title: Fractional flow reserve. A useful index to evaluate the influence of an epicardial coronary stenosis on myocardial blood flow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractional flow reserve (FFR), defined as the ratio of maximum flow in the presence of a stenosis to normal maximum flow, is a lesion-specific index of stenosis severity that can be calculated by simultaneous measurement of mean arterial, distal coronary, and central venous pressure (Pa, Pd, and Pv, respectively), during pharmacological vasodilation. The aims of this study were to define ranges of FFR values, whether associated with inducible ischemia or not, and to investigate FFR in normal coronary arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 60 patients accepted for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of single-vessel disease, with a positive exercise test (ET) < 24 hours before PTCA, FFR was determined during adenosine-induced hyperemia just before and 15 minutes after angioplasty. Pa was measured by the guiding catheter, Pd by an 0.018-in fiber-optic pressure-monitoring wire, and Pv, by a multipurpose catheter. The ET was repeated after 5 to 7 days, and only if this second ET had reverted to normal was the pre-PTCA value of FFR definitely considered to be associated with inducible ischemia and the post-PTCA value not. Myocardial FFR (FFRmyo) increased from 0.53 +/- 0.15 before PTCA to 0.88 +/- 0.07 after PTCA. Coronary FFR increased from 0.38 +/- 0.19 to 0.83 +/- 0.12. In all patients, values of FFRmyo definitely associated with ischemia were < or = 0.74, whereas all except two values not associated with inducible ischemia exceeded 0.74. Moreover, FFRmyo in 18 coronary arteries in 5 normal patients equaled 0.98 +/- 0.03.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A value of FFRmyo of 0.74 reliably discriminates coronary stenosis, whether associated with inducible ischemia or not. Therefore, FFRmyo is a useful index to determine the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis and may facilitate clinical decision making in patients with an equivocal coronary stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Pijls
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Gelder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van der Voort
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peels
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bracke
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bonnier
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: el Gamal
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055100:Optical Fibers; D012016:Reference Values; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000241:Adenosine