title: The activity of xenobiotic enzymes and the cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone in MCF 7 human breast cancer cells treated with inducing agents.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of inducers on the major enzymes responsible for metabolising the quinone antitumor agent mitoxantrone, and on its cytotoxicity in MCF 7 human breast cancer cells. Four inducers were used: 1,2-benzanthracene (BA), phenobarbitone (PB); rifampicin (R) and dexamethasone (DEX). Of these, BA was the most effective, increasing cytochrome P450 dependent metabolism 64-fold and DT-diaphorase activity 1.6-fold. R did not cause an increase in any of the enzyme activities measured and, in fact inhibited glutathione peroxidase activity. PB and DEX increased NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity but had no effect on either DT-diaphorase or cytochrome P450 dependent activities. BA potentiated the cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone in terms of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and loss of reduced glutathione (GSH) and protein from cultures. PB had a smaller potentiating effect on cytotoxicity and DEX had no effect. Studies with the enzyme inhibitors, dicoumarol (inhibits DT-diaphorase) and metyrapone (inhibits cytochrome P450), indicate that at least two reactive species are involved in mitoxantrone cytotoxicity. One intermediate, formed by cytochrome P450, caused LDH leakage and GSH depletion. Formation of the second intermediate was catalysed by DT-diaphorase and this hydroquinone caused loss of intracellular protein and GSH. We propose that autooxidation of the hydroquinone resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to mitoxantrone cytotoxicity. Concomitant exposure to inducing agents may alter the cytotoxicity associated with many cytotoxic drugs, not just mitoxantrone, and this is an important consideration as many cytotoxics have a narrow therapeutic index.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D001728:Dicumarol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008797:Metyrapone / Q000494:pharmacology; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000378:metabolism; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D015262:Xenobiotics; D001728:Dicumarol; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D008942:Mitoxantrone; C030935:benz(a)anthracene; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); D005978:Glutathione; D012293:Rifampin; D010634:Phenobarbital; D008797:Metyrapone