title: Adenosine-induced coronary vasodilation during transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Rapid and safe measurement of coronary flow reserve ratio can predict significant left anterior descending coronary stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Less invasive methods are replacing traditional invasive means of measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is becoming a useful tool for evaluation of coronary artery disease and has recently been used to measure CFR. This has always been done using dipyridamole, but adenosine has a greater vasodilator potency and more favorable kinetics than dipyridamole. This study was done to evaluate the hypothesis that adenosine is safe, rapid, and accurate in measuring coronary blood flow reserve by TEE Doppler.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine patients who had recently undergone angiography had a transesophageal echocardiogram with visualization of the coronary arteries and measurement of blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during adenosine infusion of 0.14 mg/kg per minute. Angiograms were analyzed by quantitative coronary angiography, and significant stenosis was defined as > 70% lumenal diameter narrowing. Thirty-nine of the 49 patients did not have a significant LAD stenosis (group 1); the remainder had significant disease (group 2). Good spectral Doppler recordings of blood flow velocity in the LAD were obtained in 41 of 46 patients (89%). There were no significant differences in baseline coronary blood flow velocities between the two groups. Hyperemic to baseline flow ratios were significantly higher in patients without significant LAD stenosis for peak (2.83 +/- 1.04 versus 1.78 +/- 0.36) and mean (2.68 +/- 0.96 versus 1.75 +/- 0.39) diastolic velocity. A CFR ratio > 2.1 had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 79%, a positive predictive value of 46%, and a negative predictive value of 96% for the absence of critical LAD stenosis. The infusion was well tolerated. It had to be prematurely terminated in only 3 patients (6.5%), and they were asymptomatic. No patient experienced chest pain, palpitations, or flushing. Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were low, and reproducibility of data was good (< 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine Doppler TEE is an effective, rapid, safe, and superior means of measuring CFR ratio. This method is convenient for serial measurements of CFR as well as in clinical settings such as evaluation of syndrome X, cardiomyopathy, and aortic regurgitation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0214, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Redberg
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sobol
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Botvinick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine