title: Colorectal complications following cardiac surgery. Six-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess colorectal complications following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of 5,801 patients who underwent 5,801 cardiopulmonary bypass procedures from 1985 to 1991. Patients were evaluated for type of bypass procedure, postoperative colorectal complications, age, sex, bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, elective vs. emergency cases, uses of intra-aortic balloon pump, perioperative hypotension, and use of vasopressors. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared analysis and Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of the 5,801 patients developed 19 colorectal complications, a prevalence of 0.3 percent for the initial hospital stay following bypass surgery. Mortality in those with complications was 37 percent (7/19). Of the 19 complications, 9 (47 percent) followed coronary artery bypass grafting, whereas 10 (53 percent) followed valve replacement or combined coronary artery bypass grafting with other cardiac procedures. Five (26 percent) of the complications followed emergency cases, whereas 14 (74 percent) followed elective cases. Average age of those with complications was 69.8 years, compared with 63.2 years for those without complications. Average aortic cross-clamp time for those with complications was 71 +/- 25 minutes; pump time was 106 +/- 34 minutes. That was significantly higher than in those without complications. Nine (47 percent) patients with complications required vasopressors during the perioperative period, whereas eight (42 percent) suffered prolonged hypotension (systolic blood pressure, < 90 mmHg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that increased age, valve replacement, or combined cardiac procedures, emergency procedures, and prolonged aortic cross-clamp and bypass pump times are risk factors for development of colorectal complications. Hypoperfusion, as suggested by prolonged pump times, clamp times, and emergency procedures may be a possible cause for development of colorectal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barkel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villalba
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bendick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors