title: Chemical ablation of the gallbladder: is it feasible?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcatheter ablation of the gallbladder has been attempted in animals and humans with a variety of chemical and physical agents. Initial in vitro experiments suggested sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide were more effective sclerosants than previously reported chemical agents. A phase I trial of escalating concentrations of and exposure times to these agents was performed in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen domestic pigs underwent cholecystostomy tube placement and cystic duct ligation. Two weeks later, sclerosis was performed with sodium hydroxide/ethanol solutions and hydrogen peroxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential 15- or 30-minute exposures to 0.1 N solutions of sodium hydroxide in ethanol followed by 3% peroxide failed to completely eliminate the pig gallbladder epithelium in vivo; 0.5 N and 1.0 N sodium hydroxide in ethanol caused gross gallbladder hemorrhage, mural dissection, and one perforation. Although the gallbladder lumen was ablated, the gallbladder epithelium was not completely eliminated in any animal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemical ablation of the pig gallbladder epithelium was not feasible in this experimental model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Soulen
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000431:Ethanol; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide