title: Analysis of a rape case by direct sequencing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pol and gag genes.
abstract: Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from a male accused of rape and deliberate transmission of HIV-1 was investigated by sequencing of the HIV-1 pol and gag genes from virus obtained from the male and from the female victim. Parts of the reverse transcriptase and p17gag genes were amplified and directly sequenced from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The sequences were compared with sequences from 21 unrelated HIV-1-infected controls from the same geographic area (Stockholm, Sweden). Bootstrap analysis of phylogenetic trees demonstrated that the sequences from the female were significantly more closely related to the sequences from the male than to sequences from the controls. Furthermore, we found that the male and female shared two distinct genetic variants of HIV-1. In p17gag the major variant had an unusual, out-of-frame deletion of 3 nucleotides which the minor variant lacked. These results indicated that the male had transmitted more than one infectious unit to the female. From this study we concluded that it was highly likely that the HIV-1 strains carried by the male and female were closely epidemiologically linked.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Escanilla
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhlén
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D015750:Genes, gag; D015751:Genes, pol; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000737:chemistry; D011902:Rape; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015215:Zidovudine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase