title: The consequences of prenatal substance use for the developing fetus, newborn, and young child.
abstract: Although substance use has been a worldwide problem at all levels of society since ancient times, recent attention has been focused on the use of legal and illegal substances by the pregnant woman. Almost all drugs taken by the pregnant woman are known to cross the placenta and have some effect on the fetus. This article reviews the effects of the drugs most frequently used by pregnant women in the United States--nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opiates, and cocaine--on the fetus and neonate; when possible, information regarding long-term medical problems is included.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gainesville 32610-0296.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Eyler
mesh_terms: D002188:Cannabis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D008691:Methadone