title: Delayed recanalization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation following angiographic obliteration with polyvinyl alcohol embolization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is presently being evaluated. Embolization of single pedicle AVMs may produce complete angiographic obliteration and has been suggested as the sole therapy for treating these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-year-old female presented with a left intraventricular and intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage resulting from a 1 cm left posterior choroidal AVM. She subsequently underwent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) embolization of the AVM with complete angiographic obliteration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 9 months follow-up, no evidence of recanalization of the AVM nidus was seen. Two years later, recanalization of the nidus was seen; and the patient received radiosurgical treatment. The natural history of previously embolized AVMs is reviewed and the mechanisms for recanalization are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that patients with angiographic obliteration of AVMs receive further treatment, preferably resection, or be followed with serial angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo 14209, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Standard
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Guterman
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Chavis
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000601:surgery*; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol