title: Influence of hypercortisolemia on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist responses to endotoxin in human beings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported that the antecedent administration of glucocorticoids altered both the hormonal and proinflammatory cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when administered to human volunteers. In that study, subjects with vastly exaggerated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 12 and 144 hours after cortisol infusion exhibited hemodynamic and hormonal responses no different from those of untreated subjects after endotoxin. The current study examined levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and soluble receptors to tumor necrosis factor (sTNF-R) in the same setting of the previous report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydrocortisone succinate was infused into healthy volunteers. LPS was then injected immediately or was delayed by 6, 12, or 144 hours (C, C-6, C-12, and C-144, respectively). Subjects receiving LPS alone served as controls. Plasma was analyzed to determine levels of TNF, sTNF-R and IL-1ra by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before administration of LPS and at 30-minute intervals after administration of LPS for 6 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of sTNF-R increased after LPS administration in all groups (p < 0.05 versus baseline) with a significantly higher level recorded in the subjects having received hydrocortisone 144 hours before (C-144, p < 0.05 versus all other groups). TNF levels remained undetectable in association with immediate infusion of LPS (C) and the relatively short delay group (C6). This cytokine peaked 90 minutes after LPS in all other groups, with a significantly higher peak in the C-144 subjects when compared with controls. IL-1ra levels rose in all groups but to a lesser extent in the C group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm that glucocorticoids influence the production of both sTNF-R and IL-1ra. The potential for an exaggerated response of sTNF-R exists for an extended period of time after exposure to glucocorticoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Shires
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lowry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006854:Hydrocortisone