title: Angiotensin II augments reflex activity of the sympathetic nervous system during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During hypotensive states, angiotensin II augments reflex activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of this vasoconstrictor on myocardial blood flow and plasma catecholamine concentrations during and after CPR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 minutes of ventricular fibrillation and 3 minutes of open-chest CPR, 14 pigs (24 to 26 kg) were randomized into two groups receiving either saline (n = 7) or 0.05 mg/kg angiotensin II (n = 7). Arterial plasma catecholamine concentration was measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Organ blood flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. During CPR, after drug administration, left ventricular myocardial blood flow was significantly higher in the angiotensin II-treated group than in the control group. During CPR, median epinephrine concentrations before and 90 seconds and 5 minutes after drug administration were 63.0, 35.2, and 22.5 ng/mL, respectively, in the control group and 63.2, 139.8, and 154.2 ng/mL, respectively, in the angiotensin II group (P < .001 at 90 seconds and P < .01 at 5 minutes). At the same times, median norepinephrine concentrations were 52.6, 59.8, and 33.9 ng/mL, respectively, in the control group and 42.5, 98.7, and 111.3 ng/mL, respectively, in the angiotensin II group (P < .01 at 5 minutes). Restoration of spontaneous circulation was possible in all of the angiotensin II-treated pigs, whereas only 3 of the 7 saline-treated pigs could be resuscitated. At 5 minutes after successful resuscitation, epinephrine was 6.8 ng/mL in the control group and 16.1 ng/mL in the angiotensin II group (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During CPR, angiotensin II appears to increase coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial blood flow, not only by direct peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction via angiotensin II receptors but also by inducing a massive catecholamine release with adrenergic peripheral vasoconstriction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Prengel
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lindner
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine