title: Hopelessness predicts future depressive symptoms: a prospective analysis of cognitive vulnerability and cognitive content specificity.
abstract: Beck's content specificity hypothesis predicts distinct cognitive content within specific psychological disorders. We evaluated whether the third component of the "cognitive triad", negative view of the future (hopelessness), would be related 4 weeks later to depressive symptoms, but not to anxiety. University student participants (83 females, 71 males) were tested on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory at two points in time, separated by 4 weeks. The Hopelessness Scale was administered at time 1 and a Life Events Inventory at time 2. Concurrent cognitive content specificity was replicated. For males only, hopelessness predicted future depression severity scores, but not anxiety. Hopelessness predicted depressive symptoms over and above life event stressors, but not vice versa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Scranton, PA 18510, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Alford
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giunta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors