title: Endothelial interferon regulatory factor 1 cooperates with NF-kappa B as a transcriptional activator of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.
abstract: Transcription of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) gene in endothelial cells is induced by lipopolysaccharide and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Previous studies have demonstrated that tandem binding sites for the inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B are necessary but not sufficient for full cytokine-mediated transcriptional activation. Herein, we demonstrate that full cytokine-induced accumulation of VCAM1 transcript requires protein synthesis. We report the definition of a functional regulatory element in the VCAM1 promoter interacting with the transcriptional activator interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). DNA-protein binding studies with endothelial nuclear extracts revealed that IRF-1 is cytokine inducible and binds specifically to a consensus sequence motif located 3' of the TATA element. We have identified heterodimeric p65 and p50 as the NF-kappa B species binding to the VCAM1 promoter in TNF-alpha-activated endothelial cells. Experiments with recombinant proteins showed that p50/p65 and high-mobility-group I(Y) protein cooperatively facilitated the binding of IRF-1 to the VCAM1 IRF binding site and that IRF-1 physically interacted with p50 and with high-mobility-group I(Y) protein. Transient transfection assay in endothelial cells showed that overexpressed IRF-1 resulted in superinduction of TNF-alpha-stimulated transcription. Site-directed mutations in the IRF binding element decreased TNF-alpha-induced activity and totally abolished superinduction. Cotransfection assays in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells revealed that IRF-1 synergized with p50/p65 NF-kappa B to activate the VCAM1 promoter or heterologous promoter constructs bearing isolated VCAM1 NF-kappa B and IRF binding motifs. Cytokine inducibility of VCAM1 in endothelial cells utilizes the interaction of heterodimeric p50/p65 proteins with IRF-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Neish
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thanos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maniatis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494257:IRF1 protein, human; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D004247:DNA