title: Reduction in nicotine intake and oral mucosal changes among users of Swedish oral moist snuff after switching to a low-nicotine product.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to assess nicotine regulation among users of portion-bag Swedish oral moist snuff (snus) when switching from an ordinary snus product (Brand A) to a low-nicotine product having only half the concentration of nicotine (Brand B). Two studies were performed to compare the short-term effects on consumption and nicotine intake of switching to low-nicotine snus with those of long-term effects. In Study 1, consumption data, soft tissue changes and nicotine intake were measured in a group of 24 habitual users of Swedish portion-bag snus, both during use of their ordinary snus (Brand A) for 2 weeks and during consumption of the low-nicotine product (Brand B) for 10 weeks. In study 2, the same data were measured during 2 weeks in a reference group of 18 snus users who had been habitual users of the low-nicotine snus (Brand B) for at least one year. Although there was no increase in number of hours of daily consumption, the amount of snus consumed increased on average by 2 grams a day (+15%) when switching from Brand A to the low-nicotine Brand B (Study 1). The Brand B reference group (Study 2) consumed about 3 grams less snus a day during the same number of hours as the subjects in Study 1 who had switched to Brand B. These results indicate that snus users compensate to a small extent for the lower nicotine delivery by increasing their consumption on short-term switching but the same does not apply to long-term users.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Axéll
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curvall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005965:Glucuronates; C075991:cotinine N-glucuronide; C085795:nicotine N-glucuronide; C001381:hydroxycotinine; C001605:cotinine-N-oxide; C024270:nicotine 1-N-oxide; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine