title: The associations between alcohol drinking and dietary habits and blood pressure in Japanese men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the relationships between blood pressure and alcohol, nutrients and electrolytes intakes in Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dietary survey was conducted in a rural population of Japan by the 2-day dietary record method, and blood pressure was measured with a standard sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure levels, nutrients and electrolytes intakes were compared among the non-drinkers and the tertiles of the alcohol-drinking subjects. The relationships between blood pressure and nutrients, electrolytes and alcohol intakes were also determined by multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were positively, and percentage of energy from fat and carbohydrates was negatively, related to the drinking categories. Univariate analysis showed that SBP was significantly related to age, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol intake, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also significantly related to age, BMI and alcohol intake. Both SBP and DBP had a significant inverse relationship with the percentage of energy from fat (P < 0.01). Both SBP and DBP were significantly related to drinking categories when the effects of age, BMI and percentage energy from fat intake on blood pressure were adjusted for (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed SBP to be significantly and positively associated with age, BMI and alcohol intake, and negatively associated with potassium intake, whereas DBP was significantly and positively associated with BMI and total energy intake, and was negatively associated with potassium and the percentage of energy intake from fat and carbohydrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive association between alcohol drinking and blood pressure persisted even after consideration of the effects of age, BMI and other macronutrient and electrolytes intakes. The reduction of alcohol intake should be an important public health strategy in the primary prevention of hypertension in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats