title: The ex vivo effect of ligation technique on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires.
abstract: This ex vivo investigation compared the effect of various orthodontic ligation techniques on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires under both dry and wet conditions. The techniques studied were: elastomeric modules tied conventionally and in a 'figure of 8' pattern, stainless steel ligatures, and Teflon-coated ligatures. The first part of the investigation involved the construction of calibration curves for each of the materials, so an estimate of the normal force exerted by the ligatures could be ascertained. Secondly, a pair of ligature locking pliers were modified so that ligatures could be placed with a standardized force. Finally, the four methods of ligation were directly compared on a specially constructed testing apparatus. Results revealed that elastomeric modules tied in a 'figure of 8' pattern produced significantly more friction than any other method tested, under both dry and wet conditions. No significant differences in frictional resistance were found between conventionally tied elastomeric modules and stainless steel ligatures. Teflon-coated ligatures, however, were associated with the lowest frictional forces. The results of the calibration tests indicated that the normal forces exerted by all four methods of ligation may be higher than previously estimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dental Surgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D012408:Rubber / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D012408:Rubber