title: High dose rate brachytherapy for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: preliminary dosimetric tests of a new source presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Balloon dilatation of coronary artery stenosis has become a standard treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease. Restenosis due to excessive intimal cell proliferation, which subsequently occurs in 20-50% of patients, represents one of the major clinical problems in contemporary cardiology, and no satisfactory method for its prevention has thus far been found. Because modest doses of radiation have proved effective in preventing certain types of abnormal cellular proliferation resulting from surgical trauma, and brachytherapy has already been used successfully after dilation of peripheral arteries, development of a radioactive source suitable for coronary artery applications would be of great interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonradioactive flexible yttrium-89 wires (diameter of 0.15 and 0.26 mm) were activated within the thermal neutron flux of an experimental reactor. Standard angioplasty balloons (2 cm long, 2.5 mm in diameter when inflated) were inserted for dosimetry into a specially manufactured tissue equivalent phantom. Four wells, drilled perpendicular to the axis of the balloon, allowed for the insertion of thermal luminescent dosimeters (TLDs; 2 mm of diameter) and spacers. The angioplasty balloon was inflated with air or with contrast media. Radioactive yttrium-90 wires were left in the central lumen of the balloon for 2 min. Doses at the surface of the balloon, and at 1, 2, and 3 mm were determined from TLD readings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doses obtained at the surface of the balloon, for a 2-min exposure for the 0.26 mm wire (balloon inflated with air) and the 0.15 mm wire (air or contrast), were 56.5 Gy, 17.8 Gy, 5.4 Gy, respectively. As expected for a beta emitter, the fall-off in dose as a function of depth was rapid. External irradiation from the beta source was negligible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experiments indicate that the dose rates attainable at the surface of the angioplasty balloon using this technique allow the doses necessary for the inhibition of intimal cell proliferation to be reached within a relatively short period of time. The thin yttrium-90 wires are very easy to handle, and their mechanical and radioactive properties are well suited to the requirements of the catheterization procedure.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Division, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Popowski
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Verin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papirov
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nouet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouzaud
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grob
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwager
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rutishauser
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kurtz
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012008:Recurrence; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes