title: Simultaneous cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses during presyncope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Presyncope, characterized by symptoms and signs indicative of imminent syncope, can be aborted in many situations before loss of consciousness occurs. The plasticity of cerebral autoregulation in healthy humans and its behavior during this syncopal prodrome are unclear, although systemic hemodynamic instability has been suggested as a key factor in the precipitation of syncope. Using lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to simulate central hypovolemia, we previously observed falling mean flow velocities (MFVs) with maintained mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). These findings, and recent reports suggesting increased vascular tone within the cerebral vasculature at presyncope, cannot be explained by the classic static cerebral autoregulation curve; neither can they be totally explained by a recent suggestion of a rightward shift in this curve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four male and five female healthy volunteers were exposed to presyncopal LBNP to evaluate their cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses by use of continuous acquisition of MFV from the right middle cerebral artery with transcranial Doppler sonography, MABP (Finapres), and heart rate (ECG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At presyncope, MFV dropped on average by 27.3 +/- 14% of its baseline value (P < .05), while MABP remained at 2.0 +/- 27% above its baseline level. Estimated cerebrovascular resistance increased during LBNP. The percentage change from baseline to presyncope in MFV and MABP revealed consistent decreases in MFV before MABP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased estimated cerebrovascular resistance, falling MFV, and constant MABP are evidence of an increase in cerebral vascular tone with falling flow, suggesting a downward shift in the cerebral autoregulation curve. Cerebral vessels may have a differential sensitivity to sympathetic drive or more than one type of sympathetic innervation. Future work to induce dynamic changes in MABP during LBNP may help in assessing the plasticity of the cerebral autoregulation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Technology Education, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bondar
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kassam
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fortney
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Riedesel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D013575:Syncope / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000503:physiopathology