title: Relationship of pesticide spraying to signs and symptoms in Indonesian farmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed correlations between exposure to pesticides and signs and symptoms of pesticide toxicity among Indonesian farmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed observations were recorded of spray frequency and pesticide handling, dermal exposure, and the chemicals used. Symptoms of acute illness were reported by the farmers, and signs of poisoning were observed by the interviewers at the time of spraying or within a few hours after it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spray practices substantially exposed the farmers to pesticides. Signs and symptoms occurred significantly more often during spraying than during nonspraying seasons. Twenty-one percent of the spray operations resulted in three or more neurobehavioral, respiratory, and intestinal signs or symptoms. The number of spray operations per week, the use of hazardous pesticides, and skin and clothes being wetted with the spray solution were significantly and independently associated with the number of signs and symptoms. A dose-effect relationship was found between the neurobehavioral signs and symptoms and the use of multiple organophosphates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For farmers in the tropics, fully protective garb is too hot and too costly to maintain; farmers thus accept illness as a necessity. Integrated pest management has previously been demonstrated to reduce pesticide use with no loss of crop yield. The frequency of spraying should be reduced through widespread training in integrated pest management, and also the licensing and sale of the most hazardous pesticides should be regulated.
authors.affiliation: Food and Agricultural Organization, Integrated Pest Management Program, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirschhorn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djajadisastra
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Satterlee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strowman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dilts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides