Children with specific reading retardation--early determinants and long-term outcome.
In a prospective epidemiological longitudinal study of children (n = 399) from age 8 to 18 years, children with specific reading retardation (n = 37) were identified by the modified Research Diagnostic Criteria of ICD-10. The group with specific reading retardation was compared with a group with other specific developmental disorders (n = 62), a group of children with normal intelligence (n = 285) and a group of children with below average intelligence (n = 15). No correlation was found between reading retardation and pre- and perinatal complications. Children with reading retardation suffered from environment-related stress factors in early childhood and adverse familial conditions at 8 years and the educational level of the mother was significantly lower. The number of additional psychiatric symptoms was increased at ages 8, 13 and 18. Conduct disorders, in particular, were more frequent in children with specific reading retardation and the rate of juvenile delinquency was increased (25%). The non-verbal intelligence remained constant between ages 8 and 13, and spelling performance developed parallel to the control group with normal intelligence. Only one out of three showed a significant improvement in spelling ability.
Esser
G
G
Child Psychiatric Clinic, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
Schmidt
M H
MH
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014956:Writing