Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants.
Numerous congenital malformations have been observed in fetuses of vitamin A-deficient (VAD) dams [Wilson, J. G., Roth, C. B., Warkany, J., (1953), Am. J. Anat. 92, 189-217]. Previous studies of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) mutant mice have not revealed any of these malformations [Li, E., Sucov, H. M., Lee, K.-F., Evans, R. M., Jaenisch, R. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1590-1594; Lohnes, D., Kastner, P., Dierich, A., Mark, M., LeMeur, M., Chambon, P. (1993) Cell 73, 643-658; Lufkin, T., Lohnes, D., Mark, M., Dierich, A., Gorry, P., Gaub, M. P., Lemeur, M., Chambon, P. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7225-7229; Mendelsohn, C., Mark, M., Dollé, P., Dierich, A., Gaub, M.P., Krust, A., Lampron, C., Chambon, P. (1994a) Dev. Biol. in press], suggesting either that there is a considerable functional redundancy among members of the RAR family during ontogenesis or that the RARs are not essential transducers of the retinoid signal in vivo. In order to discriminate between these possibilities, we have generated a series of RAR compound null mutants. These RAR double mutants invariably died either in utero or shortly after birth and presented a number of congenital abnormalities, which are reported in this and in the accompanying study. We describe here multiple eye abnormalities which are found in various RAR double mutant fetuses and are similar to those previously seen in VAD fetuses. Interestingly, we found further abnormalities not previously reported in VAD fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lohnes
D
D
Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique de l'INSERM, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France.
Mark
M
M
Mendelsohn
C
C
Dollé
P
P
Dierich
A
A
Gorry
P
P
Gansmuller
A
A
Chambon
P
P
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000196:embryology*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D005838:Genotype; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000196:embryology*; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism
D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin