title: Alcohol consumption and the risk of major upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between current alcohol consumption and major upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study in the United States, Sweden, and Hungary, 1004 incident cases with upper gastrointestinal bleeding without predisposing factors were compared with 2446 controls. Relative risks for categories of alcohol consumption (based on the number of drinks currently consumed/wk) were estimated using logistic regression; the potential confounding effects of cigarettes, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other factors were controlled simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with drinkers of < one drink/wk, the relative risks among other current drinkers ranged from 0.8 for 1-6 drinks/wk to 6.3 for > or = 35 drinks; the trend was statistically significant (p < 0.001). A significantly increased relative risk was seen for the heaviest consumption category within various subgroups: gastric and duodenal hemorrhage; males and females; age < 60 yr and > or = 60 yr; and those who consumed beer, wine, liquor, or a combination of beverages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that consumption of alcohol increases the risk of major gastric and duodenal bleeding in nonpredisposed individuals.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Koff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laszlo
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wiholm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology