title: All-trans retinoic acid induces cellular retinol-binding protein in human skin in vivo.
abstract: We examined the regulation of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) mRNA and protein expression in human skin in vivo by all-trans retinoic acid and all-trans retinol. Treatment of human skin for 24 h with all-trans retinoic acid (0.1%) or all-trans retinol (1.6%) induced CRBP mRNA 5.5-fold (p < 0.01, n = 10) and 5.7-fold (p < 0.01, n = 5), respectively, compared with skin treated with vehicle or sodium lauryl sulfate (used as an irritant control). In vitro translation of poly A+ RNA from all-trans retinoic acid, all-trans retinol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and vehicle-treated human skin demonstrated that the observed increased CRBP mRNA in all-trans retinoic acid- and all-trans retinol-treated skin was able to direct increased (2.3-2.9-fold) CRBP protein synthesis. Riboprobe in situ hybridization revealed that CRBP mRNA was uniformly elevated throughout the epidermis and in dermal cells after all-trans retinoic acid treatment of human skin. Western analysis revealed that CRBP protein was elevated 3.2-fold (p < 0.01, n = 6) and 3.0-fold (p < 0.01, n = 6) after all-trans retinoic acid treatment of human skin in vivo for 24 and 96 h, respectively, compared with vehicle- and sodium lauryl sulfate-treated skin. In addition, functional CRBP levels measured by [3H]all-trans retinol binding were elevated 1.9-fold (p < 0.01, n = 6) and 3.5-fold (p < 0.01, n = 6) at 24 and 94 h, respectively, after all-trans retinoic acid treatment, compared with vehicle- or sodium lauryl sulfate-treated skin. Gel mobility shift analysis revealed that retinoid receptors in nuclear extracts from human skin formed a specific complex with a DNA probe containing the retinoic acid response element in the mouse CRBP gene. Monoclonal antibodies to nuclear retinoid receptors demonstrated that predominantly retinoic acid receptor-alpha/retinoid X receptor-alpha heterodimers bound to the CRBP retinoic acid response element. These data demonstrate that CRBP expression in human skin in vivo is regulated by exogenous all-trans retinoic acid and all-trans retinol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chambon
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Voorhees
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D054840:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D054840:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular; D014801:Vitamin A; D014212:Tretinoin