title: Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. A 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of diet as a predictor of glucose intolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  At the 30-year follow-up survey of the Dutch and Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, in 1989/1990, men were examined according to a standardized protocol including a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Information on habitual food consumption was obtained using the cross-check dietary history method. Those 338 men in whom information on habitual diet was also available 20 years earlier were included in this study. Subjects known as having diabetes in 1989/1990 were excluded from the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for age and cohort, the intake of total, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol 20 years before diagnosis was higher in men with newly diagnosed diabetes in the survey than in men with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. After adjustment for cohort, age, past body mass index, and past energy intake, the past intake of total fat was positively associated with 2-h postload glucose level (P < 0.05). An independent inverse association with the past intake of vitamin C was observed (P < 0.05). These associations were independent of changes in the intake of fat and vitamin C during the 20-year follow-up. An increase in the consumption of vegetables and legumes, potatoes, and fish during the 20-year follow-up was inversely related with 2-h glucose level (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the regression coefficients were in general not very large, these results indicate that a high intake of fat, especially that of saturated fatty acids, contributes to the risk of glucose intolerance and NIDDM. Foods such as fish, potatoes, vegetables, and legumes may have a protective effect. In addition, the observed inverse association between vitamin C and glucose intolerance suggests that antioxidants may also play a role in the development of derangements in glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stengård
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors