title: Intravenous versus epidural administration of hydromorphone. Effects on analgesia and recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unclear whether epidural administration of hydromorphone results in spinal analgesia or clinical benefit when compared with intravenous administration. Therefore, we undertook this study to determine whether epidural administration of hydromorphone resulted in decreased opioid requirement, improved analgesia, reduced side effects, more rapid return of gastrointestinal function, or shorter duration of hospital stay than intravenous administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive either intravenous or epidural hydromorphone via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative analgesia. All patients underwent a standardized combined epidural and general anesthetic and all received ketorolac for 72 h postoperatively. To decrease variability, patients were cared for according to a standardized protocol and were deemed ready for discharge according to prospectively defined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the intravenous PCA group required approximately twice as much opioid than the epidural PCA group (P < 0.008), but there were no differences between groups in pain scores or patient satisfaction. Epidural administration resulted in a greater incidence of pruritus (P = 0.02). Gastrointestinal function recovered quickly in all patients with little variation, and there were no differences between groups. All patients were deemed ready for discharge by the third postoperative day, and removal of surgical drains was the last discharge criterion reached in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that epidural administration of hydromorphone results in spinally mediated analgesia. However, epidural administration did not provide significant benefits in terms of postoperative analgesia, recovery of gastrointestinal function, or duration of hospitalization. Furthermore, we suggest that radical retropubic prostatectomy no longer be used as a model to assess the effects of analgesic technique on postoperative recovery, because control of discharge criteria revealed that hospital discharge was primarily dependent on removal of surgical drains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98111.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mulroy
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management; D011468:Prostatectomy
chemical_list: D004091:Hydromorphone