title: Dementia and cognitive impairment in the oldest old in the community. Prevalence and comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study focuses on the prevalence of dementia in the oldest old.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample (n = 402) of the oldest old in Munich (> or = 85 years) was assessed with different methods. Four instruments and a clinical examination were used for case identification: (a) the Geriatric Mental State Interview (GMS-A); (b) the Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Dementia (SIDAM); (c) the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS); and (d) the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The clinical examination was performed by the interviewing physicians, who made their diagnoses according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The structured interviews (GMS-A: 25.4%; SIDAM/SISCO: 28.0%; SIDAM/DSM-III-R: 27.8%; SIDAM/ICD-10: 16.1%) gave lower point prevalence rates of dementia than physicians' clinical diagnoses (43.1%). The rates were 21.2% based on the MMSE. Depressive syndromes and anxiety syndromes were the most frequent psychiatric disturbances associated with dementia in the very old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dementia rates were high in the oldest old, showed an increase with age but no sex differences. Interview methodology has a major impact on results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fichter
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröppel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steinkirchner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015161:Dementia, Multi-Infarct / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D012494:Sampling Studies