title: Effects of moderate dose alcohol on visual contrast sensitivity for stationary and moving targets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast sensitivity involves distinguishing threshold luminance differences and is usually assessed using static sine-wave gratings over a range of different spatial frequencies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of acute alcohol intoxication on contrast sensitivity to stationary and moving sine-wave gratings. Moving gratings required the subjects to make pursuit eye movements. A secondary goal was to investigate whether any alcohol-related effects were associated with any measures of intoxication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male volunteers (N = 8) participated in three counterbalanced, double-blind, testing sessions (low alcohol, moderate alcohol and placebo) plus a control session with no beverage. Breath alcohol concentration and two subjective measures of intoxication were measured for each subject. Static and dynamic contrast sensitivity were determined for electronically generated sine-wave gratings that were either stationary or traveled in a circular path with a diameter of 9 cm (3.7 degrees) at 51.7 rpm, thus requiring the subject to make smooth pursuit eye movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean blood alcohol concentration measured in the moderate alcohol condition was 0.043% and in the low alcohol condition 0.011%. Moderate dose alcohol consumption significantly impaired both static and dynamic contrast with a greater effect for moving targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective and subjective measures of intoxication were unrelated to the alcohol-related losses in contrast sensitivity. Although most states currently prohibit driving with BACs of 0.08-0.10%, the present data indicate reliable visual impairment at approximately half of that level (.44%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000187:drug effects*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol