The role of the reduced-folate carrier and metabolism to intracellular polyglutamates for the activity of ICI D1694.
The uptake of ICI D1694 into L1210 cells is very rapid and evidence strongly suggests that transport is via the reduced-folate/MTX cell membrane carrier (RFC); for example a cell line with a greatly impaired RFC is highly resistant to ICI D1694. Polyglutamates can be found intracellularly within a few minutes, so that experiments initially designed to measure transport were actually measuring transport and polyglutamation. After 30mins, in normal serum-containing tissue culture medium, the concentration of polyglutamates (di, tri and tetra) exceeded that of the parent drug 6-fold. Studies where cells were resuspended in drug-free medium demonstrated that the parent drug and its diglutamate could readily leave the cell. Folinic acid could markedly decrease the polyglutamation of ICI D1694, but had to be given simultaneously with the drug as a 4hr delayed rescue was less effective because substantial polyglutamation had already occurred. This effect was translated into considerable antagonism for cell growth inhibition by simultaneous folinic acid. The importance of the metabolism of ICI D1694 to polyglutamates to its potent cytotoxic activity is demonstrated by compounds related in structure to ICI D1694 but with different properties for the RFC and FPGS. For example, 2-desamino-2-methyl-N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate (ICI 198583) owes its less potent cytotoxic activity to its poorer FPGS substrate activity (Km 40 microM compared with 1.3 microM for ICI D1694). Replacing the 2-methyl of either compound with amino, which appears to prevent use of the RFC, has a deleterious effect on growth inhibitory activity presumably by limiting the transport of the parent compounds into the cells, thereby slowing the rate of polyglutamate formation. Again a single change to another part of the molecule, that is methylation of the 7-position can have serious consequences on cytotoxic potency, particularly for the ICI D1694 molecule. The 7-methylated compounds are apparently poor or non-substrates for FPGS and therefore retain activity against a cell line unable to polyglutamate antifolates. These same compounds are only slightly affected by coincubation with folinic acid in L1210 tissue culture, consistent with the failure of these compounds to form intracellular polyglutamates. The results of short-exposure assays and in situ TS assays confirms that 7-methylation largely prevents the formation of a retained drug-form (polyglutamates), continuous exposure being necessary to maintain TS inhibition and cause a cytotoxic effect after removal of extracellular drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Jackman
A L
AL
Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
Gibson
W
W
Brown
M
M
Kimbell
R
R
Boyle
F T
FT
D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D011799:Quinazolines; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013876:Thiophenes; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; C068874:raltitrexed