title: The value of dipyridamole echocardiography in risk stratification before vascular surgery. A multicenter study. The EPIC (Echo Persantine International Study) Group--Subproject: Risk Stratification Before Major Vascular Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients undergoing major vascular surgery are at relatively high risk of cardiac events, and pharmacological stress echocardiography is increasingly used for peri-operative risk stratification.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-one patients undergoing vascular surgery (age 65 +/- 7 years) were studied by dipyridamole echocardiography testing in six different centres. Of the total 136 patients, 15 were subsequently excluded because surgery was either cancelled (n = 8) or postponed pending cardiac revascularization (n = 7) because of the presence of a 'high-risk' stress echo response (identified 'a priori' as a positive dipyridamole echocardiography testing with a dipyridamole-time < 5 min and/or a peak wall motion score index > 2, upon scoring each segment from 1 = normal to 4 = dyskinetic in an 11-segment model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major complications occurred during dipyridamole echocardiography testing. Technically adequate images were obtained in all patients; however, in one patient only the low dipyridamole dose (56 mg.kg-1 over 4 min) was given to limit side effects. Of the 121 patients undergoing surgery 28 (23%) had a positive test. Peri-operative events occurred in nine patients (8%): two deaths, two myocardial infarctions, five cases of unstable angina. Sensitivity and specificity of dipyridamole echocardiography testing for predicting cardiac events were 78% and 81%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 25% and a negative predictive value of 98%. Dipyridamole echocardiography testing effectively singled out patients with, from those without, events, but neither clinical parameters, such as Detsky score, nor baseline echo parameters, such as resting wall motion score index or ejection fraction were able to distinguish between such patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, dipyridamole echocardiography testing is safe and well tolerated in patients undergoing major vascular surgery, and provides an effective pre-operative screening test for risk stratification of these patients mainly due to the extremely high negative predictive value. Stress echocardiography is a better discriminator than clinical and rest echocardiographic variables.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sicari
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Picano
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lusa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salustri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciavatti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rosso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozakova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedrinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pingitore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004176:Dipyridamole; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012146:Rest; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D004176:Dipyridamole