title: Use of laparoscopy in intersex patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of impalpable gonads in intersex patients remains a challenging problem. Since laparoscopic gonadectomy or gonadal preservation has been used in the management of impalpable gonads in the normal male population, laparoscopy can be an alternative method in the treatment of intersex patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic operations were performed on 6 patients with intersex conditions, including the testicular feminization syndrome in 2, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in 1, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in 1 and mixed gonadal dysgenesis in 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic gonadal biopsy, gonadectomy and hysterosalpingectomy were done in select patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the initial diagnoses were made by phenotypic presentation, and biochemical and cytogenetic studies, laparoscopy had an important role in defining the internal ductal and gonadal structures to confirm the diagnosis, and served as an efficient method for gonadectomy and removing structures contrary to the assigned gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chang Gung Medical College, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase / Q000172:deficiency; D000293:Adolescent; D013734:Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006060:Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000172:deficiency; D007044:Hysterectomy; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy
chemical_list: D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase