title: Neurofibromin: expression by normal human keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro and in epidermal malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurofibromin is the product of the NF1 gene, the mutations of which have been linked with type 1 neurofibromatosis. The expression of neurofibromin in human skin has not been analyzed in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyclonal Ab were raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to three different sites of neurofibromin. One of the Ab selectively recognized type II neurofibromin. The localization of neurofibromin was first studied in normal human skin. Further studies concentrated on neurofibromin expression in basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and molecular hybridizations and immunocytochemistry were used to characterize the expression of neurofibromin in cultured keratinocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All neurofibromin-specific Ab immunolabeled the epidermis. The basal keratinocytes displayed the most prominent immunosignal for type II neurofibromin. RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of both type I and II neurofibromin mRNA transcripts in cultured keratinocytes. Keratinocytes induced to differentiate and to arrest division by a high (1.4 mM) Ca2+ concentration of the culture medium displayed a down-regulation of neurofibromin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This was most strikingly demonstrated by a reduction of immunoreactivity for type II neurofibromin. Basal cell carcinomas displayed a weak immunosignal for type II neurofibromin. In contrast, particularly the central areas of squamous cell carcinoma, islands were intensely immunolabeled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that neurofibromin acts as a regulator of the basal keratinocytes in normal skin and that cultured keratinocytes offer a human model for studies aimed to elucidate the regulation of neurofibromin gene expression. Furthermore, aberrations in neurofibromin expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of epidermal cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermonen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ylä-Outinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakkakorpi
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Björkstrand
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laurikainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kallioinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peltonen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D025542:Neurofibromin 1; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007106:Immune Sera; D025542:Neurofibromin 1; D011506:Proteins