title: Origin of a negative calcium response element in an ALU-repeat: implications for regulation of gene expression by extracellular calcium.
abstract: The negative calcium response element type 2 (nCARE) is a regulatory DNA sequence consisting of a palindromic core sequence and several upstream T residues, which was originally described in the 5' flank of the human PTH gene. The nCARE functions in an orientation-specific manner to inhibit PTH transcription in response to raised extracellular calcium levels. Here we report that the PTH nCARE lies within a hitherto unrecognized ALU-like element situated approximately 3.6 kB upstream of the human PTH gene transcriptional start site. Since ALU elements are repetitive DNA sequences, which are widely distributed throughout the human genome, we hypothesized that other nCARE elements might also exist. A search of the GenBank/EMBL databases with the nCARE core sequence confirmed this to be the case showing the presence of 111 copies of the nCARE in human/primate sequences. Analysis of the 7SL RNA sequence from which ALU elements derive also showed the presence of an nCARE "core" sequence immediately upstream of the poly-A+ tail. These data suggest that the nCARE is derived from retrotransposition of 7SL RNA and forms an integral part of many ALU elements; reverse transcription of the poly-A+ tail of 7SL RNA adds T residues, which on retrotransposition into genomic DNA with the core sequence, forms an ALU element containing a functional nCARE. Some of the genes associated with nCARE elements express products which are affected by extracellular calcium concentrations and work is in progress to determine the functional effects of nCARE at these sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, UK.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: McHaffie
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ralston
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D011061:Poly A / Q000235:genetics; D011071:Poly T / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D011061:Poly A; D011071:Poly T; D004247:DNA; D002118:Calcium