title: Effects of isoproterenol on the cardiovascular system of fetal sheep exposed to long-term high-altitude hypoxemia.
abstract: We exposed fetuses to high-altitude (3,820 m) hypoxemia from 30 to 130 days gestation, when we measured fetal heart rate, right and left ventricular outputs with electromagnetic flow probes, and arterial blood pressure during an isoproterenol dose-response infusion. We also measured the distribution of cardiac output with radiolabeled microspheres during the maximal isoproterenol dose. Baseline fetal arterial blood pressure was higher in long-term hypoxemic fetuses (50.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 43.4 +/- 1.0 mmHg) but fell during the isoproterenol infusion to 41.3 +/- 1.4 and 37.5 +/- 1.4 mmHg, respectively, at the highest dose. Heart rate was the same in both groups and did not differ during isoproterenol infusion. Baseline fetal cardiac output was lower in the hypoxemic group (339 +/- 18 vs. 436 +/- 19 ml.min-1.kg-1) due mainly to a reduction in right ventricular output. During the isoproterenol infusion, right ventricular output increased to the same extent in both hypoxemic and normoxic fetuses (approximately 35%); however, left ventricular output increased only approximately 15% in the hypoxemic group compared with approximately 40% in the normoxic group. The percent change in individual organ blood flows during isoproterenol infusion in the hypoxemic groups was not significantly different from the normoxic group. All of the mechanisms that might be responsible for the differential response of the fetal left and right ventricles to long-term hypoxia are not understood and need further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, California 92350, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamitomo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008863:Microspheres; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012756:Sheep; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007545:Isoproterenol