Heterocyclic aromatic amine content of selected beef flavors.
Previous work has shown that meat extracts contain potent mutagenic and/or carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). Because meat extracts and some beef flavors are produced from similar precursors and processing steps, the beef flavors may also contain HAAs. This study analyzed 24 commercial beef flavors and 2 food-grade beef extracts for creatine and creatinine concentrations, mutagenic activity and HAA concentrations (IQ, MeIQ, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2 and PhIP). The creatine and creatinine levels of the flavors ranged from 0 to 73 and from 0 to 21 mg/g (dry wt.), respectively. The mutagenic activities of the flavors ranged from 0 to 3200 Salmonella typhimurium TA98 revertants/g (dry wt.). No direct relationship was found between creatine and/or creatinine concentrations and mutagenic activities. However, flavors with high creatine (> 1.5 mg/g) or creatinine (> 2 mg/g) levels exhibited higher mutagenic activities than did flavors with low levels of these compounds. Flavors with high mutagenic activities (> 1500 revertants/g) contained measurable amounts of HAAs. Three flavors contained MeIQx (7.2-21.2 ng/g [dry wt.]) and one contained DiMeIQx (4.2 ng/g [dry wt.]).
Jackson
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National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Summit-Argo, IL 60501.
Hargraves
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Stroup
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Diachenko
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D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D016014:Linear Models; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011804:Quinolines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
D005421:Flavoring Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011804:Quinolines; D011810:Quinoxalines; C029216:2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; C023785:2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a-3',2'-d)imidazole; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; D003404:Creatinine; C036989:2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; D003401:Creatine; C023847:Glu-P-2; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine