title: Influence of the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator on sudden death and total mortality in patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs) may reduce sudden tachyarrhythmic death in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. It is uncertain whether this improves survival, particularly in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of treatment for spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias (ICD [n = 59], antiarrhythmic drugs [n = 53], or no antiarrhythmic treatment [n = 179]) on total mortality and mode of cardiac death was analyzed in 291 consecutive patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation between January 1986 and January 1995. There were 109 deaths (37.4%) (63 [21.6%] sudden, 40 [13.7%] nonsudden, and 6 [2.1%] noncardiac) during mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 1 to 118 months). Baseline clinical variables, medical therapies for heart failure, and actuarial rates of transplantation were similar between treatment groups. Kaplan-Meier sudden death rates were lowest in the ICD group, intermediate in the no antiarrhythmic treatment group, and highest in the drug treatment group throughout follow-up (12-month sudden death rates, 9.2%, 16.0%, and 34.7%, respectively; P = .004). Total mortality and nonsudden death rates did not differ. Cox proportional-hazards model revealed that antiarrhythmic drug treatment was associated with sudden death (relative risk, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.39; P = .04) and ICD was associated with nonsudden death (relative risk, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.62; P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sudden death rates were lowest in patients treated with ICDs compared with drug treatment or no antiarrhythmic treatment. However, although ICDs reduced sudden death in selected high-risk patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, the effect on long-term survival was limited, principally by high nonsudden death rates.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ruskin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garan
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Torchiana
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Vlahakes
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Semigran
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dec
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents