title: Thermal collateral damage in porcine corneas after photoablation with free electron laser.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study describes a quantitative and systematic investigation of the collateral thermal damage during infrared photoablation as a function of wavelength between 2.7 and 6.7 microns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the tunable Free Electron Laser at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn, 60 freshly removed porcine cadaver eyes were irradiated at wavelengths between 2.7 and 6.7 microns, at a fluence of 1.3 J/cm2. For wavelengths where no photoablation occurred, fluence was increased to 3.5 J/cm2; pulse length (macropulse) was 4 microseconds, consisting of a train of micropulses (pulse duration 2 ps at a 2.9 GHz repetition rate). The corneal buttons were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and analyzed by histologic micrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thermal damage zones in the remaining tissue were observed: zone 1 showed superficial carbonization and measured between 2 and 4 microns; beyond, the eosinophilic zone 2 measured between 10 and 100 microns. The extent of zone 2 was inversely related to the absorption spectra of the cornea; it was minimal at the 3- and 6-micrometer water absorption bands and maximal at minimal target absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results correlated well with a model of the ablation process. The study provides a systematic and predictive element for the determination of collateral thermal adverse effects; it does not yet include pulse length variation as a determining factor.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Department I, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bende
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013552:Swine