title: Nitric oxide and adenosine mediate vasodilation during functional activation in cerebellar cortex.
abstract: Activation of the cerebellar parallel fibers (PF) releases glutamate and leads to depolarization of Purkinje cells and interneurons. These cells, in turn, release GABA. We have studied the role of glutamate, GABA, nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine in the increases in cerebellar cortex blood flow (BFcrb) elicited by PF stimulation. In anesthetized rats (halothane 1%) the cerebellar vermis was exposed and the site was superfused with Ringer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4). The PF were stimulated electrically (50-100 microA; 30 Hz) and the increases in BFcrb were recorded using a laser-Doppler flowmeter. Field potentials were recorded using glass microelectrodes. During Ringer superfusion, PF stimulation increased BFcrb by 58 +/- 5% (P < 0.001; analysis of variance; n = 6). Superfusion with the broad spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (Kyn; 5 mM) abolished the negative component of the field potential (n = 4), a finding reflecting lack of depolarization of Purkinje cells and interneurons, and blocked the increase in BFcrb (P > 0.05 from Ringer; n = 6). In contrast, Kyn did not influence the increase in BFcrb evoked by hypercapnia (pCO2 55.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg) or by superfusion with the NO donor SIN-1 (0.1, 1 mM; P > 0.05; n = 6). Superfusion with the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulphophenyltheophylline (8-SPT; 100 microM) reduced the elevation in BFcrb by 45 +/- 4% (P < 0.05; n = 6) and co-application of 8-SPT and of the NO synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine (L-NA; 1 mM) attenuated the vasodilation further (-82 +/- 4% from Ringer; P < 0.01 from 8-SPT alone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iadecola
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000502:physiology*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D000241:Adenosine; D001640:Bicuculline