title: Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E has been associated with an increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In a cohort of elderly subjects we prospectively investigated the relation between the apolipoprotein E genotype, dementia, and the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the cerebral cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autopsy involving neuropathological analysis and DNA analysis of frozen blood samples were performed in 92 of 271 persons who were at least 85 years of age, who had been living in Vantaa, Finland, on April 1, 1991, and who had died between that time and the end of 1993. All subjects had been tested for dementia. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was done with a solid-phase minisequencing technique. The percentage of the cortex occupied by methenamine silver-stained plaques was used as an estimate of the extent of beta-amyloid protein deposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of the epsilon 4 allele was significantly higher in the subjects with Alzheimer's disease than in the subjects without dementia (30 percent vs. 8 percent, P < 0.001). There was a greater accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain and more neurofibrillary tangles in the subjects with the epsilon 4 allele than in those without it (P < 0.001). The deposition of beta-amyloid protein varied according to the genotype in both the subjects with dementia and those without dementia: it was lowest in those with the epsilon 2/epsilon 3 genotype, intermediate in those with the epsilon 3/epsilon 3 genotype, and highest in those with the epsilon 3/epsilon 4 genotype. A single subject had the epsilon 4/epsilon 4 genotype and had dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E is significantly associated with Alzheimer's disease. Even in elderly subjects without dementia, the apolipoprotein E genotype is related to the degree of deposition of beta-amyloid protein in the cerebral cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Polvikoski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sulkava
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haltia
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kainulainen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuorio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verkkoniemi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontula
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D003704:Dementia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004247:DNA