title: Low frequency of germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in patients with apparently sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs both sporadically and in the autosomal dominantly inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes. The distinction between true sporadic MTC and a new mutation familial case is important for future clinical management of both the patient and family. The susceptibility gene for MEN 2 is the RET proto-oncogene. Systematic analysis for germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene was performed in a series of 67 patients with apparently sporadic MTC to determine whether they were true sporadic cases or unsuspected de novo MEN 2 cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven unselected patients with sporadic MTC were randomly ascertained from clinic patients from four centres. The diagnosis of MTC was confirmed by histopathology. Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes or from paraffin-embedded tissue and subsequently used for polymerase chain reaction amplification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction based RET mutation analysis was performed by direct double-stranded cycle sequencing of exons 10, 11, 13 and 16, within which the majority of MEN2 mutations have been shown to occur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series, there was one proven case of germline mutation in RET codon 620, which previously has been shown to be responsible for MEN 2, thus indicating heritable disease. No germline mutation in codon 918, typical of MEN 2B, was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A figure of 1.5% germline mutations in 67 apparently sporadic MTC is lower than the incidence of familial disease reported in previous series involving clinical and biochemical screening. The presence of a germline mutation in the RET proto-oncogene in a patient with MTC indicates heritable disease. The absence of germline RET exon 10, 11, 13 or 16 mutation appears to rule out MEN 2A to a high probability, although the presence of a familial form of MTC other than classical MEN 2A cannot be excluded conclusively.
authors.affiliation: CRC Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frilling
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raue
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ponder
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ponder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005091:Exons; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018813:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila