title: Allele-specific HLA-DRB1 amplification of forensic evidence samples with mixed genotypes.
abstract: A major problem in analyzing forensic casework samples is the presence of genetic material from more than one individual in the material evidence. For instance, in sexual assault cases the evidence (vaginal swabs) usually contains a majority of vaginal epithelial cells and varying amounts of sperm cells from the perpetrator. Samples with mixed genotypes are also common among other biological evidence materials such as nail scrapes and mixed bloodstains. We have developed an allele-specific amplification system for the highly polymorphic HLA class II DRB1 locus that permits the detection of individual alleles in a sample with mixed genotypes, independent of the initial frequency of the alleles. Using a set of eight allele-specific amplification primers and typing the amplified fragments with sequence-specific probes, most of the 60 DRB1 alleles can be resolved. The method is highly specific and sensitive, with the potential for amplifying 15 copies of a particular allele in a background of 3 x 10(5) copies of other alleles. The method was successfully applied to three forensic cases, where the material evidence consisted of sperm stains on panties, nail scrapes and bloodstains on skin. Thus the DRB1 allele-specific amplification system can be employed for the unambiguous determination of the presence of individual alleles in materials suspected to contain mixed genotypes, even when the alleles of interest constitute only a small fraction of the total DNA.
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D005838:Genotype; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011902:Rape; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014621:Vagina / Q000737:chemistry; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D004247:DNA