title: Ionic currents during action potentials in mammalian skeletal muscle fibers analyzed with loose patch clamp.
abstract: The loose patch-clamp technique was applied to analyze transmembrane currents during propagating action potentials in superficial fibers of musculi extensor digitorum longus of the mouse in vitro. Experimentally three components were identified in the transmembrane current: 1) a capacitive, 2) an inward sodium, and 3) an outward potassium current. Other components were negligible. The capacitive current was similar in shape to the first derivative of the intracellularly measured action potential. Tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium, and 4-aminopyridine, applied in the pipette, were used to identify the contribution in the current by sodium and potassium ions. With extracellularly applied depolarization steps only a sodium current was observed, not a potassium current. Occasionally found outward currents were artifactual. The behaviour of delayed rectifier potassium channels in muscle fiber membranes is discussed in the light of these unexpected findings. We conclude that potassium channel activity contributing to and measured during action potential generation is in some way inaccessible to loose patch extracellular voltage-clamp stimulation and that loose patch action current recording is a useful noninvasive method to analyze membrane conductances involved in action potential generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wallinga
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ypey
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Boom
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D015761:4-Aminopyridine