title: Mouse alpha 1- and beta 2-syntrophin gene structure, chromosome localization, and homology with a discs large domain.
abstract: The syntrophin family of dystrophin-associated proteins consists of three isoforms, alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2, each encoded by a distinct gene. We have cloned and characterized the mouse alpha 1- and beta 2-syntrophin genes. The mouse alpha 1-syntrophin gene ( > 24 kilobases) is comprised of eight exons. The mouse beta 2-syntrophin gene ( > 33 kilobases) contains seven exons, all of which have homologues at the corresponding position in the alpha 1-syntrophin gene. Primer extension analysis reveals two transcription initiation sites in the alpha 1-syntrophin gene and a single site in the beta 2-syntrophin gene. The sequence immediately 5' of the transcription start sites of both genes lacks a TATA box but is GC-rich and has multiple putative SP1 binding sites. The alpha 1-syntrophin gene is located on human chromosome 20 and mouse chromosome 2, while the beta 2-syntrophin gene is on human chromosome 16 and mouse chromosome 8. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the syntrophins reveals the presence of four conserved domains. The carboxyl-terminal 56 amino acids are highly conserved and constitute a syntrophin unique domain. Two pleckstrin homology domains are located at the amino-terminal end of the protein. The first pleckstrin homology domain is interrupted by a domain homologous to repeated sequences originally found in the Drosophila discs-large protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7545, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Dowler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Froehner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002890:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009115:Muridae / Q000235:genetics; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C091824:syntrophin; C091825:syntrophin alpha1