title: Expanding indications for permanent pacemakers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current clinical experience with new and expanding indications for permanent cardiac pacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was done of the English-language literature published from 1980 through 1994 about indications for permanent pacing. Five major areas were identified and searched: cardiomyopathies, atrial fibrillation, the long QT syndrome, cardiac transplantation, and vasovagal syncope. A manual search was then done for other contributions, including abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because published reports in these areas are scarce, all of the peer-reviewed articles and most of the relevant abstracts found were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were manually extracted from the various sources, and the reports were classified and summarized according to specific indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pacing is becoming an important option in the treatment of patients with symptomatic drug-resistant hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Symptomatic and hemodynamic benefits have been shown in patients with pacing over various periods of follow-up. In patients with the long QT syndrome in whom medical therapy had failed, pacing at relatively fast rates markedly reduced symptoms and almost completely abolished fainting spells. Preliminary results suggest that pacing may be beneficial in dilated cardiomyopathy and in preventing episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of and to improve selection criteria for pacing in these conditions. Our ability to select cardiac transplant recipients for permanent pacing and our ability to optimize the timing of pacing in these patients have recently improved considerably. The role of pacing therapy in patients with neurally mediated (vasovagal) syncope remains incompletely understood. Better classification of these patients, made according to the sequence of hemodynamic events leading to syncope, is likely to clarify the potential benefit of pacing in these patients and improve the selection of patients for pacing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few peer-reviewed clinical trials have been done, and further studies are needed to confirm the promising effects of pacing in patients with these newly recognized and expanding indications for pacing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glikson
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D013575:Syncope / Q000628:therapy