title: Psychosocial adaptation of 39 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with sex chromosome abnormalities (SCA) are known to be at increased risk for neuromotor, language, learning, and behavioral problems, but little is known of psychosocial adaptation of SCA adolescents. This study was conducted to evaluate psychologic characteristics of unselected SCA adolescents, including socialization, educational progress, separation from family, and incidence and severity of psychiatric disturbance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine propositi identified through the screening of 40,000 consecutive Denver newborns, including boys with 47,XXY karyotypes and girls with 47,XXX, 45,X, and partial X monosomy, or SCA mosaic karyotypes, have been followed longitudinally into adolescence. Twenty-seven siblings served as controls. Between 12 and 19 years of age, all participated in blind psychiatric interviews and were administered standardized intelligence and achievement tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCA propositi demonstrated a mean IQ score 21 points lower than that of control subjects. In addition, lower mean scores were seen on achievement test results as well as lower overall psychosocial adaptation scores and increased incidence of psychiatric disturbance. Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis. Propositi were more likely to receive special education assistance in high school and were less likely to graduate from high school than were controls. Of the three nonmosaic propositi groups, the 47,XXX girls demonstrated the poorest overall psychosocial adaptation and highest degree of psychiatric disturbance. Mosaic girls were indistinguishable from control subjects. Marked variability was found among all three nonmosaic groups, with some individuals in each group demonstrating relatively strong psychosocial adaptation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of nonmosaic sex chromosome abnormality increases the risk for impeded cognitive skills, learning abilities, and psychosocial adaptation in adolescence. The factors that allow for stronger adaptation in some of these adolescents include the presence of a stable and supportive family environment. The outlook for adaptation in unselected SCA adults remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004519:Education, Special; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007360:Intelligence; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007621:Karyotyping; D007858:Learning; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D009030:Mosaicism / Q000235:genetics; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012951:Socialization; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics