title: Heart failure in the elderly patient.
abstract: Both prevalence and incidence of heart failure rise with age. Diagnosis of heart failure in the older patient may be difficult because of atypical symptoms or the acceptance of symptoms as manifestations of old age. Heart failure is not a diagnosis but a syndrome. Echocardiograms should be obtained in most elderly patients to aid diagnosis and assessment. Loop diuretics, taking into account the altered homoeostasis of old age and presence of co-morbidity, are the mainstay of symptomatic treatment. ACE inhibitors are likely to benefit survival, although formal trials have failed to include many older patients. Digoxin and direct vasodilators are less well tolerated in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Liverpool.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valacio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lye
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004077:Digoxin