title: The vascular calcification-cutaneous necrosis syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although medial calcification of larger elastic arteries in chronic kidney failure and with advancing age is relatively common, calcification of the cutaneous vascular system is rare.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to describe three patients with the vascular calcification-cutaneous necrosis syndrome and review the cause, clinical and pathologic features, and treatment of this syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe three patients with ischemic necrotic ulcers and underlying cutaneous vascular calcification. The clinical setting was abnormal calcium metabolism from either chronic kidney failure or excessive vitamin D intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical findings in all patients consisted of multiple tender livedoid nodules and ulcerative plaques on the thighs and legs, which developed in the setting of abnormal calcium metabolism from either chronic kidney failure or excessive vitamin D intake. Histologic study demonstrated vascular calcification. Although this syndrome usually has a chronic course with significant morbidity and mortality, subtotal parathyroidectomy followed by kidney transplantation resulted in complete resolution in one of our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical and histopathologic findings in the vascular calcification-cutaneous necrosis syndrome are unique. The pathogenesis is likely multifactorial. Treatment for the skin lesions is largely supportive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D013577:Syndrome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy