title: The prevalence and severity of microvascular complications in pancreatic diabetes and IDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and compare the prevalence, associations, and severity of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with pancreatic diabetes (PD) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with PD due to alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis were matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes with 30 patients with IDDM. Retinopathy was assessed by fluorescein angiography using the Wisconsin classification. Renal function was assessed by albumin excretion rates (AERs) in at least two timed overnight urine collections and glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) by single injection of 51Cr-EDTA. Microalbuminuria was defined as AER 20-200 micrograms/min and nephropathy as AER > 200 micrograms/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinopathy was found in 33% of patients with PD and in 40% with IDDM. The spectrum of disease was similar in the two groups. The geometric mean of AER was 15 micrograms/min (range 1-1,541) in the PD group and 24 micrograms/min (2-2,288) in the IDDM group. Nephropathy was found in 7 PD and in 5 IDDM patients, and a reduced GFR was present in 8 (26%) and 4 (13%) of the two groups, respectively. Microalbuminuria occurred in 9 (33%) and hyperfiltration in 3 (10%) in each group. These differences were insignificant. Retinopathy correlated with AER in both groups. Retinopathy and AER correlated with duration of diabetes in the IDDM but not in the PD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microvascular complications are equally common and severe in PD and IDDM, and improved glycemic control should be the goal in both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Musson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swanepoel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin