title: The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte progression through cell cycle by a novel mechanism.
abstract: Leflunomide is a novel and effective immunosuppressant that holds promise as a therapeutic agent, but the mechanism of action is unknown. Here we provide evidence that leflunomide is a general cytostatic agent for a wide range of cells. The IC50 for proliferation in transformed cell lines ranged from 2 to 16 microM. The mean IC50 for proliferation of mitogen-stimulated rat lymphocytes (86 nM) was much lower than for mouse (3.5 microM) or human (12.5 microM) lymphocytes. Initial signal transduction events (epidermal growth factor receptor-stimulated phosphotyrosine formation and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated Ca++ mobilization) were unaffected by antiproliferative concentrations of leflunomide. Leflunomide was equally as effective against mitogenic stimuli that bypass initial signaling events as it was against surface receptor-mediated mitogens. Leflunomide was fully potent when added 8 hr after the mitogenic stimulus. Cytokine dependent T-cell growth also was blocked by leflunomide. Leflunomide caused only partial reductions of autocrine cytokine production or cytokine receptor expression. Leflunomide blocked completely the progression of rat lymphocytes beyond early S-phase of cell cycle and inhibited entry of human T-cells into the G2 and M-phases without causing cell death. Inhibition of proliferation could not be reversed by purine nucleosides. The results suggest that leflunomide's mechanism of action differs from that of other immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, Cyclosporine A, rapamycin or mycophenolic acid.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Biological Sciences, Syntex Discovery Research, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cherwinski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCarley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schatzman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Devens
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ransom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D007555:Isoxazoles; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077339:Leflunomide; D002118:Calcium