title: Coagulation activity is increased in the left atrium of patients with mitral stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the hemostatic status of the right and left atria in patients with mitral stenosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Systemic thromboembolism is a serious major complication in patients with mitral stenosis. However, the pathogenesis of thromboembolism in mitral stenosis is not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the plasma levels of biochemical markers for platelet activity (platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin) and status of thrombin generation (fibrinopeptide A and thrombin-antithrombin III complex) and fibrinolysis (D-dimer and plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex) in specimens of blood obtained from the peripheral vein and right and left atria of 12 consecutive patients with mitral stenosis who were undergoing percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, D-dimer and plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex in the patients did not differ significantly between the right and left atria, whereas levels of fibrinopeptide A and thrombin-antithrombin III complex in the left atrium were significantly higher than those in the right atrium (fibrinopeptide A in the left and right atria 19.35 +/- 4.64 and 6.31 +/- 0.75 ng/ml [mean +/- SE], respectively, p < 0.02; thrombin-antithrombin III complex in the left and right atria 11.45 +/- 2.29 and 3.98 +/- 0.60 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.01). Levels of fibrinopeptide A and thrombin-antithrombin III complex in the left atrium did not correlate with mean transmitral gradient, dimension of the left atrium or reciprocal of the mitral valve area. Peripheral blood plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen were significantly higher in the patients than in an age-matched control group of normal subjects (168 +/- 25% and 99 +/- 7%, respectively, p < 0.05) but showed no difference in the peripheral blood and right and left atria of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The coagulation system is activated in the left atrium of patients with mitral stenosis even during anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002404:Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D013917:Thrombin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013917:Thrombin