title: Low temperatures and hypertonicity do not block cytokine-induced stimulation of the sphingomyelin pathway but inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B activation.
abstract: In order to better understand the significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-receptor internalization in the sphingomyelin pathway signal transduction, we investigated receptor signaling under conditions in which receptor internalization is blocked. We demonstrate that human recombinant TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta both induced sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis at either 4, 14, or 37 degrees C in human skin fibroblasts and U937 monocytic cells. Cytokine-induced sphingomyelin degradation also occurred when endocytosis was inhibited by incubating the cells in hypertonic medium. While internalization was not required for the production of ceramide, activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B was strongly reduced when cells were stimulated with TNF at low temperature or in hypertonic medium. Under these conditions, activation of NF-kappa B by the cell-permeant C2- ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine), by exogenous sphingomyelinase or by phorbol myristate acetate was also inhibited. These results suggest that low temperature and hypertonicity, two inhibitors of receptor internalization: (i) do not affect the TNF-alpha- or IL-1 beta-induced sphingomyelin hydrolysis, but (ii) do inhibit a step distal to ceramide of the intracellular signaling pathway leading to NF-kappa B activation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, Maladies Métaboliques, CJF INSERM 9206, Institut Louis Bugnard, C.H.U. Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrieu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvayre
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jaffrézou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Levade
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D013109:Sphingomyelins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha