title: cAMP response element binding protein is expressed and phosphorylated in the human heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In end-stage failing human hearts and in rat hearts after prolonged in vivo beta-adrenergic treatment, several proteins involved in the cAMP-dependent signal transduction are altered on the protein, mRNA, or transcriptional level, eg, beta-adrenoceptors, G-proteins, or proteins of Ca2+ homeostasis. In many tissues, cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulation occurs through the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and related transcription factors binding as dimers to cAMP response elements (CREs) in the promoter regions of regulated genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate a possible role of CREB in the human heart, nuclear protein of explanted failing and nonfailing human hearts was used to test for CRE specific binding properties in gel mobility shift assays. CRE specific binding was found in competition studies, and CREB and its phosphorylated form were immunologically identified in supershift experiments. The alternatively spliced CREB isoforms CREB327 and CREB341 were found to be expressed on the mRNA level by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in the failing and nonfailing human heart, CREB is expressed on the protein and mRNA levels and that CREB is phosphorylated and able to bind to CREs, indicating a functional role of CREB in the human heart.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: F U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bokník
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vahlensieck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger