title: Inhibition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by pyridinyl imidazole compounds is independent of cAMP elevating mechanisms.
abstract: Exposure of human monocytes (HM) to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in measurable production of both IL-1 beta and TNF alpha in culture supernatants. It has previously been reported that the elevation of cAMP levels in HM selectively suppresses the LPS-induced TNF alpha but not IL-1 beta production. In this study we investigated whether the novel anti-inflammatory drug, SK&F 86002 [5-4(-pyridyl)-6(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazole(2,1-b)thi azol] and related analogs of the pyridinyl imidazole class, inhibit IL-1 and TNF production via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. These compounds, when added together with LPS result in inhibition of IL-1 and TNF production with equal-rank-order potency. Although the pyridinyl imidazole compounds were found to be generally weak phosphodiesterase inhibitors, they did not affect cAMP levels in HM, alone or in the presence of LPS. In contrast, PGE2, which significantly elevated intracellular cAMP levels, inhibited TNF but not IL-1 production at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these results suggest that the pyridinyl imidazoles inhibit the production of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha through pathways independent of cAMP elevating mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biochemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kassis
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007093:Imidazoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052026:6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine