title: Developmental defects in brain segmentation caused by mutations of the homeobox genes orthodenticle and empty spiracles in Drosophila.
abstract: We have studied the roles of the homeobox genes orthodenticle (otd) and empty spiracles (ems) in embryonic brain development of Drosophila. The embryonic brain is composed of three segmental neuromeres. The otd gene is expressed predominantly in the anterior neuromere; expression of ems is restricted to the two posterior neuromeres. Mutation of otd eliminates the first (protocerebral) brain neuromere. Mutation of ems eliminates the second (deutocerebral) and third (tritocerebral) neuromeres. otd is also necessary for development of the dorsal protocerebrum of the adult brain. We conclude that these homeobox genes are required for the development of specific brain segments in Drosophila, and that the regionalized expression of their homologs in vertebrate brains suggests an evolutionarily conserved program for brain development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Therianos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loop
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furukubo-Tokunaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C093054:ems protein, Drosophila; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins; C093053:oc protein, Drosophila