title: Microvascular dysfunction in collateral-dependent myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate myocardial blood flow regulation in collateral-dependent myocardium of patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite great clinical relevance, perfusion correlates of collateral circulation in humans have rarely been estimated by quantitative methods at rest and during stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with angina and isolated occlusion of the left anterior descending (n = 14) or left circumflex (n = 5) coronary artery were evaluated. Using positron emission tomography and nitrogen-13 ammonia, we obtained flow measurements at baseline, during atrial pacing-induced tachycardia and after intravenous administration of dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg body weight over 4 min). Flow values in collateral-dependent and remote areas were compared with values in 13 normal subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow at rest was similar in collateralized and remote myocardium (0.61 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.17 ml/min per g, mean +/- 1 SD), and both values were lower than normal (1.00 +/- 0.20 ml/min per g, p < 0.01). During pacing, blood flow increased to 0.83 +/- 0.25 and 1.11 +/- 0.39 ml/min per g in collateral-dependent and remote areas, respectively (p < 0.05 vs. baseline); both values were lower than normal (1.86 +/- 0.61 ml/min per g, p < 0.01). Dipyridamole induced a further increase in perfusion in remote areas (1.36 +/- 0.57 ml/min per g, p < 0.01 vs. pacing) but not in collateral-dependent regions (0.93 +/- 0.37 ml/min per g, p = NS vs. pacing); again, both values were lower (p < 0.01) than normal (3.46 +/- 0.78 ml/min per g). Dipyridamole flow in collateral-dependent myocardium was slightly lower in patients with poorly developed than in those with well developed collateral channels (0.75 +/- 0.29 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.38 ml/min per g, respectively, p = 0.06); however, the former showed higher flow inhomogeneity (collateral/control flow ratio 0.58 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.81 +/- 0.22, respectively, p < 0.02). A linear direct correlation was observed between flow reserve of collateral-dependent and remote regions (r = 0.83, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite rest hypoperfusion, collateral-dependent myocardium maintains a vasodilator reserve that is almost fully utilized during increases in oxygen consumption. A global microvascular disorder might hamper adaptation to chronic coronary occlusion.
authors.affiliation: CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sambuceti
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giorgetti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzilli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dabizzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marzullo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neglia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: L'Abbate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000628:Aminophylline; D000641:Ammonia; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D012016:Reference Values; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D000628:Aminophylline; D004176:Dipyridamole; D000641:Ammonia