title: Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange improves pulmonary mechanics, oxygenation, ventilation, and allows nitric oxide delivery in the hypoplastic lung congenital diaphragmatic hernia lamb model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange and the effects of inhaled nitric oxide during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia lamb model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled, nonhuman trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal lambs of 16 time-dated pregnant ewes, at 80 days gestation (term 140 to 145 days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The congenital diaphragmatic hernia lamb model was created in 16 animals. Twelve animals survived to be studied. All animals were mechanically ventilated for 4 hrs with a time-cycled, pressure-limited ventilator. Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange was started after 15 mins of ventilation (n = 6). Blood gases were analyzed at 30 mins and then hourly. The perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange animals had dynamic compliance and tidal volumes measured. After 1 hr, inhaled nitric oxide (80 parts per million) was delivered to the perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange animals for 10 mins. All blood gas parameters, including pH (6.72 +/- 0.06 vs. 7.14 +/- 0.07), PCO2 (186 +/- 12 vs. 70.5 +/- 16.7 torr [24.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.5 +/- 2.1 kPa]), and PO2 (48 +/- 17 vs. 156 +/- 48 torr [6.4 +/- 2.3 vs. 20.8 +/- 6.4 kPa]) were significantly improved in the perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange-treated group at 4 hrs (p < .005). Dynamic compliance (0.13 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.06 mL/cm H2O/kg) and tidal volume (3.5 +/- 0.35 vs. 7.22 +/- 0.61 mL/kg) were also significantly (p < .001) increased in the perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange group. In the perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange animals, nitric oxide caused a significant (p < .05) increase in oxygenation and a reduction in pulmonary hypertension. This effect was reversed by stopping the inhaled nitric oxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange significantly improved gas exchange, dynamic compliance, and tidal volumes. Furthermore, inhaled nitric oxide can be effectively delivered during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange to reduce pulmonary hypertension and enhance oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Karamanoukian
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D009569:Nitric Oxide