title: Cyclophosphamide dose escalation in combination with vincristine and actinomycin-D (VAC) in gross residual sarcoma. A pilot study without hematopoietic growth factor support evaluating toxicity and response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) initiated an escalating-dose cyclophosphamide (Cyc) pilot without hematopoietic growth factor (HGF) support in combination with vincristine (Vcr) and actinomycin-D (Amd), known as VAC, to establish a Cyc dose with myelotoxicity comparable to an ifosfamide (Ifos), Vcr, and Amd combination regimen (VAI). A Cyc dose equivalent to Ifos was to be determined when comparable myelotoxicity was achieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with either rhabdomyosarcoma or undifferentiated soft-tissue sarcoma and gross residual (clinical group III) disease were eligible for the VAC pilot. Feasibility and toxicity were evaluated in the VAC pilot at each Cyc level before escalating the dose. Starting at CYC 1.2 g/m2 dose escalation was planned at increments of 20-25% in cohorts of 8-10 patients until myelotoxicity at a severe or worse grade was seen in > 90% of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred nineteen eligible patients were evaluated for toxicity and response at four Cyc levels: 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.2 g/m2. Eight of 87 (9%) evaluable at 2.2 g/m2 had a toxic death. Six of these were attributable to myelotoxicity. Patients age 1-3 years were most vulnerable. The overall complete response (CR) rate of 68% was poorly predicted by the weeks 8 and 20 CR rates of 20 and 40%, respectively. During the first year and overall, myelotoxicity at 2.2 g/m2'1 with VAC was comparable to Ifos 1.8 g/m2'5. Cyc was relatively more myelotoxic than Ifos in the second year of the VAC pilot. Based on actual amount of drug given, a standardized Ifos dose of 9.0 g/m2 was equivalent to 2.1 g/m2 of Cyc, giving an Ifos/Cyc ratio of 4.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myelotoxicity using 2.2 g Cyc/m2 in a single intravenous infusion was dose limiting in this VAC pilot without HGF. In the first year and overall, myelotoxicity is comparable to that with VAI using Ifos at 9.0 g/m2. An ongoing IRS-IV randomized trial of VAC and VAI should provide a comparison of the efficacy of Ifos and Cyc in children and adolescents with embryonal or alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated soft-tissue sarcomas.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Cancer Group, Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ruymann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vietti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gehan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D016298:Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012008:Recurrence; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D016298:Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors; D003609:Dactinomycin; D014750:Vincristine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007069:Ifosfamide