title: Does continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation in very low birth weight infants have risks or benefits? A controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate three ventilator weaning strategies and to evaluate whether the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via a nasopharyngeal or endotracheal tube would increase the likelihood of extubation failure in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied prospectively 87 preterm infants (mean +/- SD; birth weight: 1078 +/- 188 g; gestational age: 28.8 +/- 2.2 weeks) who were in the process of being weaned from intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Infants were assigned by systematic sampling to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) direct extubation from IMV (D.EXT) (n = 30); (2) preextubation endotracheal CPAP (ET-CPAP) for 12-24 hr (n = 28); or (3) postextubation nasopharyngeal CPAP (NP-CPAP) for 12-24 hr (n = 29). Failure was defined as the need for resumption of mechanical ventilation within 72 hr of extubation due to frequent or severe apnea and/or respiratory failure (pH < 7.25, PaCO2 > 60 mm Hg, and/or requirement for oxygen FiO2 > 60%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in failure rates among the three procedures. Failures were 2/30 (7%) in D.EXT; 4/28 (14%) in ET-CPAP; and 7/29 (24%) in the NP-CPAP. There were also no differences in FiO2, PaO2, and respiratory rates before and after discontinuation of IMV among the three groups. PaCO2 values were slightly higher in the NP-CPAP group 12-24 hr after weaning from IMV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to demonstrate a clear difference in extubation outcome by use of CPAP administered via an endotracheal or nasopharyngeal tube when compared to direct extubation from low-rate IMV in VLBW infants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bancalari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mercado
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001049:Apnea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007385:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015300:Ventilator Weaning