title: Fluorescein angiography of the bladder: technique and relevance to bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluorescein angiography has been used in the study of bleeding vessels, neovascularity, tumors and ischemic tissues in a variety of disorders. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the feasibility, safety and relevance of this interesting technology for the evaluation of bladder wall vessels in patients with interstitial cystitis and bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with National Institutes of Health defined interstitial cystitis symptoms and 10 with bladder cancer were studied during cytoscopy while they were under general anesthesia. A yellow-green barrier filter (520 nm.) was placed over the cystoscope eyepiece and a blue exciter filter (465 nm.) was attached to the light source. Patients received a 5 ml. bolus of 10% fluorescein intravenously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After hydrodistension, glomerulations in interstitial cystitis patients were more prominent with fluorescein angiography and occurred in the venule phase. Areas of papillary transitional cell tumor and carcinoma in situ developed a brilliant yellow-green fluorescence. Adjacent normal urothelium was nonfluorescent and provided a contrasting dark background facilitating the detection of all lesions. No allergic reaction or other adverse effect related to the fluorescein injection was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These unique observations in a limited number of patients suggest that fluorescein angiography of the bladder is a safe and simple procedure. This preliminary report underscores the relevance of fluorescein angiography in the detection of bladder tumor and offers a new approach to the evaluation of bladder wall vessels in interstitial cystitis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaiser Sunset Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Zimmern
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laub
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D001160:Arterioles / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014699:Venules / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins