title: Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myocardial depression from verapamil toxicity may result from alterations in carbohydrate metabolism as well as calcium-channel antagonism. We hypothesized that pharmacologic doses of insulin may be effective in reversing both of these deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory of an urban hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty mongrel dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty mongrel canines were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Toxicity was induced by the administration of 0.1 mg/kg/min iv of verapamil, until there was a 50% reduction in mean arterial pressure, for 30 mins (titration), followed by a continuous verapamil infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr. Animals (n = 6 per group) were randomized to the control group (saline only) or to one of four treatment protocols: a) calcium chloride (20 mg/kg), then 0.6 mg/kg/hr; b) hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia (4.0 U/min of recombinant insulin, with arterial glucose concentration clamped to +/- 10 mg/dL [+/- 0.5 mmol/L] of the basal value); c) epinephrine, with a starting rate of 1.0 microgram/kg/min, titrated to maintain left ventricular pressure at basal values; or d) glucagon, a 0.2-mg/kg bolus, followed by a 150-microgram/kg/hr infusion. Animals were monitored until death or 240 mins; infusate volumes were held constant for all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During verapamil titration, the myocardial respiratory quotient increased from 0.84 +/- 0.05 to 1.07 +/- 0.11 (p < .05, paired t-test) and myocardial glucose uptake doubled, despite a reduction in cardiac work (p < .05, paired t-test). Net myocardial lactate uptake also increased significantly, excluding myocardial ischemia. In controls, this trend continued, indicating preferential carbohydrate metabolism during untreated verapamil toxicity. Despite hyperglycemia, the plasma insulin concentration was not significantly different in controls (basal value 11 +/- 2 vs. 39 +/- 21 microU/mL at 30 mins). Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia increased both myocardial glucose and lactate uptake five-fold, and significantly increased the ratio of myocardial oxygen delivery/work, along with superior improvements in maximal left ventricular elastance at end systole compared with other treatments (p < .05 vs. other treatments, contrast analysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verapamil toxicity renders the heart dependent on carbohydrate metabolism. Inasmuch as the positive inotropic effects of all treatments were coincident with increased indices of myocardial carbohydrate uptake, adequate treatment of verapamil toxicity appeared to require maximal myocardial carbohydrate utilization. Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia allows larger increases in myocardial carbohydrate metabolism and myocardial contractility than calcium chloride, epinephrine, or glucagon, resulting in improved survival rates during severe verapamil toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232-2861, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leonova
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011041:Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors; D014700:Verapamil / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D007328:Insulin; D014700:Verapamil