title: Severe retinopathy of prematurity in infants with birth weights less than 1250 grams: incidence and outcome of treatment with pharmacologic serum levels of vitamin E in addition to cryotherapy from 1985 to 1991.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of vitamin E prophylaxis and treatment on the sequelae of severe (threshold) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants treated with cryotherapy at Pennsylvania Hospital from 1985 to 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beginning on day 0, all infants with birth weights < or = 1250 gm received supplements of vitamin E using standard preparations. Serum E levels of 23 to 58 mumol/L (1 to 2.5 mg/dl) were targeted for infants with immature retinal vasculature or ROP of stage 2 or less in severity, and levels of 58 to 81 mumol/L (2.5 to 3.5 mg/dl) for infants with prethreshold ROP. At diagnosis of threshold ROP, treatment with a parenteral investigational new drug preparation of alpha-tocopherol was begun to raise serum levels to the pharmacologic range (93 to 116 mumol/L or 4 to 5 mg/dl). Within 3 days of diagnosis, and at the discretion of the retinal specialist, one or both eyes were treated with cryotherapy. Visual outcome at 4 years was compared with the 42-month outcome reported for eyes in the infants randomly assigned to treatment in the 1986-1987 Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Threshold ROP developed in 22 of 450 surviving infants (age 3 months). All were treated with pharmacologic serum levels of vitamin E; 17 infants were also treated with cryotherapy (10 in one eye and 7 in both eyes). These 17 infants, in comparison with infants in the CRYO-ROP trial (n = 187), were at least at equal risk for poor visual outcome on the basis of birth weight, gestational age, the percentage of zone 1 ROP, and mean interval from appearance of ROP to diagnosis of prethreshold ROP, which was shorter at Pennsylvania Hospital (4.1 days for the Pennsylvania Hospital group, 10.3 days for the CRYO-ROP group). However, on the basis of the mean number of days from diagnosis of prethreshold to threshold ROP (12.5 days for Pennsylvania Hospital, 10.5 days for CRYO-ROP) and the extent of extraretinal neovascularization at threshold (mean 7.9 sectors for Pennsylvania Hospital, 9.7 for CRYO-ROP), progression of retinopathy beyond the prethreshold stage had slowed and visual outcome in the eyes of infants at Pennsylvania Hospital treated with both cryotherapy and vitamin E (worse eye used for those treated with bilateral cryotherapy) was better than that reported for the treated eye of infants in the CRYO-ROP group (percentage of favorable visual acuity, 76% vs 48%, p = 0.04; percentage of normal structure posterior retinal pole, 71% vs 38%, p < or = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small case series, the combination of cryotherapy with anti-oxidant prophylaxis and treatment appeared to decrease the severity and sequelae of threshold ROP. This hypothesis deserves testing in a large, randomized clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Pediatrics, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19107, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhutani
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017679:Cryotherapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E