title: Buccal delivery of an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, atipamezole, in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics, systemic effects and clinical applicability of buccally administered atipamezole in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in two parts. In the first part, spray preparations of atipamezole hydrochloride in water/alcohol (50/50) solution were applied on buccal mucosa of six volunteers. Single doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg atipamezole hydrochloride were administered in ascending order during separate sessions. In the second part, nine subjects received single 20 mg doses as buccal spray, intravenous infusion, or oral solution in randomized order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Values for area under the concentration-time curve for atipamezole (mean +/- SD) ranged from 26 +/- 4 ng x hr/ml after 5 mg to 112 +/- 21 ng x hr/ml after 40 mg and peak concentrations ranged from 11 +/- 3 ng/ml after 5 mg to 38 +/- 9 ng/ml after 40 mg. Individual peak concentrations were mainly measured at 30 and 60 minutes after administration. Mean elimination half-lives were approximately 1 1/2 hours after every treatment. In part two, a mean bioavailability of 33% was calculated for buccal administration (compared with intravenous), whereas systemic availability after an oral dose was < 2%. After intravenous administration the mean total clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and elimination half-life were 1.2 L/hr/kg, 2.9 L/kg, and 1.8 hours, respectively. The intravenous administration of 20 mg atipamezole hydrochloride produced a fivefold elevation in mean plasma norepinephrine concentration, a slight and short-lasting elevation in blood pressure and, in most subjects, increased tension, alertness and restlessness, and sweating. After buccal administration, some subjects reported short-lasting restlessness or tension after the 20 and 40 mg doses. No significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or plasma catecholamines were observed. No effects were observed after swallowing of 20 mg atipamezole hydrochloride. The spray caused local reactions at buccal mucosa. Superficial white spots or areas were observed for several hours; these disappeared gradually. Subjects also reported transient numbness at the application site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atipamezole hydrochloride is well absorbed systemically through oral mucosa. The oral bio-availability of atipamezole is negligible, probably because of extensive first-pass metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huupponen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karhuvaara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vuorilehto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scheinin
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D006207:Half-Life; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole