title: Evidence that acetylcholine mediates increased cerebral blood flow velocity in crucian carp through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO)-dependent regulation of brain blood flow has not been proved to exist in fish or other ectothermic vertebrates. Using epi-illumination microscopy on the brain surface (optic lobes) of crucian carp (Carassius carassius), we show that superfusing the brain with acetylcholine (ACh) induces an increase in cerebral blood flow velocity that can be completely blocked by the NO synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) and NG-nitro-L-arginine. Also, sodium nitroprusside, which decomposes to liberate NO, causes an increase in cerebral blood flow velocity. By contrast, L-NAME does not block the increase in blood flow velocity caused by anoxia. The results suggest that NO is an endogenous vasodilator in crucian carp brain that mediates the effects of ACh. Because teleost fish deviated from other vertebrates 400 million years ago, these results suggest that NO-dependent brain blood flow regulation was an early event in vertebrate evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Limnology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hylland
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects*; D002347:Carps; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D000109:Acetylcholine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester