title: Decreased immunoreactive androgen receptor levels are not the cause of isolated hypospadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate whether diminished levels of androgen receptor (AR) are the underlying cause for the development of hypospadias by determining AR levels in the foreskins of boys with hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  The content of AR was determined by a sensitive immunoblotting technique in extracts from preputial tissue obtained from 15 patients (mean age 2.5, SD +/- 1.5 years) with hypospadias and from seven controls (mean age 2.5, SD +/- 1.5 years). Immunoreactivity of the protein was measured by densitometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in mean AR content was found between those boys with hypospadias (2.1 +/- 0.9 fmol/mg protein, +/- SD) and the age-matched control group (2.2 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg protein). Stratification by the severity of hypospadias (distal and proximal on the shaft, and penoscrotal hypospadias) showed that the severity was not related to tissue AR levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that hypospadias is caused by a decreased expression of AR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bentvelsen
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nijman
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen