title: [Effects of viscosity, cannula size and temperature in mechanical contrast media administration in CT and magnetic resonance tomography].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanical contrast media application is used to improve image quality and allow better quantitative assessment of the contrast media kinetics for CT as well as MRI. The pressure within the i.v. line system must be known to enable safe and quantitatively exact application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental setup to analyse the inline pressure, the storage volume as well as the exactness of delivery within the i.v. line system was prepared. Representative contrast media Ultravist 300, Ultravist 370, Magnevist and Conray 60 as well as 0.9% NaCl were measured with ten different flow rates from 0.1 ml/sec to 5.0 ml/sec using the six most common i.v. cannula sizes (22G-14G).
  
  
  RESULTS
  System pressures between 38-60 psi (maximum allowed system pressure = 60 psi) are commonly obtained with standard sizes of i.v. cannulas, such as an 18 G cannula and flow rates > or = 2.5 ml/sec using Ultravist 300 (viscosity 13 mPa.s at 20 degrees C). Higher system pressures (> 25 psi) produce an exponential increase of the storage volume within the i.v. line system. The additional storage volume within the i.v. line tubing (d = 2.9 mm, 76 shore) is at 60 psi and 20 degrees C 5 ml/m, and at 37 degrees C 11 ml/m in addition to the volume of the tubing of 7 ml/m.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the measured data, both the minimum and the recommended sizes of the i.v. cannulas in respect of flow rate and viscosity of the used contrast media were compiled for system pressures at < or = 60 psi as well as < or = 38 psi.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Onkologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (dkfz), Heidelberg.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manella
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delorme
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wenz
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine