title: Simplified and optimized kinetochore detection: cytogenetic marker for late-G2 cells.
abstract: Cytogenetic detection of kinetochore proteins using the CREST antibody coupled with secondary antibodies labeled with different fluorescent probes has been optimized for several in vitro mammalian cell lines. This study investigated selected parameters including the influence of common fixatives (methanol, ethanol, methanol:acetic acid (3:1)), detergents (Triton-X100, Tween), fluorescent probes (CY3, BODIPY, FITC), washing protocols, and an antifading agent (paraphenylenediamine) on the detection of kinetochore proteins in control and X-ray (240 kVp)-irradiated cells. Utilizing an optimized fixation and staining protocol, a brilliant visualization of kinetochores in interphase cells was obtained in control as well as X-ray-irradiated interhase cells. Application of this improved kinetochore staining methodology readily permits discriminating cells containing either single or paired kinetochores, the latter of which are characteristic of late-G2 phase and prophase cells.
authors.affiliation: Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abend
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Blakely
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Beuningen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002460:Cell Line; D003902:Detergents; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D003902:Detergents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes