title: The chi-square test: its use in rehabilitation research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report examines the impact of collecting and analyzing sequential data from the same sample using the chi-square test. Researchers in rehabilitation frequently analyze categorical data collected repeatedly from the same sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulations were conducted using the chi-square test to analyze data with correlations between pretest and posttest ranging from .20 to .80. The simulations were analyzed using the standard chi-square based on a 2 x 2 contingency table.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An incidence of type 1 errors of approximately .30 for an expected alpha of .05 was found when the correlation (serial dependence) between pretest and posttest was high (phi = .80). For simulations using an alpha = .01, the type 1 error rate was .18 for data with substantial correlation (phi = .80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehabilitation researchers who use the chi-square test with data collected repeatedly from the same sample risk committing a type 1 error and misinterpreting their results. Alternatives to the standard chi-square test, such as McNemar's test, should be considered when correlated data are analyzed using a 2 x 2 contingency table.
authors.affiliation: SUNY at Buffalo 14214, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ottenbacher
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D012046:Rehabilitation; D012106:Research