title: The efficiency of solvent extraction of mutagenic compounds in particulates exhausted from a small diesel engine.
abstract: Organic materials were extracted from particulates exhausted from a small diesel engine (displacement 269 ml) by the ultrasonic extraction method with three different solvent systems, methanol, dichloromethane and a 4:1 (v:v) mixture of benzene and ethanol. These solvent-extracted materials were tested for mutagenic activity by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6. The concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 1,6-dinitropyrene (1,6-diNP) in these extracted materials were also measured after nitroreduction by high pressure liquid chromatography. The methanol-extracted and benzene-ethanol-extracted materials showed the lowest and the highest mutagenic activity, respectively. The methanol-extracted, dichloromethane-extracted and benzene-ethanol-extracted materials induced 260, 1,570 and 3,240 His+ revertants per plate per mg of extracted materials, respectively, from strain TA98 in the absence of S9 mix. These materials showed decreased mutagenicity for strains TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6, indicating that the particulates in the diesel engine exhaust contained 1-NP and diNPs. Actually, the amount of 1-NP and 1,6-diNP in the methanol-extracted, dichloromethane-extracted and benzene-ethanol-extracted materials were 17.0 and 0.03 ng, 37.5 and 0.97 ng, and 71.3 and 1.03 ng per mg of extracted materials, respectively, accounting for 11.9 and 3.2%, 4.4 and 17.3%, and 4.0 and 8.9%, respectively, of the total mutagenicity of the extracted materials. From these results it is concluded that a mixture of benzene-ethanol (4:1, v/v) is the most suitable solvent for extraction of organic matter containing nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as NPs from particulates in diesel engine exhaust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tahara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinouchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene; D000431:Ethanol; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D012997:Solvents; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011721:Pyrenes; D012997:Solvents; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D000431:Ethanol; D001554:Benzene