title: Clinical evaluation of erythrocytosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. During its clinical course, patients may manifest a variety of paraneoplastic syndromes, including erythrocytosis. However, there are few reports on the clinical and biochemical characteristics of HCC patients who manifest erythrocytosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence of erythrocytosis in a large series of the Chinese patients with HCC, and to investigate the association of erythrocytosis with tumor volume and with serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and erythropoietin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 792 Chinese HCC patients who were seen during a 3-year period, we identified HCC patients with erythrocytosis as those with hemoglobin levels greater than 16.7 gm/dL (two standard deviations above the mean hemoglobin level of matched normal controls). The tumor size and serum levels of AFP and erythropoietin were evaluated in HCC patients with erythrocytosis to compare with HCC patients without erythrocytosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 (2.5%) of 792 Chinese HCC patients presented with erythrocytosis. Nineteen of these 20 HCC patients were found to have either bi-lobar tumor involvement or a large tumor mass confined to one lobe of the liver. The estimated mean tumor volume of HCC patients with erythrocytosis was 50% of whole liver. When compared with HCC patients without erythrocytosis, the 20 HCC patients with high hemoglobin levels had significantly higher serum levels of AFP and erythropoietin (356,343 +/- 145,807 vs. 16,881 +/- 10,425 ng/mL, 135 +/- 45 vs. 25 +/- 4 mU/mL, respectively, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Base on our findings, detection of erythrocytosis in a patient with HCC would indicate the presence of a large tumor burden, and high serum levels of both AFP and erythropoietin should be associated with this paraneoplastic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes / Q000097:blood; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000209:etiology*; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004921:Erythropoietin