title: Effects of altitude (4300 m) on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and cardio-green in humans.
abstract: The effects of chronic exposure to high altitude on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and cardio-green (ICG) were examined in eight healthy males (23-35 y) at sea level (SEA) and following 16 days residence at 4300 m (ALT). ICG (0.5 mg. kg-1) was administered as an intravenous bolus and caffeine (4 mg. kg-1) in an orally ingested solution. The concentration of ICG, caffeine, and the primary metabolites of caffeine (MET) were determined in serial blood samples and their pharmacokinetics computed. In comparison to SEA, ALT resulted in a significant decrease in a caffeine half-life (t1/2, 4.7 vs 6.7 h) and area under the curve (2.5 vs 3.7 g.l-1.min-1), and increased clearance (117 vs 86 ml.min-1.70 kg-1). In ALT the area under the curve the ICG significantly decreased (85 vs 207 mg.l-1.min-1) and the volume of distribution and clearance increased (5.2 vs 2.4 l and 532 vs 234 ml.min-1 respectively) compared to SEA. There was a significant increase in the AUC ratio of MET to caffeine indicating that either metabolite formation or elimination was increased in ALT. These results demonstrate that in humans, chronic exposure to 4300 m results in the modification of the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and ICG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kamimori
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Eddington
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fulco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lugo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Durkot
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Brunhart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cymerman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D002110:Caffeine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D007208:Indocyanine Green