title: Ultrasound-guided high dose rate conformal brachytherapy boost in prostate cancer: treatment description and preliminary results of a phase I/II clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve results for locally advanced prostate cancer, a prospective clinical trial of concurrent external beam irradiation and fractionated iridium-192 (Ir-192) high dose rate (HDR) conformal boost brachytherapy was initiated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1991 and February 1994, 99 implants were performed on 33 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma at William Beaumont Hospital. Using AJCC staging criteria, 9 patients had T2b tumors, 17 patients had T2c tumors, and 7 patients had T3 disease. Patients were treated with (a) 45.6 Gy whole pelvis external irradiation and (b) three HDR fractions of 5.5 Gy each (18 patients) or 6 Gy each (15 patients) to the prostate. Transperineal needle implants using real-time ultrasound guidance with interactive on-line isodose distributions were performed on an outpatient basis during weeks 1, 2, and 3 of external irradiation. Acute toxicity was scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) morbidity grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique of concurrent external pelvic irradiation and conformal HDR brachytherapy was well tolerated. No significant intraoperative or perioperative complications occurred. Three patients (9%) experienced Grade 3 acute toxicity (two dysuria and one diarrhea). All toxicities were otherwise Grades 1 or 2 and were primarily as expected from pelvic external irradiation. Persistent implant-related toxicities included Grades 1-2 perineal pain (12%) and hematospermia (15%). Median follow-up time was 13 months. Serum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) levels normalized in 91% of patients (29 out of 32) within 1-14 months (median 2.8 months) after irradiation. PSA levels were progressively decreasing in the other three patients at last measurement. Prospectively planned prostatic rebiopsies done at 18 months in the first 10 patients were negative in 9 out of 10 (90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute toxicity has been acceptable with this unique approach using conformal high dose rate Ir-192 boost brachytherapy with concurrent external irradiation. The initial tumor response as assessed by serial PSA measurement and rebiopsy is extremely encouraging. Dose escalation will proceed in accordance with the protocol guidelines. Further patient accrual and longer follow-up will allow comparison to other techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stromberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohanian
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: D i
authors.initials: Di
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen