title: Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and safety information for the antipsychotic agent risperidone and to evaluate its place in the treatment of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Exerpta Medica databases; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Food and Drug Administration Psychopharmacology Advisory Committee; PJB Publications; published articles and abstracts; unpublished research reports and abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo animal studies (pharmacology); volunteer studies (pharmacokinetics); clinical case reports, open clinical studies, and controlled clinical studies (clinical efficacy and adverse effects; long-term studies; studies in special populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant data were extracted from published and unpublished source documents, evaluated, and summarized in tables for comparative review. Abstracts were used in 6 of 8 pharmacokinetic studies, 4 of 8 open clinical studies, and 2 of 9 controlled clinical studies. Use of abstracts limits the extent of data extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risperidone is an effective treatment for positive symptoms of schizophrenia and may be effective for negative symptoms. Efficacy in treatment-resistant patients is inconclusive. In patients in whom low-to-moderate dosage is effective, there should be fewer and less severe adverse effects with risperidone than with haloperidol. Optimal dosage for schizophrenia appears to be 6 mg/d. Although data are limited, risperidone may be toxic on overdose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risperidone is a useful addition to the antipsychotic drug armamentarium, but it should be viewed as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It is reasonable to consider a trial of risperidone in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients prior to the use of clozapine and as a first-line treatment for newly diagnosed patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cardoni
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018967:Risperidone; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D010880:Piperidines; D018967:Risperidone