title: Management of the hypodynamic velopharynx.
abstract: Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) resulting from an adynamic or hypodynamic velopharynx is an unusual pathology that poses vexing management problems for the Cleft Palate team. Correction of VPD has the potential for airway compromise. Endoscopically, this pathology is recognized by a large velopharyngeal (VP) gap size, which demonstrates little or no dynamic activity of the posterior or lateral pharyngeal walls nor of the velum in response to speech tasks or connected speech. Because of a paucity of literature defining the entity, a retrospective review of 175 patients who were treated for VPD at our center was undertaken. Analysis of management failures revealed an unexpected concentration of patients with hypodynamic or paretic VP mechanisms as documented by nasendoscopic assessments. A subpopulation of 41 (23%) patients with this characteristic was studied to define the patients at risk, to determine etiologic factors, and to critique intervention outcome among various surgical and nonsurgical managements. Results showed that the phenomenon of VP hypodynamism occurred more frequently in patients with submucous cleft palate (p = .014) and with VPD in association with malformation syndromes (p = .009) than in patients in other diagnostic categories. Conversely, VPD not associated with clefting occurred with greater frequency in the nonhypodynamic group than in the hypodynamic group (p = .002). Composite (surgical and prosthetic) primary management failure occurred in 42%. Between one and three procedures were necessary to achieve an acceptable speech result. We present a management algorithm and provide data regarding realistic expectations for various treatment outcomes in patients with this complex disorder, which have not, to date, been previously described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marty-Grames
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Muntz
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010243:Paralysis; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy