title: Antenatal diagnosis of pediatric surgical anomalies. Counseling the family.
abstract: Improvements in screening and diagnostic techniques now mean that hundreds of congenital anomalies can be antenatally diagnosed. It is, however, impossible and inappropriate to submit all pregnant women to a barrage of investigations. Screening is necessary before specific invasive investigations are initiated. These include history, physical examination, MS-AFP screening, estriol and hCG screening, and a Level II ultrasonography scan. Once at-risk pregnancies have been identified, a multidisciplinary team approach is commenced and further studies including Level II ultrasonography, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or cordocentesis can be performed so that an accurate diagnosis is available. Counseling of the parents throughout is essential so that appropriate decisions regarding this and further pregnancies can be made.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Surgery, Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy, New York.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Karamanoukian
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Glick
mesh_terms: D017218:Cordocentesis; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins