title: Neurobehavioral effects of manganese in workers from a ferroalloy plant after temporary cessation of exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess long-term neurobehavioral effects associated with low airborne concentrations of manganese in a ferroalloy plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a period of forced cessation of work (1 to 42 d) neurobehavioral performance on tests of simple reaction time, finger tapping, digit span, additions, symbol digit, and shapes comparison was evaluated for 58 workers exposed from 1 to 28 (mean 13, SD 7) years to manganese. Airborne manganese concentrations in total dust had been reduced in the last 10 years from 70-159 micrograms x m-3 (geometric means in different areas) to 27-270 micrograms x m-3. For each worker, manganese concentrations in blood and urine were measured, and a cumulative exposure index was also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood manganese and urinary manganese ranged from 4 to 18 micrograms x 1-1 (0.07 to 0.03 mumol x 1-1) and from 0.7 to 7 micrograms x 1-1 (0.01 to 0.13 mumol x 1-1) respectively. Significant relationships were found between the blood manganese and urinary manganese levels and between these biological measures and the cumulative exposure index. Correlations were also found between the blood manganese level, the urinary manganese level, and the cumulative exposure index and the following tests: finger tapping, symbol digit, digit span, and additions. The correlation coefficients increased as the latency time after the cessation of exposure and work seniority increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the hypothesis that the neurobehavioral effects observed at exposure levels well below current occupational standards are related to manganese body burden, which is better reflected by the blood manganese level after the cessation of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Selis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Folli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vanoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iregren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alessio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D008345:Manganese