title: The anatomy of local anesthesia.
abstract: The trigeminal nerve is the great sensory nerve of the facial portion of the head, and an intimate knowledge of this nerve and its surrounding structures is a prerequisite to the application of structures is a prerequisite to the application of profound local anesthesia without complication. In this review article, the classic description of the relevant anatomy is presented and updated with recently published research into anatomic variations that have an impact on the induction of clinical local anesthesia. Causes of both failure and complications of traditional local anesthetic techniques are explained, and recommendations for avoiding these pitfalls are made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Blanton
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Roda
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000009:adverse effects; D007568:Jaw / Q000294:innervation*; D008036:Lingual Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*