title: Objective passive-smoking indicators and respiratory morbidity in young children.
abstract: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with increased respiratory morbidity in young children, but few studies have assessed such exposure objectively by urinary cotinine measurements. 501 children aged 1-5 years, a random 5% sample of children attending an outpatient clinic, were classified as exposed or non-exposed to environmental tobacco smoke with a cut-off of 10 ng cotinine per mg creatinine in urine. Exposed children were 3.5 times (95% CI 1.56-7.90, p < 0.0024) more likely to have increased respiratory morbidity (three or more episodes during the previous 12 months) than non-exposed children after adjustment for potential confounding factors.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Paediatrics, Athens University, Greece.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bakoula
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kafritsa
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kavadias
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lazopoulou
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Theodoridou
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Maravelias
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Matsaniotis
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011897:Random Allocation; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine