title: Analysis of known risk factors for bladder cancer in Pakistani population.
abstract: The association of aetiological agents incriminated for bladder cancer are well recognised. They are divided into two groups, occupational and non-occupational. The commonest occupational agents are 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, aminobiphenyl, dichlorobenzidine, orthodianisidine and orthotolidine. Recognised non-occupational agents include tobacco, recurrent chronic bladder infection/infestation, coffee and drugs. This study was conducted to evaluate these factors in patients with bladder cancer in our population. Of 250 cases studied, 203 were males and 47 females with a male to female ratio of 4.3:1. In 13.6% cases occupational factors were established with an average duration of exposure of 12 years. Majority (68%) of patients had smoking as the predominant non-occupational factor. In this group average cigarettes smoked per day was 23 with a range of 15 to 90. The duration of smoking ranged between 5 to 55 years with an average of 26 years. Sixty patients (24%) were neither smokers nor had any associated high risk occupation.
authors.affiliation: Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Dow Medical College, Karachi.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rizvi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology