title: Computerized axial tomography to define the distribution of solution after stellate ganglion nerve block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the spread of local anesthetic after C6 stellate ganglion nerve block using computerized axial tomography (CAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, open descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient pain consult center.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 ASA status I patients undergoing stellate ganglion nerve blocks for sympathetically maintained pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiocontrast and local anesthetic was given in 5 ml increments to 20 ml total volume for C6 stellate ganglion nerve blocks in eight patients and C7 in two patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAT scanning was performed at baseline and after 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml of injectate was administered. Cervical level and pattern of injectate spread was recorded after each increment. Neck pressure above C6 did not promote caudal spread. One half of the injections were beneath prevertebral fascia. Injections on top of the fascia spread more diffusely around C6. All injections in high volume reached the medial aspect of T1 around the head, not neck, of the first rib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solutions injected for C6 stellate ganglion nerve block concentrate medial to the stellate ganglion at T1. Thus, they must produce upper extremity sympathectomy by a mechanism other than contact with the ganglion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612-4799, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D005260:Female; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013233:Stellate Ganglion; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005730:Ganglionic Blockers