title: The diagnosis and management of breast problems during pregnancy and lactation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to mastitis, lactational breast abscesses, and several other benign conditions unique to the puerperium, pregnant women may develop any of the other breast problems seen in the nonpregnant female population. This review deals with the diagnosis and management of breast problems during pregnancy and lactation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of the evaluation, technique of biopsy, and treatment of cancer in pregnant women was conducted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common problems fall into a spectrum of infectious complications from milk stasis or mastitis to frank abscess formation. Galactoceles, noninfected milk-filled cysts, present as tender masses; aspiration is both diagnostic and curative. Benign fibroadenomas occasionally enlarge significantly or infarct during pregnancy. A physiologic nipple discharge is common during pregnancy, and may be bloody. Rare cases of massive breast hypertrophy during pregnancy have been reported. The mortality of breast cancer during pregnancy is related to delay: compared stage-for-stage with nonpregnant controls, the prognosis is similar. As a general rule, the cancer should be treated surgically and the pregnancy may be allowed to progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi, Medical Center, Jackson, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Scott-Conner
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schorr
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy