title: The relationship between nurses' limit-setting styles and anger in psychiatric inpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Violence by patients in psychiatric settings is frequently associated with the quality of staff-patient interactions. Impulsivity has been identified as a high risk factor for anger and aggression. This study was designed to test the influence of nurses' limit-setting styles on anger among psychiatric inpatients grouped by high or low levels of impulsivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients with various diagnoses and either high or low levels of impulsivity participated in role-play scenarios in which nurse actors played out six limit-setting styles, ranging from belittlement to explanations of rules to empathy linked with a presentation of an alternative course of action. Patients' level of anger in response to the acted scenario was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients' level of anger was highest in response to unempathic limit-setting styles, moderate for explanations, and lowest for empathic styles. Impulsive subjects were more likely to respond with anger than nonimpulsive patients, regardless of the limit-setting style.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many current intervention programs focus on reducing patients' anger after it occurs, the study results suggest that it may be possible to prevent some of patients' anger by improving nurses' limit-setting styles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Culture, Community, and Health Studies, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lancee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallop
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toner
mesh_terms: D000184:Acting Out; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D012381:Role Playing; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology