title: Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rabbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) is deleterious in models of shock and hypoxia-reoxygenation However, the role of endogenous NO in ischaemia-reperfusion injury in vivo remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that blockade of endogenous NO produced during myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion or during reperfusion alone in vivo increases infarct size after coronary occlusion in the rabbit, and conversely, supplementation with L-arginine would reduce infarct size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketamine-xylazine anaesthetised New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to left coronary artery occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min. The rabbits were divided into five groups: (1) saline (VEH); (2) L-nitro arginine (L-NA), a NO-synthase inhibitor, was infused intravenously (15 mg/kg bolus followed by 7.5 mg/kg h-1) before coronary occlusion to block NO synthase activity during ischaemia and reperfusion (IR); (3) L-NA was administered during reperfusion only (R) at the same dose as in the IR group; (4) D-arginine (D-ARG) (25 mg/kg bolus followed by 4 mg/kg min-1), the non-metabolised enantiomer of L-arginine was infused intravenously during reperfusion only; (5) L-arginine (L-ARG) (25 mg/kg bolus followed by 4 mg/kg min-1), the physiological precursor of NO, was infused intravenously during reperfusion only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L-NA infusion in the IR and R groups caused an increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in heart rate; however, no significant change in pressure rate product (PRP) occurred immediately after drug infusion. PRP did not change significantly during the experiment across groups except at the end of reperfusion. The area at risk was comparable in all groups, averaging 29(1)%. The infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) expressed as a percent of area at risk was 27(2)% for the untreated vehicle group. In contrast, L-NA significantly (P < 0.05) increased infarct size in the IR group, 51(2)%; this augmented infarct size persisted when NO synthase activity was blocked during reperfusion only in the R group, 50(2)%. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in infarct size between the IR and the R groups. D-ARG-treated group showed a comparable increase in infarct size 48(2)% versus the IR and R groups. However, supplementation of NO with L-arginine (L-ARG) showed no reduction in infarct size, 24(3)%, over vehicle group (VEH).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that (1) blockade of NO synthase activity with L-NA increases infarct size, (2) this effect was expressed primarily during reperfusion, (3) D-arginine mimicked the infarct augmentation of L-NA, while (4) L-arginine supplementation did not reduce infarct size. These data imply that endogenous NO production exerts a tonic cardioprotective effect on myocardial infarct following coronary reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1096, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Taft
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramnauth
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinten-Johansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019335:Nitroarginine; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase