title: Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may be an early step in atherogenesis. Furthermore, evidence of oxidized LDL has been found in vivo. The most persuasive evidence shows that supplementation of some animal models with antioxidants slows atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the roles that vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene may play in reducing LDL oxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language articles published since 1980, particularly from groups active in this field of research.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, animal, and human studies on antioxidants, LDL oxidation, and atherosclerosis were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin E has shown the most consistent effects with regard to LDL oxidation. Beta-carotene appears to have only a mild or no effect on oxidizability. Ascorbate, although it is not lipophilic, can also reduce LDL oxidative susceptibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LDL oxidizability can be reduced by antioxidant nutrients. However, more research is needed to establish their utility in the prevention of coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9052, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jialal
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000502:physiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000502:physiology*; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid