title: Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14,000 cases and 32,000 controls in the United Kingdom. The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of cigarette smoking on the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, and to compare tar in different types of manufactured cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the early 1990s responses to a postal questionnaire were obtained from 13,926 survivors of myocardial infarction (cases) recently discharged from hospitals in the United Kingdom and 32,389 of their relatives (controls). Blood had been obtained from cases soon after admission for the index myocardial infarction and was also sought from the controls. 4923 cases and 6880 controls were current smokers of manufactured cigarettes with known tar yields. Almost all tar yields were 7-9 or 12-15 mg/cigarette (mean 7.5 mg for low tar (< 10 mg) and 13.3 for medium tar (> or = 10 mg). The cited risk ratios were standardised for age and sex and compared myocardial infarction rates in current cigarette smokers with those in non-smokers who had not smoked cigarettes regularly in the past 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At ages 30-49 the rates of myocardial infarction in smokers were about five times those in non-smokers (as defined); at ages 50-59 they were three times those in non-smokers, and even at ages 60-79 they were twice as great as in non-smokers (risk ratio 6.3, 4.7, 3.1, 2.5, and 1.9 at 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 respectively; each 2P < 0.00001). After standardisation for age, sex, and amount smoked, the rate of non-fatal myocardial infarction was 10.4% (SD 5.4) higher in medium tar than in low tar cigarette smokers (2P = 0.06). This percentage was not significantly greater at ages 30-59 (16.6% (7.1)) than at 60-79 (1.0% (8.5)). In both age ranges the difference in risk between cigarette smokers and non-smokers was much larger than the difference between one type of cigarette and another (risk ratio 3.39 and 3.95 at ages 30-59 for smokers of similar numbers of low and of medium tar cigarettes, and risk ratio 2.35 and 2.37 at ages 60-79). Most possible confounding factors that could be tested for were similar in low and medium tar users, with no significant differences in blood lipid or albumin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that the imminent change of tar yields in the European Union to comply with an upper limit of 12 mg/cigarette will not increase (and may somewhat decrease) the incidence of myocardial infarction, unless they indirectly help perpetuate tobacco use. Even low tar cigarettes still greatly increase rates of myocardial infarction, however, especially among people in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, and far more risk is avoided by not smoking than by changing from one type of cigarette to another.
authors.affiliation: ISIS, BHF/ICRF/MRC Clinical Trial Service Unit.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Youngman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayne
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cederholm-Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D013638:Tars; D003367:Cotinine