title: Antisense oligonucleotides in solution or encapsulated in immunoliposomes inhibit replication of HIV-1 by several different mechanisms.
abstract: Phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in alpha and beta configurations directed against the initiation codon region of the HIV-1 rev gene were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication in acutely and chronically infected human CEM cells. Encapsulation in antibody-targeted liposomes (immunoliposomes) permitted intracellular delivery and distinction between oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of viral entry and intracellular effects on viral RNA. Our results are consistent with four mechanisms of antiviral activity for these antisense oligonucleotides: (i) interference with virus-mediated cell fusion by free but not liposome-encapsulated phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of any sequence; (ii) interference with reverse transcription in a sequence non-specific manner by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in alpha and beta configurations; (iii) interference with viral reverse transcription in a sequence-specific and RNase-H-independent manner by alpha and beta phosphodiester oligonucleotides; (iv) interference with viral mRNA in a sequence-specific and RNase-H-dependent manner by beta-phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Immunologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Marseille-Luminy Case 906, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zelphati
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Imbach
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Signoret
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leserman
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins; D008081:Liposomes; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D016914:Ribonuclease H / Q000378:metabolism; D012996:Solutions; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000922:Immunotoxins; D008081:Liposomes; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D012996:Solutions; D013873:Thionucleotides; D016914:Ribonuclease H