title: Risk factors for lacunar infarction syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lacunar infarction is an important stroke subgroup with unique clinical and pathologic features, but its relative risks for associated risk factors have been rarely documented. To address this matter, we studied 203 consecutive patients with first-ever stroke due to lacunar infarction admitted to four general hospitals during the period 1985 to 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained information concerning risk factor exposure status among the patients by interview using a structured questionnaire and by comparison with age- and sex-matched neighborhood controls. Odds ratios were estimated with adjustment for confounding variables by using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly increasing the risk of lacunar stroke were hypertension (with an odds ratio of 8.9 [95% confidence intervals 4.2, 18.8]), current smoking (6.6 [2.9, 14.8]), and diabetes (2.3 [1.0, 5.5]), whereas frequent physical exercise was associated with a significantly decreased risk (0.3 [0.1, 0.7]). There was no risk of lacunar stroke associated with heart disease (odds ratio 1.0 [0.5, 1.9]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with hypertension or diabetes, and those who currently smoke, are at a higher risk of lacunar stroke, whereas those who undertake regular physical exercise may be at lower risk. The high risk associated with hypertension but absent risk with heart disease supports the "lacunar hypothesis" of a unique pathophysiologic mechanism for lacunar stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donnan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013577:Syndrome