title: Biopharmaceutic characteristics of a new extended-release theophylline formulation (Uni-Dur).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a close relationship between improvement in airway function and the plasma concentration of theophylline, as well as between rapidly rising plasma theophylline concentrations and increased frequency of undesired effects. Development of pharmaceutical formulations and prescribed dosage intervals for theophylline dosage forms should therefore be directed toward providing the most stable plasma concentrations attainable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the steady-state biopharmaceutic profile of Uni-Dur following once-daily or twice-daily administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four adult male volunteers with average theophylline clearance (3.0 and 5.5 L.h-1) received three treatments on separate occasions: Uni-Dur 800 mg once-daily, Uni-Dur 400 mg twice-daily, and Uniphyl 800 mg once-daily. Treatments were taken after a meal for five days with at least 1 week washout between treatment periods. Trough blood samples were collected prior to the AM dose on days 3, 4, and 5, and at specified intervals up to 48 hours after the AM dose on day 5 for subsequent determination of theophylline concentrations in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; microgram.mL-1.h) for theophylline over 24 hours on day 5 was 187 for Uni-Dur 800 mg once-daily, 187 for Uni-Dur 400 mg twice-daily, and 172 for Uniphyl 800 mg once-daily; the peak plasma concentrations were 10.4, 9.4, and 11.0 micrograms.mL-1 and the trough concentrations were 5.5, 7.2, and 3.5 micrograms.mL-1, respectively; fluctuation index (peak minus trough divided by trough) was 78%, 16%, and 231%, respectively. No further accumulation of theophylline occurred after day 3. No serious nor severe adverse events were reported during any treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uni-Dur is an extended-release formulation that provides stable plasma concentrations of theophylline over a 24-hour period with less fluctuation than observed with a once-daily reference formulation. In subjects with normal theophylline clearance, Uni-Dur administered twice-daily provided remarkably stable theophylline plasma concentrations over a 24-hour period. Absorption of theophylline from Uni-Dur was not affected by food, and no evidence of dose-dumping was observed. Uni-Dur should provide efficacious theophylline therapy with minimal adverse events in patients with symptoms of asthma and reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
authors.affiliation: Pharma Bio-Research International BV, Zuidlaren, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brannan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hempenius
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Radwanski
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nomeir
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Affrime
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jonkman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D013806:Theophylline