title: Lack of effect of inhaled morphine on exercise-induced breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled nebulised morphine may reduce breathlessness in patients with lung disease, although the results of controlled trials are conflicting. A direct action of morphine on the lung has been postulated. This study aimed to investigate whether nebulised morphine reduced exercise-induced breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to determine if this was a local pulmonary effect or occurred after systemic morphine absorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double blind, randomised, crossover study was performed in 12 men with COPD to compare the effects of nebulised morphine (10 and 25 mg), equivalent intravenous doses (1 and 2.5 mg), and placebo. Breathlessness (visual analogue scale), ventilation, gas exchange, and exercise endurance were measured during graded bicycle exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the treatments altered breathlessness, ventilation, or gas exchange at rest or at any time during exercise, and exercise endurance was unaffected. At peak exercise mean (95% CI) changes from placebo in ventilation were -0.8 (-0.57 to 1.1) l/min and -0.4 (-2.8 to 2.0) l/min for the highest intravenous and nebulised doses, respectively. For breathlessness equivalent values were +2 (-5 to 9) and +1 (-9 to 11) mm. The study was of sufficient power that it is unlikely that a clinically important effect was missed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nebulised morphine in these doses has no effect on exercise-induced breathlessness. These findings do not support the hypothesis that intrapulmonary opiates modulate the sensation of breathlessness in patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Masood
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine