title: Violence by male partners against women during the childbearing year: a contextual analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many contextual analyses that bridge the micro-level-macro-level gap in identifying risk factors for adverse outcomes have not used methods appropriate for multilevel data. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the application of appropriate multi-level analytic methods and discuss their implications for public health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously published individual-level model of physical violence perpetrated by male partners during the childbearing year was reanalyzed to include variables describing the neighborhoods where the women resided. Logistic regression with estimation methods of the generalized estimating equation was used for the contextual analysis. To assess the advantages of the generalized estimating equation over conventional logistic regression, both were used for the two-level model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression coefficients from the contextual model differed from the betas obtained in the individual-level model. Not only were neighborhood-level variables related to the risk of partner-perpetrated violence, but the presence of these macro-level variables in the models modified the relationships of the individual-level variables to the risk of violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-level models that include individual- and community-level factors may be beneficial for purposes of explanation in public health research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Campo
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Faden
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*