title: Comparison of chloroguanide and mephenytoin for the in vivo assessment of genetically determined CYP2C19 activity in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to examine the relations between chloroguanide (proguanil) and mephenytoin metabolic ratios to determine whether or not chloroguanide could replace mephenytoin as a probe for the indirect in vivo measurement of CYP2C19 activity. An additional objective was to examine the interactions between chloroguanide, omeprazole, and mephenytoin, which are three substrates of CYP2C19.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy volunteers received 200 mg chloroguanide orally on three separate occasions in an open, randomized-sequence crossover design: once alone, once 2 hours before the oral administration of 100 mg mephenytoin, and once after oral administration for 7 days of 40 mg/day omeprazole. During one additional period, 100 mg mephenytoin was administered orally. The chloroguanide to cycloguanil ratio was determined in plasma 4 hours after drug administration; it was determined in urine collected over 4, 8, and 24 hours. The mephenytoin hydroxylation index was also measured in urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects were extensive metabolizers of chloroguanide and mephenytoin. We found no correlation between the mephenytoin hydroxylation index and the chloroguanide to cycloguanil ratio in any of the urine samples collected or in plasma. In the presence of chloroguanide, mephenytoin hydroxylation index increased from a baseline value of 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 1.7 +/- 1.0 (p < 0.05). In the presence of omeprazole, the chloroguanide to cycloguanil metabolic ratio in 24-hour urine increased from 2.2 +/- 1.0 to 5.6 +/- 3.2 (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chloroguanide inhibits the CYP2C19-dependent 4'-hydroxylation of mephenytoin. The bioactivation of chloroguanide to cycloguanil is inhibited by the CYP2C19 substrate omeprazole. However, the chloroguanide to cycloguanil metabolic ratio does not reflect the same array of S-mephenytoin hydroxylase activities found in extensive metabolizers as that show by the mephenytoin hydroxylation index.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Partovian
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacqz-Aigrain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keundjian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaillon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Funck-Brentano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008617:Mephenytoin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D002727:Proguanil / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014227:Triazines; C026009:cycloguanil; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D009853:Omeprazole; D008617:Mephenytoin; D002727:Proguanil