title: A review of impedance cardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the reliability and validity estimates of impedance cardiography to assess its empirical precision and clinical usefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Empirical and theoretical literature mainly within the last 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Descriptive statistics used to summarize the accuracy and use of impedance cardiography to estimate stroke volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of cardiac output is presently a core component of optimizing cardiac function in many patient populations. Impedance cardiography, which initially used a formula developed by Kubicek et al. and recently a formula developed by Sramek and Bernstein, remains controversial with regard to its accuracy and use in research and clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yakimets
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume