title: Elevated extracellular glutamate levels increased the formation of hydroxyl radical in the striatum of anesthetized rat.
abstract: Results from various in vitro experiments have indicated that excitotoxicity and oxidative stress are two interrelated major mechanisms in causing neuronal damage in brain disorders such as cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, we have conducted experiments to investigate whether in the striatum of anesthetized rats the elevated brain extracellular concentrations of glutamate could increase the formation of hydroxyl radical. Elevation of glutamate levels and trapping of hydroxyl radical were accomplished by perfusing Ringer solutions containing both glutamate and salicylic acid through microdialysis probes implanted in rat striatum. The formation of hydroxyl radical was quantitated as the increased amounts of 2,3 and 2,5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) which were the hydroxylative products of salicylic acid. Eluted microdialysates were directly injected onto high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detector via an on-line automatic injector. This method was authenticated by in vitro studies employing Fenton-type hydroxyl radicals generation system. Our results indicated that elevated glutamate concentrations (15 mM, 1.5 mM, and 150 microM glutamate in perfusing solutions) would significantly increased both the concentrations of 2,3 and 2,5 DHBA. In conclusion, we have obtained direct evidence showing that the elevated glutamate concentrations in brain extracellular space would increase the formation of hydroxyl radical, and these results implied that oxidative stress occurring in brain disorders might be induced by excitotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005841:Gentisates; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012459:Salicylates / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid
chemical_list: D005841:Gentisates; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D012459:Salicylates; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C009135:2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid; C010925:2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid