title: Tissue oxygenation with graded dissolved oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravascular perfluorochemical emulsions together with a high oxygen tension may increase the delivery of dissolved oxygen to useful levels. The hypothesis of this study is that increasing the dissolved oxygen content of blood with incremental doses of a perfluorochemical emulsion improves tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass in a dose-related fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxygen utilization was studied in a profoundly anemic canine model of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Forty-two dogs underwent normovolemic hemodilution to a hematocrit of 15.8% +/- 0.6% (mean +/- standard error of the mean). Cardiopulmonary bypass was begun and resulted in a hematocrit of 9.4% +/- 0.6%. A standard priming solution was used in the control group (n = 12), and the test groups received 1.35 gm perfluorochemical.kg-1 (n = 10 dogs), 2.7 gm perfluorochemical.kg-1 (n = 10 dogs), or 5.4 gm perfluorochemical.kg-1 (n = 10 dogs) through the venous return cannula. Each animal underwent a series of randomized pump flows (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 L.min-1.m-2) at 32 degrees C. After the randomized flows were completed at 32 degrees C, the temperature was raised to 38 degrees C and cardiopulmonary bypass was discontinued. Mortality from cardiac failure on separation from cardiopulmonary bypass was 42% in the control group and 20% in perfluorochemical-treated groups. The mean perfluorochemical dose was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (2.9 +/- 0.4 versus 1.3 +/- 0.5 gm perfluorochemical.kg-1; p < 0.05). No differences in oxygen consumption or transbody lactate gradient were found between groups during cardiopulmonary bypass. Analysis of mixed venous oxygen tension (a surrogate measure for tissue oxygenation) as a function of cardiopulmonary bypass flow normalized to body surface area showed that the control group had significantly lower mixed venous oxygen tension (p < 0.05) than the perfluorochemical emulsion-treated groups. Furthermore, the differences were related to the perfluorochemical emulsion dose. These differences in mixed venous oxygen tension continued after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. The coronary sinus oxygen tension and cardiac arterial-venous oxygen content differences during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were similar among the control and perfluorochemical emulsion-treated animals. Dissolved oxygen consumption during and after cardiopulmonary bypass was calculated. Dissolved oxygen consumption increased in the perfluorochemical-treated animals in a perfluorochemical dose-related manner and was significantly higher in perfluorochemical-treated animals than in the control animals (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graded increases in mixed venous oxygen tension during cardiopulmonary bypass were observed in response to graded increases in the dissolved oxygen delivery. These data suggest that enhancing oxygenation with perfluorochemical-dissolved oxygen is an effective temporary substitute for the use of hemoglobin-bound oxygen during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfluorochemical-dissolved oxygen may be particularly beneficial in the setting of multiple hypoxic stresses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Spruell
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Clymer
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Murrah
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pacifico
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004285:Dogs; D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010106:Oxygenators; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007773:Lactates; D010100:Oxygen