title: Risk factors associated with refractory peptic ulcers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk factors associated with refractory peptic ulcers are still undefined. The purpose of this study was to identify these factors in a multivariate context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and endoscopic findings as well as Helicobacter pylori status, gastric secretion analysis, serum gastrin levels, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, and objective testing of aspirin use by platelet cyclooxygenase activity were studied in 60 consecutive refractory patients with peptic ulcer and 54 matched nonrefractory controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Refractory patients had a longer history of symptomatic ulcer, had an earlier onset, had more frequent relapses, and smoked more during the episode of refractoriness. H. pylori status was similar in both groups, but H. pylori eradication in a subset of refractory patients (23 of 26) was highly effective in healing these ulcers (14 of 23). Globally, NSAID-analgesic abuse (including > 1500 mg/day paracetamol) was present in 40% of refractory patients (P < 0.006). Objective testing showed that 43.7% of NSAID use was surreptitious. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified only NSAID and analgesic abuse and the number of relapses as individually affecting refractoriness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSAID and analgesic abuse is the single most important exogenous factor associated with refractoriness. H. pylori infection emerges as an important intrinsic factor, but almost a quarter of refractory patients cannot be linked to either NSAID use or H. pylori infection.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Lanas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Remacha
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esteva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sáinz
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005755:Gastrins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001241:Aspirin