title: Programmed cell death in the Drosophila central nervous system midline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the development of the central nervous system, large numbers of cells die by programmed cell death. This process requires the activity of specific gene products and subserves functions that include regulating the sizes of interacting cell populations and removing cells that provide transient functions. Resolution of programmed cell death often involves the elimination of dying cell corpses by phagocytic macrophages. In Drosophila, the reaper gene plays a crucial role in mediating programmed cell death; chromosomal deficiencies which remove reaper result in an absence of programmed cell death. We have used a reaper-deficiency mutant strain Df(3R)H99 (or H99), in conjunction with strains containing cell-type-specific markers, to examine the role of programmed cell death in differentiation of the embryonic central nervous system midline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Midline cell death was identified both by the presence of excess midline cells in H99 mutants and by the engulfment of dying midline cells by macrophages in wild-type embryos. These developmental deaths are lineage-specific: prominent midline glial death was observed, while little if any death was detected among the ventral unpaired median neurons. Examination of H99 mutants indicates that cell death is not required for the formation of macrophage precursors, or for their subsequent migration throughout the embryo; however, in the absence of dying cells, macrophage precursors do not exhibit morphological differentiation or phagocytosis. In both wild-type and H99 mutant embryos, a subset of macrophages migrate along the ventral midline. This midline migration is not observed in single-minded mutants, in which ventral midline cells fail to develop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Programmed cell death plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system midline, and dying midline cells are rapidly eliminated by phagocytic macrophages. It seems that the generation of engulfment signals in cells undergoing programmed cell death is downstream of reaper gene function, and that central nervous system midline and/or ventral epidermal cells provide directional cues for migrating macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 01003, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimi
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nambu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D004330:Drosophila / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D010587:Phagocytosis
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D010455:Peptides; C086973:rpr protein, Drosophila