title: Current patterns of prescribing and administering morphine in trauma patients.
abstract: We attempted to characterize the current prescribing practices and administration patterns for intravenous intermittent morphine in trauma patients in a multicenter, open prospective, observational study. The subjects were 141 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care units (ICU) of five United States trauma centers within 12 hours of injury who received intermittent intravenous morphine for pain relief. The study was conducted from April 15, 1992, to February 15, 1993. Data obtained during the first 32 hours of the ICU stay included morphine regimen, doses administered, and time between doses. One hundred sixty-one orders were prescribed by surgeons. The most frequently ordered dose was 2-4 mg and the most frequently ordered interval was every hour as necessary. There was no relationship between the severity of injury and the minimum dose ordered. During the 492 nursing shifts studied, 1257 doses were administered. Of these, 44% were at or below the minimum amount prescribed by the surgeons. Thirty-three percent of the patients received a dose at an interval of more than 3 hours. We concluded that small amounts of narcotic analgesics are given to severely injured patients, and amount ordered is not affected by the severity of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Whipple
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Quebbeman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McKindley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jancik
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wesley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine