title: Seroepidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Japan and HCV infection in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: Since January 1990, Japanese Red Cross Blood Centres have introduced hepatitis C virus screening with a first-generation ELISA. From April to December 1992, approximately 0.98% among 10,905,489 blood donations screened by a second-generation assay were anti-HCV-positive in all Japan. Seropositivity of anti-HCV increased with the age and serum transaminase value in both sexes. In blood donors having a history of transfusion, the anti-HCV reactive rate was 7.4%. The results of the study made by the Japanese Red Cross Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Research Group show the effectiveness of implementation of HCV screening to prevent posttransfusion hepatitis. Consecutive haemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure are at risk for infection by a variety of blood-borne agents transmitted within dialysis units. Because of their immunocompromised state, they frequently also have an unusual susceptibility to a variety of nosocomial infections, such as HBV, HCV, and HTLV-I. We tested the prevalence of anti-HCV in 1423 (848 males and 575 females) haemodialysis patients from 18 hospitals in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, using the Ortho first generation anti-HCV screening assay. There were 316 patients (22.2%) positive for HCV antibodies. The second-generation test was positive in most haemodialysis patients who were reactive to the first-generation assay. The prevalence of HCV infection increased with the duration of haemodialysis, yet there was a high frequency of HCV seropositivity even without blood transfusion. Acquisition of HCV in dialysis patients could be explained by HCV infection within the unit other than by blood (all haemodialysis are done with disposable kits, syringes, and needles), by secondary HCV infection after the immunodeficiency of haemodialysis, or by HCV infection of the kidney or glomerular deposition of immune HCV/anti-HCV complexes leading to chronic renal failure (as with HBV infection of the liver and kidney.
authors.affiliation: Blood Transfusion Service, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyokawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nojiri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takatsuki
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors; D005260:Female; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies