title: In vitro biocompatibility of a heat-sterilized, low-toxic, and less acidic fluid for peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate a peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid (PD-Bio), produced with the intention of reducing the amount of glucose degradation products and to increase the final pH. The heat sterilization of the fluid was performed with the glucose separated from the electrolytes. After sterilization the two solutions were combined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro biocompatibility of PD-Bio was measured as the inhibition of cell growth of a cultured fibroblast cell line and as the stimulated release of interleukin-1 beta from cultured human mononuclear cells. The glucose degradation products were measured as UV absorbance at 228 nm or 284 nm and the concentration of aldehydes was estimated with high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that in comparison to conventional PD fluids the pH of PD-Bio was increased, to about 6.5. Due to less contaminating glucose degradation products in PD-Bio, basal cytotoxicity was significantly decreased for both 1.5% and 4% glucose-containing fluids, and the stimulated release of interleukin-1 beta was normalized compared to sterile filtered controls with the same pH. UV absorbance measured at 228 nm was decreased, whereas the absorbance at 284 nm was equal to that of a conventional fluid. In PD-Bio the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and 2-furaldehyde were found to be below the detection limit, whereas glyoxal was present in the same and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in higher concentrations than in conventionally produced PD fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that it is possible to improve biocompatibility of PD fluids by simply changing the way the fluid is produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regulatory Affairs and Preclinical Research, Gambro Lundia AB, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wieslander
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deppisch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forsbäck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Speidel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rippe
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D006037:Glyoxal / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013242:Sterilization
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D007375:Interleukin-1; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006037:Glyoxal; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D005662:Furaldehyde; D000079:Acetaldehyde