title: Double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effect of combined phototherapy/low intensity laser therapy upon experimental ischaemic pain in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the putative analgesic effect of combined monochromatic light/laser irradiation at low intensity (660-950 nm; 31.9 J/cm2; pulsed at 16 or 73 Hz).
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation was completed under double-blind conditions using a standardised form of the submaximal effort tourniquet technique. Healthy male volunteers naive to the experimental conditions (n = 45) attended on two occasions for the purposes of pain induction, the first during which baseline data were obtained and on a second occasion during which they were randomly allocated to one of two treatments or a placebo condition. For the treatment conditions, irradiation was applied to the ipsilateral Erb's point at the parameters stated; for the placebo condition, sham "irradiation" was delivered using a dummy unit. Pain was measured using computerised visual analogue scales and McGill Pain Questionnaires (MPQ) to assess "current pain intensity" and "worst pain experienced," respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests demonstrated only a weak (but significant) hypoalgesic effect compared to placebo (P < 0.05) in the treatment group irradiated at 16Hz for the sensory component of the MPQ; other comparisons were found to be nonsignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not provide convincing evidence for the hypoalgesic potential of combined monochromatic light/laser irradiation, at least at the parameters used here, and thus indicate the necessity of additional work to investigate this modality further in order to assess the potential benefit, if any, of such treatment in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, U.K.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010789:Phototherapy; D010919:Placebos; D012677:Sensation / Q000528:radiation effects; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos