title: Determinants of success in pediatric cardiac patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine the possible predictors of successful cardiac recovery using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and the practical limits of ECMO support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was gathered on 31 consecutive children with myocardial failure who could not be resuscitated with other means and underwent ECMO at the Hospital for Sick Children before January 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the children who underwent ECMO as a means of cardiac rescue, 14/31 (45%) were weaned successfully. Two distinct groups of children were evident based on their initial indications for ECMO: those who had postcardiotomy myocardial dysfunction (n = 25) and those with cardiomyopathy or myocarditis (n = 6). Children with residual defects after cardiotomy (n = 10) did not survive ECMO. Four of the 6 children with cardiomyopathy or myocarditis were weaned successfully. In either group of patients ECMO support beyond 6 days failed to resuscitate the myocardium; all attempts to violate this "time barrier" in our study inevitably failed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postcardiotomy residual defects are a contraindication to ECMO. If children with residual defects are excluded, successful weaning from ECMO can be achieved in almost 70%, with almost all recovery occurring with the first 6 days of ECMO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coles
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rebeyka
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Trusler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gruenwald
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freedom
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000601:surgery*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome