title: Photoreceptor cells in the vitiligo mouse die by apoptosis. TRPM-2/clusterin expression is increased in the neural retina and in the retinal pigment epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death in the vitiligo mouse, a model of retinal degeneration in which the genetic defect is not retina specific but is instead caused by single point mutation in the microphthalmia (mi) gene that codes for a basic helix-loop-helix DNA transcription factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of apoptotic cells was performed in fixed retinal tissue using the TUNEL assay in animals 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, 40, and 52 weeks. Electron microscopic analysis was used to confirm the morphologic hallmarks of apoptosis, and Southern blot analysis was used to detect internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Additionally, the expression of a gene associated with apoptosis, TRPM-2/clusterin, was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At ages beyond the time of normal retinal programmed cell death, vitiligo retinas had significantly more TUNEL-positive photoreceptor cells and more photoreceptor cells with condensed chromatin than controls. DNA internucleosomal fragmentation ladders were present in vitiligo retinas even as late as 15 weeks, a time well beyond developmental apoptosis in controls. TRPM-2/clusterin mRNA levels in vitiligo neural retinas were similar to controls initially but were two times greater than controls by 12 weeks. Surprisingly, TRPM-2/clusterin mRNA levels were elevated in the retinal pigment epithelium in the mutant; the expression at one week was two times greater than normals and remained elevated for many months, even though retinal pigment epithelial cells showed no morphologic evidence of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphologic and biochemical data suggest that photoreceptor cells die by apoptosis in vitiligo mice. The increased retinal TRPM-2/clusterin mRNA levels may be a direct response to these events. The increased expression of this gene in the retinal pigment epithelium, however, may reflect its role in tissue regression and membrane remodeling. Mechanisms by which the mi gene defect might result in the vitiligo retinopathy are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2000, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bora
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCool
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiggert
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D051152:Clusterin; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000235:genetics; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009710:Nucleotide Mapping; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology; D014820:Vitiligo / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C495243:Clu protein, mouse; D051152:Clusterin; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger