title: Determination of surgeon-generated gown pressures during various surgical procedures in the operating room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients' blood or other potentially infectious body fluids frequently pass through surgeons' gowns in the operating room. These fluids are absorbed by the scrub suit and can directly contaminate the surgeons' skin. Protective barriers remain an important method of exposure control for many blood-borne pathogens. The efficacy of surgical gowns in preventing this passage or strikethrough has therefore become the focus of much attention. Limited data are available concerning the magnitude and duration of pressure against surgeons' gowns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-sensor mat placed in the abdominal area was used to obtain pressure data for 15 surgeons of both sexes performing 20 procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of time any pressure was detected varied from 0% during knee reconstruction to 97.4% for excision of a stomach mass. In 16 procedures, more than 87.8% of pressure contacts were 2 N/cm2 (2.9 psi or less); in addition, more than 80% of the contacts were 15 seconds or less during 13 of the procedures. No correlation was found between the amount of pressure and sex of the surgeon, surgical service, or length of the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because pressure is related to the type of procedure, gowns should be chosen to afford protection against fluid strikethrough for the pressures and blood loss anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Muzik
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D010539:Permeability; D011312:Pressure; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013997:Time Factors