title: Increased plasma pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity levels in non-obese patients with essential hypertension.
abstract: METHODS
  Pancreastatin, a novel peptide, is known to inhibit insulin secretion and to have a glycogenolytic effect, and is present in many endocrine and chromaffin cells. Both the plasma insulin levels and the adrenergic activity accompanying insulin resistance have been shown to be increased in hypertensive subjects. Our working hypothesis was that pancreastatin might play a role in these pathological phenomena.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the plasma pancreastatin level in non-obese essential hypertensive patients in response to an intravenous glucose load. We further measured the responses to the glucose challenge of insulin, glucagon, catecholamines and free fatty acids, as well as other factors related to insulin resistance (i.e. lipoproteins and apolipoproteins). We separated the hypertensive patients into three groups according to their response to an oral glucose-tolerance test: normoinsulinaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and glucose-intolerant. Matched normotensive control subjects were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pancreastatin levels did not change in the control group after the glucose challenge. However, all hypertensive patients showed an increase in plasma pancreastatin levels after glucose loading. The normoinsulinaemic hypertensive patients also had elevated basal pancreastatin levels. The increase in pancreastatin levels was in the ranking: normoinsulinaemic > hyperinsulinaemic > glucose-intolerant. The pancreastatin: insulin ratio showed that the secretion of pancreastatin and insulin may be regulated differently. Basal free fatty acid and glucagon levels were found to be elevated both in the hyperinsulinaemic and in the glucose-intolerant group. Fasting triglycerides levels were increased in all of the hypertensive patients. Other risk factors for coronary artery disease were also found to be altered: elevated very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, with ranking: normoinsulinaemic < hyperinsulinaemic < glucose-intolerant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show an increase in pancreastatin levels in hypertensive patients, suggesting that pancreastatin might play a role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen Macarena Hospital, University of Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margalet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lobón
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escobar-Jimenez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliván
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Cano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goberna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies; D053379:Chromogranin A; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010187:Pancreatic Hormones / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D053379:Chromogranin A; D010187:Pancreatic Hormones; C050836:pancreastatin; D005947:Glucose