title: Menopause: refining benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: In terms of our understanding of menopause and hormone replacement therapy, 1993-1994 did not see any seminal or definitive publications. However, the data that were published have helped refine our understanding of the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy. This article presents further evidence for the protective effects of hormone replacement therapy in preventing osteoporosis and arterial disease, including direct gonadal hormone effects upon the vessel wall; discusses changes in attitudes to progestogen additions, withdrawal bleeding and endometrial status; reviews controversies over the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk, and briefly mentions a new device for delivery of non-oral oestradiol.
authors.affiliation: Menopause Clinic, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control