title: Impact of increasing carbohydrate intolerance on maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women without gestational diabetes. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to assess maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with increasing carbohydrate intolerance not meeting the current criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective analytic cohort study in which nondiabetic women aged > or = 24 years, receiving prenatal care in three Toronto teaching hospitals, were eligible for enrollment. A glucose challenge test and an oral glucose tolerance test were administered at 26 and 28 weeks' gestation, respectively; risk factors for unfavorable maternal-fetal outcomes were recorded. Caregivers and patients were blinded to glucose values except when test results met the current criteria for gestational diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4274 patients screened, 3836 (90%) continued to the diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test. The study cohort was formed by the 3637 (95%) patients without gestational diabetes, carrying singleton fetuses. Increasing carbohydrate intolerance in women without overt gestational diabetes was associated with a significantly increased incidence of cesarean sections, preeclampsia, macrosomia, and need for phototherapy, as well as an increased length of maternal and neonatal hospital stay. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing carbohydrate intolerance is an independent predictor for various unfavorable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing maternal carbohydrate intolerance in pregnant women without gestational diabetes is associated with a graded increase in adverse maternal-fetal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sermer
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gare
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kenshole
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farine
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002585:Cesarean Section; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000209:etiology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose