title: Gender differences and aging: effects on the human heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the changes in myocyte size and number in the left and right ventricles that occur with aging in the female and male heart.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Differences in life span between women and men may be related to a better preservation of myocardial structure in the female heart with aging. On this basis, the hypothesis was advanced that the aging process has a different impact on the integrity of the myocardium in the two genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphometric methodologies were applied to analyze the changes in number and size of ventricular myocytes in the hearts of 53 women and 53 men. The changes in mononucleated and binucleated myocytes with age were determined in enzymatically dissociated cells. The age interval examined varied from 17 to 95 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aging was associated with a preservation of ventricular myocardial mass, aggregate number of mononucleated and binucleated myocytes, average cell diameter and volume in the female heart. In contrast, nearly 1 g/year of myocardium was lost in the male heart, and this phenomenon accounted for the loss of approximately 64 million cells. This detrimental effect involved the left and right sides of the heart. In the remaining cells, myocyte cell volume increased at a rate of 158 microns3/year in the left and 167 microns3/year in the right ventricle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aging does not lead to myocyte cell loss and myocyte cellular reactive hypertrophy in women, indicating that gender differences may play a significant role in the detrimental effects of the aging process on the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melissari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lagrasta
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gambert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anversa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors