title: Mechanisms of beta-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac Ca2+ channels revealed by discrete-time Markov analysis of slow gating.
abstract: Individual cardiac Ca2+ channels cycle slowly between a mode of gating in which the channel is available to open, and one in which the channel remains silent. The regulation of this multisecond cycling process by isoproterenol was investigated by single-channel recording and the development of a discrete-time Markov model that describes the slow switching among modes in terms of (de) phosphorylation reactions. The results provide evidence that isoproterenol increases Ca2+ channel activity by a reciprocal regulatory mechanism: not only is the phosphorylation rate of the channel increased, but also the dephosphorylation rate decreased. The discrete-time Markov formalism should prove useful as a general tool for understanding the mode switching demonstrated by a number of ionic channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Staschen
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D007545:Isoproterenol; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine