title: Mechanisms of syncope caused by transient bradycardia and the diagnostic value of electrophysiologic testing and cardiovascular reflexivity maneuvers.
abstract: Transient bradycardia may be intrinsic because of sinus node or atrioventricular (AV) conduction abnormalities, or extrinsic because of abnormal vagal reflex. Twenty-five consecutive patients, referred to us for study of unexplained syncope, who, during electrocardiographic monitoring, had a documented episode of intermittent bradycardia that caused syncope, underwent a full electrophysiologic study, carotid sinus massage, and the head-up tilt test. A prolonged ventricular asystole (5 to 20 seconds) was documented during syncope in all patients: sinus arrest in 13, AV block in 7, sinus arrest plus AV block in 3, and asystolic pause during atrial fibrillation in 2. Abnormal electrophysiologic findings suggested the correct diagnosis in 6 patients (24%): block within the bundle of His in 5 and sick sinus syndrome in 1. An abnormal response to carotid sinus massage or to the head-up tilt test suggested a neurally mediated mechanism in 17 patients (68%). Overall, electrophysiologic study and vasovagal maneuvers were able to identify the mechanism of spontaneous syncope in 23 patients (92%). Thus, in patients affected by syncope due to transient bradycardia, the most likely mechanism of syncope is neurogenic, whereas it is cardiogenic only in a few instances. Electrophysiologic testing, carotid sinus massage, and the head-up tilt test can identify most of these patients. Conversely, when all these tests are negative, it is unlikely that transient bradycardia is the cause of syncope. Because of the different mechanisms involved, electrophysiologic study and vasovagal maneuvers are complementary diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Section of Arrhythmology, Ospedali Riuniti, Lavagna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brignole
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menozzi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bottoni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianfranchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lolli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oddone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gaggioli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000150:complications*; D002346:Carotid Sinus; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012804:Sick Sinus Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology*; D018667:Tilt-Table Test / Q000379:methods; D014630:Vagus Nerve