Narcosis due to environmental pollutants in aquatic organisms: residue-based toxicity, mechanisms, and membrane burdens.
The well-known correlation between the hydrophobicity of narcotic chemicals and the exposure concentration needed to produce an effect indicates that a lipid phase in the aquatic organism is the most likely target. The molar concentration in aquatic organisms at death is found to be approximately constant for different narcotic chemicals, varying from 2 to 8 mmol/kg organism. Because the proportion of lipid is known, the lethal in vivo membrane burden can be calculated to be 40 to 160 mmol/kg lipid. The exact mechanism underlying narcosis is still unknown. However, disturbance by narcotic chemicals in model membrane systems has been investigated, attention having been paid to disturbance of phospholipids and proteins, and of the interaction between the two groups. Model membrane burdens of different chemicals have been shown to be approximately constant for a particular effect. Different effects are found at different membrane concentrations. In the present review, the toxicity of narcotic chemicals to aquatic organisms is discussed, the possible mechanisms underlying narcosis are reviewed, and a comparison is made between membrane burdens that are lethal in vivo and membrane burdens that cause an effect in in vitro systems.
van Wezel
A P
AP
Research Institute of Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Opperhuizen
A
A
D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical