title: Presumptive clinical criteria versus endoscopy in the diagnosis of Candida esophagitis at various HIV-1 disease stages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presumptive diagnosis of Candida esophagitis has been included in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) case definition for full-blown AIDS since 1987. Endoscopic examination should be reserved for patients showing symptoms despite treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of diagnostic accuracy of the CDC presumptive clinical criteria and to determine the usefulness of upper digestive endoscopy in the diagnosis of Candida esophagitis in patients infected with HIV-1, with and without a previous AIDS-defining event.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 144 HIV-1 infected patients who had undergone an upper digestive endoscopy were studied retrospectively. To determine the risk and the predictive value of the clinical markers, only the 84 patients without prior antimycotic therapy were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 84 patients without previous treatment, 34 (41%) had a history of an AIDS-defining illness. Candida esophagitis was found on endoscopy in 11 of the AIDS and 28 of the non-AIDS cases. Oral thrush, either alone (relative risk [R.R.] 9.4; 95% C.I. 2.4-36.4; p < 0.01; positive predictive value [PPV] 82%) or in combination with esophageal symptoms (R.R. 7.4; 95% C.I. 2.5-21.9; p < 0.01; PPV 89%), was a reliable marker of Candida esophagitis only in patients with a previous AIDS-defining event. The diagnostic value of the CDC presumptive pattern was confirmed by a multivariate analysis after controlling for the CD4 cell count (R.R. 9.3; 95% C.I. 2.3-25.3; p < 0.01). On the other hand, in HIV-1 positive patients without a previous AIDS-defining event, the diagnostic accuracy of oral candidiasis, either alone (R.R. 1.4; 95% C.I. 0.8-2.4; p n.s.; PPV 64%) or in combination with esophageal symptoms (R.R. 1.1; 95% C.I. 0.7-1.8; p n.s.; PPV 60%), was too low to allow a reliable diagnosis of Candida esophagitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A presumptive diagnosis of Candida esophagitis on the basis of the CDC clinical criteria is a valid diagnostic method only in HIV-1 infected patients with a previous diagnosis of full-blown AIDS. Upper digestive endoscopy should be performed in symptomatic patients with no history of an AIDS-defining illness, especially if the diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis is important for surveillance purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ammassari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamburrini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magistrelli
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity