title: Neurotoxicity of acute glutamate transport blockade depends on coactivation of both NMDA and AMPA/Kainate receptors in organotypic hippocampal cultures.
abstract: Excessive activation of glutamate receptors is neurotoxic, contributing to brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia. The pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity is difficult to study in animals because it is efficiently cleared from the extracellular space by a family of glutamate transporters. We have investigated the receptor specificity of endogenous glutamate's toxic effects in organotypic cultures of the hippocampus by acute blockade of these transporters. The organotypic cultures used in these transporters. The organotypic cultures used in these experiments preserve the intrinsic connections and regional differentiation of the hippocampus in long term culture and may more closely reproduce the pharmacology of the mature brain region. Membrane injury was measured with digital fluorescence imaging of the vital dye, propidium iodide, 24 h after a 30-min exposure to glutamate receptor agonists or to antagonists of glutamate transport. Confirming our previous results, bath-applied, exogenous glutamate caused dose-dependent neuronal injury. Glutamate was less potent than the selective agonists NMDA, AMPA, and quisqualate. Blockade of glutamate transport with the selective antagonists threo-hydroxy-aspartate and pyrrolidine-dicarboxylic acid also caused dose-dependent neuronal injury. Endogenous or exogenous glutamate toxicity was caused by a coactivation of both NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors; blockade of either was sufficient to substantially prevent neuronal injury. Protective effects of combined application of antagonists were generally less than additive. We conclude that AMPA/kainate receptors play a more prominent role in glutamate neurotoxicity in organotypic cultures than in dissociated cortical or hippocampal cultures, acting together with NMDA receptors to cause neuronal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vornov
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D016318:Quisqualic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000502:physiology*; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology*; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016318:Quisqualic Acid; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid