title: Radiation therapy for primary intracranial germ-cell tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnosis, therapy, and survival of patients with intracranial germ-cell tumors. To define the role of prophylactic craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy necessary to impact on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight patients with surgically confirmed or suspected primary intracranial germ-cell tumors treated at UCSF between 1968-1990 were reviewed. Thirty-four patients had a pathologic diagnosis, including 24 germinomas, 3 malignant teratomas, 2 choriocarcinomas, 1 embryonal carcinoma, 1 endodermal sinus tumor, and 3 mixed tumors. Information obtained included histology, location, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG), metastatic evaluation, radiation details, survival, and sites of failure. Minimum follow-up time was 2 years and ranged to a maximum of 24 years, with a median of 8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at diagnosis was 16 years with 36 males and 12 females. Ten of 32 patients had elevated B-HCG at diagnosis; 6 of 29 had elevations of AFP. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology was negative in 35 of 36 patients evaluated; myelography or spinal MRI was positive in only 1 of 31 patients studied. Five-year actuarial disease-free survival after irradiation was 91% for germinomas, 63% for unbiopsied tumors, and 60% for nongerminoma germ-cell tumors with doses of 50-54 Gy to the local tumor site with or without whole-brain or whole-ventricular irradiation. Routine prophylactic cranio-spinal axis irradiation was not given with a spinal only failure rate of 2%. Eleven of 48 patients have expired, with an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 100% for germinomas, 79% for nonbiopsied tumors, and 80% for nongerminoma germ-cell tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With complete diagnostic craniospinal evaluation, spinal irradiation is not necessary. Cure rates for germinomas are excellent with irradiation alone. Multidrug chemotherapy is necessary with irradiation for nongerminoma germ-cell tumors. Histology is the most important prognostic factor; therefore, all patients should have surgical conformation of their diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be given.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, San Francisco 94143-0226, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolden
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wara
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prados
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sneed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018236:Carcinoma, Embryonal / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002822:Choriocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018240:Endodermal Sinus Tumor / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D010870:Pineal Gland; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012658:Sella Turcica; D013724:Teratoma / Q000532:radiotherapy