title: The effects of alcoholism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction with endogenous opioid peptides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and dexamethasone suppressibility seen in withdrawing alcoholics returns to normal on abstinence, but some studies report blunting of the ACTH response to CRH persisting during the early abstinence phase. Reduced central levels of endogenous opioid peptides have been postulated to have an aetiological role in alcohol addiction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in a group of recently abstinent alcoholics using basal hormone data, naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist), and ovine CRH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine alcoholics (age 41.4 +/- 3.1 years) studied more than one week after the acute withdrawal period but within 6 weeks of cessation of drinking, and nine age and sex matched non-alcoholic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortisol, ACTH, CRH and AVP levels were measured every 20 minutes for 2 hours between 0900 and 1100h Twenty mg naloxone i.v. was administered at 1100h (0 minutes) and further samples for the above hormones were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. On a separate occasion, again at 1100h, oCRH 1 microgram/kg (n = 7 alcoholics, n = 6 controls) was administered, with samples for cortisol, ACTH and AVP taken at the same times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results were examined by analysis of variance for repeated measures (ANOVA), while incremental hormone response and area under the secretory curve (AUC) in alcoholics versus controls were compared by the two-tailed Student's t-test. Linear regression analysis was carried out to examine the relation between basal cortisol and hormone responses to naloxone and oCRH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal hormone levels did not differ between the groups. The alcoholics had a blunted ACTH incremental response to naloxone (11.4 +/- 3.0 vs 21.1 +/- 2.5 pmol/l, P < 0.05) but the cortisol response was not significantly different (205 +/- 51 vs 305 +/- 42 nmol/l, P = 0.15). The alcoholics also had a blunted ACTH incremental response to oCRH (28.7 +/- 4.2 vs 41.2 +/- 3.7 pmol/l, P = 0.052) and by ANOVA a significant main effect of group (alcoholic vs control) was seen (P < 0.02) for the ACTH response to oCRH. There was no difference between the groups in the cortisol incremental response to oCRH. In the control subjects, a negative correlation was found between basal cortisol and the cortisol increment (r = -0.82, P < 0.05) and ACTH increment (r = -0.81, P = 0.052) following oCRH, while in contrast, basal cortisol correlated positively with cortisol increment (r = 0.72, P < 0.05) following naloxone. There was also a trend for basal cortisol to correlate positively with ACTH increment following naloxone in the controls (r = 0.63, P < 0.07). In the alcoholics, the normal negative effect of basal cortisol on the cortisol increment after oCRH was reversed, with a positive correlation between basal cortisol and cortisol increment (r = 0.75, P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recently abstinent alcoholics with normal basal HPA axis hormone levels have a blunted ACTH response to naloxone and oCRH. While reduced levels of central endogenous opioid peptides may be a factor in the blunted ACTH response to naloxone in the alcoholics, it is proposed that the alcoholics have reduced pituitary responsiveness to CRH. This may be via a direct pituitary effect of the chronic ethanol exposure or by a reduction in hypothalamic-hypophyseal vasopressin levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Inder
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Livesey
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Donald
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000502:physiology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018847:Opioid Peptides; D009270:Naloxone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin; D006854:Hydrocortisone