title: Milrinone: systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects in neonates after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of intravenous milrinone in neonates with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten neonates with low cardiac output (cardiac index of < or = 3.0 L/min/m2) after corrective cardiac surgery were enrolled in the study. The neonates' ages ranged from 3 to 27 days (median 5) and their weights ranged from 2.0 to 4.8 kg (median 3.7). The diagnoses were: transposition of the great arteries (n = 6, including two with ventricular septal defect), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 2), truncus arteriosus (n = 1), and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (n = 1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Milrinone was intravenously administered in three stages: a) baseline stage, in which patients had a stable hemodynamic status, ventilation and gas exchange, hemostasis, and body temperature; b) loading stage, in which a 50 microgram/kg intravenous loading dose of milrinone was administered over 15 mins; and c) infusion stage, in which milrinone was continuously infused at 0.50 microgram/kg/min for 30 mins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean heart rate increased after the loading stage (149 +/- 13 to 163 +/- 12 beats/min, p < .01) but slowed during the infusion stage (154 +/- 11 beats/min, p < .01 vs. loading stage). Both right and left atrial pressures were lowered in all ten neonates. Compared with baseline, mean arterial pressure decreased after the loading stage (66 +/- 12 to 57 +/- 10 mm Hg, p < .01) but did not decrease further at the infusion stage (59 +/- 12 mm Hg); changes in mean pulmonary arterial pressure were comparable. Cardiac index increased from a baseline mean of 2.1 +/- 0.5 to 3.0 +/- 0.8 L/min/m2 (p < .01) with the loading stage, and was maintained at 3.1 +/- 0.6 L/min/m2 during the infusion stage. Systemic vascular resistance index decreased below baseline values with loading, from 2136 +/- 432 to 1336 +/- 400 dyne.sec/cm5.m2 (p < .01), and pulmonary vascular resistance index also decreased with loading dose of milrinone, from 488 +/- 160 to 360 +/- 120 dyne.sec/cm5.m2 (p < .01). There was no change in the rate pressure index, an indirect measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption, throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of milrinone in neonates with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery lowers filling pressures, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, while improving cardiac index. Milrinone increases heart rate without altering myocardial oxygen consumption. While milrinone appears to be effective and safe during short-term use, the relative distribution of inotropic and vasodilatory properties of milrinone remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Atz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wessel
mesh_terms: D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D020105:Milrinone; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011728:Pyridones; D020105:Milrinone