title: Endothelin in coronary endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endothelium modulates vascular tone through release of vasodilating substances, such as endothelium-derived relaxing factors, and vasoconstricting substances, such as endothelin. Endothelin concentrations are elevated in humans with atherosclerosis and in hypercholesterolemic pigs. Furthermore, the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine increases endothelin in hypercholesterolemia in association with coronary vasoconstriction. The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans is characterized by enhanced coronary and circulating endothelin and that the vasoconstriction associated with acetylcholine results in further release of coronary endothelin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronary and circulating endothelin concentrations were measured at baseline and during intracoronary acetylcholine administration in 20 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their response to intracoronary acetylcholine. Group 1 (n = 7) demonstrated a normal vasodilatory response, but group 2 (n = 13) demonstrated coronary vasoconstriction. Baseline coronary and circulating endothelin concentrations (as determined by coronary sinus and femoral artery measurements, respectively) were higher in patients who responded to acetylcholine with coronary vasoconstriction (group 2) than in group 1 patients (coronary sinus, 15.9 +/- 1.0 pg/mL versus 7.1 +/- 1.0 pg/mL; femoral, 14.1 +/- 0.9 pg/mL versus 6.8 +/- 1.0 pg/mL, respectively; P < .01). In response to intracoronary acetylcholine, a further increase in coronary endothelin was observed only in group 2; this increase correlated with changes in coronary artery diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that endothelin immunoreactivity is enhanced in the coronary and systemic circulation in humans with coronary endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, acetylcholine further increased coronary endothelin concentration in patients with coronary endothelial dysfunction and was associated with coronary vasoconstriction. These observations strongly support a role for endothelin as an early participant in and marker for coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Garratt
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Burnett
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016232:Endothelins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D000109:Acetylcholine