title: Single strand DNA-binding proteins and thyroid transcription factor-1 conjointly regulate thyrotropin receptor gene expression.
abstract: An element, -186 to -176 base pairs (bp), in the minimal TSH receptor (TSHR) promoter binds thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and is important for both constitutive expression and TSH/cAMP-induced negative autoregulation of the TSHR in thyroid cells. An element on the noncoding strand of the TSHR, contiguous with the 5'-end of the TTF-1 element, has single strand binding activity. It is distinct from the TTF-1 site, as evidenced by competition experiments using gel shift assays; but the association of the two elements is not random. Thus, the single strand binding protein (SSBP) element also exists contiguous to the 5'-end of an upstream TTF-1 site, -881 to -866 bp; mutation of two conserved nucleotides in each SSBP element results in the loss of SSBP binding and cross-competition. Transfection experiments indicate that full, constitutive TSHR gene expression in FRTL-5 thyroid cells requires the binding of both SSBPs and TTF-1, since mutation of either element halves thyroid-specific promoter activity, whereas mutation of both decreases promoter activity to values near those of a control vector. Transfection experiments with rat liver cells support their independent activities and show that the SSBP site contributes to TSHR gene expression in non-thyroid tissue. The SSBPs function conjointly with TTF-1 in thyroid-specific, TSH/cAMP-induced negative autoregulation of the TSHR. Thus, TSH or forskolin-treated FRTL-5 cells coordinately decrease TSHR RNA levels and TSHR DNA binding to both the SSBPs and TTF-1; also the maximal TSH/cAMP-induced decrease in gene expression requires both elements. The TSH-induced effect in each case is inhibited by cycloheximide; the TSH-induced decrease in SSBP/DNA complex formation requires the presence of insulin or calf serum, exactly as does TSH-induced down-regulation of TSHR RNA levels. In sum, full, constitutive expression of the TSHR in thyroid cells requires TTF-1 and the SSBPs to bind separate, contiguous elements on the TSHR promoter. TSH/cAMP decreases the binding of each factor to its respective site, thereby decreasing TSHR gene expression. The role of the SSBP and TTF-1 sites in constitutive TSHR expression and in TSH/cAMP-induced negative regulation of the TSHR is, therefore, additive and independent.
authors.affiliation: Section on Cell Regulation, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikuyama
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP