title: Racial differences in care among hospitalized patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Raleigh-Durham.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While strategies for medical care for human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are well established, racial variations in care have not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sociodemographic characteristics influence patterns of care and patient outcomes, by analyzing the use of diagnostic tests and anti-PCP medications and in-hospital mortality rates for persons who were hospitalized with human immunodeficiency virus-related PCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of a cohort of 627 Veterans Administration (VA) patients and 1547 non-VA patients with empirically treated or cytologically confirmed PCP who were hospitalized from 1987 to 1990. Outcomes included representative aspects of the process of care for PCP and short-term mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among VA patients, black and Hispanic patients were not significantly different from white patients with regard to in-hospital mortality rates, use and timing of a bronchoscopy, or receipt of timely anti-PCP medications. Among non-VA patients, black and Hispanic patients were more likely to die in the hospital and less likely to undergo a diagnostic bronchoscopy in the first 2 days of hospitalization. These racial and ethnic group differences in the use of a bronchoscopy and in-hospital mortality among non-VA patients were almost fully accounted for by differences in health insurance status and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial factors do not appear to be an important determinant of the intensity of diagnostic or therapeutic care among patients who are hospitalized with PCP. Variations in care are largely attributable to differences in health insurance and admitting hospital characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Horner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeHovitz
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simberkoff
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002641:Chicago; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City; D009657:North Carolina; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000592:standards*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data