title: Bionomics of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to arbovirus transmission in southeastern California.
abstract: Population dynamics and bionomics of host-seeking Culex tarsalis Coquillett were studied in the Imperial and Coachella valleys of California during periods in 1991 and 1992 when western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses were transmitted to sentinel chickens. Female abundance was greatest during the spring and fall, before and after most virus transmission occurred and was not correlated with temperature, humidity, or rainfall. Parity rates were highest during late summer when virus activity peaked and were lowest during December when females may enter a short-term reproductive diapause. Although most likely underestimated, the proportion of older multiparous females were collected at a consistent, but low level throughout the year. Changes in the parity rate seemed to be influenced primarily by the proportions of 1-parous females. Survivorship estimated from the parity rate (adjusted to account for autogeny) was highest in winter; however, the proportion of females surviving to potentially transmit either WEE or SLE virus was highest in summer and early fall. Wing length decreased in summer as an inverse correlate of temperature and increased as a function of female age, implying that larger females lived longest. However, autogenous females were larger than anautogenous females at emergence and only parous autogenous females were collected host seeking, thereby confounding the relationship between size and age. The proportion of females testing positive for fructose was greatest during winter and lowest during summer, perhaps affecting survivorship and blood-feeding avidity. The vector competence (infection, dissemination and transmission rates, and ID50) of females collected host seeking or emerging from field-collected pupae for WEE or SLE viruses remained similar over time, even though the wing length of females used in these experiments differed among samples. We conclude that in nature virus transmission progressed efficiently during midsummer because elevated temperatures shortened the extrinsic incubation period without markedly decreasing survivorship resulting in an increased proportion of females surviving extrinsic incubation to become infective.
authors.affiliation: Arbovirus Research Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lothrop
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D002645:Chickens; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D004463:Ecology; D004674:Encephalitis, St. Louis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004683:Encephalomyelitis, Equine / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology; D012621:Seasons; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology