title: Pharmacological control of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte degranulation by fenamates and inhibitors of receptor-mediated calcium entry and protein kinase C.
abstract: The present work was designed to study the mechanism of inhibitory action of flufenamic and tolfenamic acids on the degranulation response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We have recently shown that fenamates inhibit PMN degranulation as well as other PMN functions at micromolar drug concentrations. However, the mechanism of their action remains unknown. To clarify this mechanism, the degranulation response was induced by agents known to activate different steps in the activation cascade in PMNs: the receptor-mediated activator fMLP (N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine); a calcium ionophore (A23187); an inhibitor of calcium-ATPase (thapsigargin); and an activator of protein kinase C (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA). For comparison, SK&F 96365 (an inhibitor of receptor-mediated calcium entry), Ro 31-8220 (an inhibitor of protein kinase C) and ketoprofen (another cyclooxygenase inhibitor) were used. Flufenamic and tolfenamic acids inhibited A23187- and fMLP-induced degranulation in a dose-dependent manner. The thapsigargin-triggered response was reduced only slightly and that induced by PMA remained unaltered. The pattern of the inhibitory action of fenamates differed from those of Ro 31-8220 and ketoprofen. The action of fenamates resembled that of the inhibitor of receptor-mediated calcium entry, SK&F 96365, especially when A23187, fMLP or PMA were used to stimulate the cells. This prompted us to measure the effects of flufenamic and tolfenamic acids on receptor-mediated calcium entry. The two fenamates inhibited the fMLP-induced increase in intracellular free calcium in fura-2 loaded PMNs in the presence but not in the absence of extracellular calcium. The results suggest that the suppressive actions of fenamates on PMN degranulation are neither related to the activity of cyclooxygenase nor PMA-activated protein kinase C. In contrast, fenamates resemble the antagonist of receptor-mediated calcium entry, SK&F 96365, in their antagonistic action on PMN degranulation.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kankaanranta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vapaatalo
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005439:Flufenamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C009500:tolfenamic acid; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D005439:Flufenamic Acid; D007660:Ketoprofen; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C063159:1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole; D002118:Calcium; C064758:Ro 31-8220