title: Optical isomers of a new 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside analog (PR-350 series): radiosensitization efficiency and toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside radiosensitizer, PR-350 (1-[1',3',4'-trihydroxy-2'-butoxy]-methyl-2-nitroimidazole), has been reported to be as efficient as and less toxic than etanidazole. This compound is racemic, and it was recently optically resolved into two isomers, PR-68 (2'R,3'S type) and PR-69 (2'S,3'R type). The other two isomers, PR-28 (2'S,3'S type) and PR-44 (2'R,3'R type), were asymmetrically synthesized. In the present study, we investigated the properties, sensitizing activity, and toxicity of PR-350 and the four optical isomers in comparison with those of other 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, etanidazole, KU-2285, KIN-804, and RP-170. Because PR-350 and PR-28 can be industrially synthesized, we evaluated whether either of these two drugs are suitable for further investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an in vitro study, EMT-6 cells were irradiated at a dose of 1-3 Gy under hypoxic conditions in the presence of the drugs at a concentration of 1 mM. A combined cytokinesis-block micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assay was performed. To assess the in vivo effects, colony assay and growth delay assay were performing using SCCVII tumor-bearing C3H mice. The mice received 16-24 GY 10-40 min after administration of 50-200 mg/kg of the drugs. Toxicity and pharmacokinetics in mice were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) in the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay increased in the following order: PR-69 (1.27) approximately equal to PR-28 (1.31) approximately equal to PR-44 (1.38) approximately equal to PR-350 (1.41) approximately equal to PR-68 (1.47) < etanidazole (1.79) < KIN-804 (2.03) approximately equal to KU-2285 (2.30). The SER at a dose of 200 mg/kg and at an interval of 20 min (optimal interval) in the in vivo-in vitro colony assay increased as follows: PR-44 (1.26) approximately equal to PR-28 (1.29) < PR-69 (1.34) approximately equal to etanidazole (1.35) approximately equal to PR-350 (1.36) < RP-170 (1.41) approximately equal to PR-68 (1.41) < KU-2285 (1.49). The growth delay assay also showed that PR-350 was less efficient than KU-2285 and more efficient than PR-28. PR-350 and the four isomers had similar reduction potentials, but PR-28 and PR-44 were more hydrophilic than PR-68 and PR-69. The LD50 in mice were 5.8 g/kg for PR-350, approximately 7 g/kg for PR-28, 4 g/kg for PR-68, and 6 g/kg for PR-44 and PR-69. The concentration of PR-28 in the murine sciatic nerve was lower than that of PR-350.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo radiosensitizing activity differed among the four optical isomers, which appeared to be due, at least in part, to differences in lipophilicity. Although PR-28 was the least toxic, its low sensitization efficiency does not warrant clinical trials. Among the PR compounds, PR-68 appears to be most efficient, but optical resolution of PR-68 from PR-350 is expensive, and asymmetrical synthesis of PR-68 is not established. Therefore, PR-350 seems to be most suitable for further investigation among the PR-350 series compounds, considering its higher efficiency compared with PR-28 and PR-44, and established synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D009705:Nucleosides; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents