title: Thyroarytenoid muscle activity and infraglottic aspect of canine vocal fold vibration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of contraction of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle on the location of the mucosal upheaval (MU) and to estimate the location of the MU in relation to the histologic structure of the vocal fold.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The MU is a small mucosal ridge arising on the lower surface of the vocal fold during phonation and is thought to be the lower border of the vibrating structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vibrations were elicited under three conditions: during bilateral TA muscle contraction, without TA muscle stimulation, and during vocal fold lengthening. The vibrations were recorded from the tracheal side by high-speed cinematography or videotape recording combined with stroboscopic illumination. The larynx was prepared for histologic observation in the frontal plane. Tattooed marks on the lower surface of the vocal fold were used to locate macroscopically observed landmarks with reference to microscopic structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MU shifted laterally toward the tracheal side during TA muscle contraction. When the vocal fold was lengthened, the MU shifted medially toward the free edge. Histologic examination showed that the MU in the absence of TA muscle contraction arose slightly above the area where the muscular layer approached the epithelial layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the TA muscle contracts, the vibrating area expands toward the tracheal side, and a more dynamic mucosal wave occurs in the vertical direction. We believe that a part of the body and the cover are probably involved in the vibratory movement of the vocal fold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yumoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005931:Glottis; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D014732:Vibration; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*