title: Trefoil peptide protection of intestinal epithelial barrier function: cooperative interaction with mucin glycoprotein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Goblet cells secrete a combination of trefoil peptides and mucin glycoproteins to form a continuous gel on the mucosal surface. The functional effects of these products remain uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trefoil peptides and/or mucin glycoproteins were added to Transwell monolayers of the human colonic cancer-derived T84 cell line. Intact monolayers permitted penetration of < 4% of the inert marker [3H]mannitol at 4 hours. Exposure to the toxic lectin phytohemagglutinin (1 mg/mL), oleic acid (8 mmol/L) and taurocholic acid (12 mmol/L), or Clostridium difficile toxin A (0.7 microgram/mL) resulted in loss of barrier function with 36%, 62%, and 45% of [3H]mannitol penetration, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of recombinant human intestinal trefoil factor in physiological concentrations (1-5 micrograms/microL) resulted in attenuation of the damage to monolayer integrity by up to 52%. Protection was enhanced (up to 95%) by the copresence of human colonic mucin glycoproteins. Similar effects were observed when rat intestinal trefoil factor or human spasmolysin, another human trefoil peptide, were added alone or in the presence of human mucin glycoproteins. Conversely, mucin glycoproteins isolated from the rat colon or stomach facilitated protection when added with human spasmolysin or human intestinal trefoil factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trefoil peptides and mucin glycoproteins protect gastrointestinal mucosa from a variety of insults.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kindon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pothoulakis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lynch-Devaney
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Podolsky
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D019301:Oleic Acid; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013656:Taurocholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D006133:Growth Substances; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009829:Oleic Acids; D010455:Peptides; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; D019301:Oleic Acid; D013656:Taurocholic Acid