title: The Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein can be used as a reporter in live zebrafish embryos.
abstract: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the cnidarian Aequorea victoria is capable of producing fluorescence without an exogenously added substrate. Here we demonstrate that a cDNA for GFP driven by a Xenopus elongation factor 1 alpha enhancer-promoter can confer fluorescence upon live zebrafish embryos, either as an injected plasmid or as a transgene after passage through the germline. When injected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage, this construct starts to express detectable GFP after about 4 hr of development at 28 degrees C, about 1 hr after the midblastula transition. Fluorescence can be observed in cells of many tissue types in the embryo for at least 3 weeks after injection. We used three different expression constructs, each employing a modified ef1 alpha enhancer-promoter, to generate 12 transgenic lines. Eight of the 12 lines, including 5 of 5 derived from one construct with an intron, express detectable fluorescence in the F1 and, where tested, in the F2 generation. Most expressing lines showed very similar expression patterns. Generally, fluorescence is not seen in the transgenic embryos before 20 hr postfertilization, at which point it appears uniformly throughout the embryo. Fluorescence is most visible between 24-36 hr, and it becomes less visible after this, except that in many lines strong fluorescence remains visible in the eye for at least 5 days. A single inherited copy of the transgene is sufficient to produce detectable fluorescence in hemizygous F1 and F2 embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amsterdam
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D005453:Fluorescence; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019076:Transgenes; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins