title: Human immunodeficiency virus uses tRNA(Lys,3) as primer for reverse transcription in HeLa-CD4+ cells.
abstract: Significant amounts of different tRNA molecules are present in retroviral particles, but one specific tRNA species functions as primer in reverse transcription. It is generally believed that the HIV-1 virus uses the tRNA(Lys,3) molecule as primer. This is based on sequence complementarity between the 3' end of tRNA(Lys,3) and the primer-binding site (PBS) on HIV-1 genomic RNA. Recent biochemical analyses indicated that tRNA(LYs,3) is indeed incorporated into viral particles. Interestingly, tRNA(Lys,3) could not be detected in virions produced by HeLa-CD4+ cells [(1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185, 1105-1115]. In order to test whether alternative tRNA molecules can function as primer in HIV replication, we performed a series of experiments based on the observation that tRNA primer sequences are inherited by the viral progeny. We cultured HIV-1 for prolonged periods of time in HeLa-CD4+ cells, but did not detect sequence changes in the PBS region. Furthermore, we found PBS-mutants to be replication-incompetent, again suggesting that HIV-1 solely uses tRNA(Lys,3) as primer. Most importantly, we obtained revertants of one such PBS-mutant, which had restored a wild-type PBS sequence. This tRNA(Lys,3)-mediated repair demonstrates a general requirement for this primer in HIV-1 reverse transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Koken
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Essink
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: van Wamel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D004279:DNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012357:RNA, Transfer, Lys / Q000378:metabolism*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012357:RNA, Transfer, Lys; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase