title: Rat growth hormone gene introns stimulate nucleosome alignment in vitro and in transgenic mice.
abstract: Average hepatic expression (mRNA per cell per gene) of a metallothionein-rat growth hormone (rGH) gene with its natural introns was about 15-fold higher than an intronless version when tested in transgenic mice. We examined the idea that intron removal leads to an alteration in chromatin structure that might be responsible for this effect. Using an in vitro chromatin assembly system, we observed that nucleosomes were aligned in a characteristic ordered array over the gene and promoter when all introns were present. Linker histones were necessary for this alignment to occur. In contrast, nucleosome alignment was perturbed in constructs lacking some or all of the introns. A similar disruption of nucleosome alignment was observed when comparing chromatin from livers of transgenic mice carrying rGH transgenes with or without introns. In vitro, sequences at the 3' end of the rGH gene position nucleosomes and facilitate nucleosome alignment upstream; however, nucleosome alignment does not occur on the approximately 3 kb of downstream flanking rat sequence. These observations suggest that signals present in genomic rGH DNA may serve to establish appropriate nucleosome alignment during development and, possibly, to restore nucleosome alignment to the transcribed region after disruption incurred by the passage of an RNA polymerase molecule, thereby facilitating subsequent rounds of transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sandgren
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Palmiter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002843:Chromatin / Q000502:physiology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D015183:Restriction Mapping
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D009707:Nucleosomes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013006:Growth Hormone; D008668:Metallothionein