title: Expression and insulin-like growth factor-dependent proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 are regulated by cell confluence in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is markedly induced after balloon injury in the rat aorta, where it may serve to mediate vascular repair. Because the bioavailability of IGF-I is modulated by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), we examined the regulation of IGFBPs by IGFs in primary cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Serum-deprived SMC-conditioned medium contains IGFBPs of 38 to 45 kD (only in confluent cultures), 30 kD (possibly IGFBP-2), 28 kD, and 24 kD (IGFBP-4), the latter being the most abundant. IGF-I and IGF-II but not insulin evoked a marked decrease of IGFBP-4 as early as 4 hours after treatment. IGFBP-4 mRNA abundance, however, was entirely unaffected by IGF-I for up to 48 hours. IGF-I analogues with high affinity for the IGF-I receptor and weak affinity for IGFBP paradoxically evoked a small increase in IGFBP-4, probably through a general increase in protein synthesis. IGF-I only minimally decreased IGFBP-4 content in medium of sparse cultures, whereas it completely abolished IGFBP-4 content in conditioned medium of superconfluent SMCs. IGF-I also evoked a concentration-dependent increase in the abundance of IGFBP-3 in confluent, but not sparse, SMCs without affecting IGFBP-3 mRNA. Addition of IGF-I to cell-free medium conditioned by confluent, but not by sparsely cultured, SMCs led to rapid degradation of IGFBP-4. Interestingly, IGFBP-4 mRNA was markedly induced in confluent relative to sparsely grown SMCs in an IGF-I independent fashion. Thus, both biosynthesis and IGF-dependent proteolysis of IGFBP-4 are increased in confluent SMCs. Proteolysis was maximal at 37 degrees C and was abrogated by EDTA and by benzamidine. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and the plasmin inhibitor bdellin had minor inhibitory activity, whereas aprotinin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and N-ethylmaleimide were without effect. The protease does not affect the structure of IGF-I as determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography of 125I-IGF-I incubated for up to 24 hours with SMC-conditioned medium containing IGFBP-4. In summary, SMCs elaborate a cation-dependent protease in a confluence-dependent fashion, which degrades bound IGFBP-4 and likely releases free structurally intact IGF-I, presumably to interact with the cell surface receptor and/or other IGFBPs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine 90048.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamyar
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pirola
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fagin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D004492:Edetic Acid; D010450:Endopeptidases