title: Development of an observation method for assessing pain behaviors in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an observation method for assessing pain behaviors in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children with JRA performed a standardized sequence of activities for video recording, and correlations between the pain behaviors observed on the videotapes and established measures of pain, depression, and functional disability were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain behaviors were reliably observed (kappa coefficients 0.53-0.79). Total pain behaviors were significantly correlated with subjective reports of pain (r = 0.50) and disability levels (r = 0.64). These behaviors were not significantly associated with children's depression ratings (r = 23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the behavioral observation method provides a reliable and valid measure of pain associated with JRA. Measurement of pain behaviors may be especially useful in treatment outcome studies because these behaviors are relatively independent of depression.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications*; D001519:Behavior / Q000145:classification; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017678:Sex Distribution