title: Testing the limits of deinstitutionalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From 1978 to 1993, under favorable administrative and political conditions and protected by a court-ordered consent decree, a comprehensive community-based mental health system was established in western Massachusetts that entirely replaced Northampton State Hospital. This paper examines that experience to describe the characteristics and comparative department of mental health expenditures on alternative treatment settings and to explore whether the need for state hospitals can be eliminated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on distribution and department of mental health funding of services in western Massachusetts were compared with similar data from the rest of the state, where state hospital utilization remained relatively high.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1978 and 1992, department of mental health expenditures on noninpatient community services in western Massachusetts increased from 15 percent to 74 percent of total expenditures on adult mental health services. In 1992 per capita expenditures on such services in western Massachusetts and the rest of the state were similar. However, per capita expenditures for inpatient services constituted 27 percent of total expenditures in western Massachusetts, compared with 53 percent in the rest of the state. Western Massachusetts spent approximately twice as much per capita on residential and emergency services and one and a half times as much on case management services and support. Very few Northampton patients were transferred to nursing homes, and the inpatient census per 100,000 population supported by the department of mental health in western Massachusetts was one-third of that in the rest of the state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under certain conditions, the role and functions of state hospitals can be completely replaced by a system of comprehensive community services.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco General Hospital, California 94110, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Okin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000639:trends; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000639:trends; D003688:Deinstitutionalization / Q000191:economics*; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000191:economics; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000191:economics; D006783:Hospitals, State / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D008404:Massachusetts; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics