title: Outcomes of patients with do-not-resuscitate orders. Toward an understanding of what do-not-resuscitate orders mean and how they affect patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcomes of hospitalized patients with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and to identify variables that may elucidate the high mortality of patients with DNR orders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among a nationally representative sample of Medicare patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, cerebrovascular accident, or hip fracture, we retrospectively studied in-hospital and 180-day mortality and hospital lengths of stay for patients without DNR orders, with early (day 1 or 2) DNR orders, and with late (day 3 or later) DNR orders, before and after adjustment for sickness at hospital admission and patient and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-hospital mortality for patients with DNR orders exceeded that for patients without DNR orders before adjustment (59% vs 8%, P < .001), and after accounting for differences in sickness at admission and patient and hospital characteristics (40% vs 9%, P < .001). Sicker patients were assigned earlier DNR orders. Yet, patients with early DNR orders had a lower adjusted in-hospital mortality (31% vs 49%, P < .001) and shorter hospital stay (10 vs 18 days, P < .001) than did patients with late DNR orders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitalized older patients with DNR orders have a much higher mortality than predicted by admission demographic and clinical characteristics. The differential association of early and late DNR orders with mortality indicates that DNR orders represent a heterogeneous group of interventions that may be a marker of unmeasured sickness and a determinant of quality of care. A better understanding of what the DNR order represents and its effect on patient care is needed to ensure optimal use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States