title: Detection of Legionella species in reclaimed water and air with the EnviroAmp Legionella PCR kit and direct fluorescent antibody staining.
abstract: Reclaimed water is an important resource for areas with inadequate water supplies. However, there have been few studies on the variety of microorganisms found in this type of water, since typically reclaimed water is examined only for the presence of coliform bacteria. Many microorganisms, including the legionellae, are known to be more resistant to chlorine than are coliform bacteria. Previously, we detected > 10(3) Legionella cells per ml in primary and secondary sewage effluents and observed no significant reduction in population numbers throughout the treatment process. In this study, we detected Legionella spp. in chlorinated effluent by using an EnviroAmp Legionella PCR kit and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining. However, we were not able to isolate Legionella spp. from either natural or seeded reclaimed water samples. This suggests that the Legionella spp. detected by the PCR and DFA methods may be injured or viable but nonculturable after exposure to the high residual chlorine levels typically found in this type of water source. The numbers of coliform bacteria were low (< 2 cells per 100 ml) in most reclaimed water samples and were not correlated with the presence or absence of Legionella spp. We also collected air samples from above a secondary aeration basin and analyzed them by using the PCR, DFA, and plate culture methods. Legionella spp. were detected in the air obtained from above the secondary basin with all three methods. We concluded that the PCR was superior to the culture and DFA methods for detecting Legionella spp. in environmental water samples.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Laboratory, County Sanitation Districts of Orange County, Fountain Valley, California 92728-8127, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paszko-Kolva
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Sangermano
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fujioka
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002140:California; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007875:Legionella / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology