title: Antihistamines reduce blood-retinal barrier permeability in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with nonproliferative retinopathy. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if histamine receptor stimulation mediates increased blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability in patients with diabetic retinopathy, as it does in experimental diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes and mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were treated with combined astemizole, 20 mg, and ranitidine, 600 mg, or an identical placebo for 6 months in a double-masked fashion. Blood-retinal barrier permeability was measured by vitreous fluorometry at baseline and at 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permeability was significantly reduced in the group treated with antihistamines (P < 0.05) compared with the placebo group. There were no concomitant significant changes in systemic arterial blood pressure or HbA1c values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These pilot data suggest that histamine receptors influence permeability of the BRB in human diabetes. Further studies of the effects of antihistamines on diabetic retinopathy are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hollis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016589:Astemizole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011970:Receptors, Histamine H2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1; D011970:Receptors, Histamine H2; D016589:Astemizole; D011899:Ranitidine; D019793:Fluorescein