title: Intraoperative clotting factor dilution and activated hemostasis in children with Ewing's sarcoma or osteosarcoma: a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was designed to evaluate prospectively intraoperative changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in young patients with Ewing's sarcoma (n = 12) or osteosarcoma (n = 12) who underwent major surgery, and to relate them to hematocrit (HCT) readings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples (von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, protein C, plasminogen, t-PA ag, PAI 1 activity, F1+2, D-dimer, PAP) were obtained immediately prior to starting anesthesia, two and four hours later, immediately after surgery and on the first postoperative day. Intra- and postoperative hemostatic parameters were adjusted to preoperative HCT readings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major surgery induced dilution coagulopathy due to blood product transfusion to support the patient's vascular volume. Postoperatively, VWF (0.01) and fibrinogen (0.007) were found to be significantly enhanced, whereas antithrombin III levels were significantly (0.007) decreased. D-dimer formation showed a clear, significant (0.0019) rise two hours after skin incision and remained elevated through the first postoperative day. F1+2 and PAP showed only minor deviations. T-PA (0.012) and PAI 1 (0.001) rose during the operation and normalized on the first postoperative day. Within 36 hours of the initial operation, six of the 24 patients (25%) returned to surgery to stop severe hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that hemostatic parameters may be useful when monitoring surgery- and transfusion-induced hemostatic imbalance. Furthermore, the significant differences between the HCT-uncorrected concentration of the various plasma proteins clearly demonstrated the need to use HCT correction factors which may influence the necessity for and/or the frequency of substitution therapy with protein concentrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nowak-Göttl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaudin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eckhoff-Donovan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mertes
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jürgens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000032:analysis*; D016913:Blood Component Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001810:Blood Volume; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D003609:Dactinomycin; D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D007069:Ifosfamide; D008727:Methotrexate