title: Heptanol-induced decrease in cardiac gap junctional conductance is mediated by a decrease in the fluidity of membranous cholesterol-rich domains.
abstract: To assess whether alterations in membrane fluidity of neonatal rat heart cells modulate gap junctional conductance (gj), we compared the effects of 2 mM 1-heptanol and 20 microM 2-(methoxy-ethoxy)ethyl 8-(cis-2-n-octylcyclopropyl)-octanoate (A2C) in a combined fluorescence anisotropy and electrophysiological study. Both substances decreased fluorescence steady-state anisotropy (rss), as assessed with the fluorescent probe 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH) by 9.6 +/- 1.1% (mean +/- SEM, n = 5) and 9.8 +/- 0.6% (n = 5), respectively, i.e., both substances increased bulk membrane fluidity. Double whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments showed that 2 mM heptanol uncoupled cell pairs completely (n = 6), whereas 20 microM A2C, which increased bulk membrane fluidity to the same extent, did not affect coupling at all (n = 5). Since gap junction channels are embedded in relatively cholesterol-rich domains of the membrane, we specifically assessed the fluidity of the cholesterol-rich domains with dehydroergosterol (DHE). Using DHE, heptanol increased rss by 14.9 +/- 3.0% (n = 5), i.e., decreased cholesterol domain fluidity, whereas A2C had no effect on rss (-0.4 +/- 6.7%, n = 5). Following an increase of cellular "cholesterol" content (by loading the cells with DHE), 2 mM heptanol did not uncouple cell pairs completely: gj decreased by 80 +/- 20% (range 41-95%, n = 5). The decrease in gj was most probably due to a decrease in the open probability of the gap junction channels, because the unitary conductances of the channels were not changed nor was the number of channels comprising the gap junction. The sensitivity of nonjunctional membrane channels to heptanol was unaltered in cholesterol-enriched myocytes. These results indicate that the fluidity of cholesterol-rich domains is of importance to gap junctional coupling, and that heptanol decreases gj by decreasing the fluidity of cholesterol-rich domains, rather than by increasing the bulk membrane fluidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bastiaanse
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jongsma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Laarse
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Takens-Kwak
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000502:physiology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity / Q000187:drug effects; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D019850:Heptanol; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects*; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D007473:Ion Channels; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D019850:Heptanol; D002784:Cholesterol