title: Field evaluation of four repellents against Leptoconops americanus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges.
abstract: Four repellents, deet, AI3-37220, AI3-35765, and CIC-4, prepared as 12.5% ethanol solutions, were evaluated against biting midges on Stansbury Islands, UT. Leptoconops americanus Carter was the only species that was biting human volunteers during the study. This species bit primarily on the ears at rates up to 840 bites per hour. All four repellents significantly reduced the number of bites on treated volunteers. AI3-37220 consistently provided the longest period of protection, giving 97 and 74% protection at 4 and 8 h, respectively. In a direct statistical comparison, AI3-37220 significantly outperformed deet. CIC-4 and AI3-35765 were the least effective repellents, providing 45-47% protection 8 h after application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strickman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lawyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002519:Ceratopogonidae; D002867:Chromones; D003671:DEET; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010880:Piperidines; D014589:Utah
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010880:Piperidines; D003671:DEET; C075891:(2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl)acetic acid lactone; C023423:AI 3-35765; C075892:1-(3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine