title: Ocular findings in Saudi Arabian patients with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was set up to determine whether or not retinal changes occur in sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabian subjects with either the Benin, which exists in the south western part of the kingdom, or Asian haplotypes in the east, and to compare the findings with those in sickle cell disease in Jamaica.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal examination and fluorescein angiography were performed in 61 patients with SS disease (40 eastern, 20 south western, 1 central region) and 10 with sickle cell beta(0) thalassaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral retinal vascular changes were common, and a qualitatively abnormal vascular border believed to imply risk of proliferative sickle retinography (PSR) was significantly more common in south western SS patients and PSR was shown in one of these. There were no differences in visual acuity, the presence of peripheral retinal patches, or the circumferential or posterior extent of peripheral retinal vessel closure between SS disease and sickle cell beta(0) thalassaemia or between SS disease in the two regions. Compared with the Jamaican Cohort Study, > 180 degrees of the peripheral retinal vasculature was seen significantly less frequent, suggesting factors inhibiting vascular remodeling in Saudi patients in early life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia affects the retina and represents a potential threat to vision. Changes occur whatever the haplotype, and is similar to that observed in Jamaica.
authors.affiliation: King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: al-Hazzaa
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulozik
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Serjeant
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Serjeant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padmos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000473:pathology