title: Energy expenditure determined by the doubly labeled water method in Bolivian Aymara living in a high altitude agropastoral community.
abstract: Using the doubly labeled water method (DLW), we determined total energy expenditure (TEE) under free-living conditions in 23 rural Bolivian Aymara (males and females aged 4-65), natives of a small, high-altitude (4000-4100 m), rural agropastoral community in the Andes mountains. In the adults (18-65 y of age), mean TEEs for males and females were 11.1 +/- 1.8 MJ/24 h (range: 9.3-14.1) and 9.8 +/- 0.9 MJ/24 h (8.8-11.3). Non basal energy expenditure expressed as TEE relative to basal energy expenditure (TEE:RMR) and as the difference between TEE and RMR per unit of weight [(TEE-RMR)/wt] showed no significant sex differences. TEE:RMR in the adults (2.00 +/- 0.21) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of adolescents and children (1.67 +/- 0.25), but the mean (TEE-RMR)/wt values were similar in children, adolescents, and adults. Significantly high RMR:FFM values in children and adolescents, reflecting a curvilinear relation of RMR and FFM, have enlarged the differences in TEE:RMR by age groups. When compared with other DLW studies for free-living nonobese adults, the RMR of adult Aymara subjects normalized by the ratio method (RMR:FFM) and by the regression-based method (RMR adjusted with FFM as the covariate) was not significantly different from that observed in subjects living in low altitudes. As compared to FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) recommendations, activity levels were classified as heavy for the adult females and moderate-heavy for the adult males. Energy requirements for maintaining everyday tasks in the Andean people are much higher than expected from the previous studies on food consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kashiwazaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dejima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orias-Rivera
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000383:Agriculture; D000531:Altitude; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D001838:Bolivia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003903:Deuterium; D004032:Diet; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012424:Rural Population; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D003903:Deuterium