title: Structural diversity in the 5'-untranslated region of cytokine-stimulated human inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA.
abstract: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, the critical enzyme responsible for the enhanced synthesis of nitric oxide in inflammatory states, is widely expressed in mammalian cells. To evaluate potential regulatory roles of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) in the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, the transcription initiation sites and structure of the 5'-UTR of human inducible nitric oxide synthase were examined. Freshly isolated human alveolar macrophages, bronchial epithelial cells, and several types of cultured cells were evaluated following stimulation with cytokines (i.e. interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6). The mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Northern analysis, and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Despite the presence of a TATA box in the promoter region, multiple transcription initiation sites were observed, some extending several hundred base pairs upstream from the main TATA-directed initiation site. Alternative splicing in the 5'-UTR of human inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA resulted in further diversity. The TATA-independent inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA transcripts were up-regulated by cytokines. The long and complex 5'-UTRs contain eight partially overlapping open reading frames upstream of the putative inducible nitric oxide synthase ATG, which may have an important role in translational regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004848:Epithelium / Q000201:enzymology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000201:enzymology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases