title: Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on glycemic control and complications in type II diabetes (VA CSDM). Results of the feasibility trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Type II Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is not clear whether intensive pharmacological therapy can be effectively sustained in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The relative risks and benefits of intensive insulin therapy in NIDDM are not well defined. Accordingly, we designed a feasibility study that compared standard therapy and intensive therapy in a group of NIDDM men who required insulin due to sustained hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trial was conducted in five medical centers in 153 men of 60 +/- 6 years of age who had a known diagnosis of diabetes for 7.8 +/- 4 years. They were randomly assigned to a standard insulin treatment group (one morning injection per day) or to an intensive therapy group designed to attain near-normal glycemia and a clinically significant separation of glycohemoglobin from the standard arm. A four-step plan was used in the intensive therapy group along with daily self-monitoring of glucose: 1) an evening insulin injection, 2) the same injection adding daytime glipizide, 3) two injections of insulin alone, and 4) multiple daily injections. Patient accrual and adherence, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), side effects, and measurements of endpoints for a prospective long-term trial were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accrual goals were met, mean follow-up time was 27 months (range 18-35 months), and patients kept 98.6% of scheduled visits. After 6 months, the mean HbA1c in the intensive therapy group was at or below 7.3% and remained 2% lower than the standard group for the duration of the trial. Most of the decrease in the mean HbA1c in the intensive group was obtained by a single injection of evening intermediate insulin, alone or with daytime glipizide. By the end of the trial, 64% of the patients had advanced to two or more injections of insulin a day, aiming for normal HbA1c. However, only a small additional fall in HbA1c was attained. Severe hypoglycemia was rare (two events per 100 patients per year) and not significantly different between the groups, nor were changes in weight, blood pressure, or plasma lipids. There were 61 new cardiovascular events in 40 patients and 10 deaths (6 due to cardiovascular causes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intense stepped insulin therapy in NIDDM patients who have failed glycemic control on pharmacological therapy is effective in maintaining near-normal glycemic control for > 2 years without excessive severe hypoglycemia, weight gain, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Cardiovascular event rates are high at this stage of NIDDM. A long-term prospective trial is needed to assess the risk-benefit ratio of intensified treatment of hyperglycemia in NIDDM patients requiring insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program, Hines, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abraira
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sawin
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Emanuele
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005913:Glipizide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006762:Hospitals, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011786:Quality Control; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005913:Glipizide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides