title: Two tests for assessing remote public knowledge: a tool for assessing retrograde amnesia.
abstract: Guidelines for the construction and development of tests of remote memory are provided. These guidelines follow from methodological considerations and from certain theoretical issues we believe that remote memory tests should address if they are to further our understanding of amnesia. These include: the pattern of temporal gradient; memory for different broad classes of information such as famous names and famous events; and recall and recognition of different types of detail such as contextual and non-contextual information associated with remote memory. With respect to the first of these, we argue that it is impossible to fully evaluate competing hypotheses about temporally graded retrograde amnesia unless items are selected from at least two difficulty levels, and from at least two time periods. The construction of two equivalent tests of remote memory, one for famous people, the other for famous events, is described, and the theoretical issues listed earlier were addressed using these tests in a study comparing the remote memory of 13 organic amnesics and 13 age- and IQ-matched controls. The principal findings were as follows. There was only weak evidence that amnesics' remote memory for famous people and events was temporally graded over a 20 year period, and recognition memory and memory for non-contextual detail were equally impaired. Mayes, Meudell, and Pickering's (1985) context memory deficit hypothesis was supported, however, because amnesics were more impaired in their ability to date recognised items. In addition, although there was little support for a temporally graded retrograde impairment on the recognition question, there was much clearer evidence for the temporal dating question. Also, one patient, SR, showed a selective deficit in dating recognised names and events from the 1980s. Finally, the correlations between measures of anterograde and retrograde amnesia were all non-significant. Suitable items for the construction of remote memory tests probing the four decades 1950s to 1980s are presented. A subset of these, from the 1970s and 1980s, were shown to have satisfactory psychometric qualities, and can therefore be recommended for more widespread clinical use, although more extensive normative data than that provided here will be necessary.
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rooke
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sagar
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Meudell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000648:Amnesia, Retrograde / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004739:England; D005197:Famous Persons; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors