title: Endoscopic-assisted recontouring of the facial skeleton: the forehead.
abstract: Endoscopic techniques have revolutionized current surgical techniques and have now been introduced to plastic surgery. Advantages of endoscopic assistance include direct visualization, hidden scars, and decreased morbidity. We sought to implement endoscopic techniques to recontour the facial skeleton and avoid the disadvantages of open procedures. A standard video system and endoscopic instrumentation including a 4-mm 30-degree endoscope and a power bur were used. Cadaveric dissections were performed before clinical use. Using endoscopic assistance, the frontal bone of a 42-year-old Korean woman with bony deformities was visualized and sculpted using a power bur. An uneventful postoperative course ensued. This case illustrates the feasibility of using endoscopic techniques in forehead recontouring and sets the stage for further work in malar and mandible recontouring.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Pozner
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sadeh
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000295:instrumentation*