title: Erythema multiforme major and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following application of a d-limonene-based insecticidal dip.
abstract: Erythema multiforme major and disseminated intravascular coagulation developed in a dog 24 hours after exposure to a d-limonene-based insecticidal dip. Clinical signs included severe lethargy and weakness, ulceration of the oral mucosa, and erythematous serpiginous, annular, and arciform lesions on the head, trunk, and limbs. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia, normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, increased fibrin degradation products, hypoproteinemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, azotemia, high serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, and high serum bilirubin concentration. Despite intensive supportive care, the dog developed severe intrathoracic and abdominal hemorrhage and died. Necropsy revealed severe diffuse epidermal necrosis and widespread hemorrhage within organs. Insecticidal dips containing d-limonene have the potential to induce various toxic effects, including, possibly, erythema multiforme major, and should be used cautiously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6044, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kerlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D004892:Erythema Multiforme / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077222:Limonene; D010944:Plants; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D007306:Insecticides; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene