title: A cost analysis of alternative treatments for duodenal ulcer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the costs of alternative strategies for the treatment of duodenal ulcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost comparison using decision analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision model was used to compare the costs per cure of an endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer for three initial treatment strategies: 1) H2-receptor antagonist therapy for 8 weeks, 2) antibiotic therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection plus H2-receptor antagonist therapy, and 3) urease test-based treatment. For symptomatic recurrences, secondary treatment strategies included empiric retreatment with the same or other regimen, and treatment based on repeat endoscopy-guided urease test or biopsy, with an assumption of subsequent cure. The cohort modeled for this analysis consisted of patients at low risk for a malignant ulcer. Probability estimates were derived from published clinical trials, cohort studies, and expert opinion. Side effects from combination therapy with antibiotics and H2-receptor antagonists and resulting costs were included from the perspective of a group practice model health maintenance organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all secondary treatment strategies, initial therapy with antibiotics for H. pylori infection plus an H2-receptor antagonist resulted in the lowest average costs per symptomatic cure when the prevalence or likelihood of H. pylori infection exceeded 66% to 76%; the costs ranged from $284 for secondary (re)treatment with empiric antibiotic and H2-receptor antagonist therapy to $398 for endoscopy-guided secondary treatment. Initial treatment with an H2-receptor antagonist resulted in the highest costs, ranging from $372 for secondary treatment with empiric antibiotic and H2-receptor antagonist therapy to $679 for endoscopy-guided secondary treatment. The results were not sensitive to the rates of duodenal ulcer recurrence after either treatment, to the cost of either treatment, or to prevalence of H. pylori.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cost analysis indicates that, regardless of the secondary treatment used for ulcer recurrence, initial therapy with antibiotics for H. pylori infection plus an H2-receptor antagonist provides the lowest costs per symptomatic cure. These cost savings and the lower recurrence rates associated with this treatment favor eradication of H. pylori as part of the initial treatment of duodenal ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Imperiale
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Speroff
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cebul
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000201:enzymology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000191:economics; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014510:Urease / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D014510:Urease