title: School-based screening for tuberculous infection. A cost-benefit analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare tuberculin screening of all kindergartners and high school entrants (screen-all strategy) vs screening limited to high-risk children (targeted screening).
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students in a large urban and rural county.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  High risk of tuberculosis infection was defined as birth in a county with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Low risk was defined as birth in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tuberculosis cases prevented for 10, 000 children screened. Net costs, net cost per case prevented, benefit-cost ratio, and incremental cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The screen-all strategy would prevent 14.9 cases per 10,000 children screened; targeted screening would prevent 84.9 cases per 10,000 children screened. The screen-all strategy is more costly than no screening; the benefit-cost ratio is 0.58. Targeted screening would result in a net savings; the benefit-cost ratio is 1.2. Screening all children is cost saving only if the reactor rate is 20% or greater. The cost per additional case prevented for screening all children compared with targeted screening (+34 666) is more than twice as high as treatment and contact tracing for a case of tuberculosis (+16 392).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted screening of schoolchildren is much less costly than mass screening and is more efficient in prevention of tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Division, County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mohle-Boetani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lessler
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fenstersheib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003663:Decision Trees; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*