title: Endoscope-assisted craniotomy: approach to the rostral brain stem.
abstract: We describe a surgical technique to improve visualization of deep brain structures during craniotomy. The technique, developed in a cadaveric model, combines the use of an operating microscope and a solid-rod lens endoscope. Addition of the endoscope during craniotomy allows the operator to visualize structures that otherwise might not have been seen. An approach to the brain stem is demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perneczky
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rodziewicz
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Gingold
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019723:Endoscopes; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008953:Models, Anatomic