title: Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia in macaques: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine.
abstract: Benzocaine (BNZ) and lidocaine (LC) are commonly used topical (spray) anesthetics approved for use in humans. Benzocaine has structural similarities to methemoglobin (MHb)-forming drugs that are current candidates for cyanide prophylaxis, while LC has been reported to increase MHb in man. In this study, we compared MHb and sulfhemoglobin (SHb) production in three groups of Macaques (Chinese rhesus and Indian rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)) after exposure to BNZ and LC. Formation of SHb, unlike MHb, is not thought to be reversible and therefore is considered to be of greater toxic significance. Both MHb and SHb levels were measured periodically on a CO-Oximeter. All rhesus macaques (n = 8) were administered an intratracheal/intranasal) dose of 56 mg (low dose) or 280 mg (high dose) of BNZ or 40 mg of LC in a randomized cross-over design (all animals received all three treatments). Pig-tailed macaques (n = 6) were given an intranasal dose of 56 mg of BNZ and 40 mg of LC. As no differences in the peak MHb or time to peak (mean +/- SD) were observed among the three macaque subspecies, the data were pooled. Lidocaine did not cause MHb or SHb formation above baseline in any monkey. In contrast, all monkeys (n = 14) had a significant elevation in peak MHb formation after 56 mg of BNZ, which ranged from 4.0% to 19.4% with an average of 8.6 +/- 4.0% (mean +/- SD), with peak MHb levels reached at 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory Resources Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Baskin
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008251:Macaca; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000378:metabolism; D008254:Macaca nemestrina / Q000378:metabolism; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000662:veterinary; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D013435:Sulfhemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D013436:Sulfhemoglobinemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D008706:Methemoglobin; D013435:Sulfhemoglobin; D008012:Lidocaine; D001566:Benzocaine