title: Analysis of sewage effluent for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using infectivity assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: Environmental survival of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an important public health concern. Survival of HIV in waste water is of particular interest to those who work at treatment facilities and to the general public who have contact with rivers or ocean water receiving treated sewage effluent. Other researchers have reported that HIV can be detected in waste water. Their studies, however, detected homologous nucleic acid sequences but did not attempt to determine infectivity. The current study tested primary and secondary effluent from a major metropolitan sewage agency for the presence of HIV-1 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), HIV-1 p24 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and infectivity testing. For RT-PCR, primers SK38/SK39 and M667/AA55 were used to identify HIV-1 RNA sequences from concentrated and extracted sewage samples. Infectivity assays employed donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Coxsackievirus B4, echovirus 7, and poliovirus 1, enteroviruses normally present in sewage, were tested for replication in PBMCs. Poliovirus 1 was found to infect the PBMCs. To eliminate other enteroviruses that may also infect the PBMCs and interfere with HIV-1 testing, concentrated sewage was treated with human immunoglobulin (free of HIV antibodies) and poliovirus antisera before infectivity assays were performed. All treated sewage samples tested negative for HIV-1 by all methods used. HIV-1 seeded into sewage, however, remained infectious in the assay, indicating that the sewage water sample did not interfere with HIV infectivity nor was it toxic to the PBMCs.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Laboratory, County Sanitation Districts of Orange County, Fountain Valley, CA 92728-8127, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Javier
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Siwak
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000254:growth & development; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage