title: Incidence of congenital heart disease: II. Prenatal incidence.
abstract: The incidence of congenital heart disease appears to be about 1 per 100 liveborn infants. In infants who die before term, however, there is a much higher incidence of congenital heart disease, with a tendency for an excess of complex lesions. Some but not all of these lesions are associated with gross chromosomal abnormalities, which occur frequently in first-trimester abortions. Most of these chromosomal abnormalities are associated with such maldevelopment of many organ systems that fetal death occurs in utero. Monosomy X (45, XO), has a high association with congenital heart disease. Most fetuses with this abnormality die in utero, but because the abnormality is not inevitably lethal a small increase in survival of these fetuses would cause a large increase in the total incidence of congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome