title: Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine racial differences in the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based registry of SLE patients in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, was used to identify incident cases of SLE diagnosed between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1990, from 3 sources, by medical record review (University of Pittsburgh Lupus Databank, rheumatologists, and hospitals). Capture-recapture methods using log-linear models were used to estimate the level of case-finding and to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CI). Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 191 definite and 78 probable incident cases of SLE were identified, and the overall annual incidence rates were 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-2.8) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.8-1.3), respectively. The crude incidence rates of definite SLE were 0.4 for white males, 3.5 for white females, 0.7 for African-American males, and 9.2 for African-American females. The annual incidence rates of definite SLE remained fairly constant over the study interval. African-American females with definite SLE had a younger mean age at diagnosis compared with white females (P < 0.05). Since the overall ascertainment rate was high (85%; 95% CI 78-92%), the ascertainment-corrected incidence rate for definite SLE, 2.8 (95% CI 2.6-3.2), was similar to the crude rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our rates clearly confirm previous reports of an excess incidence of SLE among females compared with males and among African-Americans compared with whites. We have used capture-recapture methods to improve the accuracy of SLE incidence rates, and we advocate their use to facilitate comparisons across studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Medsger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: LaPorte
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kwoh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D017678:Sex Distribution; D044465:White People