title: Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus.
abstract: The evolution of yellow fever virus over 67 years was investigated by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the envelope (E) protein genes of 20 viruses isolated in Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Uniformly weighted parsimony algorithm analysis defined two major evolutionary yellow fever virus lineages designated E genotypes I and II. E genotype I contained viruses isolated from East and Central Africa. E genotype II viruses were divided into two sublineages: IIA viruses from West Africa and IIB viruses from America, except for a 1979 virus isolated from Trinidad (TRINID79A). Unique signature patterns were identified at 111 nucleotide and 12 amino acid positions within the yellow fever virus E gene by signature pattern analysis. Yellow fever viruses from East and Central Africa contained unique signatures at 60 nucleotide and five amino acid positions, those from West Africa contained unique signatures at 25 nucleotide and two amino acid positions, and viruses from America contained such signatures at 30 nucleotide and five amino acid positions in the E gene. The dissemination of yellow fever viruses from Africa to the Americas is supported by the close genetic relatedness of genotype IIA and IIB viruses and genetic evidence of a possible second introduction of yellow fever virus from West Africa, as illustrated by the TRINID79A virus isolate. The E protein genes of American IIB yellow fever viruses had higher frequencies of amino acid substitutions than did genes of yellow fever viruses of genotypes I and IIA on the basis of comparisons with a consensus amino acid sequence for the yellow fever E gene. The great variation in the E proteins of American yellow fever virus probably results from positive selection imposed by virus interaction with different species of mosquitoes or nonhuman primates in the Americas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cropp
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gubler
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology; D000349:Africa; D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017691:Caribbean Region; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015752:Genes, env; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011323:Primates / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013020:South America; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000821:virology*; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015686:Gene Products, env; D012367:RNA, Viral