title: A new cutaneous nerve fiber connection with the frontal nerve in the frog Rana esculenta: a morphological study.
abstract: The frontal nerve arises from the frontal organ, which represents the extracranial component of the pineal complex in some lower vertebrates, and interconnects the frontal organ with the epiphysis and the brain. The existence of a previously unreported nerve branch of the frontal nerve is described here in the frog Rana esculenta and called the lateral nerve. The course of the lateral nerve and its junction with the frontal nerve have been consistently detected by means of different techniques: toluidine blue staining in semithin sections, the Landau-Ignesti method for myelinated nerve fibers, the methylene blue intravital staining for peripheral nerves, and in vitro tracing with the carbocyanine Dil. A method to preserve intact the delicate lateral nerve during dissection is also described. The lateral nerve was consistently found to be unilateral, and to join the frontal nerve at one end (either on the left or the right side), whereas the other extremity was found to be dispersed in the dermis. Thus, the lateral nerve could represent a new pathway interconnecting the skin and the brain and/or the frontal organ in the frog.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Cibernetica del CNR, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guglielmotti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fiorino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008751:Methylene Blue; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011893:Rana esculenta; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; C024286:3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine; D008751:Methylene Blue