title: PDGF stimulates an increase in GTP-Rac via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) are thought to play an important role in coordinating the responses elicited by a variety of growth factors, oncogene products and inflammatory stimuli. These responses include activation of membrane ruffling, chemotaxis, glucose transport, superoxide production, neurite outgrowth and pp70 S6 kinase. Some of these responses are also known to be regulated by Rac, a small GTP-binding protein related to Ras. Neither the transducing elements upstream of Rac, nor those downstream of PI 3-kinase, have been defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show here that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can stimulate an increase in the level of GTP-Rac by at least two distinct mechanisms: firstly, by increased guanine nucleotide exchange; and secondly, by inhibition of a Rac GTPase activity. The first of these mechanisms is essential for the activation of Rac, and we show that it is dependent upon PDGR-stimulated synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Rac activation lies downstream of PI 3-kinase activation on a PDGF-stimulated signalling pathway. Furthermore, as Rac has been implicated in at least two diverse cellular responses that are also though to require activation of PI 3-kinase--a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton known as membrane ruffling and the neutrophil oxidative burst--these results suggest that Rac may be a major effector protein for the PI 3-kinase signalling pathway in many cell types.
authors.affiliation: Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eguinoa
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stokoe
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wennström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claesson-Welsh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Symons
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins