title: A comparison of surgical and medical therapy for atrial septal defect in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical closure of an atrial septal defect is frequently recommended for patients over 40 years of age. However, the prognosis for such patients with unrepaired defects is largely unknown, and the outcome for patients operated on after the fourth decade of life has not yet been compared with that for medically treated patients in a controlled follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, we examined the clinical course of 179 consecutive patients with isolated atrial septal defects diagnosed after the age of 40. The 84 patients (47 percent) who underwent surgical repair were compared with the 95 patients (53 percent) who were treated medically. The mean (+/-SD) follow-up period was 8.9 +/- 5.2 years (range, 1 to 26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical closure of the defect significantly reduced mortality from all causes (relative risk, 0.31; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.85). The adjusted 10-year survival rate of surgically treated patients was 95 percent, as compared with 84 percent for the medically treated patients. In addition, surgical treatment prevented functional deterioration, as measured by the New York Heart Association class (relative risk, 0.21; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.55). However, the incidence of new atrial arrhythmias or of cerebrovascular insults in the two groups was not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical repair of an atrial septal defect in patients over 40 years of age, as compared with medical therapy, increases long-term survival and limits the deterioration of function due to heart failure. However, surgically treated patients should be followed closely for the onset of atrial arrhythmias so as to reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Innere Medizin III-Kardiologie, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstantinides
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geibel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olschewski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Görnandt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roskamm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spillner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Just
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kasper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004071:Digitalis Glycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D004071:Digitalis Glycosides; D004232:Diuretics; D009566:Nitrates