title: Administration of nicotinamide during chart: pharmacokinetics, dose escalation, and clinical toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine nicotinamide pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing accelerated radiotherapy with the CHART regimen (continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy) and given nicotinamide on a daily basis. The aim was to establish the pharmacokinetic profiles and their reproducibility during repeated administration, the maximum tolerated dose with fractionated radiotherapy, whether such a dose achieves sufficiently high plasma levels for radiosensitization, the optimal time interval between nicotinamide and irradiation, and toxic side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotinamide plasma concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography in 11 patients with advanced carcinomas of the head and neck and rectum being treated with CHART (36 fractions in 12 days). Kinetic profiles on the first day of radiotherapy and residual 24-h values were obtained in 10 patients; in four of these, full profiles were repeated two or three times during the course of treatment. In one other, a single sample per day was taken four times over the 12-day period. Doses of 80, 90, or 100 mg/kg/day were given 90 min prior to the second radiotherapy fraction on each day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose of 80 mg/kg/day was well tolerated by all the patients. However, an increase of 10-25% in dose led to significant drug accumulation and major clinical toxicity, and none of the patients in the dose-escalation arm completed the planned regimen. Large interpatient variations in absolute peak concentrations were seen from 0.4 to 1.4 mumol/ml (mean 0.9 +/- 0.3; standard deviation (SD)). Of the five samples with the lowest peak levels, four were obtained from one patient. The time taken to peak concentration was also very variable from 0.8 to 4 h (mean 2.1 +/- 1.3 h; SD). In 70% of the samples, absolute plasma levels > or = 0.7 mumol/ml were reached within 1-2 h after administration and maintained for up to 6 h (mean 2.8 +/- 1.8 h; SD). There was a small but nonsignificant increase in the half-life of nicotinamide when the dose was increased from 80 to 90 or 100 mg/kg (7.1 h and 8.6 h, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an accelerated regimen such as CHART, 80 mg/kg/day of oral nicotinamide is feasible and clinically tolerated, giving no or few side effects, and a 2-h interval between its oral administration and radiotherapy should achieve effective plasma levels in most patients.
authors.affiliation: CRC Tumour Biology and Radiation Therapy Group, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D009536:Niacinamide