title: Improvement of perineal sonographic bladder neck imaging with ultrasound contrast medium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of ultrasound contrast medium when imaging bladder neck anatomy in perineal ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 39 women with clinically and urodynamically proven urinary stress or stress-urge incontinence, a new echogenic contrast medium (Echovist) was administered transurethrally and perineal ultrasound was performed. Women were examined in the upright position both without and with ultrasound contrast medium at rest and during Valsalva maneuver, and the pictures of the bladder base, bladder neck, and urethra were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the subject in the upright position, the contrast medium lay at the lowest point of the bladder and resulted in a reverse picture of the bladder base and bladder neck and clear visualization of these structures. In women with urinary stress incontinence, the ultrasound contrast medium entered the urethra during Valsalva, and bladder neck funneling was identified more accurately than without contrast medium. With Echovist, bladder neck funneling was detected in 38 of the 39 cases, compared with only 19 when it was not used. Furthermore, when the bladder neck, urethra, or bladder base were not visible with plain perineal ultrasound, they were seen when ultrasound contrast medium was used. The contrast agent was well tolerated, and there were no adverse side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ultrasound contrast medium improves visualization of the bladder neck anatomy. Bladder neck funneling and urinary leakage are seen more distinctly, and this improves the diagnostic reliability in female urinary stress incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Schaer
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Koechli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010502:Perineum; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C040642:SHU 454