title: Optimization of in vitro flux through hairless mouse skin of cidofovir, a potent nucleotide analog.
abstract: The in vitro flux (4-8 h) of cidofovir (1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine) was measured across full-thickness hairless mouse skin to evaluate potential formulations for local treatment of herpes virus infections. The effects of propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, oleic acid, pH, and cidofovir concentration were examined. In addition, several prototype aqueous gel formulations were studied. Flux values (4-8 h) increased linearly with cidofovir concentration in both solution and gel formulations. Removal of the stratum comeum by tape stripping increased the flux by approximately 400-fold, whereas pH (4.5 versus 7) had little effect on flux. The presence of propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, or their combination did not significantly increase mean flux (p > or = 0.05). Pretreatment of the skin with oleic acid resulted in a significant enhancement of cidofovir flux (p < or = 0.01). From the measured flux values, the calculated concentration of cidofovir achievable in the viable epidemis from a 1% cidofovir gel formulation was approximately 14 micrograms/mL, which is comparable to the in vitro 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) values for herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aspe
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Visor
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ennis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077404:Cidofovir; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005782:Gels; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005782:Gels; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D003596:Cytosine; D000077404:Cidofovir