title: Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients after cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the reduction of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck were studied. Two-cycles (periods) of identical doses of cisplatin, fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (PFL) chemotherapy with cisplatin 20 mg/m2/d, 5-FU 800 mg/m2/d, leucovorin 90 mg/m2/d by 96-hour continuous intravenous infusion every 3 weeks were given to each patient. After PFL chemotherapy, GM-CSF 4 micrograms/kg subcutaneously from days 5 to 14 or no therapy was given by a randomized self-controlled crossover study design. Oral mucositis was graded with modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first cycle of PFL chemotherapy, GM-CSF significantly reduced the incidence, mean duration, and mean area under the curve (AUC) of severe oral gross mucositis (grade > or = 3) compared with no therapy. These beneficial effects continued into the second cycle of PFL chemotherapy after crossover to no GM-CSF. The incidence of severe mucositis was reduced when GM-CSF was given in the second cycle of PFL. Analysis of variance indicated significant direct GM-CSF treatment effects on the mean AUC of gross/functional scores and duration of moderate gross mucositis (grade > or = 2) over both periods. There was a significant period effect in favor of giving GM-CSF in the first cycle of chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-CSF can significantly reduce the severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis after PFL chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil