title: Biologic and biomechanic evaluation of posterior lumbar fusion in the rabbit. The effect of fixation rigidity.
abstract: METHODS
  The histologic and biomechanic characteristics of posterior lumbar fusion with varying rigidity of a novel internal fixation construct in the rabbit were analyzed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate this rabbit model for future studies of fusion augmentation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies in goats and dogs showed internal fixation enhances spinal arthrodesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty eight New Zealand white rabbits underwent a posterior midline fusion from L4 to L6. Some animals received autogenous iliac crest bone graft, stabilized by wiring the superior facets bilaterally, and supplementation with polymethylmethacrylate. The experimental groups were iliac crest bone graft with either no fixation, wire fixation, or wire and polymethylmethacrylate fixation; and no graft and either no fixation, wire fixation, or wire and polymethylmethacrylate fixation. Animals were killed 2 months after surgery, and the specimens were nondestructively tested biomechanically for stiffness in six modes (flexion, extension, left and right bending, compression, and torsion) and histologically for evidence of fusion, revascularization, and new bone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fusions with either wire or wire and polymethylmethacrylate fixation were significantly stiffer than those without fixation (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the iliac crest bone graft and wire group and the iliac crest bone graft, wire, and polymethylmethacrylate group in the modes tested. Nine of 14 motion segments receiving the stiffest construct (iliac crest bone graft, wire, and polymethylmethacrylate) had evidence of solid bony fusion. None of the 12 motion segments receiving iliac crest bone graft and wire had evidence of bony fusion, but five had a fibrocartilage union with some ossification present. Eight of 12 motion segments receiving iliac crest bone graft and no fixation had predominantly fibrous unions with some fibrocartilage, and only one motion segment of 12 showed bony fusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that more rigid fixation produces more successful union in rabbit posterior spinal fusion. This model may be useful in evaluating the ability of various biomaterials to augment spinal arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Feighan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002102:Cadaver; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D011817:Rabbits; D013123:Spinal Fusion