title: Preoperative strategies to assess cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery.
abstract: The strategies recommended in the preoperative cardiac risk assessment prior to major vascular and nonvascular surgery are reviewed. The role of clinical evaluation, noninvasive stress testing (exercise test, stress myocardial perfusion imaging, stress echocardiography), and Holter monitoring during the preoperative evaluation are outlined and the value of intervention based on the use of each test is discussed. Recommended strategies to evaluate patients based on their clinical risk markers in addition to the results of the noninvasive risk assessment are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri 63110-0250, USA.
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Younis
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Chaitman
mesh_terms: D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative