title: Paradoxical embolism. An underrecognized problem.
abstract: Despite reports of the clinical presentations and devastating consequences of paradoxical embolus (PDE) for more than a century, this diagnosis continues to be frequently missed. Because the prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is 27 to 35% in the normal population and the presence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus may not be clinically obvious, a high suspicion for PDE is needed in the event of unexplained arterial occlusion. While contrast echocardiography and transcranial Doppler ultrasound have facilitated clinical recognition of PDE, the optimum approach to diagnosis requires clarification. Primary therapy for patients with PDE is anticoagulation, with thrombolytics considered in carefully selected individuals, but there is little published information regarding long-term treatment and outcomes. Prevention remains essential whenever possible. It is not yet defined whether prophylactic treatment of persons with recognized predispositions to PDE (eg, PFO and pulmonary hypertension) is beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Haponik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004617:Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology