title: Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter: patterns of failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify recurrence patterns and possible indications for adjuvant treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter were reviewed to determine their pattern of failure. Factors including gender and age, tumor stage and grade, and extent of surgical procedure and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) were analyzed with respect to local and distant recurrence and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven patients had resections without residual. On multivariate analysis, grade (P = 0.01) and adjuvant RT (P = 0.02) had significant effects on local control. Metastases were solely dependent on stage (P = 0.0001). Survival was dependent on stage (P = 0.0059) and age (P = 0.036), with the use of adjuvant RT of borderline significance (P = 0.07). Twenty-seven patients were excluded from local failure and survival analysis; of these, 3 died within 1 month of surgery, 5 had metastasis at presentation, and 19 had local disease that was unresectable. Eleven of these 19 were treated by RT, resulting in 2 long-term disease-free survivors after receiving doses of 45 and 50.4 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with adverse factors, such as high grade or stage, close margins, or positive nodes, local control can be improved with adjuvant radiation. Improvement in survival is of borderline significance on multivariate analysis, with approximately 50% of high stage or grade patients developing metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cozad
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Austenfeld
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*