title: Refractive indices for volatile anesthetic gases: equipment and method for calibrating vaporizers and monitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of our study was to establish the refractive indices and the virial coefficients of the volatile anesthetic vapors. These indices and coefficients will allow refractometry to be used by manufacturers to produce accurate calibration, without requiring expensive high-precision calibration gases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a precision refractometer to measure the refractive indices for five volatile anesthetic vapors. We prepared our calibration gases by mixing a gravimetrically calibrated amount of liquid agent with a constant gas flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The refractive indices for the volatile anesthetic vapors are 1,603.2 for halothane, 1,540.4 for enflurane, 1,563.3 for isoflurane, 1,538.3 for sevoflurane, and 1,211.7 for desflurane. The maximum theoretical error in our measurements, due to all sensors and all uncertainty in our measurement of apparatus and physical constants, is +/- 0.56% of the reading (+/- 0.70% for desflurane).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If refractometry replaced calibration gases in cylinders, as a calibration standard, manufacturers might avoid errors that now occur because calibration gases manufactured by numerous companies seem to differ. We propose that our values serve as an interim database.
authors.affiliation: Dragerwerk AG, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wallroth
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gippert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryschka
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Falb
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hattendorff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torge
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mahrt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kroebel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Westenskow
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D005740:Gases