title: Calcium channel blockers for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation complicated by congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the safety and efficacy of verapamil and diltiazem with respect to ventricular response in atrial fibrillation (AF) in the setting of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent articles were identified through a MEDLINE search of the English language literature from 1984 to 1993, followed by a manual search of the bibliographies of pertinent articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies selected were case reports, controlled trials, review articles and editorials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on hemodynamics, ventricular response in AF, clinical parameters and mortality were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are limited data about the effects of verapamil and diltiazem on ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. In vitro diltiazem has fewer negative inotropic effects than verapamil. Clinically there are some reports of hemodynamic and clinical deterioration in patients with significant LV dysfunction given verapamil although most patients improve with verapamil. There are more data concerning diltiazem in the setting of AF complicated by congestive heart failure. The drug does not appear to exacerbate heart failure, although hypotension can result. In chronic AF complicated by heart failure, there is concern that diltiazem may increase mortality. Options for therapy are digoxin, beta-blockers and atrioventricular node ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium channel blockers may have a role in the acute reduction of ventricular response in patients with AF complicated by congestive heart failure; however, their safety in chronic heart rate control remains to be proven.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Clinic, Loma Linda University, California, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heywood
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem