title: Abnormal albuminuria as a predictor of mortality and renal impairment in Chinese patients with NIDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but its association with deterioration of renal function remains more controversial than in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Using albumin-to-creatinine ratios (ACRs) in random spot urine samples is a convenient method for evaluating albuminuria. We studied prospectively the predictive values of albuminuria in NIDDM when assessed by this urine measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1991 and 1992, we restudied the clinical and biochemical status of 403 Chinese NIDDM patients recruited in 1989 after a follow-up period of 26.6 +/- 3.2 months (mean +/- SD). Spot urine ACR was measured on two occasions and microalbuminuria was defined as a mean ACR between 5.6 and 38 mg/mmol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the original cohort, 29 patients had died mostly because of cardiovascular events with or without renal failure. The overall relative risk of death in patients with abnormal albuminuria was 7.1 (P < 0.001) (microalbuminuria: 3.7, P = 0.04; macroalbuminuria: 11, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the independent predictive factors for mortality were plasma creatinine (wald = 12.1, P < 0.001) and glucose concentrations (wald = 10.4, P < 0.001) in the normo- and microalbuminuric patients (n = 11) and age (wald = 4.4, P = 0.03) and plasma creatinine (wald = 8.2, P < 0.01) in the macroalbuminuric group (n = 18). In the survivors (n = 374), baseline spot urine ACR was independently associated with 2-year spot urine ACR in the normo- (P < 0.001), micro- (P < 0.01), and macroalbuminuric groups (P = 0.01). In addition, baseline spot urine ACR was independently related to 2-year plasma creatinine (P = 0.01) in the macroalbuminuric group. The rates of change of the reciprocal of plasma creatinine ( delta [Cr]-1) were -27.3 +/- 62.5, -43.4 +/- 68.6, and -108.8 +/- 98.81.mumol01.month-1 in the normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuric groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The delta [Cr]-1 was independently and inversely related to the baseline spot urine ACR (P < 0.001) and 2-year systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal albuminuria as indicated by a random spot urine ACR > 5.6 mg/mmol predicts increased mortality and is associated with the progression of albuminuria and deterioration of renal function in Chinese NIDDM patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cockram
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides