title: Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial flow reserve in patients with coronary atherosclerosis using nitrogen-13 ammonia positron emission tomography. Determination of extent of altered vascular reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease to 1) determine the relation between flow reserve measured by nitrogen-13 (N-13) ammonia kinetic modeling and stenosis severity assessed by quantitative angiography, and 2) examine whether flow reserve is impaired in regions supplied by vessels without significant angiographic disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With the advent of new therapeutic approaches for coronary disease, an accurate noninvasive approach for absolute quantification of flow and flow reserve is needed to evaluate functional severity and extent of atherosclerosis. Nitrogen-13 ammonia kinetic modeling may permit such evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven subjects were classified into three groups: group 1 = 5 young volunteers: group 2 = 7 middle-aged volunteers; and group 3 = 15 patients with coronary artery disease. Dynamic N-13 ammonia positron emission tomographic imaging was performed at rest and during adenosine infusion. A three-compartment model was fit to regional N-13 ammonia kinetic data to determine myocardial flow. Group 3 patients underwent quantitative coronary angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regional blood flow results in patients with coronary disease were classified into four subgroups: no significant detectable disease and mild (50% to 69.9% area stenosis), moderate (70% to 94.9% area stenosis) or severe (95% to 100% area stenosis) coronary disease. Flow reserve was 2.95 +/- 0.65; 2.09 +/- 0.47; 2.02 +/- 0.51; 1.3 +/- 0.32, respectively (p < or = 0.01 except mild vs. moderate). Flow reserve was correlated with percent area stenosis (r = -0.56) and minimal lumen diameter (r = 0.75). In volunteers (groups 1 and 2), flow reserves were greater than in segments without detectable disease in group 3 patients (4.10 +/- 0.71 and 3.79 +/- 0.42, respectively, vs. 2.88 +/- 0.56, p < or = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functional severity of coronary disease measured by N-13 ammonia positron emission tomography varied for a given stenosis but was significantly related to angiographic severity. Among patients with coronary disease, myocardial regions without significant angiographic stenoses displayed reduced flow reserve than did regions in control subjects, indicating that vascular reactivity was more diffusely impaired in group 3 than was suggested by angiography. Noninvasive quantification of myocardial flow reserve using dynamic N-13 ammonia positron emission tomography yields important functional data that permit definition of the extent of disease even when disease is not apparent by angiography.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Beanlands
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muzik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bondie
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D000641:Ammonia; D000241:Adenosine