title: Congenital testicular maldescent: significance of the complete hernial sac.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that testicular maldescent is rarely congenital in the absence of a complete hernial sac.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 110 boys undergoing orchidopexy. Operative findings (complete hernial sac versus no hernial sac) were compared with recorded testicular descent at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 70 testes recorded as maldescended neonatally there was no example without a complete hernial sac at orchidopexy. Among 60 recorded as descended neonatally, 43 had no sac at orchidopexy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with the hypothesis, though not with the proposition, that the presence of a complete hernial sac at orchidopexy constitutes proof of congenital testicular maldescent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Donnell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rickwood
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000151:congenital; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000002:abnormalities*