title: Fetal hemoglobin in diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of elevated fetal hemoglobin (HbF) among the diabetic population and determine the clinical situation of importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted. HbA1c and HbF were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography in 1,104 consecutive diabetic patients attending our clinic for HbA1c determination. The expression of clinical correlations between the high and low HbF group was performed for adults (> or = 15 years). A nondiabetic control group (n = 258) with the same age and sex distribution was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HbF was elevated (> 1.0% of total hemoglobin) in 7.5% of the total diabetic group. In the adult diabetic group, HbF was elevated in 6.5% of the patients, and in the control group, HbF was elevated in 1.9% (P < 0.01). In the insulin-treated adult group, HbF was elevated in 10.2% of the patients, and in the non-insulin-treated group, HbF was elevated in 3.8%. The mean HbA1c was 8.90 +/- 2.00% among the patients and 5.52 +/- 0.53% in the control subjects (P < 0.001). Patients with elevated HbF were younger (P < 0.02) and more often on insulin therapy (P < 0.001) or type I diabetic patients (P < 0.001). Sex, glycemic control, or duration of diabetes were not significantly different in the patients with high or low HbF. Correlation was not detected between the amount of HbF and HbA1c or age in the group of patients with elevated HbF. Hemoglobinopathies, anemias, or malignancies were not diagnosed from the patients with high HbF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Level of HbF is increased (> 1.0%) among 7.5% of unselected diabetic patients. In adult (> or = 15 years) diabetic patients, it is increased among 6.5%, which is 3.4 times more often than in the control population. Acute hematological conditions or malignancies do not explain the difference. Elevated HbF seems to be associated with type I diabetes and insulin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lahtela
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Koivula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin