title: Factors determining the blood pressure response to enalapril and nifedipine in hypertension associated with NIDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the factors that determine the blood pressure response to enalapril and nifedipine monotherapy in the treatment of hypertension associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 6-week placebo baseline period, 102 hypertensive NIDDM patients were randomly assigned, double-blindly, to treatment with nifedipine retard (slow release) (n = 52) or enalapril (n = 50). The daily dosage of enalapril was increased, if required, from 10 to 20 to 40 mg and that of nifedipine from 40 to 60 to 80 mg at 4-week intervals during the 12-week titration period. Blood pressure, 24-h urinary albumin excretion (UAE), biochemical data, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity were measured at weeks -6, -4, 0, 4, 8, and 12. At week 0, venous blood was also sampled for baseline plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, aldosterone, and serum insulin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 12, the mean daily dose of enalapril was 35 +/- 11.4 mg, and 27 (57%) patients were receiving the maximum daily dose of 40 mg. In the nifedipine group, the mean daily drug dose was 50 +/- 12.9 mg, and 4 (8%) were receiving the maximum daily dose of 80 mg. Despite a dose-dependent fall in the serum ACE activity in the enalapril group, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by only 8 mmHg throughout the 12-week titration period compared to a decline of 15, 18, and 19 mmHg at weeks 0, 4, and 12, respectively, in the nifedipine group (P = 0.01 between groups). In the enalapril group, changes in MAP between weeks 0 and 12 correlated significantly with baseline plasma glucose (r = 0.45, P = 0.001) and aldosterone concentrations (r = -0.32, P = 0.02) and UAE (r = 0.3, P = 0.04). There was no statistically significant correlation between the changes in MAP and baseline plasma renin concentration. On multivariate analysis, the baseline renal function, glycemic control, and plasma aldosterone and serum insulin concentrations were all independently related to the changes in blood pressure in the enalapril-treated patients. No such statistical associations were observed in the nifedipine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypertensive NIDDM patients, the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the level of serum insulin, glycemic control, renal function, and proteinuria may be important determinants of the blood pressure response to ACE inhibition. Good glycemic control may optimize the antihypertensive efficacy of concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cockram
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007190:Indapamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004232:Diuretics; D004656:Enalapril; D005665:Furosemide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007190:Indapamide; D009543:Nifedipine; D010919:Placebos; D011188:Potassium; D012083:Renin; D012964:Sodium