title: Intermittent aortic crossclamping prevents cumulative adenosine triphosphate depletion, ventricular fibrillation, and dysfunction (stunning): is it preconditioning?
abstract: This study was designed to determine whether intermittent warm aortic crossclamping induces cumulative myocardial stunning or if the myocardium becomes preconditioned after the first episode of ischemia in canine models in vivo. The role of adenosine triphosphate catabolism and subsequent release of purines on reperfusion-mediated postischemic ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias was assessed with the use of selective inhibitors of nucleoside transport, p-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), and a specific adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl] adenine (EHNA). Thirty-two anesthetized dogs were instrumented to monitor left ventricular contractility, off bypass, by sonomicrometry. During cardiopulmonary bypass dogs were treated before ischemia with either saline solution (control group, n = 8) or EHNA (100 mumol/L) and NBMPR (25 mumol/L) (EHNA/NBMPR group, n = 8). Hearts were subjected to either 60 minutes of global ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion (n = 16) or 6 episodes of 10 minutes of global ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion (n = 16). Sixty minutes of sustained ischemia resulted in 80% loss of adenosine triphosphate and induced reperfusion-mediated ventricular fibrillation and severe left ventricular dysfunction in the control group. EHNA/NBMPR treatment augmented myocardial adenosine trapping during ischemia, attenuated ventricular fibrillation, and enhanced left ventricular functional recovery, despite similar depletion of adenosine triphosphate (80% loss). In the intermittent ischemia experiment, the first episode of 10 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion caused significant adenosine triphosphate depletion, ventricular fibrillation, and left ventricular stunning in both control and drug-treated groups. The prevalence of ventricular fibrillation was greater in the control group than in the drug-treated group after the first episode of ischemia (p < 0.05). Adenosine was the major nucleoside accumulated in the myocardium at the end of 10 minutes of ischemia in the EHNA/NBMPR-treated group (p < 0.05 versus control). Subsequent episodes of ischemia prevented ventricular fibrillation and did not cause cumulative left ventricular stunning in either group. Left ventricular function fully recovered in the EHNA/NBMPR-treated group after intermittent ischemia, but remained stunned in the control group. Unlike sustained ischemia, intermittent ischemia and reperfusion preserved myocardial adenosine triphosphate, limited purine release, and prevented ventricular fibrillation and cumulative stunning. These results suggest that intermittent ischemia and reperfusion augmented the endogenous protective mechanism or mechanisms of "preconditioning." Nucleoside trapping improved functional recovery after sustained or repetitive ischemia. It is concluded that adenosine triphosphate preservation or blockade of nucleoside transport may play an important role in the activation of endogenous myocardial protective mechanisms that "precondition" against subsequent ischemic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0532, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Abd-Elfattah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wechsler
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D003250:Constriction; D004285:Dogs; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000517:prevention & control; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013868:Thioinosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D013868:Thioinosine; C010192:9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine; D007288:Inosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C001789:4-nitrobenzylthioinosine; D000225:Adenine; D000241:Adenosine