title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibition, DNA-binding, RNA-binding, and ribosome inactivation activities in the N-terminal segments of the plant anti-HIV protein GAP31.
abstract: GAP31 (gelonium anti-HIV protein of 31 kDa) is an anti-HIV protein which we have identified and purified from a medicinal plant, Gelonium multiflorum. It is capable of inhibiting HIV-1 infection and replication. GAP31 also exhibits DNA topoisomerase inhibitor activity and RNA N-glycosidase activity. The ability of GAP31 to interrupt both DNA and RNA functions may be related to its multiple antiviral actions. To define the roles of these activities in the anti-HIV action of GAP31, a series of peptides corresponding to the N-terminal segment of GAP31 were synthesized and assayed for the aforementioned activities of the parent molecule. A 33-aa segment (KGATYITYVNFLNELRVKTKPEGNSHGIPSLRK) designated as K10-K42 is the shortest peptide necessary and sufficient for HIV-1 inhibition, DNA and RNA binding, and ribosome inactivation. The peptides were 2-5 orders of magnitude less active than GAP31. Truncation of 19 aa from the C terminus of K10-K42 resulted in the loss of all of these activities. On the other hand, deletion of N-terminal residues to give E23-K42 did not alter ribosome-inactivation activity but eliminated the other activities. These findings permit identification of a 7-aa sequence, KGATYIT, at the N terminus of K10-K42 that is critical for DNA binding and RNA binding, whereas a 9-aa sequence, SHGIPSLRK, at the C terminus is important to ribosome inactivation. Both regions contribute to anti-HIV activity. Histidine at position 35 is critical for all of these activities. The disparity of sequence requirements for inhibition of HIV infection and replication and for ribosome-inactivation activity suggests that the anti-HIV activity of most ribosome-inactivating proteins may not be the result of N-glycosidase activity alone. Mapping the minimal domain of GAP31 offers insights into the rational design of molecular mimetics of anti-HIV drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee-Huang
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bourinbaiar
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morell
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; C071380:GAP31 protein, Gelonium multiflorum; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase