title: Cigarette smoking and risk for progression of nuclear opacities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships between smoking and the 5-year incidence of new nuclear opacities and between smoking and the progression of nuclear opacities in a prospective study of a cohort of Chesapeake Bay watermen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 442 men (age, > or = 30 years in 1985) with paired, gradable lens photographs in at least one eye in both 1985 and 1990 were studied. Photographs were graded by two readers who used the grading scheme of the Wilmer Institute, Baltimore, Md, with severity ranging in decimal units between 0.0 and 4.0. Data on the smoking history of the subjects were collected by personal interviews that were conducted in 1985 and updated in 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence and progression of opacities increased with age. A nonsignificant association was observed between smoking (for both current and ex-smokers) and the incidence of a nuclear opacity. The risk of progression of nuclear opacities of less than grade 3 at baseline to grade 3 or worse was 2.4-fold higher among current smokers in 1985, compared with that among ex-smokers and nonsmokers (95% confidence limits: 1.0, 6.0) after adjustment for age, baseline opacity status, and alcohol use. An 18% increased risk of progression was significantly associated with each pack-year that a subject smoked between 1985 and 1990.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm previous findings that smoking is associated with a nuclear opacity, particularly with progression to severe opacities.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002386:Cataract / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*