title: Anatomic relationship of the genial tubercles to the dentition as determined by cross-sectional tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the anatomic location and the dimensions of the genial tubercles in relation to the apices of the mandibular central incisors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear cross-sectional tomographic images were made of 41 adult human skulls. A 2-mm-thick section was produced through each central incisor. The vertical distance between the apex of each central incisor and the level of the superior aspect of the genial tubercle was measured on the radiographs. Additional measurements were taken on the dry skulls to determine the horizontal distance between the apices of the two central incisors and the width and height of the genial tubercle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 5 mm is considered a safe zone for geniotomies, 29 of the genial tubercles (35.4%) were less than 5 mm from the apices of the mandibular central incisors. The distance between the apices of these incisors ranged from 9 mm to 15 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteotomy of the genial tubercles can be performed within the confines of the mandibular central incisors, but care must be taken to avoid the root apices.
authors.affiliation: University of Detroit-Mercy School of Dentistry, MI, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geist
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Geist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014716:Vertical Dimension