title: 'Surgical mules': the smuggling of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: The presentation to surgical units of patients carrying illegal drugs in the gastrointestinal tract is a frequent occurrence at hospitals sited close to international airports. Drugs, usually heroin or cocaine, are wrapped in cellophane packets or condoms. The packages are intracorporeally concealed by being swallowed or passed into the rectum. The majority of drug traffickers carrying intracorporeal drug packages do not require any medical intervention. Recent reports have suggested that these patients are best treated expectantly avoiding any operative procedures. However, the quantity of drug in any one of the ingested packets is usually above the toxic dose and acute drug toxicity, as well as bowel obstruction, can result in fatalities. We report a series of five patients who presented over a period of 2 years to a hospital close to Heathrow International Airport, London. The presentation and treatment are reviewed and the management of such 'surgical mules' discussed. We have shown that conservative treatment is appropriate providing bowel obstruction or package perforation has not occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ashford Hospital, Middlesex, England, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine; D003415:Crime; D004064:Digestive System; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003932:Heroin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine