title: Does the intake of nuts and seeds alter the appearance of menarche?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nutritional state reportedly influences the age of menarche. In this work we investigated the potential relationship between the intake of various types of foods and the age of menarche, irrespective of body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  An overall 777 schoolgirls of ages between 8 and 16 years from Benalmádena (Málaga, Spain) were subjected to a cross-sectional study involving: the age of menarche as the dependent variable; and the weight, body mass index, skinfold thickness, food intake (estimated from weekly food frequency questionnaires), and age of menarche in the proband's mother and sisters as independent variables. Several models were developed in order to calculate the strength of association between the dependent variable (the presence or absence of menarche) and the independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of menarche was 12.4 years. The intake of the various types of foods was not consistent between the different age groups. In girls of 12 or younger, the age of menarche was found to be related to weight: Odds ratio (OR) = 7.06; (Confidence intervals (CI) = 2.80-17.6). On inclusion of various foods groups, the OR rose to 49.89 (CI = 40.85-60.84). In girls over 12, the age of menarche was essentially related to the intake of nuts and seeds (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.40-0.98). Inclusion of other foods groups decreased the OR (OR = 0.34, CI = 0.14-0.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant statistical relationship between intake of nuts and seeds and the age of menarche was found.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González-Romero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esteva
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: García-Arnés
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tinahones
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Adana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olveira
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mancha
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vazques
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009754:Nuts; D011247:Pregnancy; D011627:Puberty; D012639:Seeds; D013030:Spain