title: Influence of examiner experience and gender on interrater reliability of KT-1000 arthrometer measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measurements of the integrity of knee ligaments are used to diagnose injuries as well as to document the state of recovery. Many factors, such as gender and experience of the examiner, are capable of influencing the reliability of such measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on interrater reliability of measurements obtained using the KT-1000 arthrometer of experience, gender, and leg tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experienced examiners (1 male, 1 female) and two inexperienced examiners (1 male, 1 female) tested 22 subjects with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The leg with an ACL injury and the uninjured leg of each subject were evaluated by all four examiners within one test session using 67-N, 89-N, maximum manual, and active anterior drawer tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater anterior displacement values were found in the legs with ACL injury than in the uninjured legs. Reliability estimates, as assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (2,k) and measurement error (SEM), suggest that therapist experience may be a more important factor influencing reliability than gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the magnitude of the errors obtained for tests routinely conducted in the clinic using the KT-1000 arthrometer, we recommend that repeated measurements should be taken by the same examiners whenever possible. [Ballantyne BT, French AK, Heimsoth SL, et al. Influence of examiner experience and gender on interrater reliability of KT-1000 arthrometer measurements.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Movement and Balance Laboratory, Rehab Institute of Tucson, AZ 85726, USA.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Heimsoth
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kachingwe
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Soderberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology