title: In vivo regulation of replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection by endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide.
abstract: The in vivo role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) in modulation of growth of Legionella pneumophila in the lung was assessed using a murine model of replicative L. pneumophila lung infection. Intratracheal inoculation of mice with L. pneumophila resulted in induction of endogenous TNF-alpha, which preceded clearance of L. pneumophila from the lung. Inhibition of endogenous TNF-alpha activity, via in vivo administration of TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody, or inhibition of endogenous RNIs, via administration of the nitric oxide (NO) synthetase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), resulted in enhanced growth of L. pneumophila in the lung at > or = 3 days postinfection (when compared with untreated L. pneumophila-infected mice). Because of the similar kinetics of enhanced pulmonary growth of L. pneumophila in mice treated in vivo with either anti-TNF-alpha antibody or NMMA, the immunomodulatory effect of NO on endogenous TNF-alpha activity in the lung was assessed. Administration of NMMA to L. pneumophila-infected mice resulted in a significant decrease in endogenous TNF-alpha activity in the lung during replicative L. pneumophila infections in vivo. However, administration of exogenous TNF-alpha to NMMA-treated mice failed to significantly enhance clearance of L. pneumophila from the lung. Results of these studies indicate that both endogenous NO and TNF-alpha facilitate resolution of replicative L. pneumophila lung infections and that regulation of L. pneumophila replication by TNF-alpha is mediated, at least in part, by NO.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0614, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Brieland
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Remick
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fantone
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Engleberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000502:physiology; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine