title: kdr-Type resistance in insects with special reference to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.
abstract: The phenomenon of knockdown resistance (kdr) was first noted in the housefly (Musca domestica), and has subsequently be found (i.e. kdr-type resistance) in several other insect pests including the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). This type of resistance causes insensitivity of the nervous system to pyrethroids, DDT and a limited number of sodium channel neurotoxins. In the German cockroach, kdr-type resistance is incompletely recessive, monogenic and not sex linked or due to cytoplasmic factors. Additionally, kdr-type resistance is not associated with a change in sodium channel density. kdr or kdr-type loci are tightly linked or identical to the para-homologous sodium channel locus in German cockroach, housefly and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), suggesting that kdr and kdr-type resistance are due to mutations in the para-homologous sodium channel gene. kdr-Type resistance in the German cockroach appears similar, although not necessarily identical, to kdr in houseflies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0999, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000235:genetics*; D003634:DDT; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D009498:Neurotoxins; D011722:Pyrethrins
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003634:DDT