title: Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of single-dose azithromycin for empirical treatment of nongonococcal urethritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing azithromycin vs doxycycline therapy, with a 2:1 randomization ratio. Patients were evaluated clinically and microbiologically for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum infection before therapy and at 2 and 5 weeks after study entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven sexually transmitted disease clinics throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 452 men aged 18 years or older with symptomatic nongonococcal urethritis of less than 14 days' duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with either 1.0 g of azithromycin as a single oral dose or 100 mg of doxycycline taken orally twice daily for 7 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical resolution of symptoms and signs of nongonococcal urethritis, microbiological cure of C trachomatis and U urealyticum, and occurrence of adverse experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 452 patients enrolled, 248 in the azithromycin-treated group and 123 in the doxycycline-treated group were evaluable for clinical response. The two treatment groups were comparable in terms of age, weight, ethnic distribution, sexual preference, sexual activity, and history of prior nongonococcal urethritis or gonorrhea. Sixteen percent of the azithromycin group and 24% of the doxycycline group were culture positive for C trachomatis before therapy, while 38% and 28%, respectively, were culture positive for U urealyticum. The cumulative clinical cure rate was 81% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75% to 85%) in the azithromycin-treated group and 77% (95% CI, 69% to 84%) in the doxycycline-treated group. Clinical cure rates in the two groups were also comparable when patients were stratified by presence or absence of infection with C trachomatis or U urealyticum prior to therapy. Among those infected with C trachomatis, overall microbiological cure rates were 83% (95% CI, 65% to 94%) for azithromycin-treated patients (n = 30) and 90% (95% CI, 68% to 98%) for doxycycline-treated patients (n = 21). Among those infected with U urealyticum, overall microbiological cure rates were 45% (95% CI, 34% to 57%) for azithromycin-treated patients (n = 75) and 47% (95% CI, 30% to 65%) for doxycycline-treated patients (n = 32). Adverse reactions were generally mild to moderate and occurred in 23% of the azithromycin-treated group and 29% of the doxycycline-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For empirical treatment of the acute nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men, a single oral dose of azithromycin was as effective as a standard 7-day course of doxycycline in achieving clinical cure. Further, clinical cure rates were comparable with either regimen, regardless of the presence or absence of Chlamydia or Ureaplasma infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Batteiger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Workowski
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: McCormack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D016869:Ureaplasma Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016990:Ureaplasma urealyticum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014526:Urethritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D017963:Azithromycin; D004318:Doxycycline