title: Advanced seminoma: treatment results, survival, and prognostic factors in 142 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy and to assess the relationship between selected pretreatment characteristics and survival in patients with advanced seminoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-two patients with advanced seminoma treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were the subject of this study. Treatment regimens included cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and dactinomycin (VAB-6) (45 patients), a six-cycle regimen of VAB-6 alternating with etoposide and cisplatin (two patients), cisplatin and etoposide (60 patients), and etoposide and carboplatin (35 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty of 140 (93%) assessable patients treated with platinum-based therapy achieved a favorable response (complete response or a partial response with negative serum tumor markers). One hundred twenty-five patients (88%) are alive and 120 (86%) remain progression-free at a median follow-up duration of 43 months. Fifty-seven of 60 patients (95%) who were treated with cisplatin and etoposide achieved a favorable response; 55 (92%) remain progression-free. The relative risks of death or of an event (death or relapse) related to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) elevation were 1.8 (P = .04) and 1.96 (P = .001), respectively. The relative risks of death or of an event associated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) elevation were 2.6 (P = .05) and 2.7 (P = .02), respectively. All 19 patients with a mediastinal primary tumor site achieved a complete response, and 18 of 19 (95%) remain progression-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four cycles of cisplatin and etoposide is highly effective therapy for seminoma and is the standard therapy at our center. Elevation of the serum markers HCG and LDH were of prognostic significance, while an extragonadal primary tumor site was not associated with an adverse prognosis. Studies of tumor biology, including genetic analysis, are ongoing to determine other parameters that may correlate with response and survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mencel
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vlamis
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bajorin
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bosl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018239:Seminoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001761:Bleomycin; D003609:Dactinomycin; D014747:Vinblastine; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin