title: A qualitative approach to assessing the effects of system change on consumers, families, and providers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1988 Vermont implemented a policy designed to reduce the state hospital census and expand community-based services. This qualitative study assessed perceptions of the policy's impact among mental health consumers, family members, and providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven focus groups were convened, which included 94 participants from across the state. Separate groups were held for consumers, family members, and providers. Trained facilitators guided discussion of the policy's effect on quality of life, housing and vocational status, community integration, and social networks. Audiotapes of the discussion were transcribed, and content was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several universal themes were noted. All participants reported that stigma was still a substantial barrier to integration and that community education to reduce stigma had not been effective. Tension between families and providers was a problem; family members felt that although providers depended on their supporting the consumer, they were not included in treatment planning. All participants noted that urban areas were better served by the policy's service packages. A lack of coordination of community services was reported to be a continuing problem across the state. In contrast to findings of previous studies, consumers in this study preferred not to live alone, which led to feelings of isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Service delivery in rural areas and system coordination throughout the state must be improved. Families' conflicting feelings of burden and isolation must be addressed. Further research should determine more clearly the range of housing preferences among consumers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Service Research, School of Social Welfare, State University of New York at Albany 12222, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pulice
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dewees
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000639:trends; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003255:Consumer Organizations / Q000639:trends; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003688:Deinstitutionalization / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000639:trends*; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000639:trends; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000639:trends*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology