title: Clean intermittent catheterization: safe, cost-effective bladder management for male residents of VA nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the safety and cost of clean versus sterile intermittent bladder catheterization in male nursing home residents. To provide evidence to support the hypothesis that intermittent catheterization is a valid, alternative method of bladder management in male residents of long-term care in whom urinary retention is a documented problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three long-term care sites having predominantly male populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty male veterans, residents of three long-term care facilities, ranging in age from 36 to 96 years with a mean age of 72.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized procedures for clean and sterile intermittent catheterization (IC) were implemented by staff nurses at each site. Patients were randomized into clean and sterile IC groups. Nursing time and catheterization equipment usage were recorded using bar code readers. Clinical data were collected from the medical chart. Treatment of urinary tract infection was prescribed by the medical personnel responsible for each individual resident.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the number of treatment episodes for symptomatic bacteriuria between groups randomized to receive either clean or sterile intermittent catheterization. Laboratory analysis of blood and urine was done on predetermined days. Control variables were research site and patient history of urinary tract infection within the last 6 months. A cost comparison of nursing time and equipment usage for the two catheterization techniques was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between clean and sterile groups with regard to number of treatment episodes, time to first infection, type of organism cultured, or cost of antibiotic treatment. The cost of sterile technique was considerably higher both in terms of nursing time and supplies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study demonstrate that clean technique intermittent catheterization is a safe and cost-effective bladder management technique with male, nursing home residents, despite the frailty of this high risk population. An annual savings of approximately $1460 per patient in nursing time and catheterization supplies could be anticipated if a patient were catheterized an average of four times per day substituting clean IC technique for sterile IC technique.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuskowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mortimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000628:therapy*