title: Nitric oxide controls arteriolar tone in the retina of the miniature pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental evidence indicates that the retinal microcirculation is mainly controlled by factors released from the tissue surrounding the arterioles. This study explores whether nitric oxide (NO), a possible factor, is released in the retina and controls the arteriolar tone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a NO microprobe, the authors measured [NO] in the preretinal vitreous of miniature pigs as a function of distance from the retinal surface. Additionally, the NO-synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine was pressure injected. Finally, the retinal pool size of arginine and its biosynthesis from 14C(U)-glucose were biochemically assessed on retinal tissue and acutely isolated Müller cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the retinal surface, [NO] measured 6 to 9 microM, and, in the vitreous, it fell to zero approximately 180 microns away from the retina. Therefore, NO is degraded faster in the vitreous (65 to 80 microM.minute-1) than in aqueous solution. Light flicker stimulation of the dark-adapted retina induced a reversible increase of [NO] (approximately 1.6 microM). Preretinal juxta-arteriolar microinjections of nitro-L-arginine (0.6 mM) induced a segmental and reversible arteriolar vasoconstriction of 45%; in contrast, intravenous infusion of nitro-L-arginine had no measurable effect on arteriolar diameter. The retinal pool size of arginine was small (< or = 200 microM), but there was an important rate of arginine biosynthesis in Müller cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly suggest that cells in the retina, other than endothelial cells, produce and release NO, which in turn controls the basal dilating arteriolar tone in the inner retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-neuro-ophthalmology, University Hospital Eye Clinic, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pournaras
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poitry
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Poitry-Yamate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsacopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008833:Microcirculation; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019335:Nitroarginine; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase