title: Spectrum of infections in Indian children with nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: We conducted a retrospective analysis of infections in 154 children (114 boys, 40 girls) with nephrotic syndrome who satisfied the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children criteria. Their mean age at onset of symptoms was 6.2 years (range 6 months to 16 years) and the mean duration of follow-up was 32 months (range 6-55 months). One or more infectious complications were observed in 59 of the 154 children (38%), with urinary tract infection being the commonest (13.7%), followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (10.4%), peritonitis (9.1%), skin infections (5.2%), upper respiratory infections (5.2%), lower respiratory tract infections (3.9%) and pyomeningitis (0.6%). There were 3 deaths, the mortality in 2 patients being attributable to infections. There was no significant difference between children who developed infection and those who didn't in terms of age of onset, sex, duration of disease, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24-h proteinuria. However, the children who developed infectious complications had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels (P < 0.01) and lower serum albumin levels (P < 0.02). The frequency of infections was higher in children who were frequent relapsers, steroid dependent and subsequent non-responders (28/60) compared with infrequent relapsers and initial non-responders (29/94).
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011241:Prednisone