Clinical correlates of enuresis in ADHD and non-ADHD children.
Enuresis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common childhood disorders that often co-occur. Although each has been linked to neurodevelopmental immaturity and increased risk for psychopathology, the clinical correlates of enuresis remain unclear. Subjects were 140 6-17-year-old boys with DSM-III-R ADHD and 120 non-ADHD controls. Information on enuresis and psychiatric diagnoses was obtained in a standardized manner blind to the child's clinical status. Our results show that (1) enuresis did not increase the risk for psychopathology in children with or without ADHD; (2) enuresis was not associated with psychosocial adversity or developmental immaturity; (3) enuresis was associated with increased risk for learning disability, impaired intellectual functioning, and impaired school achievement in normal control children but not in children with ADHD; and (4) the same pattern of findings was obtained after stratifying children with enuresis by primary versus secondary and by nocturnal versus diurnal subtypes. These results suggest that the clinical implications of enuresis may differ for ADHD and non-ADHD children.
Biederman
J
J
Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit (ACC 725), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
Santangelo
S L
SL
Faraone
S V
SV
Kiely
K
K
Guite
J
J
Mick
E
E
Reed
E D
ED
Kraus
I
I
Jellinek
M
M
Perrin
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004775:Enuresis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment