title: Detection of antibodies toward epididymal sperm antigens--an obligatory step in evaluation of human immunologic infertility?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the relative impact of epididymal versus ejaculated sperm in immunologic infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human antibody binding to epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa was compared by flow cytometry (FCM) since it allows quantitative analysis of viable sperm while ignoring nonsperm cells. To select sera for FCM, GAT, TAT, and ELISA were applied on 145 sera from fertile men, idiopathically infertile and varicocele patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All GAT/TAT-positive infertile patients, a representative group of varicocele patients and the fertile control, were assessed by FCM. Higher reactivity toward epididymal sperm revealed 18/22 sera while only four out of them bound to ejaculated sperm stronger than the control. All varicocele sera were positive against epididymal while negative against ejaculated spermatozoa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epididymal sperm antigens may play a predominant role in some cases of immunologic infertility. Such patients might not be adequately diagnosed and respectively treated due to the limitations of diagnostic procedures applying only ejaculated spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Fichorova
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dimitrova
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nakov
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzvetkov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Penkov
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taskov
mesh_terms: D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004822:Epididymis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001323:Autoantibodies