title: Epidural morphine combined with epidural or intravenous butorphanol for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients.
abstract: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study in 60 postoperative pediatric patients aged 6 wk to 7 yr to compare the efficacy of butorphanol given epidurally or intravenously in preventing the side effects of epidural morphine. Three groups of patients received 60 micrograms/kg epidural morphine; 20 patients also received epidural butorphanol 30 micrograms/kg, and 20 patients also received 30 micrograms/kg intravenous butorphanol. All patients were evaluated for analgesia, sedation, vomiting, urinary retention, pruritus, and respiratory depression for 24 h postoperatively. Although the overall incidence of side effects was not different in the three groups, the epidural butorphanol group had a significant decrease in severity of pruritus. Sedation was seen more frequently in the groups receiving butorphanol, but was most pronounced in the epidural butorphanol group. We conclude that butorphanol has little or no effect on the side effects of epidural morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine 27599-7010, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Valley
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Freid
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calhoun
mesh_terms: D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011537:Pruritus / Q000517:prevention & control; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects; D014839:Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D002077:Butorphanol