title: Intermittent shedding of human immunodeficiency virus in semen: implications for sexual transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We attempt to increase our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shedding in semen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 16 seropositive men for up to 27 months by HIV cocultivation, with a subset evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion with at least 1 HIV positive semen culture increased from 3 of 16 subjects (19%) at visit 1 to 10 (63%) by visit 5. Overall, HIV was cultured from 25 of 114 specimens (22%). Shedding was intermittent for each of the 10 men with at least 1 positive culture and seminal shedding patterns were highly variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By culture and polymerase chain reaction, HIV is shed intermittently in the semen. If cultures are performed often enough most seropositive men shed HIV in the semen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medicine and Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zeh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corey
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D013997:Time Factors; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000502:physiology*