title: Central vascular flow patterns in the alligator Alligator mississipiensis.
abstract: Many different flow patterns have been described through the central circulation of crocodilian reptiles. We tested the hypothesis that the vagus nerve stimulation promotes right-to-left (R-L) shunting in the alligator. Flow patterns were investigated before and during stimulation of the intact left vagus nerve using three methods. 1) Atrial and aortic PO2 were measured simultaneously and continuously by gas probes. 2) Atrial outflows were tracked with a blood tracer (helium). 3) Flows were assessed with echocardiography. Four different flow patterns were observed before vagal stimulation: left ventricular (LV) blood flowed into both the right (RAo) and left (LAo) aortas, whereas right ventricular (RV) blood flowed only into the LAo; both aortas received a mixture of LV and RV blood; only LV blood perfused both aortas; and RV blood flowed into both aortas, but LV blood flowed only into the RAo. During vagal stimulation, both aortas received a mixture of LV and RV blood in half of the animals, and in the other half, both aortas received RV blood, but LV blood flowed only into the RAo. Doppler and contrast echocardiography demonstrated swirling flow in the foramen of Panizza and the base of the LAo during systole. These data indicate that vagal stimulation either maintains or produces R-L shunting, flow patterns are variable, and blood can swirl in the foramen of Panizza and LAo base.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Basic and Applied Medical Research, Lovelace Institutes, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Malvin
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006325:Heart Atria; D006371:Helium; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006371:Helium; D010100:Oxygen