title: Percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy in the treatment of intrahepatic stones: a study with 5 year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrahepatic stones are characterized by high treatment failure and recurrence rates. In the past, surgery played a major role in the management of this disease, but surgical intervention may not be feasible in previously operated patients or those classified as poor surgical risks. The development of percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy has played an important role in the treatment of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our results in 165 patients with intrahepatic stones treated by percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy in the past 12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of complete stone removal was 80% (132 cases) and the rate of recurrent biliary stones after a mean 58 month follow-up interval was 32.6% (43 of 132 cases). There were 2 deaths during the treatment period and 10 deaths during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy are good alternatives in treating primary intrahepatic stones, especially for those patients unsuitable for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Radiology, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C..
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yueh
mesh_terms: D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors