title: Penetrating neck trauma: sensitivity of clinical examination and cost-effectiveness of angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate penetrating neck trauma for (a) sensitivity of the clinical examination as an indicator of clinically significant vascular injury, and (b) cost-effectiveness of performing screening diagnostic angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all patients with penetrating neck trauma presenting at our institution over 4 years were retrospectively reviewed. Injuries were classified into one of three anatomic zones and classified into four mutually exclusive groups based on the extent of vascular injury; (a) no vascular injury; (b) minor vascular abnormality; (c) major vascular abnormality without a change in clinical management; or (d) any injury requiring a change in clinical management. Cost data were also obtained for each patient's hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 111 patients with penetrating neck trauma. No statistically significant difference between the sensitivities of the clinical examination or angiography for the detection of vascular injury were detected. Of the 48 patients who had vascular injuries, 45 had an abnormal clinical findings (93.7% sensitivity). None of the remaining 3 patients with vascular injury and normal clinical findings would have had their treatment altered by the results of angiography. The calculated cost of using angiography as a screening tool for vascular injury in patients with normal clinical findings was approximately $3.08 million per central nervous system event prevented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that in patients with zone II penetrating neck injuries the clinical examination is sufficient to detect significant vascular lesions and that screening angiography may not be indicated. Because our sample size was relatively small and the mean follow-up only 13.3 days, further investigation is needed to demonstrate definitively the lack of usefulness of screening angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jarvik
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000191:economics*; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000191:economics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics