title: The effectiveness initiative. II: The spectrum of effectiveness research.
abstract: Effectiveness research aims to base medical decision making more on rigorous evidence than on intuition and anecdote. The methods used to generate new data include, in order of decreasing rigor, clinical trials, observational studies, claims data analysis, and anecdotal studies. The methods that synthesize existing data include unstructured literature reviews, consensus development, meta-analysis, and decision modeling. Cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analyses are formal methods of incorporating the economic impact of alternative medical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fendrick
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Trobe
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006285:Health Planning / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'