title: Use of in vitro and in vivo data in the design, development, and quality control of sustained-release decongestant dosage forms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of in vitro and in vivo data in the development of a sustained-release, carbomer-based dosage form (Entex LA tablets); and to compare the in vitro dissolution of pseudoephedrine from a sustained-release, hydroxypropylcellulose-based dosage form (Entex PSE tablets) and four branded competitors with different sustained-release matrixes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entex LA: In vitro testing by rotating bottle method and in vivo testing as double-blind, randomized, crossover, 24-hour study. Entex PSE and four competitors: in vitro testing by paddle method.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pharmaceutical research and development facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen health, adult, volunteer Caucasian men between ages 18 and 40 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three formulations of Entex LA, varying in carbomer content by 3-5%, were studied. As carbomer content increased, in vitro dissolution rate directionally decreased. Plasma concentrations of active ingredients guaifenesin and phenylpropanolamine were also slightly although directionally decreased. The in vitro method was sensitive to small changes in carbomer content. Larger changes in carbomer content would be required to establish an in vitro-in vivo correlation. The in vitro comparison of Entex PSE and four similar branded products showed important differences in dissolution profiles. The mean cumulative release of pseudoephedrine from Entex PSE was 39% at 1.5 hours, 62% at 4.0 hours, and 80% at 8.0 hours. The other products released pseudoephedrine more rapidly, with the two fastest-dissolving products releasing 61-62% in the first 1.5 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained-release, polymer-based dosage forms such as Entex LA and Entex PSE can be complex and pose special challenges in design, development, and reformulation. For Entex LA, changes in polymer concentration and dye system influenced the in vitro (dissolution) performance. In vivo (plasma) data helped establish a defined range in which carbomer concentration could be varied to achieve the best manufacturing performance without affecting product performance. For Entex PSE and four branded competitor products, the cumulative in vitro release (dissolution) of pseudoephedrine varied widely. Release from Entex PSE was more consistent and more gradual than that from some of the comparison products. Because the absorption rate of the active ingredients pseudoephedrine and gauifenesin is governed by the dissolution rate, the observed differences suggest that the products tested may differ in biologic performance. Although in vitro dissolution data may not necessarily correlate with in vivo differences in clinical safety or efficacy, the potential for unexpected product performance may be signaled by inconsistent in vitro dissolution characteristics, especially for sustained-release dosage forms.
authors.affiliation: Product Development Department, Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Norwich, New York.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dansereau
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000737:chemistry; D006140:Guaifenesin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D006140:Guaifenesin; D002482:Cellulose; C008079:hydroxypropylcellulose; D004809:Ephedrine