title: Neuroblastoma stage IV-S.
abstract: A review of stage IV-S neuroblastoma is provided. The possible uses of prognostic features to guide treatment options in this group of infants with neuroblastoma are suggested. The biologic basis for the spontaneous regression of widespread tumor involvement in some infants with stage IV-S neuroblastoma is discussed. The reasons that some infants with IV-S disease progress to a fatal outcome, while most undergo maturation or involution and eventual long term cure are suggested. The influence of such factors as age at diagnosis, clinical staging, and tumor biology on eventual outcome are covered. Biological variables and markers discussed include: genetic (cytogenetics (1p deletions), nuclear genomic content), molecular biologic (N-myc oncogene amplification, mdr-1, ras, and trk, gene expression), immunological (major histocompatibility antigen density, cellular and humoral immunity), and biochemical (creatine kinase isoenzyme profile, neuron specific enolase, ferritin, chromatograffin, lactic acid dehydrogenase and catecholamine levels).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37950-0642, USA.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Miale
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirpekar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology*