title: Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm: a 2-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was a 2-year follow-up in an ongoing prospective examination of development of trauma-related symptoms over time in a community group of veterans of Operation Desert Storm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two National Guard reservists, from one medical and one military police unit, completed the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and a DSM-III-R-based posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom scale 1 month, 6 months, and 2 years after returning from the Middle East. Differences in symptom severity over time were analyzed by using repeated measure analyses of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores on the Mississippi scale, but not the DSM-III-R PTSD scale, increased significantly over time. Symptoms of hyperarousal were more severe at all time points than were symptoms of reexperiencing or avoidance. Level of combat exposure, as reflected by the Desert Storm trauma questionnaire, was significantly associated with the score on the Mississippi scale at 2 years but not at 1 month or 6 months. All subjects who met the Mississippi scale's diagnostic criteria for PTSD at 1 or 6 months still met the criteria at 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although symptoms were relatively mild, there was an overall increase in PTSD symptoms over 2 years. The statistical relationship between level of combat exposure and PTSD symptoms at 2 years, and not before, suggests that it may take time for the consequences of traumatic exposure to become apparent. Moreover, degree of exposure may be important in predicting the eventual development of symptoms. Continued follow-up will address the evolution of PTSD symptoms in Gulf War veterans.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven VA Medical Center, CT 06516, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darnell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare