title: Creation of a volume lesion in the dog prostate using neodymium:YAG laser coagulation: concepts for clinical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the geometrical development of a coagulated zone in the canine prostate during free beam side fire Nd:YAG laser coagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 10 male dogs underwent endoscopic prostatic Nd:YAG fixed position laser coagulation through a suprapubic cystotomy using a right-angle deflecting delivery catheter (Microvasive, Boston, MA) at times varying from 10 to 120 seconds at 30 watts. In addition, two dogs underwent lasing by pulling the catheter at 1 mm/s in four quadrants. Acute gross and microscopic pathology specimens were prepared and the lesion shape and volume determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the coagulated volume showed that during the initial 15 seconds of lasing, the zone of coagulation approximates a sphere centered on the urothelium opposite the laser fiber. However, as lasing progressed, the lesion changed from a sphere to an expanding ellipse. This changing geometry can be explained by the absorption and scatter characteristics of the laser and the temperature equilibrium that is established within the prostate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An understanding of this time-dependent geometrical shift from a sphere to an ellipse allows the surgeon to supplement the fixed protocols for lasing at certain positions for given amounts of time. Specific plans can then be established for tissue at the bladder neck, apex, anterior stroma, floor, and irregular prostatic regrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000818:Animals; D003559:Cystostomy; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000473:pathology; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D009354:Neodymium; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D015019:Yttrium
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D009354:Neodymium; D015019:Yttrium