title: Non-acute abdominal complaints in general practice: diagnostic value of signs and symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many patients are evaluated initially by their general practitioner, clinicians' accuracy at diagnosing organic gastrointestinal disease has not been studied in a primary care setting. Different spectra of severity of disease in general practice and hospital populations may lead to different values for diagnostic tests in these two populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study set out to determine the diagnostic value of history and physical and laboratory items for organic and neoplastic disease in general practice patients with nonacute abdominal complaints.
  
  
  METHODS
  The one-year prospective, observational study was carried out in 1989 in 80 general practices in Limburg, the Netherlands. The study subjects were 933 patients (aged 18-75 years) presenting to their general practitioner with new non-acute abdominal complaints of minimum duration two weeks, and with whom the doctor had a diagnostic problem. Patients were physically examined by their general practitioner and asked to complete pre-structured questionnaires. Basic laboratory tests were carried out. Patients were followed up for at least one year by researchers and then a diagnosis was determined by an independent panel of three general practitioners using patient records, blinded for the results of the questionnaires. Sensitivity, specificity and odds ratios were calculated for clinical items. Stepwise forward logistic regression analysis was undertaken to identify independent predictors of organic gastrointestinal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 933 patients 14% had organic gastrointestinal disease. No clinical item had both high sensitivity and specificity. Logistic regression analysis showed only eight independent predictors of organic disease: male sex, greater age, epigastric pain, no specific character to pain, pain affecting sleep, history of blood in stool, no pain relief after defecation and abnormal white blood cell count. When the model was programmed to predict neoplasms five items were found: male sex, greater age, no specific character to pain, weight loss and erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 20 mm hour-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a general practice population with non-acute abdominal complaints some clinical findings can be used as predictors for organic and neoplastic gastrointestinal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Limburg, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Muris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Starmans
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Fijten
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Crebolder
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis