title: Metoclopramide enhances the effect of photodynamic therapy on xenografted human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising new treatment modality for head and neck cancer that is based on the uptake of a systemically administered photosensitizer in tumor tissue and local illumination of the lesion by a high-intensity visible light source, typically a tunable argon-pumped dye laser. We developed a new photosensitizer named silicon phthalocyanine [SiPc(OH) OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, abbreviated as SiPc IV], which yields superior PDT responses in vitro and in vivo compared with other clinically used photosensitizers. However, tumor regrowth following SiPc IV-based PDT is still a therapeutic problem. The benzamide derivatives, for example, have been shown to enhance tumor ablation when used during radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, we used metoclopramide hydrochloride, a benzamide derivative, to evaluate its effects on PDT response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intradermally injected human squamous cell carcinoma cells were grown to 40 to 80 mm3 in athymic nude mice and irradiated with 675-nm light (75 J/cm2, 75 mW/cm2) 24 hours after the intraperitoneal injection of SiPc IV (1.0 mg/kg). Metoclopramide hydrochloride (2 to 48 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before and 24 and 48 hours after irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors exposed to PDT alone showed 80% to 90% tumor regression with regrowth in most animals within 20 days. Tumors treated with metoclopramide hydrochloride (48 mg/kg) plus PDT demonstrated 100% tumor regression without regrowth up to the time of killing (150 days). No observable toxic effects were clinically apparent with the high doses of metoclopramide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that administering metoclopramide in combination with PDT may be a promising approach to the management of head and neck cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Werning
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Stepnick
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Megerian
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Antunez
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Zaidi
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008081:Liposomes; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012074:Remission Induction; D012821:Silanes; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007211:Indoles; D008081:Liposomes; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D012821:Silanes; C082854:silicon phthalocyanine; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; C052464:bis(tri-n-hexylsiloxy)(2,3-naphthalocyaninato)silicon; D008787:Metoclopramide