title: Three dimensional planning target volumes: a model and a software tool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three dimensional (3D) target volumes are an essential component of conformal therapy because the goal is to shape the treatment volume to the target volume. The planning target volume (PTV) is defined by ICRU 50 as the clinical target volume (CTV) plus a margin to ensure that the CTV receives the prescribed dose. The margin must include all interfractional and intrafractional treatment variations. This paper describes a software tool that automatically generates 3D PTVs from CTVs for lung cancers and immobile head and neck cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Values for the interfractional and intrafractional treatment variations were determined by a literature review and by targeted interviews with physicians. The software tool is written in Common LISP and conforms to the specifications for shareable software of the Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Tools Collaborative Working Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tool is a rule-based expert system in which the inputs are the CTV contours, critical structure contours, and qualitative information about the specific patient. The output is PTV contours, which are a cylindrical expansion of the CTV. A model for creating PTVs from CTVs is embedded in the tool. The interfractional variation of setup uncertainty and the intrafractional variations of movement of the CTV (e.g., respiration) and patient motion are included in the model. Measured data for the component variations is consistent with modeling the components as independent samples from 3D Gaussian distributions. The components are combined using multivariate normal statistics to yield the cylindrical expansion factors. Rules are used to represent the values of the components for certain patient conditions (e.g., setup uncertainty for a head and neck patient immobilized in a mask). The tool uses a rule interpreter to combine qualitative information about a specific patient with rules representing the value of the components and to enter the appropriate component values for that patient into the cylindrical expansion formula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The portable software tool allows the rapid, consistent, and automatic generation of 3D PTVs from CTVs.
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008954:Models, Biological; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software