title: Factors related to immunization status among inner-city Latino and African-American preschoolers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with undervaccination at 3 months and 24 months among low-income, inner-city Latino and African-American preschool children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews with a representative sample of inner-city families using a cross-sectional, multi-stage, cluster-sample design combined with a replicated quota sampling approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  South Central and East Los Angeles areas in inner-city Los Angeles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred seventeen Latino and 387 African-American families with children between 12 and 36 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Being fully immunized or up-to-date (UTD) at 3 months (1 diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and 1 oral polio vaccine) and 24 months of age (4 diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines, 3 oral polio vaccines, and 1 measles-mumps-rubella vaccine).
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regressions of UTD immunization status at 3 and 24 months by population and health care system factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy percent of Latino children and 53% of African-American children were UTD at 3 months of age. At 24 months of age, 42% of Latino children and 26% of African-American children were UTD on their immunizations. Receipt of the first immunizations by 3 months was associated with smaller family size, and evidence of connection to prenatal care. Latino children were less likely to be UTD at 24 months if they obtained well child care from private providers versus public clinics (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.26, 0.79). There was also a trend for Latino children to be less well immunized if they were in health maintenance organizations versus public clinics (0.31, 0.05 < P < .1). African-American children were more likely to be UTD at 24 months if they were UTD at 3 months (OR = 5.56, 95% CI = 1.43, 21.6), had more health visits (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.27), and were less likely to be UTD at 24 months if they were on Medicaid versus private insurance (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both African-American and Latino children in inner-city Los Angeles have low immunization rates at 3 and 24 months. Prenatal care and family size are strongly associated with being UTD by 3 months; however, family and child characteristics are relatively unimportant predictors of being UTD at 24 months of age. Important risk factors for underimmunization at 2 years of age in the inner-city, low-income communities studied include type of health insurance and source of well child care, with the public sector having higher rates than private doctors' offices or health maintenance organization/managed care plans.
authors.affiliation: RAND (Santa Monica, CA), USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donald-Sherbourne
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halfon
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hamlin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mazel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabowsky
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunell
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007843:Latin America / Q000208:ethnology; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009108:Mumps Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011331:Private Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D012411:Rubella Vaccine; D017778:Vaccines, Combined