title: Bile duct stones in the laparoscopic era. Is preoperative sphincterotomy necessary?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate treatments for common bile duct stones (CBDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of authors' case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large private metropolitan teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with CBDS (N = 145) from a series of 1231 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 99% with intraoperative fluorocholangiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatments for CBDS included one or more of the following: laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration (n = 123), laparoscopic choledochotomy (n = 10), open choledochotomy (n = 7), preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) (n = 9), intraoperative ES (n = 2), post-operative ES (n = 11), or observation (n = 10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Success of various interventions for CBDS, morbidity and mortality, frequency of retained stones, operative time, and length of postoperative hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration was successful in 91% of attempts and resulted in the shortest postoperative stay (3.4 days), least morbidity (5%), and fewest retained stones (5%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy was successful in 56% of preoperative attempts, 50% of intraoperative attempts, and 91% of postoperative attempts. There were no reoperations and one death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients requiring cholecystectomy, laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration is safe and effective, treats CBDS in one session, and if unsuccessful still allows for open choledochotomy or postoperative ES. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and ES should be reserved for patients with serious illness or possible malignant disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fallas
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hiatt
mesh_terms: D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003663:Decision Trees; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D016896:Treatment Outcome