title: Quantification of mitral regurgitation by the proximal convergence method using transesophageal echocardiography. Clinical validation of a geometric correction for proximal flow constraint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal flow convergence is a promising method to quantify mitral regurgitation but may overestimate flow when the flow field is constrained. This has not been investigated clinically, nor has a correction factor been validated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five patients were studied intraoperatively with transesophageal echocardiography and divided into two groups: central convergence (no constraining wall) and eccentric convergence (at least one constraining wall). Regurgitant stroke volume (RSV) and orifice area (ROA) were calculated by ROA = 2 pi r2 Va/Vp and RSV = ROA x VTIcw, where r and va are the radius and velocity of the aliasing contour and vp and VTIcw are the peak and integral of regurgitant velocity. In eccentric convergence patients, convergence angle (alpha) was measured from two-dimensional Doppler color flow maps, and ROA and RSV were corrected by multiplying by alpha/180. For reference, RSV was the difference between thermodilution and pulsed Doppler stroke volumes. In central convergence patients (n = 45), RSV (r = .95, delta = 2.5 +/- 10.8 mL) and ROA (r = .96, delta = 0.02 +/- 0.08 cm2) were accurately calculated, but significant overestimation was noted in the eccentric convergence patients (n = 40, delta RSV = 63.9 +/- 38.0 mL, delta ROA = 0.54 +/- 0.31 cm2), 68% of whom had leaflet prolapse or flail. delta RSV was correlated with alpha (r = -.69, P < .001). After correction by alpha/180, overestimation was largely eliminated (delta RSV = 15.5 +/- 19.3 mL and delta ROA = 0.14 +/- 0.14 cm2) with excellent correlation for the whole group (RSV, r = .91; ROA, r = .95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple geometric correction factor largely eliminates overestimation caused by flow constraint with the proximal convergence method and should extend the clinical utility of this technique.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5064, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013815:Thermodilution