title: Effect of rapid pacing and T-wave scanning on the relation between the defibrillation and upper-limit-of-vulnerability dose-response curves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The critical-point and upper-limit-of-vulnerability (ULV) hypotheses predict that the ULV dose-response curve should be steeper and to the right of the defibrillation (DF) curve. Yet, some recent experimental data contradict this prediction. Two studies are presented that test two explanations for the contradiction: (1) Testing at a single point in the T wave underestimates the ULV dose-response curve and (2) ULV testing at normal heart rates does not mimic the mechanical or electrical state of the heart in ventricular fibrillation (VF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nonthoracotomy lead system with a biphasic waveform was used throughout. In eight dogs, the dose-response curve widths (a measure of steepness) were compared between DF data and ULV data gathered at the peak (ULVPK), middownslope (ULVDWN), midupslope (ULVUP), and all times (scanning or ULVSCN) in the T wave. In another eight dogs, ULV data (ULVRAP) were gathered by scanning the T wave after 15 rapidly paced beats (166- to 198-ms pacing interval). The rapid pacing interval was chosen to more closely mimic the hemodynamics and activation rate of early VF. ULV data (ULVSTD) at normal heart rates were gathered for all animals. In the first study, scanning significantly reduced the ULV curve width (ULVSCN, 63.5 +/- 29.7 V; ULVPK, 81.9 +/- 45.2 V; ULVDWN, 116 +/- 36.5 V; DF, 105 +/- 22.0 V; P < .03) and significantly shifted the ULV curve to the right (ULV80 SCN, 410 +/- 62.6 V; ULV80 PK, 266 +/- 35.3 V; ULV80 DWN, 355 +/- 80.4 V; DF80, 427 +/- 60.9 V; P < .001). The subscript 80 signifies that the subject was left in normal sinus rhythm 80% of the time after that stimulus strength was delivered. In the second study, the ULVRAP curve was shifted dramatically to the right, the average ULV50 RAP being greater than the average DF90. Furthermore, 92% of the ULVRAP VF inductions occurred between 10 ms before and 50 ms after the peak of the T wave, suggesting that scanning of the entire T wave may not be necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a single rapidly paced ULV sequence with limited T-wave scanning, it may be possible to estimate highly effective defibrillation doses with few VF episodes and high-voltage stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malkin
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Idriss
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ideker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*