title: Alterations of the interleukin-4 pathway in production of tolerance by mixed hematopoietic chimerism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The induction of specific tolerance could prevent acute and chronic rejection, as well as immunosuppressive complications, in recipients of vascularized organ allografts. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism is one approach to allogeneic tolerance. In these studies we examined whether mixed chimerism can confer tolerance to heart allografts across major and minor histocompatiblity barriers. We also examined the transcription of cytokine genes within the allografts of tolerance animals and in cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Lewis rats were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with a mixture of 50 x 10(6) T-cell depleted bone marrow cells. Chimeric animals received heterotopic donor strain and third-party heart allografts and were assessed daily for rejection. Another set of chimeras received heart allografts that were examined at varying time points for transcription of cytokine genes by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median graft survival in control animals was 6 days. Graft survival in 11 mixed chimeras ranged from more than 165 to more than 274 days (p < 0.001), and no episode of rejection or graft-versus-host disease was observed. Examination of cytokine transcriptions revealed dramatic alterations in interleukin-4 transcription in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in cytokine gene transcription are descriptive of tolerance in this model. Mixed chimerism confers long-term unresponsiveness to heart allografts across major and minor histocompatibility barriers with desirable features for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: DeMara
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Coppage
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prehn
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002678:Chimera; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D006085:Graft Survival; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015847:Interleukin-4