title: Declaring pediatric brain death: current practice in a Canadian pediatric critical care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the criteria used to declare brain death in a pediatric critical care unit (PCCU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional PCCU in southwestern Ontario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients 16 years of age or less declared brain dead from January 1987 through December 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence or absence of documentation of irreversible deep coma, nonresponsive cranial nerves, absent brain-stem reflexes, persistent apnea after removal from ventilator, presence or absence of blood flow detected by radioisotope scanning, presence or absence of electroencephalographic evidence of electrocerebral activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 60 patients accounted for 1.5% of all PCCU admissions; 17 were under 1 year of age. In 39 cases brain death was diagnosed using clinical criteria ("certified brain death"), which could not be fully applied in the remaining 21 cases ("uncertifiable but suspected brain death"). Electroencephalography and cerebral blood-flow studies with technetium-99m hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime were used as ancillary tests in 16 patients with certified brain death and in 17 with uncertifiable but suspected brain death who survived long enough to be tested. Electrocerebral silence was demonstrated in all nine patients who underwent electroencephalography. Cerebral blood flow was undetectable in 26 of the 30 patients tested, and an abnormal pattern of blood flow was seen in the remaining 4, all of whom received a diagnosis of certified brain death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatricians in this large tertiary care referral centre are using clinical criteria based on the 1987 guidelines of the CMA to diagnose brain death in pediatric patients, including neonates. When clinical criteria cannot be fully applied, ancillary methods of investigation are consistently used. Although the soundness of this pattern of practice is established for adults and older children, its applicability to neonates and infants still needs to be validated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Victoria Hospital-Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Frewen
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gillett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003644:Death Certificates; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009864:Ontario; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime