title: Pharmacokinetics of inhaled liposome-encapsulated fentanyl.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary administration of fentanyl solution can provide satisfactory but brief postoperative pain relief. Liposomes are microscopic phospholipid vesicles that can entrap drug molecules. Liposomal delivery of fentanyl has the potential to control the uptake of fentanyl by the lungs and thus provide sustained drug release. To demonstrate that inhalation of a mixture of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl can provide a rapid increase and sustained plasma fentanyl concentrations (CfenS), this study determined the pharmacokinetic profiles after the inhalation of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining institutional approval and informed consent, ten healthy volunteers (five men, five women) were studied. Each subject received 200 micrograms intravenous fentanyl and inhaled 2,000 micrograms of free (50%) and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl (50%) on separate occasions. Frequent venous blood samples were collected, and CfenS were determined by radioimmunoassay. The pharmacokinetics and absorption characteristics of the inhaled mixture of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl were determined using moment analysis and least-squares numeric deconvolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) volume of distribution at steady-state and clearance of fentanyl after the intravenous administration were comparable to previous studies: 435 +/- 1821 and 0.584 +/- 0.209 l.min-1, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) peak Cfen was significantly greater for the intravenous administration compared to the aerosol mixture of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl (4.67 +/- 1.87 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.36 ng.ml-1). However, CfenS at 8 and 24 h after aerosol administration were greater compared to intravenous (0.25 +/- 0.14 and 0.12 +/- 0.16 ng.ml-1 for aerosol versus 0.16 +/- 0.10 and 0.05 +/- 0.06 ng.ml-1 for intravenous). The peak absorption rate, time to peak absorption, and bioavailability after inhalation were 7.02 (+/- 2.34) micrograms.min, -1(16) (+/- 8.0) min, and 0.12 (+/- 0.11), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that this analgesic method offers a simple and noninvasive route of administration with a rapid increase of Cfen and a prolonged therapeutic fentanyl concentration. Future studies are required to determine the optimal liposome composition that would produce a sustained stable Cfen within analgesic therapeutic concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Whynot
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Varvel
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mezei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D005283:Fentanyl