title: Benefits of aortic and pulmonary counterpulsation using dynamic latissimus dorsi myoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraaortic and pulmonary artery counterpulsation are useful techniques to support circulation during either left or right ventricular dysfunction. Electrically stimulated skeletal muscles wrapped around the aorta, used as means of cardiac failure treatment, have proved to be an effective method of handling experimental left ventricular failure. In this article we report an induced cardiac failure model in acute open chest dogs and describe the hemodynamic improvement of simultaneous aortic and pulmonary artery counterpulsation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was achieved with a bilateral latissimus dorsi muscle flap, stimulated with a software written in C++ for Windows. Dynamic aortomyoplasty was performed using the left latissimus dorsi muscle flap around the descending aorta, and dynamic pulmonaromyoplasty was achieved wrapping the pulmonary trunk with the right latissimus dorsi muscle flap. In all animals blood pressures and cardiac output were measured after cardiac failure induced by a high-dose of propranolol hydrochloride (3 mg/kg intravenously) before and after latissimus dorsi muscle flap stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortopulmonary counterpulsation resulted in a significant increase in mean aortic pressure, mean pulmonary pressure, and cardiac output. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Subendocardial viability index (diastolic pressure-time index/systolic tension-time index) in aortomyoplasty and tension time index in pulmonaromyoplasty showed significant improvement when cardiac assistance was performed by electrical stimulation of both muscles (p = 0.037 and p = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of experimentally induced cardiac failure using aortopulmonary counterpulsation allows effective hemodynamic improvement in open-chest dogs.
authors.affiliation: Basic Research Center, University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Favaloro Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chachques
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Risk
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carpentier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000601:surgery*; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance