title: Glutamate and GABAergic neurointeractions in the monkey hypothalamus: a quantitative immunomorphological study.
abstract: Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most abundant excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian hypothalamus. Glu and GABA-containing neurons have both been shown to synapse with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and other neuroendocrine systems in the hypothalamus of several species. Since their direct interactions could play a pivotal role in governing neuroendocrine function, we performed double-label immunostaining for Glu and for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) as a marker for GABAergic neurons in hypothalamic sections from adult female cynomolgus monkeys. Ultrastructural analysis of 785 Glu-immunoreactive (-ir) and GAD-ir elements in the medial septum (MS), arcuate nucleus-ventral hypothalamic tract (VHT1), supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and median eminence (ME) revealed that 63% were Glu-ir, 28% were GAD-ir, and 9% were Glu + GAD-ir. In addition, we observed surprisingly consistent labeling of 2-4% somata (SOM), 65-80% dendrites (DEN), and 15-30% axons and terminals (AXO) in all of these areas. Characterization of 177 interactions (36% synapses, 64% contacts) by pre/post-transmitter content indicated that 29% contained Glu/GAD, 15% Glu/Glu, and 15% Glu/Glu + GAD, while 16% were unlabeled/Glu, 9% were unlabeled/GAD, and 16% expressed other transmitter combinations. Regional analysis of these interactions showed that 43% occurred in the MS, 22% in VHT1, 14% in SON, 9% in PVN, and 12% in the ME. AXO/DEN interactions made up 51% of all labeled interactions characterized, and were comprised 29% of Glu/GAD, 22% of Glu/Glu, and 18% of the Glu/Glu, and 18% of the Glu/Glu + GAD type. AXO/DEN synapses were more prevalent than contacts in all areas except the PVN and of course the ME, where anatomical synapses do not occur. AXO/SOM interactions represented approximately 15% of all those identified, and were predominantly unlabeled/Glu (71%) and unlabeled/GAD (18%) synapses. Almost all (95%) AXO/SOM synapses and 75% of the contacts occurred in the MS. DEN/DEN interactions, 28% of the total, were composed 50% of Glu/GAD, 12% of Glu/Glu, and 18% of the Glu/Glu+GAD type. The relatively few DEN/DEN synapses all appeared in the MS, whereas much more abundant DEN/DEN contacts were more widely distributed. DEN/SOM interactions, 6% of the total, appeared only as contacts, with the majority (60%) again located in the MS. In addition, the MS contained 48% of all asymmetrical synapses (vs. 35% in VHT1 and 17% in SON), 62% of all symmetrical synapses (vs. 19% in VHT1 and 14% in SON), and 35% of all contacts (vs. 21% in VHT1 and 12% in SON) identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Endocrinology Center, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Thind
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000737:chemistry; D001369:Axons / Q000737:chemistry; D003712:Dendrites / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000032:analysis; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007033:Hypothalamus, Middle / Q000737:chemistry; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D013495:Supraoptic Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D013569:Synapses / Q000737:chemistry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase