title: Alpha 2-macroglobulin functions as a cytokine carrier to induce nitric oxide synthesis and cause nitric oxide-dependent cytotoxicity in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of macrophage activities. We studied the regulation of macrophage NO synthesis by alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), a proteinase inhibitor and carrier of certain growth factors, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Native alpha 2M and the alpha 2M receptor-recognized derivative, alpha 2M-methylamine (alpha 2M-MA), increased nitrite generation by the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. The level of nitrite accumulation, which is an index of NO synthesis, was comparable to that observed with interferon-gamma. Native alpha 2M and alpha 2M-MA also increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels and substantially reduced the number of viable cells, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium/succiny l dehydrogenase assay or trypan blue exclusion. At slightly higher alpha 2M concentrations, [3H]thymidine incorporation was inhibited. All of these activities were counteracted nearly completely when the iNOS competitive inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine was included. By in situ nick translation, native alpha 2M and alpha 2M-MA increased the percentage of cells with detectable single strand chromatin nicks from 4 to 12 and 17%, respectively. This change suggested apoptosis; however, electron microscopy studies demonstrated variability in the morphology of injured cells. To determine the mechanism by which alpha 2M increases macrophage NO synthesis, we studied proteolytic alpha 2M derivatives that retain partial activity. A 600-kDa derivative that retains growth factor binding activity increased RAW 264.7 cell NO synthesis and iNOS mRNA levels comparable to native alpha 2M and alpha 2M-MA. The purified 18-kDa alpha 2M receptor-binding fragment had no effect on NO synthesis or iNOS expression. Thus, the growth factor-carrier activity of alpha 2M and not its receptor-binding activity is essential for NO synthesis regulation. A TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody mimicked the activity of alpha 2M, increasing RAW 264.7 cell NO synthesis and decreasing cellular viability. These studies demonstrate that alpha 2M can regulate macrophage NO synthesis and profoundly affect cellular function without gaining entry into the cell and without binding specific plasma membrane receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lysiak
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hussaini
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allietta
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gonias
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008264:Macrophages; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D013936:Thymidine