title: Photoneutrons from medical linear accelerators--radiobiological measurements and risk estimates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the oncogenic potential of the photoneutrons produced by high energy medical linear accelerators.
  
  
  METHODS
  An established line of cells of rodent origin (C3H 10T1/2) was used to assess the oncogenic potential of the radiation dose received in the breast of an anthropomorphic "randoman" phanton, while the cervix received a dose of 70 Gy. Experiments were performed at 6 MV, below the threshold for the production of photoneutrons, and at 20 MV where the dose includes about 0.01 Gy of photoneutrons as well as scattered x-rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher transformation incidence was observed for the 20-MV machine, consistent with the measured neutron dose of about 0.01 Gy and a quality factor of 20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An estimate can be made of the additional deaths from second malignancies that might result from the photoneutrons generated by higher energy linear accelerators (Linacs), which must be offset against the possible improvements in survival that might result from the higher tumor doses made possible by the increased percentage depth doses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amols
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast; D002460:Cell Line; D002584:Cervix Uteri; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009502:Neutrons; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011829:Radiation Dosage