title: Retinoids: effects on growth, differentiation, and nuclear receptor expression in human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced pancreatic carcinoma has a dismal prognosis despite extensive chemotherapeutic trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of retinoids as an experimental therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four ductal and one acinar pancreatic tumor cell lines were investigated. Growth was determined by cell number and a human tumor clonogenic assay. In vivo growth was assessed by xenografts transplanted into nude mice. Differentiation was characterized by immunofluorescence microscopy and carbonic anhydrase II gene expression. Retinoid receptors were characterized by Northern blotting and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinoid treatment results in a time- and dose-dependent growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo of ductal but not acinar pancreatic tumor cells. Retinoid treatment induces a more differentiated phenotype in ductal tumor cells as shown by morphological criteria and increased expression of carbonic anhydrase II. All pancreatic tumor cell lines expressed a broad panel of cellular retinoid binding proteins and nuclear retinoid receptors. Retinoic acid receptor gamma and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II were found in all retinoid-sensitive ductal tumor cell lines but not in the retinoid-resistant acinar cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed knowledge of nuclear retinoid receptor expression may provide rational strategies for retinoid treatment of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosewicz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brembeck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Berdel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedenmann
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Riecken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases