title: Gender differences in work performance on the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment work simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to (a) establish biomechanical and physiological normative data for healthy young women performing three tasks on the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment work simulator (BTE): wheel-turn, push-pull, and overhead-reach; and (b) compare these data with previously reported values for healthy men of a similar age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty women completed five test sessions: (a) task familiarization on the BTE to determine the work intensity that was perceived as hard on the Borg scale, (b) incremental test on an arm crank ergometer to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and peak heart rate (HR), and (c) one of the three tasks in random order for 4 min during the next three sessions. Physiological responses were monitored with a metabolic cart interfaced with an electrocardiogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Torque, work, and power during the three tasks were significantly higher (p < .05) in men than in women. The absolute VO2 (L.min-1) during these tasks was higher in men, but when the VO2 was calculated relative to body weight (ml.kg-1.min-1), no significant (p > .05) gender differences were observed. Computation of energy expenditure relative to body weight and power output (cal.kg-1.W-1) indicated that women expended significantly (p < .05) more energy than men. No significant (p > .05) gender differences were observed for VO2 and HR when the values were expressed as a percentage of their respective peaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicated that (a) the functional work capacity is significantly lower in women than in men, (b) women are less efficient than men when the energy expenditure is expressed per unit of body weight and power output, and (c) the relative physiological stress in men and women is similar under these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esmail
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bhambhani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brintnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation