title: 12(S)-HETE enhancement of prostate tumor cell invasion: selective role of PKC alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate carcinoma has become the second most fatal cancer in American men. In Dunning R3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells, elevated invasiveness positively correlates with metastatic potential. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for regulation of tumor cell motility and invasion is poorly understood. We have reported that a lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE], augments tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We proposed to determine the effect of 12(S)-HETE on the motility and invasion of low-metastatic rat prostate AT2.1 tumor cells and the effect of 12(S)-HETE activation of specific PKC isoform(s) in these processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motility of AT2.1 cells was determined by the colloidal gold phagokinetic track assay and the invasiveness measured as their ability to invade through basement membrane Matrigel-coated filters. Expression of PKC isoforms was determined by Western blotting of the whole cell lysate with isoform-specific anti-PKC antibodies. Cytosol and membrane fractions were prepared and the subcellular distribution of PKC was analyzed by Western blotting and activity assay. The effect of 12(S)-HETE on cell proliferation was examined. Data were analyzed for significance of difference with the two-sampled, two-sided Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12(S)-HETE increased the motility and invasion of AT2.1 cells, and this 12(S)-HETE-increased motility and invasion were inhibited by a selective PKC inhibitor, calphostin C, as well as a Ca2 chelator, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid/tetra(acetoxy-methyl)ester. AT2.1 cells expressed the PKC isoforms alpha and delta, and 12(S)-HETE increased the membrane association of PKC alpha but not delta. Further, the motility and invasion of AT2.1 cells were increased by thymelea toxin, a selective activator of PKC alpha over PKC delta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  12(S)-HETE augments the invasiveness of AT2.1 cells via selective activation of PKC alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  12(S)-HETE modulation of PKC alpha invasiveness may be an important mechanism of action for the regulation of the invasive potential of rat prostate carcinoma cells, and the 12-lipoxygenase enzyme and/or PKC alpha may serve as key targets for the development of anti-invasive agents useful for combating the spread of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich. 48202.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Hannun
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Honn
mesh_terms: D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; D016475:3T3 Cells; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids / Q000502:physiology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009281:Naphthalenes; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C058819:calphostin C