title: Implementing universal vaccination programmes: Spain.
abstract: Until 1990, the immunization policy against hepatitis B in Spain was selective high-risk vaccination. That policy failed to reduce the incidence of hepatitis B and the prevalence rates of chronic carriers. In 1991, Catalonia began a universal immunization programme targeted at 12-year-olds. Six other regions (Castilla-León, Valencia, Extramadura, Navarra, the Balearic Islands and Rioja) introduced vaccination programmes in 1992. In 1993, three more regions (Galicia, Castilla-La-Mancha and Pais Vasco) began immunizing young adolescents. This means that 12-year-olds in Spain are now included in vaccination programmes against hepatitis B.
authors.affiliation: Ministerio de Sanedad y Consumo, Departamento de Enfirmedares Trasmisibles, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteban
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines