title: Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of etoposide following intravenous administration of etoposide phosphate and etoposide in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of etoposide following intravenous (i.v.) administration of etoposide phosphate (Etopophos; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ), a prodrug of etoposide, and VePesid (Bristol-Myers Squibb).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine solid tumor patients were randomized to receive Etopophos or VePesid on day 1 of a day-1,3,5 schedule of treatment. The alternate drug was given on day 3 and repeated on day 5. The dose, 150 mg/m2 of etoposide equivalent, was administered by constant rate infusion over 3.5 hours. The plasma concentrations of etoposide phosphate and etoposide were determined using validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a noncompartmental method. Etopophos was considered to be bioequivalent to VePesid if the 90% confidence limits for the differences in mean maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUCinf of etoposide were contained within 80% to 125% for the long-transformed data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one patients were assessable for pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence assessment. Following i.v. administration, etoposide phosphate was rapidly and extensively converted to etoposide in systemic circulation, resulting in insufficient data to estimate its pharmacokinetics. The mean bioavailability of etoposide from Etopophos, relative to VePesid, was 103% (90% confidence interval, 99% to 106%) based on Cmax, and 107% (90 confidence interval, 105% to 110%) based on area under the concentration versus time curve from zero to infinity (AUCinf) values. Mean terminal elimination half-life (t1/2), steady-state volume of distribution (Vss), and total systemic clearance (CL) values of etoposide were approximately 7 hours, 7 L/m2, and 17 mL/min/m2 after Etopophos and VePesid treatments, respectively. The main toxicity observed was myelosuppression, characterized by leukopenia and neutropenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to plasma levels of etoposide, i.v. Etopophos is bioequivalent to i.v. VePesid.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Igwemezie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosty
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levithan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bukowski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gandara
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C061400:etoposide phosphate; D005047:Etoposide