title: Which patients taking non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs bleed? A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) among users of non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 patients aged over 60 years and using NANSAIDs were hospitalized between January 1988 and September 1992 for GIB related to erosions or ulceration of the gastroduodenal mucosa. A group of 100 general practitioners selected two controls matched for age and sex, receiving NANSAIDs and without GIB, for each patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  The same questionnaire was used to interview patients and controls about their medical history, use of NANSAIDs and other drugs, alcohol and tobacco use, recent stress and nutritional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the risk factors related to the pattern of NANSAID use were 3.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77-6.47] when the intake of NANSAIDs was followed by decubitus, 3.00 (95% CI 1.54-5.85) when NANSAIDs were taken before a meal, 6.05 (95% CI 2.10 17.43) with a high dose of NANSAIDs, 5.87 (95% CI 2.00-17.25) with recent NANSAID use, 3.35 (95% CI 1.47-7.64) with NANSAIDs associated with aspirin use, 3.46 (95% CI 1.15-10.36) with more than one NANSAID, and 10.70 (95% CI 1.06-108.07) when NANSAIDs were associated with corticosteroids. The patient-related risk factors and their OR were 9.94 (95% CI 3.29-24.28) for irregular food intake, 3.94 (95% CI 1.45-10.69) for previous peptic ulcer, 3.71 (95% CI 1.26-10.89) for recent weight loss, 4.44 (95% CI 1.48-13.30) for heavy alcohol abuse, 2.92 (95% CI 1.36-6.26) for recent stress and 5.26 (95% CI 1.19-23.33) for a past history of GIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified a group at 'high risk' for GIB which would benefit from the development of a prophylactic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Digestive Physiopathology and Nutrition Group, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hochain
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berkelmans
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Czernichow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duhamel
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tranvouez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerebours
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colin
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin