title: The cost of comprehensive preventive medical services for adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address the need for clinical preventive services for 11- to 21-year-old males and females and provide cost estimates for those services under a fee-for-service system. Preventive services include screening, health promotion, and immunizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of adolescent morbidities was derived from national surveys. Estimated costs of these morbidities were obtained from published data and adjusted for 1992 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. The estimated costs of preventive services for adolescents under a fee-for-service system were derived from a 1993 survey of nine Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans and four insurance companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cost of adolescent morbidities includes only direct medical costs for a single year and excludes long-term and indirect costs. The cost of clinical preventive services is calculated at 100% participation levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each year, an estimated $33.5 billion is spent on medical treatment for select adolescent morbidities, approximately $859 per adolescent per year; this is a conservative estimate. The average cost of clinical preventive services per adolescent per year would be approximately $130 in a fee-for-service system, although these are not entirely "new" costs because payers already incur screening costs for some conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost-effectiveness of clinical interventions for various health risk behaviors among adolescents is unknown. It appears that preventive interventions would have to eliminate 15% of adolescent morbidities overall to break even in economic terms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adolescent Health, American Medical Association, Chicago, Ill, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Elster
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000295:Adolescent Medicine / Q000191:economics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D003191:Comprehensive Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000635:transmission; D006293:Health Promotion; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control