title: Interferon alfa-2a and 13-cis-retinoic acid in renal cell carcinoma: antitumor activity in a phase II trial and interactions in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A phase II trial of interferon alfa-2a (IFN) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (CRA) was conducted in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In vitro studies were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients were treated. IFN was given daily at 3 MU and escalated to 6 and 9 MU if tolerated. The dose of CRA was 1 mg/kg/d. The effects of combining CRA and IFN on the proliferation of five RCC cell lines were examined, and retinoid sensitivity was correlated to the expression of retinoic acid receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen (30%) of 43 assessable patients achieved a major response (three complete and 10 partial). Responding sites included bone metastases and renal primary tumors. Seven responding patients remain progression-free at 10+ to 19+ months. The response proportion was higher than in our prior experience with IFN, which was 10% in 149 patients. Eleven of 12 renal cancer cell lines were resistant to CRA alone; one, SK-RC-06, showed 90% inhibition of cell growth. CRA augmented the antiproliferative effect of IFN in several IFN-sensitive cell lines, but not in IFN-resistant lines. Northern blot analysis showed that expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) was repressed and not induced by retinoic acid in retinoic acid-insensitive RCC lines. However, RAR-beta expression was induced by retinoic acid in SK-RC-06 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFN and CRA showed antitumor activity in patients with advanced RCC, and the proportion and nature of response suggested CRA added therapeutic benefit to IFN. A phase III randomized trial of IFN plus CRA versus IFN alone and a phase II trial of single-agent CRA have been initiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Albino
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vlamis
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nanus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012074:Remission Induction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D015474:Isotretinoin