title: Magnesium cardioplegia enhances mRNA levels and the maximal velocity of cytochrome oxidase I in the senescent myocardium during global ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aged myocardium accumulates significantly more cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i during ischemia, and functional recovery is more severely compromised as compared with the mature heart. Cardioplegia ameliorates these phenomena. The mechanism by which increased calcium accumulation reduces functional recovery in the senescent myocardium is unknown, but it has been suggested that futile calcium cycling in the mitochondria leading to depletion of ATP stores during normothermic global ischemia may be involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the effect of cardioplegia on mitochondrial calcium ([Ca2+]mt) accumulation and the expression of cytochrome oxidase I (COX I) during global ischemia, mitochondria were isolated from mature (age, 15 to 20 weeks) and aged (age > 130 weeks) rabbit hearts after Langendorff perfusion. Five perfused heart groups were investigated: 30 minutes of global ischemia without treatment (control), with potassium (K, 20 mmol/L), magnesium (Mg, 20 mmol/L), or potassium and magnesium (K/Mg) cardioplegia. No significant difference in [Ca2+]mt was evident in mature hearts with any protocol. In aged hearts, [Ca2+]mt was increased in global ischemia but was ameliorated with Mg and K/Mg cardioplegia. COX I mRNA levels in aged hearts were lower in both control and global ischemia but were increased with cardioplegia. Maximal velocities for COX I were significantly increased with Mg cardioplegia both in the mature and the aged myocardium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  K and/or Mg cardioplegia ameliorates [Ca2+]mt accumulation in aged hearts during normothermic global ischemia and increases COX I mRNA levels to a level not significantly different from that found in mature hearts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Faulk
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Hadlow
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukube
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Krukenkamp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levitsky
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium