title: Fentanyl, clonidine, and repeated increases in desflurane concentration, but not nitrous oxide or esmolol, block the transient mydriasis caused by rapid increases in desflurane concentration.
abstract: Initial, but not subsequent, inhalation of 8% desflurane produces transient sympathetic stimulation. We hypothesized that initial but not subsequent increases should produce pupil dilation, and that N2O, fentanyl, and clonidine, but not esmolol, should blunt the response. In 10 volunteers, we maintained anesthesia with 4% end-tidal desflurane in oxygen for 32 min, then increased the concentration to 8% for 10 min. In nine of the volunteers, we twice repeated the increase to 8%, separating each increase by a 32-min period at 4%. On separate days, five volunteers received 4%-8% desflurane in 60% N2O; five received fentanyl 1.5 micrograms/kg or 4.5 micrograms/kg intravenously 5 min before 4%-8% desflurane; four received clonidine 4.3 micrograms/kg, orally, 90 min before 4% to 8%; and four received esmolol 0.75 mg/kg, intravenously, 1.5 min before 4%-8%. Without other drugs present, 4%-8% desflurane transiently increased pupil diameter to 5.4 +/- 0.5 mm (mean +/- SD), with subsequent 4%-8% increases producing attenuated responses (2.9 +/- 1.5 and 3.2 +/- 1.8 mm). N2O produced a higher peak (6.2 +/- 0.7 mm). Fentanyl 1.5 micrograms/kg and 4.5 micrograms/kg decreased peak diameter (2.3 +/- 0.9 and 1.6 +/- 0.3 mm), as did clonidine (2.3 +/- 1.7 mm) but not esmolol. We conclude that, concurrent with sympathetic stimulation, an initial rapid increase in desflurane concentration transiently increases pupil diameter, whereas repeated increases produce attenuated responses. N2O augments, fentanyl and clonidine attenuate, and esmolol does not affect the response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Eger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noorani
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077335:Desflurane; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000187:drug effects; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; C036604:esmolol; D003000:Clonidine; D005283:Fentanyl; D004837:Epinephrine