Behavior in cocaine-exposed infants and children: association versus causality.
The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infant and child development and behavior are uncertain. This ambiguity has been enhanced by the early nature of human research and suboptimal study designs. Methodological difficulty in this research, particularly in the consideration of confounding effects, has made it difficult to ascribe causal relationships. Future research must consider more precise measures of confounding.
Neuspiel
D R
DR
Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467.
D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation
D003042:Cocaine