title: Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene associated with macroangiopathy and blood pressure in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: In the search for new risk factors for diabetic macroangiopathy the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene was studied in 237 consecutive patients (125 men and 112 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The female population showed an excess of ischemic electrocardiographic changes or definite myocardial infarctions in the patients homozygous for the deletion [D/D; odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.3] and in the insertion/deletion heterozygotes (I/D; OR 1.8; CI 1.1-3.1) compared with the patients homozygous for the insertion (I/I). In the total series coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and claudication were more often observed in the patients with I/D (OR 1.5; CI 1.0-2.2) or the D/D genotype patients (OR 1.7; CI 1.1-2.6) than in those with the genotype I/I. The systolic blood pressure was lower in patients with genotype I/I (138 +/- 19 mmHg) than in those with the genotype I/D (149 +/- 22 mmHg) or D/D (150 +/- 21 mmHg; P < 0.02). The prevalence of hypertension and the median urinary albumin excretion rate also tended to be lowest in the I/I genotype patients. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that in women the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/D genotype is independently associated with coronary heart disease. Our findings suggest that variation at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene locus is one of the factors involved in the predisposition of diabetic patients to the development of arterial disease and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukkola
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Salmela
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Dickhoff
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiema
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kesäniemi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A