title: Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities.
abstract: Although progesterone has been recognized as essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, this steroid hormone has been recently implicated to have a functional role in a number of other reproductive events. The physiological effects of progesterone are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. In most cases the PR is induced by estrogen, implying that many of the in vivo effects attributed to progesterone could also be the result of concomitantly administered estrogen. Therefore, to clearly define those physiological events that are specifically attributable to progesterone in vivo, we have generated a mouse model carrying a null mutation of the PR gene using embryonic stem cell/gene targeting techniques. Male and female embryos homozygous for the PR mutation developed normally to adulthood. However, the adult female PR mutant displayed significant defects in all reproductive tissues. These included an inability to ovulate, uterine hyperplasia and inflammation, severely limited mammary gland development, and an inability to exhibit sexual behavior. Collectively, these results provide direct support for progesterone's role as a pleiotropic coordinator of diverse reproductive events that together ensure species survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lydon
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: DeMayo
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shyamala
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Conneely
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: O'Malley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002678:Chimera; D003307:Copulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003656:Decidua / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006720:Homozygote; D008297:Male; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D010060:Ovulation; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone