title: Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women attending prenatal clinics in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 1989-1990.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in Puerto Rico.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous serosurvey was conducted in four prenatal clinics in San Juan, Puerto Rico, involving women presenting consecutively for their first prenatal visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of 997 pregnant women (1.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.0) tested positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV), and eight (0.8%, 95% CI 0.4-1.6) were HIV seropositive. Of the 992 women for whom serum samples were tested for HBV markers, 91 (9.2%, 95% CI 7.5-11.2) had evidence of past or current HBV infection, and four (0.4%, 95% CI 0.1-1.1) were HBV carriers. The age-specific HBV prevalence ranged from 4.1% among women 15-19 years old to 18.5% among those at least 30 years old (P < .001, chi 2 test for trend). Anti-HCV prevalence was also higher among women at least 30 years old compared to younger women (3.1 versus 1.9%; prevalence ratio 1.6, 95% CI 0.6-4.9), although the difference was not statistically significant. Anti-HCV prevalence was higher among women with past or current HBV infection than among women who were not infected (7.7 versus 1.3%; prevalence ratio 5.8, 95% CI 2.3-14.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of chronic HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women tested in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is comparable to that among pregnant women in the United States. The prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in San Juan is higher than among childbearing women in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Hepatitis Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Deseda
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lindegren
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Onorato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D006801:Humans; D009819:Office Visits; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011647:Puerto Rico; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies