title: Sequential internal mammary artery grafting: a viable alternative in myocardial revascularization.
abstract: The internal mammary artery has become the conduit of choice in myocardial revascularization. The expanded use of this ideal conduit for sequential grafting has enhanced its application. Between March 1985 and June 1993, 245 consecutive patients underwent revascularization of the myocardium with internal mammary artery bypass grafts with at least one sequential anastomosis. There were 186 men and 59 women, with a mean age of 65.1 (range 40-82) years. Unstable angina was present in 141 patients (57.6%) and 36 patients (14.7%) had left main coronary artery stenosis (> 50%). Before surgery, five patients (2.0%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II, 113 (46.1%) in class III, and 127 (51.8%) in class IV. There were a total of 1041 coronary artery grafts, mean 4.2 (range 2-7) grafts per patient and 528 sequential left internal mammary artery anastomoses, mean 2.2 per patient. Hospital mortality rate was 2.4% (six patients). Almost two-thirds of the patients experienced no hospital complications. The most frequent complication included arrhythmia in 36 patients (14.7%), respiratory insufficiency in 15 (6.1)% and temporary left phrenic nerve palsy in ten (4.1%). Mean follow-up was 37.0 (range 1-94.2) months. The mean(s.e.m.) actuarial survival rate for patients discharged from hospital was 94.8(1.6)% at 36 months and 82.4(5.0)% at 72 months. At follow-up of 222 patients, 185 (83.3%) were symptom-free in NYHA class I and 27(12.2%) were in class II. Though technically demanding, multiple sequential internal mammary artery grafting is feasible and can be accomplished with low hospital mortality and morbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: St Joseph's Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Bessone
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Pupello
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hiro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Cuenca
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Glatterer
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Angell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ebra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications