title: Photoanthropometric study of craniofacial traits of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
abstract: A photoanthropometric method, which enables an objective description of facial structures, was used to better delineate the craniofacial characteristics of 37 individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS; 21 males and 16 females; 22 with 15q11q13 deletions and 15 with normal-appearing chromosome 15s) between the ages of 0 to 12 years. Facial parameters were measured from strict frontal and profile photographic 35 mm slides and compared with other facial measurements from the same face (e.g., palpebral fissure width to bizygomatic diameter). We studied 16 photoanthropometric craniofacial indices following the protocols established by Stengel-Rutkowski et al. [1984: Hum Genet 67:272-295] and Butler et al. [1988: Am J Med Genet 30:165-168]. Based on our measurements of 37 Prader-Willi syndrome individuals, none of the parameters were consistently outside of the normal range when compared with photoanthropometric index standards for age established from white control children [Stengel-Rutkowski et al., 1984]. However, several suggestive findings were documented by our analysis including: narrow palpebral fissure width [particularly in older children (6-12 years)], high midface, broad interalar distance, short back of the nose, prominent high chin, and broad low-set ears. No significant differences were found in craniofacial parameters between deletion or nondeletion Prader-Willi syndrome patients with this methodology. These craniofacial parameters (many not previously evaluated in PWS patients) may become useful for early detection, and aid in the diagnosis and the study of the development of the characteristic face seen in Prader-Willi patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2578, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology