title: Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital.
abstract: Intestinal colonization with toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile was documented in 9 of 10 horses with acute onset diarrhea in a veterinary medical teaching hospital, whereas a similar isolate was detected in only 1 of 23 other horses without diarrhea in the hospital. One horse with diarrhea was infected simultaneously with both C. difficile and Salmonella krefeld. Clostridium difficile was detected by fecal culture on selective medium, confirmed with a latex particle agglutination test, and identified as toxigenic by polymerase chain reaction amplification of toxin A and toxin B gene sequences. Using an arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction, 6 distinct C. difficile isolates were detected in the feces of the 9 affected horses at the time of the outbreak of diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Madewell
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Madigan
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gumerlock
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases; D006736:Horses; D006762:Hospitals, Animal; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*