title: Long-term interleukin-6 administration stimulates sustained thrombopoiesis and acute-phase protein synthesis in a small primate--the marmoset.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been ascribed significant roles in both hematopoiesis and the immune response, although its contribution to host defence as a whole is poorly understood. Because short-term IL-6 treatment was previously shown to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis, we investigated the effect of long-term administration of IL-6 on megakaryocytopoiesis and other systemic parameters in nonhuman primates. We chose a small primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), which enabled long-term administration at high doses. Recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) administered at doses of up to 1,000 micrograms/kg/d over 4 and 9 weeks caused a sustained twofold to threefold increase of thrombocyte counts, peaking at 4 weeks. Thrombocyte counts declined thereafter, despite continuing IL-6 administration. The number of bone marrow megakaryocytes at 4 and 9 weeks was not increased compared with controls, but the ploidy grade was augmented, suggesting that IL-6 effects are restricted to mature megakaryocytes in vivo. An acute-phase protein response was observed within 24 hours after the first IL-6 administration and reached a maximum after 1 week of IL-6 administration at 25 micrograms/kg. Serum C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin were increased, whereas albumin and transferrin levels declined. The acute-phase protein response was not associated with any morphologic evidence of hepatocellular damage. The increased levels of Ig and soluble IL-2 receptor in the serum levels reflected systemic immunostimulation. There was no evidence of renal mesangioproliferative pathology. Antibodies against rhIL-6 developed within 2 weeks, continuously increasing during the course of the study. High titers of neutralizing antibodies appeared concomitantly with the decrease in platelet counts and decline in acute-phase proteins. Therefore, despite the pleiotropic effects of IL-6 observed in vitro, long-term administration of IL-6 caused a selective and sustained stimulation of thrombopoiesis in marmosets that was only ablated by the appearance of neutralizing antibodies, and high doses were well tolerated in marmosets. A long-term targeting of IL-6 to cells of the megakaryocytic lineage, without evoking general toxicity, confirms the potential therapeutic usefulness of rhIL-6 for the chronic treatment of thrombocytopenic patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Institute of Toxicology, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ryffel
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Car
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woerly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: DiPadova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kammüller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neubert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neubert
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002144:Callithrix; D005260:Female; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011994:Recombinant Proteins