title: Induction of estrogen independence of ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells by epigenetic alterations.
abstract: Antagonists of steroid hormones are clinically important in the management of breast cancer. However, the duration of response is limited due to the development of hormone-independent tumors in virtually all cases. In an attempt to obtain insight into the mechanisms underlying antiestrogen resistance, the consequences of epigenetic changes in gene expression were studied in vitro. Estrogen-dependent ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells were treated with 5-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, and cultured in the absence of estradiol or in the presence of antiestrogens. Estrogen-independent cell colonies developed within 3 weeks at high frequency in 5-azacytidine-treated cultures (0.7 x 10(-3), in contrast to control cultures (< or = 10(-8). The derived cells (ZR/AZA) were resistant to 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 164,384, independent of the selection protocol, but had lost the ability to grow anchorage-independent. Whereas expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and pS2 were down-regulated, expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and HER2/neu were increased in ZR/AZA cells. In contrast to the stable altered expression patterns of estrogen receptor and EGF receptor, transient keratin 7 expression was observed. Transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA was identified in ZR-75-1 cells and ZR/AZA cells and EGF-like peptides were secreted in the culture medium. Proliferation of ZR/AZA cells could be partially inhibited with an EGF receptor-blocking antibody. Presence of both growth factor receptors and possible ligands suggests the development of an autocrine growth mechanism. Our data show that epigenetic alterations of gene expression result in rapid progression of breast cancer cells to hormone independence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Agthoven
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: van Agthoven
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Foekens
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dorssers
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011506:Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D001374:Azacitidine; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D004958:Estradiol; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D007633:Keratins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011506:Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C016601:afimoxifene; C051781:ICI 164384