title: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with schistosomiasis and induced by human papillomaviruses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the presence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in cervical cancer among patients in Tanzania and to ascertain their prevalence in cases associated with schistosomiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In situ hybridization was applied to 31 carcinomas of the uterine cervix including 10 in which schistosomiasis co-occurred. Twenty-six cases in this series also exhibited koilocytic dysplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six out of 31 cases revealed a specific hybridization for HPVs with varying density and distribution. A slightly higher labeling of HPV-16 than -18 was demonstrated. All schistosomiasis-associated cancers encoded the papillomaviruses. The 31 patients were predominantly young adults, a fact that reflects sexual activity at a very young age in the ethnic communities of Africa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings shed new light on the presumed etiologic implication of schistosomiasis in the genesis of cervical cancer. In the absence of HPV, schistosomiasis is not the oncogenic causative agent for carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moubayed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziehe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mwakyoma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000473:pathology*; D013636:Tanzania; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*