title: Computer simulation of the upper extremities.
abstract: The development of real-time, interactive, three-dimensional, computer graphic simulation of the musculoskeletal system with emphasis on the upper extremities is described. Developments in image analysis, scientific visualization, and interactive computer methods and the continuous improvement in knowledge of musculoskeletal function have combined to provide an exciting new tool for musculoskeletal research. Interactive simulation also has promising applications in medical education and clinical rehabilitation. Only those developments that fit the specific criteria of realism, real-time response, intuitive interaction, three-dimensional structures, and modeling flexibility are discussed. It is hoped that an improved understanding of this emerging tool and an appreciation for its potential applications will be gained.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0353, USA.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Buford
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Giurintano
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000639:trends; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic