title: Effect of differential shear stress on platelet aggregation, surface thrombosis, and endothelialization of bilateral carotid-femoral grafts in the dog.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increased shear stress on the aggregability of platelets as they traverse a long, small-caliber (6 mm) Dacron graft in the dog and on the surface thrombosis and endothelialization of such a graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of nine dogs received bilateral carotid-femoral artery grafts, approximately 75 cm long, for 3 months; one graft of each pair had a distal femoral arteriovenous fistula to produce a higher shear rate than the contralateral graft. Platelet aggregation scores were determined on blood withdrawn from the external jugular vein and from the proximal and distal ends of the grafts in each animal. Graft flow rates, which were used in the computation of shear stress, and luminal pressure gradients through grafts were measured during surgery and specimen retrieval. Specimens were studied with light microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin and immunocytochemical staining and by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the nature, composition, and thickness of the flow surface lining, as well as the transmural healing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two high-shear stress and two low-shear stress grafts occluded unilaterally; five dogs had bilaterally patent grafts, allowing comparative analyses. All subjects had low platelet aggregability with aspirin. Platelet aggregation scores taken from proximal and distal ends of the grafts were not significantly different. The high-shear stress grafts had significantly more endothelial-like cell coverage (p < 0.0371) than the low-shear stress grafts, less flow-surface thrombus (p < 0.0056), and a thinner surface lining (p < 0.0029), on both the neointima and pseudointima.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with low platelet aggregation scores, long Dacron grafts do not elevate platelet aggregability of blood flowing through them. High-shear stress grafts have less flow surface thrombus, more endothelialization, and a thinner surface lining than do low-shear stress grafts.
authors.affiliation: Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kouchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onuki
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Viggers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Sauvage
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018056:Hemorheology; D008297:Male; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D014654:Vascular Patency