title: Iodine-mediated inactivation of lipid- and nonlipid-enveloped viruses in human antithrombin III concentrate.
abstract: Human plasma-derived protein concentrates intended for clinical use must be treated for viral inactivation to ensure patient safety. This study explored the use of liquid iodine for inactivation of several lipid- and nonlipid-enveloped viruses in an antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate. Iodine at levels of 0.01% to 0.02% caused between 43% and 94% loss of AT-III activity, as well as degradation of AT-III as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. However, addition of up to 0.1% human albumin protected the AT-III against both inactivation and fragmentation. At albumin levels sufficient to retain greater than 75% of AT-III activity, greater than 6 logs of sindbis, encephalomyocarditis, and vesicular stomatitis viruses, greater than 4 logs of pseudorabies, and greater than 3 logs of human immunodeficiency virus were inactivated. Except with sindbis virus, this represented complete inactivation of all the viruses spiked into the AT-III concentrate.
authors.affiliation: Holland Laboratory, Plasma Derivatives Department, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Highsmith
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benade
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shanbrom
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012449:Safety; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014709:Vero Cells; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000990:Antithrombin III; D007455:Iodine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid