title: Estrogen- but not androgen-dominant human ovarian follicular fluid contains an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease.
abstract: Estrogen-dominant follicular fluid (FFe) and granulosa-luteal cell conditioned media, in contrast to androgen-dominant FF (FFa), contain barely detectable levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) by ligand binding techniques. The current study was designed to evaluate the possibility of an IGFBP-4 protease in FFe, which may alter the affinity of IGFBP-4 for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), rendering IGFBP-4 undetectable by ligand binding techniques. FFe and FFa were obtained from regularly menstruating women, and FFe was also obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures. Mixing experiments were performed by using human recombinant IGFBP-4 or IGFBP-4 in nonpregnancy serum (NPS) as substrate and FF as the source of the putative protease. Incubation of NPS at 37C for 5 h in the presence of FFe resulted in the reduction of IGFBP-4 to barely detectable levels when analyzed by Western ligand blotting, with no change occurring in the levels of the other binding proteins present in NPS. In contrast, incubation of FFa with NPS under similar conditions had no effect on the levels of IGFBP-4. The disappearance of IGFBP-4 when NPS was mixed with FFe exhibited optimal pH-dependence at pH 7-9. Inhibition of the putative protease by aprotinin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline supports its identification as a metalloserine protease. Western immunoblot analysis detected the presence of a proteolytic fragment of approximately 17-18 kDa after incubation of recombinant IGFBP-4 in the presence of FFe but not in the presence of FFa. Similar incubation of other recombinant human IGFBPs did not reveal their degradation, further suggesting that the protease in FFe is specific for IGFBP-4. These data demonstrate the presence of an IGFBP-4-specific metalloserine protease in FFe but not in FFa, and they suggest that proteolytic cleavage may be responsible for effectively decreasing levels of inhibitory IGFBP-4 and thus increasing bioavailability of IGF peptides within estrogen-dominant follicles. The importance of this mechanism may lie in providing the dominant follicle with more available IGFs to synergize with gonadotropins in stimulating estradiol production and in inhibiting this synergy in androgen-dominant and atretic follicles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5317, USA.
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Chandrasekher
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Van Dessel
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fauser
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giudice
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004967:Estrogens; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D013002:Somatomedins; D010450:Endopeptidases