title: Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception.
abstract: In the present investigation we have tested the hypothesis that spinal glutamate release by inflammatory stimuli causes hyperalgesia through sensitization of the primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. In these experiments, the rat paw hyperalgesia pressure test in which inflammatory hyperalgesia is blocked by the intraplantar administration of morphine (MPH) or SNAP, a NO donor was used. Glutamate and glutamatergic ionotropic agonists such as NMDA or AMPA injected intrathecally (i.t.) caused a dose-dependent hyperalgesia. Quisqualate or ACPD, both of which are glutamate metabotropic receptor agonists, had no hyperalgesic effect. The hyperalgesic response to glutamate and NMDA injected i.t. was antagonized by the intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of either MPH or SNAP. This observation indicates that the hyperalgesia induced by glutamate acting through an NMDA pre-synaptic receptor causes sensitization of the primary sensory neurons. Confirming that the analgesia by i.pl. injection of SNAP or MPH was due to an action in primary peripheral sensory neurons, it was shown that pretreatment of the paws with methylene blue (MB, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase) or with MB and L-NMMA (an inhibitor of NO synthase) abolished their respective analgesic effect. AMPA i.t. induced hyperalgesia was not inhibited by either i.pl. administration of MPH or SNAP, indicating that its hyperalgesic capacity results from an action at a site other than the primary sensory neuron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, U.S.P., Ribeiräo Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lorenzetti
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D009020:Morphine; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D010396:Penicillamine