title: Expressed emotion. Trait or state?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This exploratory study addresses the question of whether expressed emotion (EE) is a response characteristic of the parent (trait) or a parental response to specific circumstances or persons (state).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen parents participated in two audiotaped interviews, using modified versions of the Camberwell Family Interview. One interview concerned the child with chronic schizophrenia and the other a well sibling. Subsequent ratings of the EE variables of critical comments (CC), emotional overinvolvement (EOI) and warmth were completed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EE response patterns directed towards patients, as compared with towards siblings, were significantly different on two measures: EOI (P = 0.01) and warmth (P = 0.02). The parents showed significantly more emotional overinvolvement with the child with schizophrenia and significantly more warmth towards the well child.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the EE variables of EOI and warmth are related to the state of child, and the lack of a significant difference in CC suggests that this is a parental trait.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pickar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003142:Communication; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012931:Social Environment