title: Interleukin 2 signaling involves the phosphorylation of Stat proteins.
abstract: One of the most important cytokines involved in immune response regulation is interleukin 2 (IL-2), a potent activator of the proliferation and function of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The mechanisms by which the effects of IL-2 are propagated within cells are not understood. While the binding of IL-2 to its receptor was recently shown to lead to the activation of two kinases, Jak-1 and Jak-3, subsequent steps in the signaling pathway to the nucleus that lead to the activation of specific genes had not been characterized. Since many cytokines that activate Jak kinases also lead to the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of members of the Stat family of transcription factors, the ability of IL-2 to trigger Stat phosphorylation was examined. Exposure of activated human T lymphocytes or of a natural killer cell line (NKL) to IL-2 leads to the phosphorylation of Stat1 alpha, Stat1 beta, and Stat3, as well as of two Stat-related proteins, p94 and p95. p94 and p95 share homology with Stat1 at the phosphorylation site and in the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, but otherwise are immunologically distinct from Stat1. These Stat proteins were found to translocate to the nucleus and to bind to a specific DNA sequence. These findings suggest a mechanism by which IL-2 binding to its receptor may activate specific genes involved in immune cell function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; C494090:STAT4 protein, human; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494101:STAT6 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine