title: Simulation of the upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopic examination for calculation of absorbed dose in tissue.
abstract: In order to simulate the upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopic examination, modifications were made to the Monte Carlo radiation-transport code that uses the anthropomorphic, mathematical reference phantoms ADAM and EVA. A set of discrete x-ray field projections of the principal anatomy of clinical interest has been previously defined. This note describes the new features incorporated in the simulations--divergent beams in oblique irradiation geometries, an esophagus and a duodenum, a double contrast medium consisting of a BaSO4-H2O mixture and air in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, and clinically representative beam qualities. The absorbed doses in tissues per unit entrance exposure (free-in-air) computed with the modified code appeared in Department of Health and Human Services Publication FDA 92-8282, Handbook of Selected Tissue Doses for the Upper Gastrointestinal Fluoroscopic Examination. A minor correction is described for the previously reported results for the esophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D004064:Digestive System / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media