title: Pediatric cardiac surgical ECMO: multivariate analysis of risk factors for hospital death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as an effective technique for the mechanical support of many pediatric postcardiotomy patients with medically refractory cardiac failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 73 pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who were placed on ECMO support between August 1984 and February 1994. The patients were divided into groups defined by the timing of ECMO cannulation relative to the time of operation. Group 1 patients (n = 7, 9.6%) were placed on ECMO preoperatively. Group 2 patients (n = 66, 90.4%) were a heterogeneous population placed on ECMO at any interval after cardiac repair. Subgroup 2A consisted of patients (n = 17, 25.8%) who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and were converted directly to ECMO support immediately after repair. Subgroup 2B patients (n = 49, 74.2%) were cannulated postoperatively after an initial period of clinical stability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital survival for all study patients (42/73) and for group 2 patients (38/66) was 58%. Only 4 group 2A patients (23.5%) survived their hospitalization compared with 34 group 2B patients (69.4%) (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified elevated right atrial pressure after ECMO decannulation (p = 0.049) and, possibly, membership in group 2A (p = 0.061) as independent risk factors for hospital death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is most effective in salvaging pediatric cardiac surgical patients who demonstrate medically refractory hemodynamic deterioration at some interval after being successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The right atrial pressure after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation is an independent predictor of hospital death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Whittlesey
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate