title: Contamination of titanium castings by aluminium oxide blasting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is desirable that the surfaces of surgical implants be uncontaminated by foreign materials to avoid untoward tissue reactions, and grit blasting is widely assumed to leave clean metal surfaces. SEM examination and X-ray microanalysis of a recovered 'pure' titanium implant casting that was associated with tissue breakdown revealed embedded particles of alumina. The casting had been cleaned of investment by blasting with alumina grit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A variety of treatments of cast titanium plates was used: (a) to establish that the observed aluminium was due to the blasting grit, and (b) to determine whether removal of investment could be achieved effectively by other means. SEM examination and X-ray microanalysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detected aluminium was associated with embedded fragments identified as coming from the blasting grit. Acid-pickling and mechanical (rotary instrument) trimming produced minimally contaminated surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst unproven, the presence of the alumina is viewed with great concern as a possible causative agent in the observed tissue breakdown and procedures avoiding alumina blasting are recommended as a precautionary measure.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Science Unit, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Darvell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samman
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tideman
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D003734:Dental Casting Investment / Q000737:chemistry*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012399:Rotation; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; C002802:tungsten carbide; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D018130:Diamond; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide