title: Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorder, and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) among children 1 1/2 years after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia; to determine current rates of comorbid PTSD and depressive disorder; and to assess the contribution of exposure, gender, loss of family members, and loss of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred eighteen school-age children from three cities at increasing distances from the epicenter were evaluated using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, the Depression Self-Rating Scale, and the section on SAD from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of these evaluations, high rates of current PTSD, depressive disorder, and their co-occurrence were found among victims residing in the two heavily impacted cities. SAD was comparatively less frequent, although symptoms of SAD had been pervasive throughout the region. Severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions were highly correlated. Extent of loss of family members was independently correlated with each.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a catastrophic natural disaster, children are at risk for comorbid PTSD and secondary depression. Based on the findings, an interactive model is proposed of postdisaster psychopathology. Early clinical intervention is recommended to prevent chronic posttraumatic stress reactions and secondary depression.
authors.affiliation: Western United States Armenian Relief Society Clinics of Armenia.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goenjian
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pynoos
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Najarian
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Asarnow
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karayan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghurabi
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001136:Armenia; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology