title: Effects of brefeldin A on galactosphingolipid synthesis in an immortalized Schwann cell line: evidence for different intracellular locations of galactosylceramide sulfotransferase and ceramide galactosyltransferase activities.
abstract: Brefeldin A (BFA) has been used extensively to study the intracellular transport and processing of proteins and sphingolipids because of its dramatic alteration of the structural and functional organization of the Golgi. We have examined the effect of BFA on the synthesis of galactosylceramide sulfate (SGalCer) and its immediate precursor galactosylceramide (GalCer) in an immortalized Schwann cell line (S16) to determine the intracellular sites of synthesis of these two related glycolipids. During a 6-h labeling period, a dose-dependent inhibition of [35S]sulfate incorporation into SGalCer was observed with 95% inhibition occurring at 0.5 microgram/ml BFA. Labeling of newly synthesized galactosphingolipids with [3H]-palmitic acid for 6 h in the presence of BFA resulted in increased incorporation of label into GalCer containing nonhydroxy fatty acids (NFA-GalCer) to 162% of control values, whereas labeling of GalCer containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids (HFA-GalCer) was reduced to 63% of control. After 24 h, these values were at 366 and 91%, respectively. These results indicate that at least some of the HFA-GalCer was initially synthesized at a location distal to the BFA block and separate from the site of NFA-GalCer synthesis. Examination of [3H]palmitic acid incorporation into free ceramides showed an increase of 133 and 161% for hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acid ceramides, respectively, in cells treated for 6 h with BFA in comparison with levels found in untreated control cells, indicating that BFA did not block fatty acid 2-hydroxylation or the formation of HFA ceramide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Myelin and Brain Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Warden
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Quarles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020126:Brefeldin A; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D051146:N-Acylsphingosine Galactosyltransferase; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D013431:Sulfates; D020126:Brefeldin A; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; D051146:N-Acylsphingosine Galactosyltransferase; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C020556:galactosylceramide sulfotransferase