title: The immunomodulatory effect of levamisole is influenced by postoperative changes and type of lymphocyte stimulant.
abstract: The results of both laboratory and clinical research into the immunomodulatory activity of levamisole have shown a considerable degree of inconsistency and sometimes contradiction. This is probably a reflection of the lack of understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of levamisole and it is therefore necessary to base conclusions about its immunomodulatory efficacy in the treatment of disease on experimental assays that take into consideration the in vivo conditions. This investigation was designed to compare the immunomodulatory activity of levamisole under clinically achievable and non-achievable conditions as judged by changes in the perioperative proliferative response of lymphocytes from 30 patients with colorectal cancer. The results obtained showed that proliferation in antigen (purified protein derivative, PPD)-stimulated, but not phytohaemagglutinin(PHA)- or staphylococcal-enterotoxin-B(SEB)-stimulated, lymphocyte cultures was consistently and significantly augmented by levamisole in concentrations of 25 ng-25 micrograms/ml. High concentrations of levamisole (25 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms/ml) were inhibitory to PHA- and SEB-stimulated, but not PPD-stimulated, lymphocyte cultures, especially in the postoperative period. Of particular interest was the observation that, although levamisole temporarily lost its stimulatory activity in the postoperative period (third postoperative day), it did enhance antigen-stimulated lymphocytes at the time of the nadir of the postoperative suppression of lymphocyte proliferation (first postoperative day). Clinically achievable concentrations of levamisole are therefore effective both before and after operation in enhancing the response of lymphocytes to antigens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boylston
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sue-Ling
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004768:Enterotoxins; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D014373:Tuberculin; D007978:Levamisole; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal