title: Breathing pattern and gas exchange in emergency and elective abdominal surgical patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of intra-abdominal surgical emergency on breathing pattern and gas exchange and compare it with the changes induced by elective abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abdominal surgical departments in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients operated for intra-abdominal emergency (n = 10, EAS), elective upper abdominal (n = 19, UAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breathing pattern and gas exchange were measured with a respiratory inductive plethysmograph and a gas exchange monitor. EAS patients had pre-operatively a classical rapid shallow breathing pattern and increased ventilatory demand due to increased energy expenditure. The operation improved the breathing to normal pattern (frequency, 26 +/- 5/min and 17 +/- 3/min, p < 0.01; tidal volume, 439 +/- 128 ml and 541 +/- 165 ml, NS., before and after surgery, respectively). Sighing was absent before and after EAS and strictly reduced after elective surgery (p < 0.01 for UAS). The operation restricted the abdominal-diaphragmatic breathing movement which was reflected as increased contribution of the rib cage to VT (%RC: from 37% +/- 15 to 57% +/- 15 for UAS p < 0.001; from 47% +/- 16 to 61% +/- 14 for EAS NS.). After EAS and UAS hypoxemia was common (p < 0.001) with frequent radiological pathology. We conclude that intra-abdominal surgical emergencies increase the ventilatory demand and challenge the respiratory system to marked adaptive changes both pre- and post-operatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tulla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alhava
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hendolin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kari
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*