title: Characterization of a new monoclonal antibody (PG-M3) directed against the aminoterminal portion of the PML gene product: immunocytochemical evidence for high expression of PML proteins on activated macrophages, endothelial cells, and epithelia.
abstract: PG-M3 is a new monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specifically directed against a peptide sequence located in the aminoterminal region of the human PML protein. PML gene fuses with the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) gene during the t(15; 17) chromosomal translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The epitope recognized by PG-M3 is species-specific and fixative-resistant and is shared by most PML isoforms and PML/RAR alpha fusion proteins. PML is consistently located within the nucleus, although a minority of cells (about 20%), both in vitro and in vivo, show positivity for PML also in the cytoplasm. The nuclear staining pattern of PG-M3 varies from speckled (cells other than APL) to micropunctate (APL cells). Although two physiologically expressed PML isoforms are detectable by immunocytochemistry only or predominantly in the cytoplasm of transfected cells, the cytoplasmic localization of PML is a property also shared by the PML isoforms that predominantly localize to the nuclei. Immunohistologic analysis of normal human tissues with the PG-M3 MoAb showed variable PML expression, with the highest levels of the protein in postmitotic, differentiated cell types, such as endothelial cells, epithelia, and tissue macrophages, especially activated ones. In keeping with this in vivo finding, PML appears strongly upregulated in the U937 promonocyte cell line after exposure to agents that induce monocyte/macrophage activation (interferon gamma) or maturation (vitamin D3 and transforming growth factor beta 1).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hematology, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flenghi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagioli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomassoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pileri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gambacorta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grignani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Casini
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Martelli
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D001717:Birds; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008322:Mammals; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D011817:Rabbits; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000939:Epitopes; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C513293:Pml protein, mouse; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; C000607071:RARA protein, human; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C070576:PML protein, human; D002762:Cholecalciferol