title: The surgical anatomy of coronary venous return in hearts with isomeric atrial appendages.
abstract: Although absence of the coronary sinus is widely recognized in hearts with isomerism of the right atrial appendages, little attention has been paid to the fashion of the venous return from the heart itself. In this study, the arrangement of coronary venous return was investigated in 99 specimens with isomeric right and 49 with isomeric left appendages. In the normal heart, the coronary veins consist of a circumflex component within the atrioventricular groove and longitudinal components on the ventricular mass. The circumflex venous system was seen in 44 hearts with isomerism of left appendages (90%), but 23 of these hearts lacked the anatomic features of the coronary sinus. Circumflex veins were entirely lacking in the other 10% of hearts with isomeric left appendages and in all those with isomeric right appendages. In these hearts, longitudinal veins drained independently into the atria in three patterns. The first was a direct connection, with the venous orifice opening between the trabeculations of the atrial wall immediately having crossed the atrioventricular groove. The second was a crooked return, with the vein running an intramural course along the atrioventricular groove. The third was a distant connection, reaching superiorly to the smooth-walled atrial component after running an intramural course. Intramural courses were seen in 19% of the longitudinal veins, such veins being found in 62% of all hearts with no circumflex venous system. These findings, which to the best of our knowledge have never previously been recognized in detail, almost certainly have potential surgical significance.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagihara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000002:abnormalities; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology