title: Breeding of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus): influence of parity and litter size on weaning success and offspring sex ratio.
abstract: The reproduction of 368 breeding pairs of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) has been recorded and evaluated during 5 consecutive years. Three-hundred-and-eight pairs (= 83.7%) were successful breeders giving birth to 2113 litters (up to 13 per dam) with a total of 12,591 offspring (mean: 6.0 +/- 2.2 [+/- SD] per litter). One-hundred-and-fifty dams delivered within 25 days after pairing, indicating a breeding success in the first oestrous cycle of 40.8% of all pairs (95% confidence interval: 35.7%-46.0%). The average number of offspring was higher in the 2nd than in the first litter, reaching a maximum in the 3rd (6.8 +/- 2.0), and decreasing thereafter. The loss of offspring (mean: 24.2%) was higher in older parents and influenced by the number of offspring per litter, indicating that experience and stress contribute to breeding success. A small, but significantly higher number of females was recorded only when no loss of offspring occurred until weaning (females: 2.36 +/- 1.75; males: 2.16 +/- 1.63, P < 0.001). There was no indication of a shift of the offspring sex ratio towards favouring females with increased litter numbers, in contrast to the predictions of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, at least with respect to the species and the breeding conditions as described in this report. Since all breeders were kept under long-day type photoperiods (16L:8D), no signs of seasonality in breeding outcome were noted.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerchl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D008098:Litter Size / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology; D017111:Phodopus / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012744:Sex Ratio; D015996:Survival Rate; D014886:Weaning