title: Estrogen promotes angiogenic activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and in a murine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is a critical event in wound healing, tumor growth, and the inflammatory vasculitides. Since women have a higher incidence of many vasculitic diseases, we examined the effects of female sex steroids, particularly estradiol, on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior in vitro and on angiogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HUVECs were grown in estrogen-free medium before each assay. Exogenous 17 beta-estradiol (1 to 5 nmol/L) increased cell attachment to laminin, types I and IV collagen, and fibronectin, as well as to tissue culture plastic. After a confluent monolayer of cells was "wounded" by scraping, estradiol-treated (10(-8) mol/L) cells migrated into the wound three times faster than untreated cells. Cell proliferation on plastic and on laminin increased threefold to fivefold, respectively, in the presence of estradiol. Estradiol also enhanced the ability of HUVECs to organize into tubular networks when plated on a reconstituted basement membrane, Matrigel. Estradiol effects on both the "wounding" assay and tube formation were blocked by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Ovariectomy markedly decreased in vivo vascularization of Matrigel plugs coinjected with basic fibroblast growth factor in mice. With estrogen replacement, angiogenesis was increased to the levels observed in nonovariectomized mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate that, in vitro and in vivo, estradiol enhances endothelial cell activities important in neovascularization and suggest a promoting influence of estrogens on angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhartiya
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Schnaper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C059485:matrigel; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; D003094:Collagen