title: Hepatocellular carcinoma metastasizing to the brain and orbit: report of three cases.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the brain or orbit. We report 3 clinically manifest examples, one of which occurred in a 13-yr-old boy. In 2 cases the intracranial metastasis was the initial presenting lesion. The 2 cases of brain metastasis both presented with intracerebral hemorrhage. Light microscopic examination of these tumors revealed a trabecular hepatocellular carcinoma of Edmondson grade II with focal hemorrhage and necrosis. Their immunohistochemical profile was identical to that described for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The differential diagnosis from other intracranial metastatic tumors is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000032:analysis; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D007633:Keratins