title: Gender differences in schizophrenia.
abstract: In an assessment of gender differences in schizophrenia, 85 outpatients (53 men and 32 women) with schizophrenia were evaluated for illness history, symptom severity, IQ, neurocognitive status, cerebral volume loss, and cortical asymmetry. Social functioning was assessed using marital status, independent living skills, and employment status. Significant gender differences were found, as women were on lower doses of neuroleptic medications and more frequently met criteria for paranoid and disorganized subtypes of schizophrenia than men. Women also were better educated and more often married, living independently, and employed. No gender differences were found in present age, symptom severity, neurocognitive functioning, or clinical magnetic resonance imaging scan readings. Our findings suggest that women may experience less of the adverse interpersonal psychosocial consequences of schizophrenia than men, even when symptom and neurocognitive status is equivalent between groups. However, more extensive investigations are warranted to better understand the role of pathophysiological or social mechanisms in gender differences.
authors.affiliation: Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Department of Psychosocial Services, Chula Vista, California 91913, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zisook
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hesselink
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morganville
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Braff
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents