title: Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research. Getting better but still not good.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and temporal changes in application of seven accepted methodological standards for the evaluation of diagnostic tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the MEDLINE database yielded 1302 articles about diagnostic test studies, during a 16-year secular interval, 1978 through 1993, in four prominent general medical journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 112 eligible studies, the test was intended for clinical use, indexes of accuracy (sensitivity and specificity or likelihood ratios) were provided, and more than 10 patients were enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Although each study was critically reviewed by one primary observer, a subset was independently evaluated for interrater consistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of studies that fulfilled criteria for each of the seven methodological standards are as follows: (1) specify spectrum of evaluated patients, 27%; (2) report test indexes for clinical subgroups, 8%; (3) avoid workup bias, 46%; (4) avoid review bias, 38%; (5) provide numerical precision for test indexes, 11%; (6) report frequency and management of indeterminate results when calculating test indexes, 22%; and (7) specify test reproducibility, 23%. Secular increases were found for six of the seven standards in ranges of use from 14% to 31% during 1978-1981 to 1990-1993. Nevertheless, only one standard, avoidance of workup bias, was fulfilled by more than 50% of studies in the most recent secular interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that most diagnostic tests are still inadequately appraised. The routine demand for methodological standards could raise the quality of diagnostic test information, and the careful predissemination evaluation of diagnostic tests could eliminate useless tests before they receive widespread application.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lachs
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Feinstein
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000592:standards; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000592:standards; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015588:Observer Variation; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*