title: Alternative methods for below-knee amputation: reappraisal of the Kendrick procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1956, Kendrick described a technique for below-knee amputation (BKA) using anterior and posterior flaps in a length ratio of 1:2. There has been no review of the utility and safety of this technique over the past four decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kendrick method was studied in 96 consecutive patients who underwent 100 BKAs from 1982 to 1995. Follow-up examination was continued through the period of rehabilitation and included all revisional surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one patients had diabetes mellitus, 15 patients were nondiabetic, and the mean age was 67 years (range, 12 to 94 years). Fifty-seven patients underwent BKA for diabetic foot sepsis with healing failure after debridement or nonreconstructable vascular disease, 19 patients underwent BKAs for progressive necrosis despite a patent arterial reconstruction, and 24 patients underwent BKAs for other causes, including microembolism, calciphylaxis-related gangrene, bypass failure, trauma, frostbite, and calf-wound healing failure after coronary revascularization. Preliminary guillotine amputations were performed on three limbs. There was an incision in the calf from previous vascular surgery in 25 limbs. The 30-day mortality rate was 6 percent. Healing of the stump and knee salvage occurred in 93 limbs (93 percent). Four patients had local wound complications develop in the stump, yet they eventually healed. During the follow-up period, conversion to an above-knee amputation was necessary in seven patients, five within 30 days. Only one of these was in a limb with a previous arterial reconstruction in the calf.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Kendrick procedure for BKA with anterior and posterior flaps is efficacious and safe. This procedure is advantageous for its anatomic basis, the ease with which the flaps can be designed despite leg edema or overall size, and the ability of the surgeon to distance the posterior flap margin from sepsis in the lower one-third of the calf.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome