title: Pleural effusions: pathophysiology and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology and management of pleural effusions, including available agents for pleural sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1966 to present) was performed that included clinical studies in the English language involving the pathophysiology and management of pleural effusions; references used in those articles were screened for additional published information.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical trials were considered for potential inclusion in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that results when homeostatic forces that control the flow into and out of the area are disrupted. The management of transudative pleural effusions is primarily directed at treatment of the underlying disease. There are several treatment options for pleural effusions, including chemical pleurodesis. Many of the trials that examine the use of talc, bleomycin, and doxycycline have poorly described study designs and end points, with inconsistent evaluation of patients. Each agent is considered to be generally effective and safe, with fever and pain as the most frequently reported adverse effects. The use of talc requires sterilization, and many clinicians use general anesthesia with instillation, which increases the risk associated with the procedure. Bleomycin is generally safe; however, it should not be used in doses exceeding 40 mg/m2. Only uncontrolled trials support the use of doxycycline; however, it provides an effective, safe, and relatively inexpensive alternative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pleural effusions are defined as an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Treatment is generally palliative. Intrapleural administration of talc, bleomycin, and doxycycline are effective sclerosing agents for treatment of recurrent, symptomatic pleural effusions. Although the most cost-effective agent has not been determined, doxycycline is an inexpensive alternative to bleomycin, and may have fewer adverse effects than talc.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gora
mesh_terms: D001761:Bleomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008911:Minocycline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018700:Pleurodesis; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D013627:Talc / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013907:Thoracostomy
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D001761:Bleomycin; D013627:Talc; D008012:Lidocaine; D008911:Minocycline; D004318:Doxycycline