title: Intravenous regional anesthesia using lidocaine and ketorolac.
abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) interfere with the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and can supplement postoperative pain relief. We postulated that using the parenterally available NSAID ketorolac (K) as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) would suppress intraoperative tourniquet pain and enhance postoperative analgesia. Sixty patients were assigned randomly and blindly to receive either intravenous (i.v.) saline and IVRA with 0.5% lidocaine, IV K and IVRA 0.5% lidocaine, or i.v. saline and IVRA 0.5% lidocaine with K. The patients who received IVRA K reported significantly less intraoperative tourniquet pain, with lower verbal analog pain scores at 15 and 30 min after tourniquet inflation. Similarly, IVRA-K patients experienced less postoperative pain with lower visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 30 and 60 min, and required no fentanyl for control of early postoperative pain in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). They also required fewer analgesic tablets in the first 24 h (1.9 +/- 1.4 Tylenol No. 3 tablets compared to the other two groups, 4.6 +/- 1.3 and 3.0 +/- 1.1; P < 0.05). We conclude that K improves IVRA with 0.5% lidocaine both in terms of controlling intraoperative tourniquet pain and by diminishing postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kreitzer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Duprat
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D020910:Ketorolac; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D013607:Tablets; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013607:Tablets; D000082:Acetaminophen; D008012:Lidocaine; D014046:Tolmetin; D005283:Fentanyl; D020910:Ketorolac