title: Toluene embryopathy: clinical delineation and developmental follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expand the phenotype of toluene embryopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of case records of 35 deliveries with antenatal exposure to toluene. Six children were examined and their features are compared with previously reported cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three perinatal deaths. Of the survivors, review of available data revealed a high incidence of prematurity (42%), low birth weight (52%), and microcephaly (32%). Birth weight, length, and head circumference and gestational length were significantly less than a control group closely matched for gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Follow-up pediatric evaluation revealed growth retardation (46% < 5th percentile for weight, 38% < 5th percentile for height), microcephaly (46%), and developmental delays (38%). Maternal toluene abuse of 4 or more years was positively correlated with weight < 5th percentile and microcephaly in childhood. The six children examined demonstrated many previously described features of toluene embryopathy including microcephaly, narrow bifrontal diameter, short palpebral fissures, hypoplastic midface, wide nasal bridge, abnormal palmar creases, and blunt fingertips. Only one of the six children examined had antepartum exposure to alcohol as well as toluene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero exposure to toluene seems to be associated with teratogenicity in the developing fetus. A preliminary picture of toluene embryopathy is now emerging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Services Center, Denver.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langendoerfer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilkins-Haug
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014050:Toluene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014050:Toluene