title: Diabetes mellitus and associated hypertension, vascular disease, and nephropathy. An update.
abstract: Because considerable important information has been published since our previous review, this update concentrates on new findings with regard to cardiovascular and renal risk factors contributing to the striking morbidity and mortality of these coexisting diseases. For example, a large body of investigative data has recently emerged suggesting or delineating a pathogenic role for hyperglycemic-related glycosylation and oxidation of lipoproteins and vascular and renal tissues. Great strides have recently been made in the understanding of platelet, coagulation, lipoprotein, and endothelial abnormalities in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disease associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Major progress has been made in clarifying the pathophysiology of glomerulosclerosis and other processes involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, accumulating data surveyed in this review address new and promising pharmacological interventions that specifically address these pathophysiological mechanisms.
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004232:Diuretics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D007328:Insulin; D008074:Lipoproteins; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I