title: Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of physical performance: MacArthur studies of successful aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performance-based measures of physical performance are examined for an older cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women. The influences of baseline behavioral, social, and psychological characteristics on patterns of change in performance over 2.5 years are examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women, aged 70-79, identified in 1988 by subsampling from three community-based studies on the basis of physical and cognitive function. Baseline assessments included physical performance, sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and behavioral, social, and psychological characteristics. A summary measure of physical performance was developed from tests of balance, gait, lower body strength and coordination, and manual dexterity. In-home assessments were repeated at follow-up in 1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression models were used to identify significant behavioral, social, and psychological predictors of better performance at follow-up, controlling for known sociodemographic and health status predictors. Significant, independent associations with better performance were found for participation in moderate and/or strenuous exercise activity and greater frequency of emotional support from social networks, particularly among those reporting low frequency of instrumental support. These effects remained significant independent of incident health conditions during follow-up. None of the psychological characteristics was a significant predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintenance of better physical performance within a high-functioning cohort is influenced by prior exercise behavior and social network emotional support. Observed patterns of both decline and improvement in performance suggest that older age is not uniformly associated with declines. Predictors of better performance identified here may offer potential for effective interventions to promote more successful aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Seeman
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Blazer
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tinetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001519:Behavior; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012944:Social Support