title: Glomerular anionic charge in congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type.
abstract: Decrease of the anionic charge of the glomerular basement membrane and especially the reduced amount of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in the lamina rara externa has been suggested to be the basic pathogenetic defect in congenital nephrotic syndrome. In the present study the anionic charge of glomeruli was examined in the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type and in controls using  cationic stains (polyethyleneimine, Ruthenium Red) in electron microscopy. Chondroitinase and heparinase treatments were used to characterize further the anionic elements detected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in addition to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the tridimensional structure and secondary changes of podocytes in this syndrome. The number (mean +/- SD) of polyethyleneimine granules per 1 micron length of lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane was 24.9 +/- 4.5 in control and 23.2 +/- 4.3 [corrected] in congenital nephrotic syndrome subjects. The Ruthenium Red staining pattern was closely similar in syndrome and control kidneys. The granules evident after staining with either cationic stain were seen after chondroitinase but not after heparinase treatment in control as well as in syndrome patient kidney samples. No denuded areas of basement membrane in 42 glomeruli from four syndrome patients were found in SEM. In conclusion, the amount of anionic sites in the lamina rara externa as detected by either cationic stain was comparable to controls. These results do not support the hypothesis of decreased anionic sites in the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane in congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rapola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holthöfer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jalanko
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions / Q000032:analysis*; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000151:congenital / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions