title: Preanesthetic medication of children with midazolam using the Biojector jet injector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A rapid, dependable, and economical technique to atraumatically sedate children before anesthesia that does not prolong postanesthesia care unit time remains elusive. The Biojector jet injection system uses carbon dioxide rather than a needle to deliver an intramuscular injection. The dose-response relationship when midazolam is administered was studied using this jet injector.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children (2.3 +/- 1.3 yr old) undergoing elective myringotomy and tube placement were randomly assigned to receive 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, or 0.3 mg.kg-1 midazolam injected intramuscularly using the Biojector disposable syringe (0.006-inch orifice). Assessment of each child before, during, and 10 min after injection, on application of the anesthesia face mask, and every 15 min for 1 h after arrival to the postanesthesia care unit was made by an observer blinded to drug dosage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Face mask tolerance using doses > or = 0.1 mg.kg-1 midazolam was acceptable and statistically different from 0.05 mg/kg. Crying on injection tended to increase with increasing dose. All children were awake and arousable, meeting discharge criteria, after 30 min from arrival in the postanesthesia care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam (0.1-0.15 mg.kg-1) administered using jet injection effectively and rapidly produces sedation, in a manner acceptable to parents, without delaying postanesthesia care unit discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 12187, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahurak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaster
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007277:Injections, Jet / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam