title: Exaggerated effects of progestogen on uterine artery pulsatility index in Turner's syndrome patients receiving hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of estrogen and progestogen on the resistance to blood flow in the uterine arteries of Turner's syndrome patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary infertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five Turner's syndrome patients, six patients who had surgical castration, and five patients with idiopathic primary ovarian failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were treated with 2 mg E2 valerate to which 500 micrograms norgesterel was added for 10 days in a 28-day cycle. Transvaginal color Doppler was used to measure pulsatility index in the uterine arteries at eight regular intervals during a single cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulsatility index of the uterine arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of norgesterel to Turner's syndrome patients resulted in an increase in pulsatility index that was significantly higher than in patients who had surgical castration (confidence interval = 0.17 to 2.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uterine arteries of Turner's syndrome patients are more sensitive to the tonic effect of progestogen. If manifest in cardiac arteries also this phenomenon may be partly responsible for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and shorter life expectancy in Turner's syndrome patients. To achieve optimal protection from cardiovascular disease, Turner's syndrome patients may benefit from hormone replacement treatment containing altered doses of estrogen and progestogen.
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Biljan
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matijevic
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Garden
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Diver
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kingsland
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010052:Ovariectomy; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000187:drug effects*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D009644:Norgestrel; D004958:Estradiol