title: Methods for assessing drug use prevalence in the workplace: a comparison of self-report, urinalysis, and hair analysis.
abstract: A random sample of 1,200 employees of a steel manufacturing plant were randomly assigned to four different self-report methods of assessing illicit drug use: 1) Individual interview in the workplace, 2) group-administered questionnaire in the workplace, 3) telephone interview, and 4) individual interview off the worksite. Urine specimens were collected and analyzed on all 928 subjects participating in the study, and hair analysis was conducted on 307 of the subjects. Although self-reports produced the highest drug use prevalence rate, analyses combining the results of the three assessment methods showed that the actual prevalence rate was approximately 50% higher than the estimate produced by self-reports. The group-administered questionnaire condition produced prevalence rates that were roughly half those of the other self-report methods. The findings cast doubt on the validity of self-reports as a means of estimating drug use prevalence and suggest the need for multiple assessment methods.
authors.affiliation: ISA Associates, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Arrington
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs