title: Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery.
abstract: Transdermal drug delivery offers a potential method of drug administration. However, its application has been limited to a few low molecular weight compounds because of the extremely low permeability of human skin. Low-frequency ultrasound was shown to increase the permeability of human skin to many drugs, including high molecular weight proteins, by several orders of magnitude, thus making transdermal administration of these molecules potentially feasible. It was possible to deliver and control therapeutic doses of proteins such as insulin, interferon gamma, and erythropoeitin across human skin. Low-frequency ultrasound is thus a potential noninvasive substitute for traditional methods of drug delivery, such as injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitragotri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blankschtein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010539:Permeability; D015612:Phonophoresis; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D011506:Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D007371:Interferon-gamma