title: Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare pain on infiltration, need for additional anesthesia, and pain on suturing in patients given plain, warm, and buffered lidocaine preparations before the suturing of traumatic wounds in the emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective, single-blinded convenience sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with traumatic lacerations. Patients allergic to lidocaine and patients with abnormal mental status or altered pain sensorium were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  All wounds were anesthetized by use of a standard injection technique. Wound margins were anesthetized with plain, buffered, or warm lidocaine in a randomized fashion. Pain of infiltration was recorded for each margin by means of a previously validated visual-analogue pain scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main outcome parameter was pain of infiltration. Need for additional anesthesia and pain on suturing were secondary outcome parameters. We evaluated 45 patients. Pain on injection varied by the type of lidocaine (mean pain scores: plain, 8.2; buffered, 4.7 [P < .05 versus plain]; warm, 4.9 [P < .05 versus plain]). There was no significant difference between the mean pain scores of the groups given warm and buffered lidocaine (P = NS). Need for additional anesthesia and pain on suturing did not vary by the type of anesthesia. The order of injection was not found to influence results. Mean pain scores were not different for margins 1 and 2 in any of the groups (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both buffered and warmed lidocaine were as efficacious as plain lidocaine, and they had significantly less pain associated with infiltration than did plain lidocaine. In EDs with fluid warmers, warmed lidocaine may be the most convenient, well-tolerated, efficacious lidocaine preparation for anesthesia of traumatic wounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: G X
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giarrusso
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cassara
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maranga
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Thode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D002021:Buffers; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D008012:Lidocaine