title: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on immunologic and cardiovascular changes induced by mental stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute mental stress evokes responses in the cardiovascular and the immune systems. In particular, the subset of natural killer (NK) cells is found to be responsive to mental stress. The role of beta-adrenergic mechanisms in these processes in the subject of this investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy male volunteers (n = 31) were subjected to two consecutive mental tasks. Subjects were randomly assigned to a beta-blocker (propranolol 40 mg) or a placebo group. The capsules were ingested 1 hour before the tasks. The tasks evoked sympathetic responses, as indicated by an increase in heart rate and a decrease in the preejection period. These effects were abolished under beta-blockade, indicating that effective beta-blockade was achieved. In the immune system, significant increases were found for the number of NK cells and NK cell activity in the placebo group; these increases were absent in the propranolol group. In addition, an increase in all lymphocyte subsets was observed in subjects who had ingested propranolol. This increase, however, was also observed in subjects who had received propranolol but had not performed the tasks, indicating that these non-subset-specific increases in lymphocytes were a side effect of the beta-blocker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental stress induces activation of the sympathetic nervous system, with concomitant increases in the number of NK cells in the circulation. These changes were inhibited by propranolol, indicating that stress-induced increases in the number and activity of NK cells in the circulation are controlled by a beta-adrenergic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benschop
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Godaert
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ballieux
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doornen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000032:analysis; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D011433:Propranolol