title: Prevalence of human papillomavirus among STD clinic attenders in Jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus is the major etiologic agent of cervical cancer. Although the incidence of cancer of the cervix is high in Jamaica, the prevalence of human papillomavirus among Jamaican women has not been defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and associated risk factors in women attending an STD clinic in Kingston, Jamaica.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was done of 202 women attending an STD clinic in Kingston in 1990. Cervical and vaginal cells were collected by lavage, and human papillomavirus genomes were detected in extracted DNA using low-stringency Southern blot hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight (28.7%) women were identified as HPV positive. Prevalence of HPV by age group was 39% in women 15-19 years old, 33% of women 20-24 years old, 31% in women 25-29 years old, and 17% in those 30 years or older. Increasing age was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of human papillomavirus infection (test for trend, P = 0.025). The effect of age was independent of years of sexual activity. Women reporting more than one sexual partner per month on average were found to have a significantly higher HPV prevalence (odds ratio 2.87, 95% confidence Interval 1.29-6.38), as were women who reported more frequent sex (test for trend, P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sexual behavior is associated with risk of human papillomavirus infection. The decrease of human papillomavirus prevalence in older women agrees with other studies that argue in favor of a biological effect, such as increased immunity to human papillomavirus with age. A better understanding of why immunity to human papillomavirus may develop in older women may provide the basis for developing an effective vaccine to prevent cancer of the cervix.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Kingston, Jamaica W.I.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Luthi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Vermund
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brathwaite
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Burk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral