title: Does hypoxia or hypercarbia independently affect resuscitation from cardiac arrest?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) study in swine, ventilation was associated with improved rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) compared with nonventilated animals, which had greater hypoxia and hypercarbic acidosis. We used the same model to determine the independent effect of hypoxia and hypercarbic acidosis on ROSC after cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory model of cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Domestic swine (23 to 61 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four swine were randomly assigned to three groups receiving ventilation during CPR with 85% O2/15% N2 (control), 95% O2/5% CO2 (hypercarbia), or 10% O2/90% N2 (hypoxia). All animals had ventricular fibrillation for 6 min without CPR, then CPR with one of the ventilation gases for 10 min, then defibrillation. Animals without ROSC received epinephrine, 85% O2, CPR for another 3 min, and defibrillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the tenth minute of CPR, the hypercarbic group had more mean (SD) arterial hypercarbia than the control group (PCO2, 47 +/- 6, compared with 34 +/- 6; p < 0.01), and greater mixed venous hypercarbia (PCO2, 72 +/- 14, compared with 59 +/- 8; p < 0.05), while mean arterial and mixed venous PO2 was not significantly different. The hypoxic group had significantly less mean arterial (43 +/- 9 compared with 228 +/- 103 mm Hg) and mixed venous (22 +/- 5 compared with 35 +/- 7 mm Hg) PO2 when compared with the control group (p < 0.01), while mean arterial and mixed venous PCO2 were not significantly different. Thus, the model succeeded in producing isolated hypercarbia without hypoxia in the hypercarbic group and isolated hypoxia without hypercarbia in the hypoxic group. The rate of ROSC was 6/8 (75%) for the control group, 1/8 (13%) for the hypercarbic group, and 1/8 (13%) for the hypoxic group (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both hypoxia and hypercarbia independently had an adverse effect on resuscitation from cardiac arrest. In this model with a prolonged interval of untreated cardiac arrest, adequate ventilation was important for resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Division of Emergency Medicine), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0390, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Banner
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Orban
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine