title: Extrapituitary actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 and atresia.
abstract: To understand how the intrinsic GnRH system functions in the ovary, we tested the effects of GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) on insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) production, a novel marker of atresia. We also tested the ability of GnRH-a to stimulate atresia in vivo. When rat granulosa cells were cultured in defined medium for 2 days (controls), relatively large amounts of the 24,000 relative molecular mass IGFBP-4 accumulated in the medium. FSH (100 ng/ml) inhibited control IGFBP-4 protein levels and stimulated IGFBP-4 protease activity. GnRH-a increased (up to 4-fold) IGFBP-4 accumulation in the medium (ED50 = 1 x 10(-10) M), and the effect was blocked by a GnRH antagonist. Neither GnRH-a nor its antagonist had a detectable effect on protease activity. In coincubation experiments, GnRH-a effectively inhibited (ED50 = 3 x 10(-11) M) the FSH responses, and the effect of GnRH-a was blocked by GnRH antagonist. A 6-day time-course experiment showed that IGFBP-4 accumulation in control cultures remained constant for 2 and 4 days, after which it was undetectable. FSH (100 ng/ml) produced no measurable IGFBP-4 over the 6-day time course. The levels of IGFBP-4 increased markedly during the first 2 days of GnRH-a treatment, but were not significantly different from control levels on days 4 and 6. Similar results were obtained when cells were treated with FSH plus GnRH-a. Treating immature hypophysectomized estrogen-primed rats with GnRH-a in vivo caused a rapid and dramatic decrease (average, 60%) in the mitotic index of the granulosa cells of all preantral follicles (healthy and atretic) and increased pyknosis. These results demonstrate that 1) GnRH-a stimulates the expression of IGFBP-4 protein in rat granulosa cells in vitro; 2) GnRH-a abolishes the ability of FSH to inhibit IGFBP-4 expression and induce IGFBP-4 protease activity; and 3) GnRH-a stimulates atresia in preantral follicles in vivo. These results support the hypothesis that autocrine/paracrine secretion of ovarian GnRH might cause atresia by mechanisms involving increased IGFBP-4 synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0947.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadrkhanloo
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimasaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005496:Follicular Atresia / Q000187:drug effects*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D013002:Somatomedins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone