title: Studies of hypoxemic/reoxygenation injury: with aortic clamping. XIII. Interaction between oxygen tension and cardioplegic composition in limiting nitric oxide production and oxidant damage.
abstract: This study tests the interaction between oxygen tension and cardioplegic composition on nitric oxide production and oxidant damage during reoxygenation of previously cyanotic hearts. Of 35 Duroc-Yorkshire piglets (2 to 3 weeks, 3 to 5 kg), six underwent 30 minutes of blood cardioplegic arrest with hyperoxemic (oxygen tension about 400 mm Hg), hypocalcemic, alkalotic, glutamate/aspartate blood cardioplegic solution during 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass without hypoxemia (control). Twenty-nine others were subjected to up to 120 minutes of ventilator hypoxemia (oxygen tension about 25 mm Hg) before reoxygenation on CPB. To simulate routine clinical management, nine piglets underwent uncontrolled cardiac reoxygenation, whereby cardiopulmonary bypass was started at oxygen tension of about 400 mm Hg followed by the aforementioned blood cardioplegic protocol 5 minutes later. All 20 other piglets underwent controlled cardiac reoxygenation, whereby cardiopulmonary bypass was started at the ambient oxygen tension (about 25 mm Hg), and reoxygenation was delayed until blood cardioplegia was given. The blood cardioplegia solution was kept normoxemic (oxygen tension about 100 mm Hg) in 10 piglets and made hyperoxemic (oxygen tension about 400 mm Hg) in 10 others. The cardioplegic composition was also varied so that the cardioplegic solution in each subgroup contained either KCl only (30 mEq/L) or components that theoretically inhibit nitric oxide synthase by including hypocalcemia, alkalosis, and glutamate/aspartate. Function (end-systolic elastance) and myocardial nitric oxide production, conjugated diene production, and antioxidant reserve capacity were measured. Blood cardioplegic arrest without hypoxemia did not cause myocardial nitric oxide or conjugated diene production, reduce antioxidant reserve capacity, or change left ventricular functional recovery. In contrast, uncontrolled cardiac reoxygenation raised nitric oxide and conjugated diene production 19- and 13-fold, respectively (p < 0.05 vs control), reduced antioxidant reserve capacity 40%, and contractility recovered only 21% of control levels. After controlled cardiac reoxygenation at oxygen tension about 400 mm Hg with cardioplegic solution containing KCl only, nitric oxide and conjugated diene production rose 16- and 12-fold, respectively (p < 0.05 vs control), and contractility recovered only 43% +/- 5%. Normoxemic (oxygen tension of about 100 mm Hg) controlled cardiac reoxygenation with the same solution reduced nitric oxide and conjugated diene production 85% and 71%, and contractile recovery rose to 55% +/- 7% (p < 0.05 vs uncontrolled reoxygenation). In comparison, controlled cardiac reoxygenation with an oxygen tension of about 400 mm Hg hypocalcemic, alkalotic, glutamate/aspartate blood cardioplegic solution reduced nitric oxide and conjugated diene production 85% and 62%, respectively, and contractility recovered 63% +/- 4% (p < 0.05 vs KCl only).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000466:Alkadienes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003250:Constriction; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000466:Alkadienes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen