title: Normothermic versus mild hypothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia: a prospective, randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous retrograde blood cardioplegia has been introduced as a promising alternative for myocardial protection during cardiac operations, although the optimal conditions for its delivery have been poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized a prospective series of 101 patients to receive either retrograde warm (37 degrees C) or mild hypothermic (28 degrees to 29 degrees C) blood cardioplegia during elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Warm blood cardioplegia was delivered to the aortic root until the heart was arrested, after which the regimen was switched to retrograde and continued either as warm or mild hypothermic cardioplegia. Oxygen consumption and transcardiac pH differences during aortic cross-clamping were determined, and postoperative creatine kinase-MB efflux, hemodynamic recovery, and clinical complications monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical characteristics, cardioplegia delivery rates, aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times, and the number of distal anastomoses were similar in both patient groups. Short intermissions in cardioplegia delivery during construction of distal anastomoses were allowed, the ischemia time in the mild hypothermic group being somewhat longer (8.3% +/- 1.1% versus 5.1% +/- 0.8% of cross-clamp time; p = 0.05). Myocardial oxygen consumption was lower in the mild hypothermic group (2.49 +/- 0.23 versus 3.93 +/- 0.33 mL/min at 30 minutes of cross-clamping; p < 0.01), and the transcardiac pH difference was smaller (0.05 +/- 0.01 versus 0.07 +/- 0.01 at 30 minutes of cross-clamping; p < 0.03). Postoperative creatine kinase-MB levels were higher in the normothermic group. Heart rate was higher and left ventricular stroke work index smaller in the warm group, but otherwise there were no major differences between the groups in hemodynamic recovery. The number of postoperative complications was also similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although both normothermic (37 degrees C) and mild hypothermic (28 degrees to 29 degrees C) retrograde blood cardioplegia, when delivered in near-continuous fashion, will offer safe myocardial protection during coronary artery bypass grafting, mild hypothermia seemed to provide somewhat better protection under the conditions prevailing here. The effects of different cardioplegia temperatures should perhaps be tested further in patients with recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or severely depressed left ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaukoranta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepojärvi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Peuhkurinen
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase