Prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics and risk of mental retardation.
This study was undertaken to determine whether prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics increases the risk of mental handicap. The monthly birth frequencies of 827 first-admission individuals (mean age at admission 13 years) with a primary diagnosis of non-specific mental retardation, discharged from psychiatric hospitals in England and Wales, were examined in relation to the monthly death rates from influenza over the period 1953-1980. The relative risk of developing mental handicap when exposed to influenza epidemics during mid-gestation was assessed by a generalized linear model. Increased death rates from influenza, a measure of prevalence of the infection, were significantly associated with an increase in births of mentally handicapped individuals 6 months later. For every 1000 female deaths from influenza there was a 17% increase in births of mentally handicapped individuals 6 months later. Maternal exposure to influenza at approximately the third to fourth month of gestation may be risk factor for developing mental handicap.
Takei
N
N
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
Murray
G
G
O'Callaghan
E
E
Sham
P C
PC
Glover
G
G
Murray
R M
RM
D000328:Adult; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology