title: Effect of haemorrhagic shock and intraosseous resuscitation on plasma and urine catecholamine concentrations and urinary clearance in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the plasma and urinary catecholamine concentrations after episodes of haemorrhagic shock treated by intraosseous infusion of a small volume of hyperosmotic fluid, followed by whole blood, in a standard porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised open study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  All animals were bled to an arterial systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg. After 30 minutes 100 ml hyperosmotic (2.4 mol/l) fluid (glucose/sodium chloride) was given either intraosseously (n = 6) or intravenously (n = 6). Ninety minutes later the animals were again bled to a systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg, and after 30 minutes an autologous whole blood transfusion was given by either intraosseous or intravenous infusion. Six animals acted as untreated controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in haemodynamic variables and plasma and urinary catecholamine concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two pigs in the control group died. The hyperosmotic infusion improved the circulatory performance significantly (p < 0.05). Thirty minutes after both bleeds the plasma catecholamine concentrations were increased by 10-15 times, but returned to the reference range in all groups 90 minutes after the hyperosmotic infusion. Two hours after the whole blood infusion the catecholamine concentrations of the treated animals were at baseline values, significantly lower than those of the controls. The corresponding urinary catecholamine concentrations of the controls were significantly increased. There were no differences between the two treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The catecholamine measurements indicate that there may possibly be protective renal excretion of excess shock-induced plasma catecholamines after acute haemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tromsø University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rønning
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busund
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revhaug
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sager
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions