title: Carbon dioxide euthanasia in rats: oxygen supplementation minimizes signs of agitation and asphyxia.
abstract: This paper records the effects of carbon dioxide when used for euthanasia, on behaviour, electrical brain activity and heart rate in rats. Four different methods were used. Animals were placed in a box (a) that was completely filled with carbon dioxide; (b) into which carbon dioxide was streamed at a high flow rate; (c) into which carbon dioxide was streamed at a low flow rate and (d) into which a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen was streamed at a fast rate. It was found that the cessation of behaviour was associated with an aberrant pattern of electrical brain activity together with an abnormally low heart rate. The time to reach this point was shortest in those animals placed in the box filled with pure carbon dioxide, longer when carbon dioxide was introduced at a high rate into the box, longer still when oxygen was added to the carbon dioxide gas, and longest when carbon dioxide was streamed slowly into the box. In the condition with pure carbon dioxide, signs of behavioural agitation and asphyxia were seen. This was also true for the two conditions in which carbon dioxide streamed into the box, but to a lesser degree. These signs occurred when some degree of consciousness may still have been present in the animals. Signs of agitation and asphyxia were almost completely absent in the condition where oxygen was added to the carbon dioxide. These results not only demonstrate the usefulness of behavioural criteria next to electrophysiological indices, but also demonstrate that the negative effects of carbon dioxide euthanasia can be prevented by an additional supply of oxygen.
authors.affiliation: NICI, Department of Psychology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Coenen
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Drinkenburg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoenderken
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: van Luijtelaar
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000506:poisoning*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen