title: Comparison of three dimensional echocardiographic findings with anatomical specimens of various congenitally malformed hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the reconstructions obtained by three dimensional echocardiography with the anatomical specimens used to generate the echocardiograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The heart specimens were immersed in a water bath and imaged with a 5 MHz echocardiographic transducer mounted into a scan frame which allowed the transducer to travel a total distance of 4.4 cm in steps of 0.25 mm. The transducer records a tomographic slice at each incremental level thus producing 176 parallel slices of the heart to form the dataset. Reconstruction of the anatomical structures of the heart in a three dimensional format is achieved by means of different grey scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 specimens of either normal or various congenitally malformed hearts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good quality echocardiographic pictures were obtained, permitting three dimensional reconstructions in each heart. The cardiac chambers and valves could be displayed in a three dimensional format which accurately displayed the internal anatomy of the specimens. No artefacts, such as spurious septal defects, were produced in specimens with intact septums. The atrioventricular valvar leaflets, however, appeared thicker in the images than they were in the specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three dimensional echocardiography accurately displays the anatomy of normal and congenitally malformed hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital, London.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans