title: Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in cytokine-stimulated monocytes/macrophages by combination therapy.
abstract: Combination regimens against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were studied in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-stimulated monocyte/macrophage cultures. Regimens included those that inhibited the same target (reverse transcriptase) or multiple targets. Treatment conditions assessed efficacy during prophylaxis and ongoing infection. Drugs included zidovudine, didanosine, nevirapine, foscarnet, pyridinone, the protease inhibitor RO31-8959 (also known as saquinavir), interferon-alpha A, the Tat inhibitor RO24-7429, and N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin. Two-, three-, and four-drug combinations were tested. Drugs were tested at individually inhibitory concentrations of IC99, IC95, IC75, and IC50. All prophylactic regimens prevented HIV-1 replication at IC99. As drug concentrations were reduced, differences among the regimens became apparent. Regimens that acted at both single and multiple targets were effective in prophylactic settings and less so in acute infection. In ongoing infections, only modest reductions in viral replication were seen, even at IC99.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011728:Pyridones; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase