title: The crime of saving lives. The FDA, John Najarian, and Minnesota ALG.
abstract: The indictment of John Najarian, MD, and Richard Condie at Minneapolis, Minn, on April 10, 1995, was a defining episode in the prolonged agony that has ensued since August 1992, when the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed Minnesota Anti-Lymphocyte Globulin (MALG) on clinical hold, bringing to an end its use as an immunosuppressive agent for patients undergoing transplantation. The principal charge in the indictment is that from about 1968 until 1992--the whole period of the development and use of MALG--Dr Najarian and Mr Condie conspired to defraud the United States by impeding the FDA in its oversight of biological drugs and that they did so for the purpose of financial gain. If the charges can be considered seriously, they mean that Dr Najarian's purpose in the development and manufacture of MALG was to make money, presumably for himself, and that the possible benefit of MALG to the patients was of secondary concern to him. Several difficulties arise immediately. In 1968, MALG offered a promising new approach to immunosuppression. In a relatively crude form, it had been used at the University of Colorado with striking improvement in the survival of patients undergoing transplantation and transplanted organs, but it was painful to administer by intramuscular injections and, in addition to other side effects, produced muscular spasms. Dr Najarian and his colleagues succeeded in purifying MALG so that the pure globulin could be injected into a central vein. The process of purification was complicated and expensive, so it was hardly practical for each transplant center to produce MALG for itself. Thus, in 1969, when Dr Najarian submitted an investigational new drug application (IND) to the FDA, he stated that his purpose was to manufacture MALG not only for patients at the University of Minnesota Hospital but also for patients at other transplant centers, which were not in a position to make it for themselves. He asked the FDA to approve recovery of the cost of providing MALG to other institutions. The FDA approved Dr Najarian's IND application early in 1970 but did not respond to his request for cost recovery--then, or for the next 15 years. Dr Najarian was free to manufacture MALG and to distribute it to other transplant centers for investigational use, but as for paying for it, that was his problem. The FDA offered no suggestion.
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history*; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000266:history; D008509:Medication Systems / Q000266:history; D008910:Minnesota; D015871:Scientific Misconduct; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000266:history*; D014495:Universities / Q000266:history
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D015507:Drugs, Investigational