title: Cytokine regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in mouse spleen: paradoxical effects of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4.
abstract: Under normal physiological conditions, PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is produced in a wide variety of tissues and is thought to act locally in an autocrine or paracrine fashion more analogous to cytokines than to classic hormones such as PTH. In addition, we have recently shown that, like cytokines, PTHrP is induced in the spleen during the response to sublethal doses of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] an effect that is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). As complex cytokine cascades are induced in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli, the effects of other prototypical inflammatory [interferon-gamma (IFN gamma)] or antiinflammatory [interleukin-4 (IL-4)] cytokines on PTHrP gene expression were studied. Paradoxically, IFN gamma (50 micrograms), a cytokine that usually synergizes with TNF, inhibited LPS induction of splenic PTHrP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in LPS-sensitive C3H/OuJ (OuJ) and LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ (HeJ) mice. The stimulation of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels caused by the administration of TNF alpha or interleukin-1 beta was similarly inhibited by IFN gamma, a type II interferon. In contrast, IFN alpha (50 micrograms), a type I interferon, stimulated splenic levels of PTHrP mRNA. IL-4, a prototypical antiinflammatory cytokine, also had a paradoxical effect on LPS induction of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels. Instead of inhibiting LPS induction of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels in OuJ or HeJ mice, IL-4 (200 ng) actually stimulated PTHrP mRNA levels. These complex cytokine interactions suggest that the expression of PTHrP in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli depends on the counterbalancing effects of the specific cytokine networks induced by each stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shigenaga
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Krul
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Strewler
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007372:Interferons / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007372:Interferons