title: Reducing the need for amniocentesis in women 35 years of age or older with serum markers for screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As maternal age advances, the risk of fetal Down's syndrome increases. Pregnant women 35 years of age or older are routinely offered amniocentesis because of this risk. Recently, maternal serum markers have been reported to be useful in screening for Down's syndrome, primarily in younger women. We therefore investigated whether offering amniocentesis only to selected women 35 years of age or older who were identified by screening measurements in serum might prove a useful alternative to the current practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 5385 women with singleton pregnancies who were 35 years of age or older and were undergoing routine amniocentesis. Along with information about the pregnancy, we obtained a serum sample for measurement of alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin. Individual estimates of the risk of Down's syndrome in the fetus were calculated for each pregnancy before the karyotype was known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If amniocentesis had been reserved for the women calculated to have a risk greater than 1 in 200 of having a fetus with Down's syndrome, 48 of the 54 cases of Down's syndrome (89 percent) would have been identified, 25 percent of the unaffected pregnancies would also have been identified as being at high risk for Down's syndrome (false positives). Seven of 15 fetuses (47 percent) with other trisomies, 11 of 25 (44 percent) with sex aneuploidy, and 1 of 9 (11 percent) with miscellaneous chromosomal abnormalities would also have been detected. In practice, such screening would have made 75 percent of the amniocentesis unnecessary, along with a proportion of the amniocentesis-associated fetal losses. If the cutoff for the risk of Down's syndrome were set higher than 1 in 200, both the rate of detection and the false positive rate would be lower. Conversely, these rates would be higher if the cutoff were set lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal screening of serum to generate individual estimates of the risk of Down's syndrome in the fetus can provide a basis for decision making in the cases of women 35 years of age or older, as it does in younger pregnant women, and is an alternative to current testing practices.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, Me 04074.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haddow
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Palomaki
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004964:Estriol / Q000097:blood*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004964:Estriol