title: Adult-onset spinocerebellar dysfunction caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with isolated vitamin E deficiency have an impaired ability to incorporate alpha-tocopherol into lipoproteins in the liver and usually have symptoms and signs of spinocerebellar dysfunction before adolescence. Accumulated evidence suggests that the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein, which is presumed to function in the intracellular transport of alpha-tocopherol, is abnormal in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a patient from an isolated Japanese island who began to have ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory disturbances in the sixth decade of life. His serum vitamin E concentration was low (1.2 micrograms per milliliter [2.8 mumol per liter]). Exons of his gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein were analyzed by DNA sequencing. We also screened an additional 801 inhabitants of the island for the mutation. Both the normal and mutant alpha-to-copherol-transfer proteins were expressed in COS-7 cells and studied by immunoblot analysis and assay for alpha-tocopherol-transfer activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient was homozygous for a point mutation that replaces histidine (CAT) with glutamine (CAG) at position 101 of the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein. When expressed in COS-7 cells, the missense mutation produced a functionally defective alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein with approximately 11 percent of the transfer activity of the wild-type protein. Of the 801 island inhabitants examined, 21 were heterozygous for the His101Gln mutation. In all affected subjects, including the patient, this mutation cosegregated with an intron-sequence polymorphism. The heterozygotes were phenotypically normal and had serum vitamin E concentrations that were on average 25 percent lower than those of normal subjects (mean [+/- SD], 7.5 +/- 2.2 vs. 10.1 +/- 2.8 micrograms per milliliter [17.4 +/- 5.1 vs. 23.4 +/- 6.5 mumol per liter]; P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  alpha-Tocopherol-transfer protein is a determinant of serum vitamin E concentrations. An abnormality in this protein is a cause of spinocerebellar dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gotoda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yazaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013132:Spinocerebellar Degenerations / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C017763:alpha-tocopherol transfer protein; D014810:Vitamin E