title: Nicotine on the revascularization of bone graft. An experimental study in rabbits.
abstract: METHODS
  In 24 rabbits, the authors transplanted autologous cancellous bone to the anterior chamber of the eye. Half of the rabbits received nicotine and half received placebo (albumin) from mini-osmotic pumps that were implanted subcutaneously. Revascularization of the bone graft was evaluated postoperatively using ophthalmology slit-lamp and fluorescein angiography, and after sacrifice using microvascular silicone injection and histology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The hypothesis that nicotine inhibits the revascularization of bone graft because of its pharmacologic action on the microvasculature was tested.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pseudoarthrosis after spinal fusion occurs more frequently in smokers as compared with nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observations of the bone graft were made regarding the time after implantation when vessels within the graft were noted and the pattern of these vessels. Revascularization of the graft was graded based on the observed percent area of fluorescence after injection of fluorescein. Serum levels of nicotine were measured weekly. Colored silicone was injected at sacrifice to fix the vasculature of the bone graft. Histologic analysis of undecalcified sections was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine, as compared with placebo, was associated with delayed revascularization within the graft, a smaller percent area of revascularization, and a larger number of grafts showing necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine inhibits, but does not prevent, the revascularization of cancellous bone grafts. Inhibition of early revascularization by nicotine is proposed as the pathophysiologic mechanism by which smoking may adversely affect the healing of spinal fusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Daftari
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Whitesides
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: McCarey
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hutton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D007498:Iris; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000209:etiology; D011817:Rabbits; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine