title: PTSD symptoms in urban adolescent girls: compounded community trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the assessments for exposure to violent events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a population of urban adolescent girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine urban adolescent girls attending an adolescent medicine clinic were assessed via clinician-assisted self-report measures called the Adolescent Self-Report Trauma Questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered information on demographics, exposure to community and domestic violent events, and PTSD symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adolescents experienced between 8 and 55 different types of community and domestic violent events, with the mean number of violent events being 28. Hyperarousal cluster symptoms were present in 90%, reexperiencing clusters symptoms in 89%, and avoidance cluster symptoms in 80%, while 67% met symptom criteria for PTSD. Increased number of types of violent events was positively correlated with meeting PTSD criteria (p = .01) and with increased PTSD severity scores (p = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These urban adolescent girls have experienced prolonged and repeated exposure to multiple types of community as well as domestic violent events, via multiple modalities of contact, over time. They reported a high percentage of PTSD symptoms across all three symptom clusters. The authors propose the concept of "compounded community trauma" and discuss its marked impact on female adolescent development.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jekel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence