title: Improved provocative test for the embolization of arteriovenous malformations--technical note.
abstract: A modified provocative test to assess the safety of embolization of cerebral and spinal arteriovenous malformations is described. The modified test uses successive amobarbital and lidocaine injections to elicit any possible neurological deficit, both mixed with radiopaque material to visualize the distribution of the anesthetic in the vessels. The modified provocative test caused no false negative results in 11 patients tested, compared to six of 27 patients with the unmodified method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Medical School.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadato
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
mesh_terms: D000654:Amobarbital; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D000654:Amobarbital