title: Food-initiated outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus analyzed by pheno- and genotyping.
abstract: An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) involving 27 patients and 14 health-care workers (HCW) was studied. The outbreak started in the hematology unit of the University Hospital Rotterdam, Dijkzigt, The Netherlands, and spread to the surgical unit. Twenty-one patients (77.8%) developed clinical disease, and five died. Subsequently, MRSA was detected in food and in the throat of one of the HCW who prepared food for hematology patients. Food contaminated by an HCW most likely caused the first case of MRSA septicemia. This route of transmission has not been described before. The outbreak strain was probably transmitted to the surgical unit by a colonized nurse, where it caused an explosive outbreak. Airborne probably transmitted to the surgical unit by a colonized nurse, where it caused an explosive outbreak. Airborne MRSA transmission played an important role in disseminating the organism. The outbreak was controlled within 6 months by intensifying surveillance, temporarily closing the affected wards, treating carriers, and instituting an MRSA ward outside the hospital. Phage typing, insertion sequence probing, protein A gene typing, and DNA fingerprinting by PCR revealed that all outbreak-related isolates were identical. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, all but one of the outbreak-related isolates were determined to be identical. Protein A gene typing identified numerous (11) repeat units in all outbreak-related isolates, which supports the suggestion that the outbreak strain may have been more virulent and more transmissible than other MRSA strains. Pheno- and genotyping studies underlined the value of DNA fingerprinting methods for investigation of MRSA epidemiology. Optimal discriminatory power was achieved by combining the results of four genotyping methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluytmans
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goessens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herwaldt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bruining
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009426:Netherlands; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A / Q000235:genetics; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A