title: Sonographic measurement of renal enlargement in children with acute pyelonephritis and time needed for resolution: implications for renal growth assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Failure of a kidney to grow satisfactorily in childhood is evidence of renal disease. Because kidneys may enlarge during an episode of acute pyelonephritis, concomitant renal length measurements cannot be used as baselines for growth assessment. This study was designed to determine the degree of renal enlargement in children with acute pyelonephritis and the time the enlargement takes to resolve after treatment is started to find the optimum time for obtaining baseline measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort study, 180 children younger than 5 years old with their first proven acute urinary tract infection, with or without pyelonephritis, had renal scintigraphy and sonography within 15 days of starting treatment. The presence of cortical defects on scintigrams indicated pyelonephritis. The lengths of kidneys with and without scintigraphic defects (i.e., with and without pyelonephritis) were compared, adjusting for age and sex, and the length of kidneys with defects was related to time elapsed between the start of treatment and sonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine kidneys (28%) in 77 children (43%) had scintigraphic defects. Kidneys with defects were an average of 3.2 mm longer than kidneys without defects. Length and time interval between treatment and sonography in kidneys with defects correlated negatively, with mean length approaching that of kidneys without defects by 10-11 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidneys with acute pyelonephritis initially increase in length but return to normal on average by the 11th day of treatment. If poor renal growth is used as an indication of renal disease, sonography should be delayed or repeated at least 2 weeks after the start of treatment to determine the length of the uninflamed kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Pickworth
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ditchfield
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Campo
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Campo
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimwood
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005942:Gluconates; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D004113:Succimer; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005942:Gluconates; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; C032080:technetium Tc 99m gluconate; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D004113:Succimer