title: Are pelvic computed tomography, bone scan and pelvic lymphadenectomy necessary in the staging of prostatic cancer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness and economy of pelvic computed tomography (CT), bone scan and pelvic lymphadenectomy as staging modalities in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason's score as adjuncts to predict extracapsular disease were also evaluated and their economic implications examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1990 and June 1993, 861 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, of whom 409 underwent surgery. All patients underwent pelvic CT scans and PSA analysis. Patients undergoing surgery had pre-operative bone scans and Gleason's scoring of their pathological tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 13 (1.5%) of 861 men had positive pelvic CT scans. Of the 409 patients who underwent surgery, all had negative pelvic CT and bone scans, and all underwent a modified pelvic lymphadenectomy; 192 (47%) had extracapsular disease. Only 15 (3.7%) patients who underwent surgery were found to have positive nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of pelvic CT and bone scans for clinical staging in patients with a PSA level of < or = 20 ng/mL should not be advocated because they have a very low yield and are not cost effective. We question the role of a modified pelvic lymphadenectomy for staging purposes, either by an open or laparoscopic procedure, because the yield of positive diagnoses is very low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Levran
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Diokno
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Steinert
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010388:Pelvis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen