title: Cyclophosphamide treatment of female non-obese diabetic mice causes enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma, but not of interleukin-4.
abstract: In pancreatic lesions of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and of the cytokines interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 were studied. Strong iNOS expression as determined at the level of transcription, translation and of enzyme activity was associated with destructive insulitis as seen 8-10 days after cyclophosphamide treatment of 70- to 80-day-old female NOD mice. Immunohistochemistry showed iNOS associated with infiltrating macrophages but not in endocrine cells. The enhancement of iNOS after cyclophosphamide correlated with an increase of T-helper type 1 (Th1) associated interferon-gamma expression while T-helper type 2 (Th2) associated interleukin-4 was the dominant cytokine prior to cyclophosphamide and after diabetes onset. We conclude that insulitis in young NOD mice is carried by Th2 cells while cyclophosphamide enhanced insulitis is determined by Th1 cells. Macrophages show two different functional states in insulitis; strong iNOS expression in macrophages is associated with destructive insulitis.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bosse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hibino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kolb
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases