title: A fully automatic multimodality image registration algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A fully automatic multimodality image registration algorithm is presented. The method is primarily designed for 3D registration of MR and PET images of the brain. However, it has also been successfully applied to CT-PET, MR-CT, and MR-SPECT registrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The head contour is detected on the MR image using a gradient threshold method. The head region in the MR image is then segmented into a set of connected components using the K-means clustering algorithm. When the two image sets are registered, the segmentation of the MR image indirectly generates a segmentation of the PET image. The best registration is taken to be the one that optimizes the segmentation induced on the PET image. In this article, the K-means minimum variance criterion is used as a cost function, and the optimization is performed using the method of coordinate descent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was tested on 80 H2 15O PET and MR image pairs from 10 subjects. Qualitatively correct results were obtained in all cases. With use of external markers visible in both image modalities, the average registration error was estimated to be < 3 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The algorithm presented in this article requires no user interaction and can be applied to a wide range of registration problems. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the algorithm indicate a high degree of accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, Australia.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ardekani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iida
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*