title: Reducing the risk of unsafe injections in immunization programmes: financial and operational implications of various injection technologies.
abstract: The unsafe use and disposal of injection equipment continues to put patients, health care workers, and the general community at risk of infections such as hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Although the potential for unsafe injection practices varies substantially with the type of equipment that is used, technology alone cannot totally eliminate the risk. A knowledge of the cost, practicality and, most importantly, the potential for misuse, is critical for selecting the most appropriate injection equipment for each immunization setting. Four types of injection equipment are currently available for administering vaccines: sterilizable needles and syringes; standard disposable needles and syringes; autodestruct needles and syringes; and jet injectors. In general, the cost per injection is lowest with sterilizable equipment and highest with autodestruct. However, only autodestruct syringes virtually eliminate the risk of unsafe injection practices. Owing to differences in cost and programme factors, in some settings it may be appropriate to use a combination of equipment. For example, autodestruct syringes may be used in areas where it is difficult to ensure adequate supervision, while in medium-sized, fixed-site clinics with safe injection practices, sterilizable equipment will be the most cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aylward
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaffran
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNair-Scott
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004209:Disposable Equipment / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D007277:Injections, Jet / Q000191:economics; D012449:Safety; D013242:Sterilization