title: Uptake of chloroform by skin during short exposures to contaminated water.
abstract: Uptake of chloroform into hairless rat stratum corneum from dilute aqueous solutions was studied using tape-stripping to determine amounts deposited in the skin under various environmental exposure scenarios. The length of exposure of sedated animals to the chloroform-containing medium, the frequency and duration of tape-stripping, and the number of tape-strips per location were varied to map the stratum corneum substantivity of chloroform. Eight minutes immersion of the rat within a well-stirred solution at 36 degrees C was found to be adequate time for the gradient to be established fully across the stratum corneum. Penetration was progressively deeper as the exposure time increased. Substantial evaporative loss of chloroform from the aqueous medium of application seem to be responsible for lower cumulative amounts taken up when the same solution was held on the rat's skin within a stainless steel template of fixed area. Of the total uptake (29 mg) from a dilute stirred solution of chloroform (0.44 mg/ml) at 36 degrees C, about 95% was systematically absorbed after a 30 min exposure as determined by residuals (measurement of bath concentrations).
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002725:Chloroform / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009779:Occlusive Dressings; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D014873:Water Pollutants; D002725:Chloroform