title: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the Xenopus Ca(2+)-binding protein frequenin.
abstract: Frequenin was originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a Ca(2+)-binding protein facilitating transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. We have cloned the Xenopus frequenin (Xfreq) by PCR using degenerate primers combined with low-stringency hybridization. The deduced protein has 70% identity with Drosophila frequenin and about 38-58% identity with other Ca(2+)-binding proteins. The most prominent features are the four EF-hands, Ca(2+)-binding motifs. Xfreq mRNA is abundant in the brain and virtually nondetectable from adult muscle. Western blot analysis indicated that Xfreq is highly concentrated in the adult brain and is absent from nonneural tissues such as heart and kidney. During development, the expression of the protein correlated well with the maturation of neuromuscular synapses. To determine the function of Xfreq at the developing neuromuscular junction, the recombinant protein was introduced into Xenopus embryonic spinal neurons by early blastomere injection. Synapses made by spinal neurons containing exogenous Xfreq exhibited a much higher synaptic efficacy. These results provide direct evidence that frequenin enhances transmitter release at the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse and suggest its potential role in synaptic development and plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olafsson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000502:physiology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D051580:Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009479:Neuropeptides; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C082454:Frq protein, Drosophila; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051580:Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C101464:frequenin calcium sensor proteins