title: MOMs (multiples of the median) and DADs (discriminant aneuploidy detection): improved specificity and cost-effectiveness of biochemical screening for aneuploidy with DADs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to assess the efficacy of double- and triple-screening paradigms for Down syndrome and to develop a more logical, statistical approach to risk prediction that will decrease the cost of screening and allow the incorporation of new parameters appropriately weighted for their contribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 24,504 patients who had biochemical screening for Down syndrome by single (alpha-fetoprotein), double (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin), or triple screening (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol) who had complete outcome information were analyzed by (1) existing gaussian-based methods, (2) the Glasgow ratio method, and (3) a new statistical approach (i.e., directly adjusted data sets for discriminant aneuploidy detection [DADs])
  
  
  RESULTS
  By use of individual risk-based thresholds for "at risk" status, both double and triple screening performed far better than single screening, but the percentages of patients at risk varied widely. When the percentages at risk were held constant, the sensitivity of double and triple screenings was similar, suggesting that there are no benefits of using estriol as a third marker. For 25,000 patients the use of only alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin would save about $500,000, with no decrease in sensitivity. With the DADs approach a statistically sound model giving more stable estimates was developed that permits each factor to be analyzed for its own explained proportion of variance and allows each parameter to have different weighting. For this data set the same sensitivity was seen with, conservatively, a 1% reduction in the percentage of patients at risk, which would reduce by 250 the number of amniocenteses, at a further savings of about $400,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By use of existing methods, double screening is equally as effective as triple screening, so that the expense of estriol is unnecessary. The DADs approach, by allowing for variable weighting of parameters, lowers the at risk percentage and will permit a much more flexible approach as new parameters become available. Changing to DADs and eliminating estriol should achieve higher specificity for the same sensitivity and save, conservatively, about $900,000 in this series. Extrapolated nationally, if confirmed, the annual savings could approach $72,000,000.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Hospital/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dvorin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Krivchenia
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000782:Aneuploidy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D004964:Estriol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004964:Estriol