title: Demonstrable cardiac reinnervation after human heart transplantation by carotid baroreflex modulation of RR interval.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After heart transplantation, respiration-synchronous fluctuations (0.18 to 0.35 Hz, high frequency [HF]) in RR interval may result from atrial stretch caused by changes in venous return, but slower fluctuations (0.03 to 0.15 Hz, low frequency [LF]) not due to respiration suggest reinnervation. In normal subjects, sinusoidal neck suction selectively stimulates carotid baroreceptors and causes reflex oscillations of RR interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To evaluate the presence of reinnervation, we measured the power of RR-LF and RR-HF in 26 heart transplant recipients and 16 control subjects before and during sinusoidal neck suction at 0.1 Hz and 0.20 Hz (similar to but distinct from that of controlled respiration, 0.25 Hz) and before and during administration of atropine or beta-blocker (esmolol hydrochloride) by spectral analysis. All transplant recipients showed small respiratory HF fluctuations. Nonrespiratory LF fluctuations were present in 13 of 26 transplant recipients and increased with months since transplantation (r = .53, P < .01). HF neck suction induced a 0.20-Hz component in all 16 control subjects and none of the 26 transplant subjects. LF neck suction increased RR-LF (from 0.73 +/- 0.20 to 1.30 +/- 0.26 ln ms2, P < .001), similar to but less than in control subjects (from 6.12 +/- 0.21 to 8.27 +/- 0.21 ln ms2, P < .001). Atropine reduced all fluctuations in control subjects and blocked the HF increase caused by 0.20-Hz neck suction but not the LF increase during 0.10-Hz stimulation. Neck suction-induced changes in LF fluctuations persisted after administration of atropine in transplant recipients but were attenuated by esmolol hydrochloride, suggesting sympathetic rather than vagal reinnervation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of baroreceptor-induced RR oscillations is evidence of functional, although incomplete, autonomic reinnervation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, IRCCS S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spadacini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leuzzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchesi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calciati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viganó
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000328:Adult; D001285:Atropine; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000294:innervation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D011412:Propanolamines; D013396:Suction; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D011412:Propanolamines; D001285:Atropine; C036604:esmolol