title: Insect repellent formulations of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) in a liposphere system: efficacy and skin uptake.
abstract: Novel formulations for a deet in liposphere microdispersion in the form of lotion were prepared from natural solid triglycerides and phospholipids dispersed in buffer solution. The formulations containing 6.5, 10, and 20% deet were effective as a repellent against the common aggressive biting mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, for up to 6 h. The acute dermal absorption of the 10% loaded formulation was conducted in rabbits using 14C-labeled deet. 14C-labeled deet, 10% in alcohol solution or in liposphere microdispersion was applied to the intact rabbit skin under a porous nonirritating cover for 7 days. Plasma levels of radioactivity were determined for 24 h, and daily for a total of 7 days. The 14C-deet blood levels following intravenous bolus administration were also measured. The bioavailability of deet from 10% ethanol solution was 45%, whereas the bioavailability of deet from lipospheres was 16%, a 3-fold reduction in the amount of deet absorbed. Examination of the rabbits during the experiment and after necropsy showed no evidence of toxicity or irritation. The 10% deet-liposphere formulation was stable at room temperature for at least 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Domb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marlinsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teomim
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D003671:DEET / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004304:Dosage Forms; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004304:Dosage Forms; D003671:DEET