title: Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States.
abstract: A population-based, case-control study of pancreatic cancer based on direct interviews with 307 white and 179 black incident cases and 1164 white and 945 black population controls was conducted in three areas of the United States to determine the role alcohol drinking plays as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and to estimate the extent to which it may explain the higher incidence of pancreatic cancer in blacks compared to whites. Our findings indicate that alcohol drinking at the levels typically consumed by the general population of the United States is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Our data suggest, however, that heavy alcohol drinking may be related to pancreatic cancer risk. Among men, blacks and white who drank at least 57 drinks/week had odds ratios (ORs) of 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-5.6] and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.6-3.2), respectively. Among women, blacks who drank 8 to < 21 drinks/week had an OR of 1.8 (95% CI = 0.8-4.0), and those who drank at least 21 drinks/week had an OR of 2.5 (95% CI = 1.02-5.9), but whites with the same levels of alcohol intake experienced no increased risk. Compared to whites, blacks had significantly higher ORs associated with heavy alcohol drinking (> or = 57 drinks/week) in men (P = 0.04) and with moderate-to-heavy drinking (> or = 8 drinks/week) in women (P = 0.03). Additional research is needed to determine whether heavy alcohol drinking is causally related to pancreatic cancer and whether the risk of alcohol-related pancreatic cancer is greater in blacks than in whites.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lillemoe
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benichou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People