title: Induction of T-cell immunity against Ras oncoproteins by soluble protein or Ras-expressing Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Point mutations in the ras proto-oncogene that activate its oncogenic potential occur in approximately 30% of human cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that T-cell immunity against some forms of mutant Ras proteins could be elicited, and some effectiveness against tumors expressing activated Ras has been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine if immunization of mice with two forms of mutant Ras protein can induce high levels of Ras mutation-specific T-cell immunity in vitro and tumor regression in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice (BALB/c or C3H/HeJ) were immunized subcutaneously at 2-week intervals with purified Ras oncoproteins mixed with the immunologic adjuvants Antigen Formulation or QS-21, both of which have been shown to enhance the induction of T-cell-mediated immunity when included as components of soluble protein vaccines. In some experiments, mice were immunized directly with heat-killed Escherichia coli that had been induced to express one of the mutant Ras proteins. Spleen cells plus lymph node cells from Ras-immunized mice were tested in vitro for lysis of syngeneic Ras-expressing tumor cells and proliferation in response to mutant Ras peptides. For some of the cytolytic activity experiments, the spleen cells were grown under TH1 conditions (growth in presence of interleukin 2, interferon gamma, and an antibody directed against interleukin 4 to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response) or TH2 conditions (growth in presence of interleukins 2 and 4 to stimulate a humoral immune response). The specificity of immunity was examined in vivo by challenge of Ras-immunized mice with syngeneic tumor cells expressing mutant Ras oncoproteins (HaBalb, i.e., BALB/c mouse cells expressing Ras with arginine substituted at amino acid position 12 [Arg 12 Ras]; C3HL61, i.e., C3H/HeJ mouse cells expressing Ras with leucine substituted at position 61 [Leu 61 Ras]). Ten mice per group were used in each experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proliferative and cytolytic T-cell responses directed against the Arg 12 Ras protein were generated in BALB/c mice, resulting in protection against challenge with cells expressing Arg 12 Ras and therapeutic benefit in mice bearing established tumors expressing this protein. In C3H/HeJ mice, high levels of cytolytic and proliferative responses were induced against Leu 61 Ras. Immunization with heat-killed E. coli genetically engineered to express Leu 61 Ras also led to the induction of anti-Ras T-cell immunity. T cells grown under TH1 conditions were cytolytic against Ras-transformed tumor cells, whereas those grown under TH2 conditions were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunization as described here leads to Ras mutation-specific antitumor immunity in vitro and in vivo, with therapeutic efficacy in an established tumor model.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004926:Escherichia coli; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D017354:Point Mutation; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)