title: Smoking, alcohol, sexual behaviour and drug use in women with cervical human papillomavirus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine if smoking is associated with cervical human papillomavirus infection (CHPI) independent of sexual risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two family planning clinics and one youth clinic in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA was found in cervical samples of 66 (6.8%) of 972 women attending for contraceptive advice, using Southern blot tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women with cervical human papillomavirus infection (CHPI), 33 (50%) were smokers, as compared to 307 (33.9%) among a comparison group of HPV-negative women (odds ratio = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.2). After stepwise adjustment for number of lifetime partners, number of partners last six months, age at first intercourse, alcohol use, drug abuse and history of or current sexually transmitted disease other than CHPI, the odds ratio decreased to 1.4 (95% CI = 0.8-2.4). Recent use of alcohol and ever use of narcotics were also significantly correlated to CHPI in crude analyses, but vanished in multifactorial analyses after adjustment for the mentioned sexual risk behavioral factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that smoking, alcohol and drug abuse are risk markers, but not causal factors, for CHPI.
authors.affiliation: Mölar Hospital, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sikström
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hellberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mårdh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology