title: Hormone replacement therapy: management of common problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe common pitfalls associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and recommendations to prevent or ameliorate them.
  
  
  METHODS
  After pertinent articles and texts were reviewed, we outlined the available regimens of HRT, the commonly encountered side effects, and the management options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRT is frequently prescribed for elderly women. Vaginal bleeding, nausea, breast tenderness, migraine headaches, mood alterations, and abdominal bloating are common occurrences with HRT. These problems often can be managed by changing the dose, using another preparation or regimen, or altering the route of administration. For example, transdermal administration of estradiol may be tolerated better than oral therapy in patients with nausea. Irregular bleeding warrants endometrial biopsy to rule out hyperplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With simple measures, common side effects of HRT can easily be managed by primary-care physicians. Gynecologic referral is recommended when endometrial biopsy is necessary or when symptoms fail to respond to adjustments in hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans