title: Personality profiles and state aggressiveness in Finnish alcoholic, violent offenders, fire setters, and healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on clinical observations in a series of studies on Finnish alcoholic, violent offenders, we asserted that the impulsive offenders represented an extreme group of type 2 alcoholics. We also observed that these subjects were vulnerable to hypoglycemia after the administration of oral glucose load. Furthermore, we believe that while being hypoglycemic, the impulsive offenders are particularly irritable and aggressive. In the present study, we addressed these issues by studying psychological trait and state variables in a new group of violent offenders and fire setters, and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight alcoholic, violent offenders and impulsive fire setters and 21 healthy volunteers were administered the Karolinska scales of personality and the Rosenzweig picture frustration test after an oral aspartame and glucose challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The psychological test results and the criminal histories of the offenders, together with biochemical measurements, suggest that a low 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration in cerebrospinal fluid in the alcoholic offenders is associated with irritability and impaired impulse control, and a high free testosterone concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with increased aggressiveness, monotony avoidance, sensation seeking, suspiciousness, and reduced socialization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finnish alcoholic, impulsive offenders have personality profiles characteristic of Scandinavian early-onset male alcoholics with antisocial traits, who have been also referred to as type 2 alcoholics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virkkunen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawlings
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tokola
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guidotti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nemeroff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bissette
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalogeras
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Karonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000374:Aggression; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001218:Aspartame; D005387:Finland; D005391:Firesetting Behavior / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011386:Projective Techniques; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D014754:Violence; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D001218:Aspartame