title: An isobolographic study of epidural clonidine and fentanyl after cesarean section.
abstract: Although the epidural administration of clonidine and fentanyl provides pain relief after surgery, the interaction between the two drugs has not been examined formally. This study used an isobolographic method to determine whether epidurally administered fentanyl and clonidine interact in an additive or synergistic manner. Ninety women with moderate to severe pain after elective cesarean section under epidural anesthesia were studied. Using a randomized, double-blind protocol, we assigned each patient to receive a single epidural injection of one of three doses of fentanyl, clonidine, or a fixed ratio combination. Pain relief, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and sedation were measured 15 min after injection. Each drug alone and in combination produced analgesia, as measured by pain relief scores, and reduced need for intravenous morphine. Although the effective dose producing analgesia in 50% of patients (ED50) for the mixture was only 52% of that predicted by an additive interaction, this did not differ significantly from additivity, likely due to large variability. Clonidine, alone or in combination with fentanyl, produced a minor reduction in BP, but did not affect HR or cause more sedation than fentanyl. Unlike studies in rodents, this clinical study did not demonstrate synergy between fentanyl and clonidine. This could reflect a true species difference or differences in methodologies used. Nonetheless, a reduced dose of fentanyl and clonidine can be combined for excellent analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Section of Obstetric Anesthesia, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003000:Clonidine; D005283:Fentanyl