The effect of triclosan on mediators of gingival inflammation.
Triclosan (2,4,4',-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether) is a well-known and widely used nonionic antibacterial agent which has recently been introduced in toothpastes and mouthrinses. The efficacy of triclosan-containing toothpaste and mouthrinse to reduce both plaque and gingivitis in long-term clinical trials has been well documented. Until recently, it was generally assumed that triclosan's effect on gingival inflammation was due to its antimicrobial and anti-plaque effect. It has now become apparent that triclosan may have a direct anti-inflammatory effect on the gingival tissues. Several in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of triclosan on 4 primary enzymes of the pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclo-oxygenase 1, cyclo-oxygenase 2, 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase. These pathways lead to the production of known mediators of inflammation such as the prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins. Triclosan inhibited both cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclo-oxygenase 2 with IC-50 values of 43 microM and 227 microM, respectively. Triclosan also inhibited 5-lipoxygenase with an IC-50 of 43 microM. The 15-lipoxygenase was similarly inhibited by triclosan with an IC-50 of 61 microM. Hence, triclosan has the ability to inhibit both the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism with similar efficacy. In cell culture experiments, it was found that triclosan inhibited IL-1 beta induced prostaglandin E2 production by human gingival fibroblasts in a concentration dependent manner, and at relatively low concentrations. These data, taken together, indicate that triclosan can inhibit formation of several important mediators of gingival inflammation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gaffar
A
A
Colgate Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-1343, USA.
Scherl
D
D
Afflitto
J
J
Coleman
E J
EJ
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D014260:Triclosan; D015232:Dinoprostone