title: A necropsy and histomorphometric study of abnormalities in the course of the vertebral artery associated with ossified stylohyoid ligaments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether abnormalities in the course of the vertebral artery occur and whether they are relevant to arterial injury associated with head and neck movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty vertebral arteries were carefully dissected at necropsy and abnormalities in course were noted, along with any other bony or cartilaginous cervical anomalies. The effect of head and neck movement on these vessels was studied before a detailed histomorphometric examination was undertaken on sections of the excised arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five vessels had an abnormal course. One vessel entered the transverse foramina of the fifth cervical vertebra rather than the sixth, but was otherwise normal. In two subjects both vertebral arteries were abnormal in the upper cervical portion with, in each case, a straight left vertebral artery and a right vertebral artery with a deficient loop, closely applied to the atlanto-axial joint. Both of these subjects also had completely ossified stylohyoid ligaments and the arteries visibly stretched with modest head and neck movements. Histology revealed variable degrees of smooth muscle disarray in the tunica media of two of the arteries with loop deficiencies. The circumference of one of the straight arteries was smaller than expected but in all other measured histomorphometric parameters these vessels appeared normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vertebral artery loops are deficient in a number of subjects. This finding is important given the recently described biomechanical susceptibility of the vertebral artery to longitudinal extension and may explain the smooth muscle changes, in that this may represent attempts at arterial wall remodelling. Subjects with such loop deficiencies may be more susceptible to a variety of head and neck insults and such abnormalities should be sought at necropsy in subjects who die as a result of fatal vertebral artery injury.
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Forensic Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scraggs
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: How
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology*; D009068:Movement; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology