title: Improving survival for patients with advanced heart failure: a study of 737 consecutive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine whether survival and risk of sudden death have improved for patients with advanced heart failure referred for consideration for heart transplantation as advances in medical therapy were systematically implemented over an 8-year period.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent survival trials in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and patients after a myocardial infarction have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are beneficial, type I antiarrhythmic drugs can be detrimental, and amiodarone may be beneficial in some groups. The impact of advances in therapy may be enhanced or blunted when applied to severe heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year mortality and sudden death were determined in relation to time, baseline variables and therapeutics for 737 consecutive patients referred for heart transplantation and discharged home on medical therapy from 1986 to 1988, 1989 to 1990 and 1991 to 1993. Medical care was directed by a single team of physicians with policies established by consensus. From 1986 to 1990, the hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate combination or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were the initial vasodilators, and class I antiarrhythmic drugs were allowed. After 1990, captopril was the initial vasodilator, given to 86% of patients compared with 46% of patients before 1989. After mid-1989, class I agents were routinely withdrawn, and amiodarone was used for frequent ventricular ectopic beats or atrial fibrillation (53% of patients after 1990 vs. 10% before 1989).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total 1-year mortality rate decreased from 33% before 1989 to 16% after 1990 (p = 0.0001), and sudden death decreased from 20% to 8% (p = 0.0006). Adjusted for clinical and hemodynamic variables in multivariate proportional hazards models, total mortality and sudden death were lower after 1990.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large reduction in mortality, particularly in sudden death, from advanced heart failure since 1990 may reflect an enhanced impact of therapeutic advances shown in large randomized trials when they are incorporated into a comprehensive approach in this population. This improved survival supports the growing practice of maintaining potential heart transplant candidates on optimal medical therapy until clinical decompensation mandates transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Middlekauff
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Saxon
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Natterson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steimle
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis