title: [Transesophageal and epicardial echocardiography in the evaluation of conservative surgery of the mitral valve. Complementary methods?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last two decades several new surgical methods for repairing a regurgitant mitral valve have been proposed. Unfortunately, early applications of such techniques were not always encouraging because the evaluation in the operating room led to false optimism due to a marked difference between static and functional anatomy of the repaired valve. By means of intraoperative echocardiography, be it transesophageal or epicardial, it is now possible to assess the functional result immediately after valvuloplasty and to decide about further surgery, right at the operating table.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients (mean age 61.8 years) who underwent mitral valve repair were studied; all underwent preoperative transthoracic echocardiography in the week preceding surgery, and intraoperative transesophageal echo before cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgical results were evaluated by epicardial and/or transesophageal echocardiography in the operating room, and by transthoracic and/or transesophageal approach during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 5 patients with intraoperative echocardiography done before valve repair, leaflets pathology and subvalvular apparatus were better evaluated. Besides, in 3 patients the more evident calcification of the leaflets led the surgeon to decide on direct replacement rather the reconstruction of the valve. The postoperative assessment has shown an unsatisfactory correction in 8 patients (24%). In 4 of these patients an important mitral regurgitation was reported and in 2 there was a moderate regurgitation. In the last 2, a iatrogenic stenosis had resulted. Of these 8 patients, 6 underwent valve replacement using an artificial valve. The other 2 patients (one with moderate stenosis and the other with moderate regurgitation) did not undergo a second operation because of the excessive operating time taken for valvuloplasty and the advanced age of the patients. During follow-up, from 6 to 54 months, a remarkable mitral regurgitation was present in 4 patients, one being severe and the other moderate. A persistence of ventricular dilatation was present only in these patients, while in the remainder the left ventricular diameters were normal. Finally, the mitral valve area after six months was between 1.5 an d4 cm2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative echocardiography, both transesophageal and epicardial, can help the surgeon by giving him useful diagnostic information, if carried out before reconstructing the mitral valve with regurgitation. Its application is even more useful if applied straight after the surgical intervention. Unsatisfactory results may be evidenced at once and the operating team will decide right at the table for further repair or replacement, thus avoiding a second operation and the relevant risks.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Alta Specialità del Cuore, Ospedale Civile, Udine.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gianfagna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morocutti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Porreca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frassani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puricelli
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Feruglio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003657:Decision Making; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*