title: Distribution of all-trans-, 13-cis- and 9-cis-retinoic acid to whole rat embryos and maternal serum following oral administration of a teratogenic dose of all-trans-retinoic acid.
abstract: Maternal administration of 200 mg/kg all-trans-retinoic acid to rat embryos at early limb stages of development (day 12 to day 13.5 post coitum) results in limb reduction defects. In order to determine the duration of exposure of the embryo to raised levels of all-trans-retinoic acid, we have used high performance liquid chromatography to measure retinoid levels at a series of time intervals following maternal administration on day 12.5 post coitum. Raised levels of all-trans-retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid were detectable in embryos after 30 min., reached a peak at 2 hr, and had fallen sharply by 4 hr. 13-cis-Retinoic acid levels were undetectable after 4 hr, and all-trans-retinoic acid levels after 8 hr. 9-cis-retinoic acid levels rose more slowly, were less elevated, and fell more gradually than the other two retinoids. The retinoid profiles in maternal serum were similar. The results indicate that induction of limb abnormalities by all-trans-retinoic acid in rat embryos is associated with a relatively short-term rise in embryonic retinoid levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Oxford, U.K.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Morriss-Kay
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000032:analysis*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012176:Retinoids / Q000032:analysis*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids; D013723:Teratogens; D014212:Tretinoin; D015474:Isotretinoin