title: The necrotic venom of the brown recluse spider induces dysregulated endothelial cell-dependent neutrophil activation. Differential induction of GM-CSF, IL-8, and E-selectin expression.
abstract: Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom induces severe dermonecrotic lesions. The mechanism for this is unknown but presents an interesting paradox: necrosis is completely dependent on the victim's neutrophils, yet neutrophils are not activated by the venom. We show Loxosceles venom is a potent, but disjointed, endothelial cell agonist. It weakly induced E-selectin expression, but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or IL-6 expression, yet significantly stimulated release of IL-8 and large amounts of GM-CSF by 4 h. In contrast, TNF strongly induced all of these, except for GM-CSF. PMN bound to E-selectin on venom-activated endothelial cells, apparently via counterreceptors different from those that bind E-selectin on TNF alpha-activated monolayers. Notably, PMN bound venom-activated monolayers only at intercellular junctions, did not polarize, and completely failed to migrate beneath the monolayer. Despite this, bound PMN demonstrated increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and secreted primary and secondary granule markers. The latter event was suppressed by sulfones used to treat envenomation. We have defined a new endothelial cell agonist, Loxosceles venom, that differentially stimulates the inflammatory response of endothelial cells. This, in turn, leads to a dysregulated PMN response where adhesion and degranulation are completely dissociated from shape change and transmigration.
authors.affiliation: Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Modur
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019040:E-Selectin; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013111:Spider Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D016209:Interleukin-8; D013111:Spider Venoms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor