title: Apex locators in endodontics: which, when and how?
abstract: To ensure that root canal treatment is successful the clinician must accurately determine the working length of the root canal. Traditionally this has been determined using radiography, but electronic apex locators are increasingly being used. This article describes the locators available, the principles behind their use and gives guidelines on how and where to use them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dental Surgery, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pitt Ford
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D004708:Endodontics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology