title: Characterization of T cell mutants with defects in capacitative calcium entry: genetic evidence for the physiological roles of CRAC channels.
abstract: Prolonged Ca2+ influx is an essential signal for the activation of T lymphocytes by antigen. This influx is thought to occur through highly selective Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels that are activated by the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. We have isolated mutants of the Jurkat human T cell line NZdipA to explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie capacitative Ca2+ entry and to allow a genetic test of the functions of CRAC channels in T cells. Five mutant cell lines (CJ-1 through CJ-5) were selected based on their failure to express a lethal diphtheria toxin A chain gene and a lacZ reporter gene driven by NF-AT, a Ca(2+)- and protein kinase C-dependent transcription factor. The rate of Ca2+ influx evoked by thapsigargin was reduced to varying degrees in the mutant cells whereas the dependence of NF-AT/lacZ gene transcription on [Ca2+]i was unaltered, suggesting that the transcriptional defect in these cells is caused by a reduced level of capacitative Ca2+ entry. We examined several factors that determine the rate of Ca2+ entry, including CRAC channel activity, K(+)-channel activity, and Ca2+ clearance mechanisms. The only parameter found to be dramatically altered in most of the mutant lines was the amplitude of the Ca2+ current (ICRAC), which ranged from 1 to 41% of that seen in parental control cells. In each case, the severity of the ICRAC defect was closely correlated with deficits in Ca2+ influx rate and Ca(2-)-dependent gene transcription. Behavior of the mutant cells provides genetic evidence for several roles of ICRAC in T cells. First, mitogenic doses of ionomycin appear to elevate [Ca2+]i primarily by activating CRAC channels. Second, ICRAC promotes the refilling of empty Ca2+ stores. Finally, CRAC channels are solely responsible for the Ca2+ influx that underlies antigen-mediated T cell activation. These mutant cell lines may provide a useful system for isolating, expressing, and exploring the functions of genes involved in capacitative Ca2+ entry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5426, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fanger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoth
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002460:Cell Line / Q000378:metabolism; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D015221:Potassium Channels; D002118:Calcium