title: Drug-induced heat-shock preconditioning improves postischemic ventricular recovery after cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heat-stress preconditioning of mammalian heart has been found to confer protection against ischemic reperfusion injury. Heat shock is generally provided by warming the animal by mechanical means, which is often impractical in a clinical setting. Amphetamine, a sympathomimetic drug, can elevate the body temperature as a result of enhanced endogenous lipolysis. In this study, we examined the effects of heat shock induced by amphetamine on postischemic myocardial recovery in a setting of coronary revascularization for acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult Yorkshire swine were injected with amphetamine (3 mg/kg IM) (n = 12), and body temperature was continuously monitored. For control studies, the pigs were injected with saline (n = 12). Five swine in each group were killed after 3 hours to obtain biopsies of vital organs to measure heat-shock protein (HSP) mRNAs. After 40 hours, the remaining 7 pigs in each group were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, and the isolated, in situ heart preparations were subjected to 1 hour of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 1 hour of global hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and 1 hour of reperfusion. Postischemic myocardial performance was monitored by measuring left ventricular (LV) pressure, its dP/dt, myocardial segment shortening, and coronary blood flow. Cellular injury was examined by measurement of creatine kinase release. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were also assayed. Amphetamine treatment was associated with the induction of mRNAs for HSP 27, HSP 70, and HSP 89 in all the vital organs, including heart, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Amphetamine also enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the heart. Significantly greater recovery of LV contractile functions was noticed, as demonstrated by improved recovery of LV developed pressure (61% versus 52%), LV dP/dtmax (52% versus 44%), and segment shortening (46.2% versus 10%) and reduced creatine kinase release in the amphetamine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that amphetamine can induce whole-body heat shock that can precondition the heart, enhancing cellular tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Amphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that may be used for preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1110, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rousou
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Deaton
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006358:Hot Temperature; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012769:Shock / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000661:Amphetamine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003402:Creatine Kinase