title: Radiation-induced premature menopause: a misconception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To disprove the common view that women who have undergone irradiation to fields excluding the pelvis are at risk for radiation-induced premature menopause, we reviewed menstrual function and fertility among women treated with subtotal lymphoid irradiation for Hodgkin's Disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment and follow-up records of all women less than age 50 at the time of diagnosis of Stage I or II supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's Disease, treated with subtotal lymphoid irradiation alone and enrolled in radiotherapy trials from 1967 to 1985, were reviewed. In addition, patients were surveyed regarding their menstrual status and fertility history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six women, aged 10 to 40 years, with normal menstrual function at the time of Hodgkin's diagnosis, were identified. Mean follow-up was 14 years, with a range of 1.25-22.75 years. The average radiation dose to mantle and paraaortic fields was 40-44 Gy; the calculated scatter radiation dose to the pelvis at the ovaries was 3.2 Gy. There were 38 pregnancies in 18 women; all offspring are normal. One of 36 women (2.7%) experienced premature menopause. The reported rate of premature menopause in women who have not undergone irradiation is 1-3%; not significantly different than the rate in our study. There is a syndrome whereby antibodies to several endocrine organs occur (including the ovary), which is associated with premature ovarian failure. This syndrome may be associated with prior radiation to the thyroid, such as that given by mantle irradiation for Hodgkin's Disease. We report such a case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little risk of premature menopause in women treated with radiation fields that exclude the pelvis. Women with presumed radiation-induced premature menopause warrant an evaluation to exclude other causes of ovarian failure, such as autoimmune disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008594:Menopause, Premature; D008598:Menstruation / Q000528:radiation effects; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies