title: Tumor-associated proteolysis and prognosis: new functional risk factors in gastric cancer defined by the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The significance of tumor-associated proteolysis as reflected by parameters of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system for prognosis in cancer patients has been proposed because of evidence for its central role in basic mechanisms of invasion and metastasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the expression of the uPA parameters might be of clinical value in gastric cancer as a tumor/biologically defined risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a consecutive series of 203 patients resected for primary gastric cancer, the expression of uPA, uPA-receptor (uPA-R), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and PAI-2 was determined immunohistochemically. The results were classified semiquantitatively (0 to 3). Patients were followed-up prospectively for a median of 31 months (range, 9 to 56 months). Disease-free and overall survival were analyzed according to Kaplan-Meier and with univariate and multivariate Cox analyses in relation to conventional prognostic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analyses revealed a highly significant inverse correlation of uPA, uPA-R, and PAI-1 expression with survival time (P = .0008, P = .0002, and P = .0002, respectively), whereas PAI-2 demonstrated only a weak correlation. In multivariate analyses, PAI-1 was an independent and strong prognostic factor (P = .005; relative risk, 1.47 per staining degree; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.64). In pT1/2 tumors and in Laurén's diffuse and mixed types, uPA, uPA-R, and PAI-1 added significant prognostic information. PAI-1 was also associated with survival in the subgroup of lymph node-positive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAI-1, uPA, and uPA-R are new functional risk factors reflecting clinical prognosis. In particular, PAI-1 is a new independent variable for the identification of patients at high risk after tumor resection. Our results support the hypothesis that the uPA system probably is of general importance for prognosis of patients with malignant disease, indicating an individual tumor's capacity for invasion and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allgayer
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Gruetzner
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jauch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Loehrs
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Schildberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator