title: Genotoxicity of dithiocarbamates and their metabolites.
abstract: Dithiocarbamate fungicides are widely used in agriculture for protection of vegetable crops and seeds. The mutagenicity spectra of ziram, thiram, zineb S-65 and ETU were determined by employing a battery of test systems included the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, TA1538), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D61.M) and the shallot Allium ascalonicum somatic cells. Plate incorporation assay with S. typhimurium demonstrated direct mutagenicity of ziram in TA100 and thiram in TA100 and TA98 whereas zineb S-65 and ETU were ineffective. Tests for mitotic chromosome malsegregation in S. cerevisiae D61.M gave positive results with thiram, zineb S-69 and ETU. In shallot somatic root-tip cells ziram, thiram and ETU induced different genetic damages e.g. mitotic disturbance, polyploidy and micronuclei.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franekić
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bratulić
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavlica
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papes
mesh_terms: D000490:Allium / Q000187:drug effects; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000633:toxicity; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D013893:Thiram / Q000633:toxicity; D015038:Zineb / Q000633:toxicity; D015039:Ziram / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009153:Mutagens; D013893:Thiram; D015039:Ziram; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea; D015038:Zineb