title: The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of illness, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains threatens to complicate the management of pneumococcal infections. We conducted a laboratory-based surveillance for drug-resistant S. pneumoniae among patients with invasive pneumococcal infections in Atlanta.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January through October 1994, pneumococcal isolates from 431 patients with invasive disease in metropolitan Atlanta were serotyped and tested to determine their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents. Susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents was defined according to guidelines established by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection was 30 cases per 100,000 population. Isolates from 25 percent of the patients were resistant to penicillin (7 percent were highly resistant), and isolates from 26 percent were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7 percent highly resistant). Fifteen percent of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 9 percent to cefotaxime (4 percent were highly resistant), and 25 percent to multiple drugs. Drug-resistant pneumococci were found in both children and adults. Children under six years of age were more likely than older children and adults to have isolates resistant to multiple drugs or cefotaxime. Whites were more likely than blacks to have invasive pneumococcal infections caused by drug-resistant organisms. Among white children younger than six years, 41 percent of the S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae are common among both children and adults in Atlanta. Although blacks had a higher incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections than whites, whites were more likely to be infected with a drug-resistant isolate. Control of drug-resistant pneumococci will require more judicious use of antimicrobial agents and wider use of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Childhood and Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cetron
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Facklam
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Deaver
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification