title: The radiation dose to children from X-ray examinations of the pelvis and the urinary tract.
abstract: X-ray examinations of the pelvis and the urinary tract are frequent examinations of children, in which a large part of the trunk is irradiated. The irradiated volume contains many of the most radiation sensitive organs and tissues. The absorbed dose to children during the examination was estimated from measurements with a dose-area product meter and thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs). Entrance surface dose and the dose-area product results are presented. Conversion factors between the entrance surface dose and the organ dose were derived. The energy imparted, organ dose and effective dose were determined. The entrance surface dose for one single exposure varied between 0.32 mGy and 8.6 mGy for the urinary tract examination and between 0.26 mGy and 2.89 mGy per exposure for the pelvis examination. These variations are mainly influenced by the body size of the patient. The number of images taken during one examination varied. For the urinary tract investigation, the average number of exposures was six, while the corresponding number for the pelvis examination was two. The average effective dose for a typical urinary tract investigation ranged from 0.9 mSv to 8.5 mSv and from 0.3 mSv to 1.4 mSv for the pelvis examination. The radiation dose depends greatly on the body size. The recommendations to present the results in relation to age have been followed; however, the variation of body size even within each specified age range is significant. It is suggested that doses should be quoted in relation to a more critical parameter than age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almén
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D012737:Sex Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods