title: Patterns of knowing: review, critique, and update.
abstract: Carper's patterns of knowing in nursing have been consistently cited in the nursing literature since they appeared in 1978. The degree to which they represent nursing knowledge in the mid-1990s is explored, and a major modification is suggested--the addition of a fifth pattern, sociopolitical knowing. The article also suggests modifications to the model for nursing knowledge put forward by Jacobs-Kramer and Chinn to enable this model to be used more effectively as a framework for exploring processes of inquiry into nursing knowledge and practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000145:classification; D004954:Esthetics; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D011057:Politics; D012649:Self Concept; D012961:Sociology