title: Enhanced adrenergic neurotransmission in diabetic rabbit carotid artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus on adrenergic neurotransmission and smooth muscle responsiveness in the densely innervated carotid artery from six-week alloxan diabetic rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rings of carotid arteries were isolated from normal and diabetic rabbits and isometric tension was measured in response to stimulation of adrenergic nerves, alpha adrenoceptors, and activation by calcium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal content and stimulated overflow of endogenous noradrenaline were reduced by approximately 25% in arteries from diabetic as compared to normal rabbits. In contrast, responses to endogenous noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerves by electrical stimulation or tyramine displacement were not different between arteries from normal and diabetic groups. Neuronal uptake blockade using cocaine caused a significantly smaller leftward shift in the contractions produced by electrical stimulation and exogenously applied noradrenaline in arteries from diabetic rabbits. The tonic, but not phasic, contractions caused by phenylephrine were larger in arteries from diabetic rabbits. Calcium-induced contractions caused by readdition of calcium to a calcium-free medium containing potassium (15 mmol.litre-1) were also significantly larger in arteries from diabetic rabbits. BAY K 8644, a calcium channel activator, caused an increase in calcium induced contractions and abolished the difference between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although neurogenic contractions of diabetic carotid artery are normal, there is inefficient or reduced neuronal uptake as well as increased activity of calcium channels in the smooth muscle which increase contractions to alpha adrenoceptor agonists.
authors.affiliation: Robert Dawson Evans Department of Clinical Research, Boston University Medical Center, MA, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tesfamariam
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D001498:3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010656:Phenylephrine; D001498:3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester; D003042:Cocaine; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine