title: Carbohydrate metabolism in hypertension: influence of treatment.
abstract: Epidemiologic studies suggest a close association between hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. It has been demonstrated that essential hypertension, per se, is an insulin-resistant state. However, the pathogenesis of the association between insulin resistance and hypertension is poorly understood. Elevated plasma insulin levels may contribute to the development of hypertension through renal sodium reabsorption, the sympathetic nervous system, the transmembranous cation transport, the renin-angiotensin system, the cardiovascular reactivity, and the atrial natriuretic peptide. Diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alpha 1-antagonists are first-choice drugs in the management of hypertension. Diuretics, except indapamide, impair insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The same negative effects, exerted by beta-blockers, are reduced employing those with selective activity. With few exceptions, calcium antagonists have no adverse influence on carbohydrate metabolism. ACE inhibitors and alpha 1-antagonists do not influence or even improve glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Malattie del Ricambio, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gambardella
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frontoni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellegrinotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spallone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menzinger
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D007328:Insulin