title: A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocarditis is a serious disorder, and treatment options are limited. This trial was designed to determine whether immunosuppressive therapy improves left ventricular function in patients with myocarditis and to examine measures of the immune response as predictors of the severity and outcome of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 111 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 0.45 to receive conventional therapy alone or combined with a 24-week regimen of immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of prednisone with either cyclosporine or azathioprine. The primary outcome measure was a change in the left ventricular ejection fraction at 28 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group as a whole, the mean (+/- SE) left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 0.25 +/- 0.01 at base line to 0.34 +/- 0.02 at 28 weeks (P < 0.001). The mean change in the left ventricular ejection fraction at 28 weeks did not differ significantly between the group of patients who received immunosuppressive therapy (a gain of 0.10; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.12) and the control group (a gain of 0.07; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.12). A higher left ventricular ejection fraction at base line, less intensive conventional drug therapy at base line, and a shorter duration of disease, but not the treatment assignment, were positive independent predictors of the left ventricular ejection fraction at week 28. There was no significant difference in survival between the two groups (P = 0.96). The mortality rate for the entire group was 20 percent at 1 year and 56 percent at 4.3 years. Features suggesting an effective inflammatory response were associated with less severe initial disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support routine treatment of myocarditis with immunosuppressive drugs. Ventricular function improved regardless of whether patients received immunosuppressive therapy, but long-term mortality was high. Patients with a vigorous inflammatory response had less severe disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herskowitz
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Billingham
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone