title: Time-resolved infrared ATR measurements of liposome transport kinetics in human keratinocyte cultures and skin reveals a dependence on liposome size and phase state.
abstract: A novel in vitro method for studying the permeation kinetics of superficially applied liposomes or vesicles through layers of human skin or keratinocytes on a solid support is presented, employing attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. The method is applied to investigate transport kinetics of unilamellar vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) through cultured human keratinocyte layers and through human skin. We find a strong resemblance of the qualitative features of the permeation kinetics of small unilamellar DMPC vesicles for skin and keratinocytes. Detailed studies of the vesicles transport through keratinocyte layers show that DMPC vesicles with an average diameter of 55 nm can readily permeate through the layer at 37 degrees C with a diffusion constant of D = (4.0 +/- 0.8) x 10(-15) m2/second, whereas larger vesicles of twice that diameter do not permeate at all. In contrast, liposomes containing a chemical permeation enhancer permeate through the layer significantly faster [D = (7.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(-15) m2/second] than the small DMPC vesicles despite their five-times-larger diameter. Moreover, the transport of the DMPC vesicles depends drastically on their phase state. No permeation was observed for small DMPC vesicles at a temperature of 10 degrees C when the lipid is in the crystalline phase state. Our results indicate that keratinocyte culture layers can pose a significant permeation barrier for vesicles. The permeation mechanism can be explained by diffusion of the vesicles through small pores and gaps in the layer, presumably driven by transdermal osmotic gradients.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Physik Department, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reinl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dettmar
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bayerl
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes