title: Functional neuroanatomy of CCK4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors tested the prediction of temporal cortex activation during experimentally induced anxiety by using positron emission tomography and the [15O]H2O bolus-subtraction method to determine regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in normal volunteers challenged with a bolus injection of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight right-handed healthy subjects (five male, three female; mean age, 26.4 years) underwent four 60-second [15O]H2O scans separated by 15-minute intervals; each scan followed an intravenous bolus injection of either saline (placebo) or CCK4 (50 micrograms). Each subject received CCK4 once, as the first or second bolus, in a random-order, placebo-controlled, double-blind fashion. Two of the three placebo conditions were nominally identical, and the remaining placebo was used to control for anticipatory anxiety. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained for subsequent anatomical correlation of blood flow changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCK4, but not placebo, elicited a marked anxiogenic response, reflected by robust increases in subjective anxiety ratings and heart rate. CCK4-induced anxiety was associated with 1) robust and bilateral increases in extracerebral blood flow in the vicinity of the superficial temporal artery territory and 2) CBF increases in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the claustrum-insular-amygdala region, and the cerebellar vermis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the temporopolar cortex CBF activation peaks previously reported in humans in association with drug- and non-drug-induced anxiety, as well as the increase in regional CBF in the claustrum-insular-amygdala region, may be of vascular and/or muscular origin.
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benkelfat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradwejn
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjedde
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D010919:Placebos; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D013758:Tetragastrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D010919:Placebos; D013758:Tetragastrin