title: Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of 12 weeks of progressive resistance strength training on the isometric strength, explosive power, and selected functional abilities of healthy women aged 75 and over.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were matched for age and habitual physical activity and then randomly assigned into either a control or an exercise group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Muscle Function Laboratory, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two healthy women were recruited through local and national newspapers. Five dropped out before and seven (4 exercisers and 3 controls) during the study. Pre- and posttraining measurements were obtained from 20 exercisers (median age 79.5, range 76 to 93 years) and 20 controls (median age 79.5, range 75 to 90 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Training comprised one supervised session (1 hour) at the Medical School and two unsupervised home sessions (supported by an exercise tape and booklet) per week for 12 weeks. The training stimulus was three sets of four to eight repetitions of each exercise, using rice bags (1-1.5 kg) or elastic tubing for resistance. The exercises were intended specifically to strengthen the muscles considered relevant for the functional tasks, but were not to mimic the functional measurements. No intervention was prescribed for the controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and posttraining measurements were made for isometric knee extensor strength (IKES), isometric elbow flexor strength (IEFS), handgrip strength (HGS), leg extensor power (LEP), and anthropometric indices (Body impedance analysis, arm muscle circumference, and body weight). Functional ability tests were chair rise, kneel rise, rise from lying on the floor, 118-m self-paced corridor walk, stair climbing, functional reach, stepping up, stepping down, and lifting weights onto a shelf. Pre- and posttraining comparisons were made using analysis of variance or analysis of covariance (using weight as a covariate) for normally distributed continuous data and one-sided Fishers exact test (2 x 2 table) for discontinuous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvements in IKES (mean change 27%, P = .03), IEFS (22%, P = .05), HGS (4%, P = .05), LEP/kg (18%, P = .05) were associated with training, but the improvement in LEP (18%, P = .11) did not reach statistical significance. There was an association between training and a reduction in normal pace kneel rise time (median change 21%, P = .02) and a small improvement in step up height (median 5%, P = .005). The other functional tests did not improve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive resistance exercise can produce substantial increases in muscle strength and in power standardized for body weight in healthy, very old women. However, isolated increases in strength and LEP/kg may confer only limited functional benefit in healthy, independent, very old women.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Greig
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Malbut
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*