title: Adverse outcomes of bacterial meningitis in school-age survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the outcomes of bacterial meningitis in school-age survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching pediatric hospital.
  During 1983 through 1986, 158 meningitis survivors, ages 3 months to 14 years, treated at a single center were enrolled. Between 1991 and 1993, 130 children, 82% of the original cohort, were evaluated at a mean age of 8.4 years and a mean of 6.7 years after their meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded neurologic, neuropsychologic, audiologic, behavior, and socio-demographic assessments were compared with those from grade- and sex-matched control children. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age at testing and socio-demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a systematic increase in risk of abnormality or poorer functioning for children with meningitis, compared with control children, across all categories tested, which was significant for fine motor function, Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, and tests of school behavior, neuropsychologic function, and auditory figure-ground differentiation. Eleven children who had experienced meningitis (8.5%) had major deficits (IQ < 70, seizures, hydrocephalus, spasticity, blindness, or severe to profound hearing loss); a further 24 (18.5%) cases and 14 (10.8%) control children had minor deficits (IQ 70 to 80, inability to read, mild to moderate hearing loss, abnormalities in speech discrimination, or school behavior problems). Overall, children who had meningitis were at greater risk (26.9%) for disability. Children with acute neurologic complications had more adverse outcomes than those with uncomplicated meningitis and control children (39% vs 18% vs 11%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in four school-age meningitis survivors has either serious and disabling sequelae or a functionally important behavior disorder, neuropsychologic or auditory dysfunction adversely affecting academic performance. As a group, survivors function less well than their classroom peers, and risk is greatest for, but not confined to, those who had acute neurologic complications. All survivors require careful follow-up, at least until school age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catroppa
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hore
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Keir
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roberton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors