title: Dose escalation of biweekly cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone using recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several uncontrolled trials have suggested that dose intensity of chemotherapy is a crucial determinant of treatment outcome for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). To explore the possibility of increasing dose intensity, a dose-escalation study of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) using recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) was initiated.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the feasibility of standard dose CHOP (750 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide intravenously [i.v.] on Day 1;50 mg/m2 doxorubicin i.v. on Day 1; 1.4 mg/m2 vincristine i.v. on Day 1; and 100 mg/body prednisolone orally on Days 1-5) repeated biweekly at the original dose was assessed. rhG-CSF was given subcutaneously at doses of 2-5 micrograms/kg every day or every other day on Days 3-13. The safety of increasing the dose of cyclophosphamide during biweekly CHOP then was tested. Besides the standard dose (750 mg/m2), two dose levels of cyclophosphamide were set (1200 mg/m2 and 1500 mg/m2 in patients younger than 61 years of age, and 1200 mg/m2 in patients 61-75 years old).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients with NHL who had received minimal or no previous treatment were enrolled in this study. In the 750 mg/m2 group, 9 patients received 3-6 cycles of treatment (mean, 3.9 cycles), in the 1200 mg/m2 group, 10 patients received 3-6 cycles (mean, 4.8), and in the 1500 mg/m2 group, all 8 patients received 6 cycles. No significant differences among the groups were observed in the extent and the duration of neutropenia in each cycle, and a leukocyte count of more than 3000/microliters on Day 15 was achieved in all 131 cycles. Hemoglobin values and platelet counts, however, decreased in the later cycles in the 1500 mg/m2 group. Two patients were hepatitis-B virus carriers, one of whom died of fulminant hepatitis after completion of six cycles. Another patient developed a transient increase of transaminases after the second cycle. One other patient developed Grade 4 mucositis (World Health Organization scale). The numbers of patients who achieved complete and partial responses, respectively, were 4 (50%) and 2 (25%) in the 750 mg/m2 group, 8 (80%) and 2 (20%) in the 1200 mg/m2 group, and 8 (100%) and 0 (0%) in the 1500 mg/m2 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose of cyclophosphamide in biweekly CHOP can be increased up to 1500 mg/m2 with no increase in the incidence of treatment-related early mortalities without any organ damage in younger patients. The efficacy of this dose intensification of CHOP currently is being investigated in a multicenter prospective randomized trial using three different dose levels of cyclophosphamide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanosaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michikawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D014750:Vincristine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone