title: Mimetic modulation for problem creases of the face.
abstract: Problem creases of the face such as frontal lines and frown lines, crow's feet, deep nasolabial and perioral folds, and cervical bands may be caused by the aging process, excessive exposure to the sun, disease, or genetic disposition. The condition may become aggravated by habitual hyperkinesia of certain mimetic muscles like the frontalis, corrugators, orbicularis oculi, levatores labii superioris, zygomatici, and the platysma. The diagnosis is established clinically by electromyography and selective muscle and nerve blocks. In these cases we advocate regulation of the mimetic hyperkinesia through selective myotomy, myectomy, and neurotomy of the responsible mimetic muscles (mimetic modulation). These procedures may be performed exclusively or in combination with a blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, or other procedure. Our experience with 60 patients over the past five years (medium = 3.5 years) is presented. Problems and complications such as paresthesia and hypesthesia, partial paresis and asymmetry, incomplete correction, and recurrences are discussed. We believe that mimetic modulation is a valuable concept in treating problem creases and thereby improves the results of the aesthetic surgery of the face.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Plastische, Klinikum Bogenhausen, München, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mühlbauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fairley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Wingerden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D015595:Skin Aging