title: The effect of maternal pushing on fetal cerebral oxygenation and blood volume during the second stage of labour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of maternal pushing during the second stage of labour on fetal cerebral oxygenation and blood volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study comparing changes in the fetal cerebral concentrations of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin and cerebral blood volume, before and during maternal pushing in the second stage of labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital obstetric unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten term fetuses during labour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the onset of maternal pushing, mean cerebral deoxyhaemoglobin concentration increased by a mean of 0.79 (SD 0.59) mumol.100 g-1, (P < 0.01) without any consistent change in the oxyhaemoglobin concentration. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in the calculated mean cerebral oxygen saturation from a mean of 46.8% (SD 8.6) to 38.1% (SD 5.2) (P < 0.01). Pushing was also associated with a significant increase in the mean cerebral blood volume, which rose by a mean of 0.33 ml.100 g-1 (SD 0.37) (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal pushing during the second stage of labour leads to a significant decrease in fetal cerebral oxygenation, together with an increase in cerebral blood volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London Medical School.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Antona
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Delpy
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin