title: Ceramic bracket design: an analysis using the finite element method.
abstract: This investigation was designed to generate finite element models for selected ceramic brackets and graphically display the stress distribution in the brackets when subjected to arch wire torsion and tipping forces. Six commercially available ceramic brackets, one monocrystalline and five polycrystalline alumina, of twin bracket design for the permanent maxillary left central incisor were studied. Three-dimensional computer models of the brackets were constructed and loading forces, similar to those applied by a full-size (0.0215 x 0.028 inch) stainless steel arch wire in torsion and tipping necessary to fracture ceramic brackets, were applied to the models. Stress levels were recorded at relevant points common among the various brackets. High stress levels were observed at areas of abrupt change in geometry and shape. The design of the wire slot and wings for the Contour bracket (Class One Orthodontic Products, Lubbock, Texas) and of the outer edges of the wire slot for the Allure bracket (GAC, Central Islip, N.Y.) were found to be good in terms of even stress distribution. The brackets with an isthmus connecting the wings seemed to resist stresses better than the one bracket that did not have this feature. The design of the isthmus for the Transcend (Unitek/3M, Monrovia, Calif.) and Lumina (Ormco, Glendora, Calif.) brackets were found to be acceptable as well. The Starfire bracket ("A" Company, San Diego, Calif.) showed high stresses and irregular stress distribution, because it had sharp angles, no rounded corners, and no isthmus. The finite element method proved to be a useful tool in the stress analysis of ceramic orthodontic brackets subjected to various forces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma, Department of Orthodontics, Oklahoma City, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Duncanson
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Currier
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D002516:Ceramics; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008437:Maxilla; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012399:Rotation; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D000537:Aluminum Oxide