title: Hamstring spasm in anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
abstract: The accurate diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury continues to be a challenge to clinicians, and often requires magnetic resonance imaging or arthroscopy for confirmation. We present a literature review of the currently known physical signs of ACL injury, followed by three case reports that describe a sign we believe may be helpful in the diagnosis of acute/semi-acute ACL injury: involuntary hamstring spasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gravel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D013035:Spasm / Q000209:etiology*; D013710:Tendons