title: The "low intensity treadmill exercise" protocol for appropriate rate adaptive programming of minute ventilation controlled pacemakers.
abstract: The objective of rate adaptive pacemakers that measure minute ventilation by transthoracic impedance is to simulate the physiological relationship of the sensed signal to the sinus node response during exercise, thus achieving an appropriate matching of heart rate with patient effort. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological relationship between heart rate and minute ventilation (HR/VE) during peak exercise testing in order to develop a database for appropriate rate adaptive slope programming of minute ventilation controlled pacemakers. Due to several clinical limitations of peak exercise testing, it was additionally determined whether the 35-watt "low intensity treadmill exercise" (LITE) protocol can be used as a substitute for peak exercise test using the "ramping incremental treadmill exercise" (RITE) protocol in order to assess the correct HR/VE slope below the anaerobic threshold. The stress tests were performed on a treadmill with the collection of breath-by-breath gas exchange. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the HR/VE slope below and above the anaerobic threshold and during the early, dynamic phase of low intensity exercise with the RITE and LITE protocols, respectively. The results of this testing in 41 healthy subjects demonstrated that the HR/VE relationship throughout treadmill exercise using the RITE protocol was not linear but curvilinear in nature, with a steeper HR/VE slope of 1.54 +/- 0.51 below versus 1.15 +/- 0.37 above the anaerobic threshold (P < 0.005). The HR/VE slope determined during the early, dynamic phase of the LITE protocol (1.58 +/- 0.88) did not differ from the HR/VE slope from rest to anaerobic threshold obtained using the peak exercise RITE test (1.54 +/- 0.51; P = 0.79). Rate adaptive pacing should simulate the curvilinear relationship between heart rate and minute ventilation from rest to peak exercise. The HR/VE slope determined during the early, dynamic phase of low intensity exercise represents the HR/VE slope derived from the RITE protocol below the anaerobic threshold. According to the peak exercise database, the slope above anaerobic threshold can easily be calculated as a percentage of the slope below the anaerobic threshold. The LITE protocol can, therefore, be effectively performed as a substitute for peak exercise stress tests to determine the correct pacemaker rate response factor in order to obtain a physiological heart rate to minute ventilation relationship for the appropriate matching of paced heart rate with patient effort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewalter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacCarter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schimpf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D004867:Equipment Design; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012044:Regression Analysis