title: Developmental potential of frozen-thawed human blastocysts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the possibility of freezing human embryos at late cleaved stages (morula or blastocyst stage), we cryopreserved human embryos 5 days (day 5) or 6 days (day 6) after insemination and investigated their developmental potential after thawing.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred nineteen morphologically good-quality human embryos from 43 women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment between 1991 and 1992 were frozen using dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant. The embryos were cryopreserved for 5 to 30 months. After thawing they were then cultured in vitro for 24 hr to investigate their developmental potential. Survival rates and developmental rates were morphologically assessed after 24 hr of in vitro culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Developmental rates were significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) lower than survival rates at every developmental stage. There was no difference in total survival rates between embryos frozen 5 days after insemination (78.2%; 54/69) and embryos frozen 6 days after insemination (70.0%; 35/54). However, the developmental rates after 24 hr of culture was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for embryos frozen 6 days after insemination (6.0%; 3/50) than for embryos frozen 5 days after insemination (18.8%; 13/69). Only two embryos developed into fetuses after transfer into the uterus (1.7%; 2/119).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results, the developmental potential of frozen-thawed human blastocysts was found to be significantly reduced, even though the blastocysts were of morphologically good quality. Longer in vitro exposure of embryos appears to reduce their developmental potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takabatake
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Himeno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009028:Morula; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide