title: Anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and laboratory correlations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the link between anticardiolipin antibodies and the features of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study conducted in a single center, 390 SLE patients were followed up between June 1991 and 1994. At each assessment, a complete history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation (including measurement of anticardiolipin antibodies) were performed according to a standard protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven percent of the patients had an elevated level of anticardiolipin antibodies. In the univariate analysis, elevated anticardiolipin antibody levels were found to correlate with thrombocytopenia (P = 0.006), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (P = 0.003), and positive direct and indirect Coombs' test result's (P < 0.001). No correlation was identified with any of the clinical features of antiphospholipid syndrome. In the multivariate analysis, anticardiolipin antibodies remained highly associated with thrombocytopenia (odds ratio [OR] 4.05, P = 0.02), positive direct Coombs' test (OR 2.31, P < 0.001), and prolonged aPTT (OR 1.73, P = 0.03). In the multivariate model using venous/arterial thrombosis as the outcome variable, only prolonged aPTT was associated with venous/arterial thrombosis (OR 7.9, P < 0.001). None of the laboratory variables were found to correlate with fetal loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with SLE is associated with prolonged aPTT, thrombocytopenia, and positive Coombs' test result, but not with antiphospholipid syndrome. Prolonged aPTT is strongly associated with venous/arterial thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Rheumatic Disease Unit, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abu-Shakra
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Urowitz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Farewell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D003298:Coombs Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin