title: Gastrostomy tube supplementation for HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malnutrition is common in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and little is known of effective nutritional interventions. We sought to determine whether enteral supplementation with gastrostomy tube feedings would provide improvements in weight, height, body composition, immune parameters, morbidity, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected clinical data on 23 HIV-infected children who were fed chronically by gastrostomy tube. The main outcome measures included weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), arm-muscle circumference (AMC), hospital days, caloric intake, and CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count. Each of these parameters was measured or evaluated at four points: 6 months before nasogastric tube feeding, at the time nasogastric tube feeding was initiated, at the time gastrostomy tube feeding was initiated, and 6 months after gastrostomy tube feedings began.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight z score [-2.1 (0.14) to -1.58 (0.14)] and weight-for-height z score [-0.98 (0.16) to -0.15 (0.17)] improved with gastrostomy tube feedings. There was a trend toward improvement in weight z score with nasogastric tube feedings. Caloric intakes increased progressively with nasogastric and gastrostomy tube feedings. No improvement in height, TSF, AMC, hospital days, or CD4 counts was seen in the follow-up period. However, children who had the greatest increase in weight had the most improvement in fat stores (TSF) (r = .65, P = .002) and a decrease in hospital days after the gastrostomy tube was placed (r = -.48, P = .025). Higher age-adjusted CD4 counts and lower weight-for-height z scores at the time of enteral supplementation were significant predictors of a positive response to gastrostomy tube feedings (r = .85, P = .0001). Children who responded favorably had a 2.8-fold reduction in the risk of dying for every positive unit change in weight z score (P = .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrostomy tube supplementation for HIV-infected children can improve weight and fat mass when other oral methods fail. Weight gain is coincident with greater caloric intakes. HIV-infected children with higher CD4 counts and lower weight-for-height z scores are likely to respond favorably to gastrostomy tube feedings. Early nutritional intervention is indicated for HIV-infected children.
authors.affiliation: Combined Program in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Awnetwant
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015430:Weight Gain