title: An evaluation of strategic and threshold control measures against the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae) in South Africa.
abstract: Paralysis caused by feeding female Ixodes rubicundus ticks is a major problem in large areas of South Africa. As the life cycle of the tick extends over a period of 2 years, it was hypothesized that strategic treatment of sheep with an acaricide over a 2 year period, timed to kill most engorging females, should markedly lower the biotic potential of the tick. Two flocks of sheep grazing in separate paddocks known to be infested with I. rubicundus were treated either strategically or on a threshold basis (i.e. only when tick challenge exceeded a predetermined critical level in terms of paralysis) for a 2 year period. The tick burdens of untreated control sheep running with the two flocks were monitored over a 4 year period and their seasonal dynamics determined. The times at which peak infestations occurred were similar for both flocks of sheep, but significant differences in mean tick burdens between the two flocks were recorded. Tick numbers on sheep in the strategically treated flock did not decrease during the third and fourth years of the trial as was expected. Possible reasons for this were low stocking densities, especially during times of peak abundance of adults and the presence of wild hosts which maintained tick populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Horak
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Zyl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013019:South Africa; D013983:Tick Control; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D013985:Tick Paralysis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*