title: Characteristics of the analgesic effects and drug interactions of intrathecal carbachol in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal carbachol produces consistent analgesia in animals without appreciable adverse effects. Little is known about the ability of this drug to provide analgesia as stimulus intensity is increased. Likewise, there are few data regarding interactions between carbachol and other intrathecal analgesics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using two different noxious radiant heat intensities, one applied to each hind limb, analgesic effects of 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms intrathecal carbachol on paw withdrawal latencies were measured. Similar testing was done for intrathecal morphine and clonidine. ED50 fractions (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16) of drug combinations of carbachol-morphine and carbachol-clonidine were administered, responses to the low intensity stimulus were recorded, and the ED50 of each combination was established and isobolographic analysis of the drug interactions was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-micrograms dose of carbachol was associated with transient agitation, salivation, and hind limb weakness. No other adverse effects were noted. The ED50 (95% confidence interval) of intrathecal carbachol was 2.34 micrograms (1.34-4.04) for low intensity stimulation and 12.64 micrograms (4.18-38.25) for high intensity. There was no significant difference between high- and low-intensity ED50 values for intrathecal morphine and clonidine. The analgesic effect of the carbachol-morphine and carbachol-clonidine combinations were significantly greater than the calculated additive effects. The ED50 for the carbachol-morphine combination was 12% of the expected additive value and the ED50 for the carbachol-clonidine combination was 30% of the expected additive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal carbachol provides analgesia to noxious thermal stimulation of the hind paw in rats. It is relatively less effective at providing analgesia than intrathecal morphine or clonidine when stimulus intensity is raised. Intrathecal carbachol is synergistic when combined with intrathecal morphine or clonidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Abram
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009020:Morphine; D002217:Carbachol; D003000:Clonidine