title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Evidence for an alternate biological function.
abstract: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) is a serine proteinase inhibitor or serpin that is a major product of macrophages in response to endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines. We have explored the role of PAI-2 in apoptotic cell death initiated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). HeLa cells stably transfected with PAI-2 cDNA were protected from TNF-induced apoptosis, whereas cells transfected with antisense PAI-2 cDNA, a control gene, or the plasmid vector alone remained susceptible. The level of PAI-2 expressed by different HeLa cell clones was inversely correlated with their sensitivity to TNF. Loss of TNF sensitivity was not a result of loss of TNF receptor binding. In contrast, PAI-2 expression did not confer protection against apoptosis induced by ultraviolet or ionizing radiation. The serine proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator was not demonstrated to be the target of PAI-2 action. The P1-Arg amino acid residue of PAI-2 was determined to be required for protection, because cells expressing PAI-2 with an Ala in this position were not protected from TNF-mediated cell death. The results suggest that intracellular PAI-2 might be an important factor in regulating cell death in TNF-mediated inflammatory processes through inhibition of a proteinase involved in TNF-induced apoptosis.
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007106:Immune Sera; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003513:Cycloheximide; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase