title: Growth hormone rapidly activates rat serine protease inhibitor 2.1 gene transcription and induces a DNA-binding activity distinct from those of Stat1, -3, and -4.
abstract: Transcriptional regulation by growth hormone (GH) represents the culmination of signal transduction pathways that are initiated by the cell surface GH receptor and are targeted to the nucleus. Recent studies have demonstrated that the activated GH receptor can stimulate Stat1, a cytoplasmic transcription factor that becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus, where it can interact with specific DNA sequences to modulate gene expression. GH also has been found to induce protein binding to a portion of the rat serine protease inhibitor (Spi) 2.1 gene promoter that is required for GH-induced transcription of Spi 2.1. Using GH-deficient hypophysectomized rats as a model, we show that GH treatment rapidly and potently induces both nuclear Spi 2.1 mRNA expression in the liver and specific nuclear protein binding to a 45-bp segment of the Spi 2.1 gene promoter. A GH-inducible gel-shifted complex appears within 15 min of systemic hormone administration and can be inhibited by an antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody but is not blocked by a polyclonal antiserum to Stat1, Stat3, or Stat4, even though the nucleotide sequence contains two gamma interferon-activated sequence-like elements that could interact with STAT proteins. By Southwestern (DNA-protein) blot analysis, approximately 41- and 35-kDa GH-inducible proteins were detected in hepatic nuclear extracts with the Spi 2.1 DNA probe. Thus, a GH-activated signaling pathway stimulates Spi 2.1 gene expression through a unique mechanism that does not appear to involve known members of the STAT family of transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gronowski
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bergad
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rotwein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C091103:LOC299282 protein, rat; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C494081:Stat1 protein, rat; C494088:Stat3 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D013006:Growth Hormone