title: Altered enzyme activities of xenobiotic biotransformation in kidneys after subchronic administration of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) to rats.
abstract: Activities of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes were measured in the liver, kidney, duodenum and lung microsomes and cytosol fractions of Wistar rats after subchronic administration of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a potent bacterial mutagen in chlorinated drinking water. MX was administered by gavage at the dose level of 30 mg/kg for 18 weeks (low dose), or at the dose level which was raised gradually from 45 mg/kg for 7 weeks via 60 mg/kg for 2 weeks to a clearly toxic dose of 75 mg/kg for 5 weeks (high dose). Microsomal and cytosolic preparations were made and the activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD), NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured. Kidneys were affected most. A dose-dependent decrease was observed in EROD (90% in males, 80% in females at the high dose) and in PROD (58% in females at the high dose) in kidneys. An increase was, however, detected in kidney NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase (66% in females at high dose), UDPGT (89% in males and 97% in females at high dose) and GST activities (56% in males and 50% in females at high dose). MX caused only a few changes in the enzyme activities of the liver. The EROD activity was decreased 25% to 37%, both in the livers of males and females, but the total content of P450s was not altered. Hepatic GST activity was elevated in females in a dose-dependent manner (31% and 44%). GST activity was elevated in duodenum in females (59%) at the high dose. There were no marked changes in the enzyme activities in the lungs. MX was a weak inhibitor of EROD activity both in the liver and kidney microsomes in vitro, decreasing the EROD activity by 53% and 43%, respectively at the concentration of 0.9 mM. The results indicate that MX decreases the activity of phase I metabolism enzymes, but induces phase II conjugation enzyme activities, particularly in kidneys in vivo. It is possible that these changes contribute to metabolism of MX in kidneys and renders them susceptible to MX in the course of repeated exposure.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Division of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heiskanen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Linström-Seppä
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haataja
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vaittinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D009153:Mutagens; D014873:Water Pollutants; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase