title: Detection of K-ras oncogene mutations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for lung cancer diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. A long-standing goal of cancer researchers has been to develop tests that would facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and thereby decrease mortality from this disease. Because cancer results from the accumulation of a variety of genetic events (e.g., mutations, rearrangements, and deletions) in genes controlling cell growth and differentiation, these changes might serve as diagnostically useful molecular markers. Activation of the K-ras oncogene by point mutations in codon 12, which occurs in many cases of lung adenocarcinoma, may serve as one such clinically useful molecular marker. For detection of K-ras point mutations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, in which small numbers of malignant cells are mixed with a population of predominantly genetically normal cells, the sensitivity of commonly used assays for ras mutations risks false-negative results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  By applying a highly sensitive assay, we investigated whether detection of K-ras codon 12 mutations in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid could be clinically useful in diagnosing lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a highly sensitive assay for detecting K-ras codon 12 mutations based on an enriched polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. This technique was applied to 87 specimens of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens that were obtained from 86 patients, and associated tumor biopsy specimens obtained from 35 of these patients who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy for clinically suspected lung cancer. Statistical comparisons were performed by using the two-tailed Fisher's exact test [corrected].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 52 patients with confirmed lung cancer, samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 16 patients contained K-ras codon 12 mutations, including 14 (56%) of 25 patients with lung adenocarcinomas, one (33%) of three with bronchoalveolar carcinomas, one (20%) of five with large-cell carcinomas, and none of the 14 with squamous cell carcinomas. Mutations were detected in four additional cases in which cancer was suspected but had not been histologically confirmed. Tissue samples from 35 of the patients all yielded the identical K-ras codon 12 genotype found in the corresponding samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. No mutation was found in any sample from 30 patients with diagnoses other than non-small-cell lung cancer. Thus, for those cases in which tissue was available and tested, the sensitivity and specificity of detecting K-ras mutations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing K-ras mutation-positive lung cancer were both 100%. For nine patients, K-ras mutations were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained during otherwise nondiagnostic bronchoscopies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that sensitive detection of K-ras codon 12 mutations can serve as an important adjunct to cytology in the diagnosis of lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detection of these mutations could lead to earlier cancer diagnosis and less need for invasive diagnostic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholes
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Rom
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003062:Codon; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D003062:Codon