title: Developmental expression of connexins in the chick embryo myocardium and other tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Connexins are cell surface proteins that form specialized regions of cell-cell communication called gap junctions. These allow impulse conduction in in voluntary muscle tissue such as the heart, but also allow the formation of communities of like cells during development of organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an antipeptide antibody to connexin 43 in immunolocalization studies and an anti-peptide antibody to an external loop domain common to most connexins in Western blotting of total heart protein to measure the accumulation of connexins in the heart as it develops from 33 hours to 21 days (hatching), and in the adult.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunolocalization revealed that connexin 43 is widely distributed in the earliest organ rudiments. It is especially prominent in the neural tube and its derivatives, in the lens and nasal placodes, in the foregut and its derivatives, in the somites, in the mesonephric tubules, and in the heart and major arteries. Heart tissue staining grew more intense with development through day 8. However, at day 11 and day 15, and in the adult, heart staining diminished. Endocardium and valve tissue did not stain. Western blotting of heart homogenates with the antibody directed against the external loop domain peptide showed 26, 32, 43, 45, and 56 kilodalton connexins, which changed in relative abundance, displaying unique patterns during development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show patterns of connexin immunolocalization in early germ layers and organ rudiments that are similar to those known in the mouse, but with certain differences. Our results show a distinctive pattern of multiple connexin gene expression in the developing heart from days 2-21.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls 50614, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jasper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002642:Chick Embryo; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43