title: Retinoid refractoriness occurs during lung carcinogenesis despite functional retinoid receptors.
abstract: Retinoids have demonstrated activity in the prevention of second primary tumors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They also contribute to the normal growth and differentiation of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. Because retinoids mediate their actions through retinoid nuclear receptors (RARs and RXRs), aberrant signaling through retinoid receptors could contribute to lung carcinogenesis. Using a lung carcinogenesis model consisting of normal, premalignant, and malignant HBE cells, we examined all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA)-induced changes in cellular growth. These studies revealed that t-RA treatment inhibited the growth of normal HBE cells, but premalignant and malignant HBE cells were relatively resistant to t-RA. Coincident with the development of retinoid refractoriness, basal expression of the retinoic acid nuclear receptor beta (RAR-beta) increased. Analysis of receptor function by gel shift and transient transfection assays of normal, premalignant, and malignant HBE cells demonstrated that receptor-DNA binding and transcriptional activation properties were intact in the t-RA-refractory malignant HBE cells. To compare these findings to NSCLCs in patients, we investigated retinoid receptor expression in NSCLC biopsies. A subset of the tumors expressed RAR-beta, reflecting the RAR-beta expression observed in the malignant HBE cells in culture. These findings demonstrate that retinoid receptor function was intact in the t-RA-refractory malignant HBE cell line, suggesting that the defect in retinoid signaling in this lung carcinogenesis model is not intrinsic to the retinoid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oridate
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nesbitt
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001980:Bronchi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D003609:Dactinomycin; D014212:Tretinoin; D003513:Cycloheximide