title: Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: epinephrine followed by a doxorubicin-ethiodized oil emulsion and gelatin sponge powder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates chemoembolization (CE) of the liver with minimal vasoconstriction followed by selective intraarterial delivery of an emulsion of iopamidol, doxorubicin, and ethiodized oil and temporary occlusion of hepatic artery with gelatin sponge powder in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1988, 30 patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma underwent CE with the above protocol. Intraarterial epinephrine (0.5-1 microgram diluted in 10 mL of saline) was rapidly injected directly into the proper hepatic artery or selectively into the right or left hepatic arteries and was followed by 40-60 mg of doxorubicin dissolved in 10 mL of iopamidol and emulsified in 20 mL of ethiodized oil. The chemoembolic mixture was injected at the rate of arterial flow. Liver function and clotting parameters were monitored three times a day until there was a downward trend toward preembolic levels. Computed tomography (CT) was performed immediately after embolization and at 1-3-month intervals. Embolization was repeated when CT demonstrated recurrent or progressive disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease recurred or progressed in 11 patients at 2-17 months after embolization. CE was repeated in four patients; one individual underwent three embolizations. Re-embolization was performed up to 14 months after initial embolization (median, 10 months). Five patients (16.7%) died within 1 month of embolization. Ten patients died at 3-33 months after CE. Two of these patients died of cirrhosis at 6 and 14 months, without evidence of recurrent tumor. Fifteen patients remain alive 5-28 months after CE. Kaplan-Meier estimation of probability of survival curves demonstrates a median survival of 14 months. Sixty-one percent of patients were alive at 1 year and 36% at 2 years after the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CE with use of the above technique is effective for palliating inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. It causes a significant prolongation of survival over the expected 18-24 weeks in untreated patients; this may occur because high doses of chemotherapeutic agents are delivered and come in contact with the tumor for a longer period, followed by ischemia brought about by temporary arterial occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oncology, Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clouse
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kruskal
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Nasser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004655:Emulsions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010166:Palliative Care; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004317:Doxorubicin; D007479:Iopamidol; D004837:Epinephrine