title: Biofeedback treatment for chronic constipation and encopresis in childhood: long-term outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormal defecation dynamics often are present in children with chronic constipation and encopresis. Patients who learned normal defecation dynamics with biofeedback treatment had improved short-term outcome. The aim of our research was to evaluate if biofeedback treatment improved long-term outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-nine children with constipation, encopresis, and abnormal defecation dynamics were treated conventionally; 63 of them received additional biofeedback training directed towards teaching normal defecation dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up (4.1 +/- 1.5 years), 86% of conventionally treated patients and 87% of biofeedback-treated patients had improvement in encopresis; 62% of conventionally treated patients, 50% of successful biofeedback-treated patients, and 23% of unsuccessful biofeedback-treated patients had recovered from chronic constipation and encopresis. Recovery rates were similar for conventionally treated patients and biofeedback-treated patients who learned normal defecation dynamics (P > .2) but significantly lower for unsuccessful biofeedback-treated patients (P < .02). Length of follow-up was significantly related to recovery (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning normal defecation dynamics with biofeedback training did not increase long-term recovery rates in children with chronic constipation, encopresis, and abnormal defecation dynamics above those achieved with conventional treatment alone.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loening-Baucke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003672:Defecation; D004576:Electromyography; D004688:Encopresis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome