title: The epidemiology of HIV and syphilis among male commercial sex workers in northern Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence and incidence of HIV and syphilis, and risk behaviors for these infections, among 1,172 male commercial sex workers (CSW) followed prospectively from 1989 to 1994 in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twice yearly visits were conducted by the Thai Ministry of Public Health at all cooperating gay bars and clubs (17 sites) in Chiang Mai City as part of a national HIV sentinel surveillance. Men and boys who agreed were followed prospectively. Sentinel visits included an interview, HIV pre-test counseling, HIV and syphilis serology, condom distribution, and referral for post-test counseling. Participation was voluntary, confidential, and individual HIV results were available only to participating subjects. A total of 219 CSW were seen at least twice, allowing for incidence estimates based on 100 person-years (PY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of male CSW was 20 years. Median time of work as a CSW was 4 months. Most men (57.6%) described themselves as heterosexual. Median number of clients was 2.5 per week, and reported condom use with clients was low: 42% reported inconsistent or no condom use, while 58% reported always using condoms. Reactive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory results were 7.6%, overall, but showed a declining trend. HIV prevalence was 1.4% in June 1989, 13.9% in June 1990, and 20.1% in December 1993, and showed a significant increasing trend. There were 27 incident HIV infections in 227.3 PY of observation, for an overall incidence during the 4.5-year period of 11.9 per 100 PY (95% confidence interval, 7.42-16.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male CSW in northern Thailand are at high risk for HIV despite current prevention efforts. The majority are heterosexual, which may be an important epidemiologic link in the spread of HIV between male CSW users and heterosexual women in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Royal Thai Ministry of Public Health, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Chiang Mai.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kunawararak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beyrer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Natpratan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khamboonruang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011477:Sex Work; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology