title: Identification of a new subclass of Alu DNA repeats which can function as estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional enhancers.
abstract: We have utilized a genetic selection system in yeast to identify novel estrogen-responsive genes within the human genome and to define the sequences in the BRCA-1 gene responsible for its estrogen responsiveness. This approach led to the identification of a new subclass within the Alu family of DNA repeats which have diverged from known Alu sequences and have acquired the ability to function as estrogen receptor-dependent enhancers. Importantly, these new elements confer receptor-dependent estrogen responsiveness to a heterologous promoter when assayed in mammalian cells. This transcriptional activity can be attenuated by the addition of either of three different classes of estrogen receptor antagonists, indicating that these elements function as classical estrogen receptor-dependent enhancers. Furthermore, this enhancer activity is restricted to a specific subset of DNA repeats because consensus Alu elements of four major subfamilies do not respond to the estrogen receptor. Previously, most Alu sequences have been considered to be functionally inert. However, this work provides strong evidence that a significant subset can confer estrogen responsiveness upon a promoter within which they are located. Clearly, Alu sequences must now be considered as important contributors to the regulation of gene transcription in estrogen receptor-containing cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Futreal
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iglehart
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Deininger
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McDonnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008322:Mammals; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014157:Transcription Factors