title: Screening for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe current prostate cancer screening methods and to address the controversies surrounding their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles, abstracts, books, and press releases; personal communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controversy exists about whether efforts to conduct mass screenings for prostate cancer are of value given the related costs and the inability of such screenings to distinguish between indolent and aggressive tumors. The American Cancer Society (ACS) has added prostate cancer to its "Guidelines for the Cancer-Related Checkup" but does not recommend these guidelines for mass screenings. Preliminary findings of the ACS National Prostate Cancer Detection Study have shown that digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) have the best positive predictive value when the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is greater than 4 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite concern over the rising incidence of prostate cancer, the effectiveness of DRE, PSA, and TRUS in screening for early detection of prostate cancer remains controversial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the public becomes more aware of the controversies surrounding prostate cancer screening, nurses are finding that they play a vital role in the educational process. By understanding the abilities and deficiencies of the current screening methods, nurses can offer men concrete information about DRE, PSA, and TRUS. They can reinforce the importance of early detection for high-risk populations, as well as suggest strategies for encouraging compliance.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012007:Rectum; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen