
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011312:Pressure; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D003287:Contrast Media; D011868:Radioisotopes; D005682:Gadolinium