title: Lung transplantation for congenital pulmonary vein stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital pulmonary vein stenosis is a uniformly fatal disease when left untreated. Transcatheter techniques (for example, balloon dilation and stent placement) have proved to be only temporizing measures, and previous surgical attempts at treatment of this entity have provided little improvement and few survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the last 4 years, 6 patients with congenital pulmonary vein stenosis have been treated at our institution, 3 of whom underwent bilateral sequential lung transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 patients who underwent bilateral lung transplantation are alive and well 6 to 24 months after transplantation. The other 3 died of complications of the disease before donor lungs became available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Making the diagnosis of congenital pulmonary vein stenosis requires a high index of suspicion, and referral for lung transplantation should be made as soon as the diagnosis is reached. Lung transplantation has resulted in good-quality short to medium-term survival for 3 patients with this otherwise untreatable disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Mendeloff
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Huddleston
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mallory
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016896:Treatment Outcome