title: Epiglottitis and Haemophilus influenzae immunization: the Pittsburgh experience--a five-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current trends in the clinical presentation and management of children with epiglottitis at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh were reviewed for the years 1988 to 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all patients diagnosed as having epiglottitis between July 1988 and June 1993 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh were reviewed. An additional telephone survey was conducted among the primary care physicians of those patients to collect information regarding administration of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) vaccines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period 28 children (age range, 11 months to 11 years, 10 months) were admitted with the diagnosis of epiglottitis. Cases declined remarkably in 1991. Fever, sore throat, and stridor were the usual symptoms. HIB was the most common cause of epiglottitis accounting for 21 cases. Candida albicans was recovered from the surface culture of the epiglottis in two patients. At least 11 children experienced vaccine failure: nine with polysaccharide vaccine and two with the conjugate vaccine for HIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cases of epiglottitis have declined dramatically since licensure of HIB conjugate vaccines for use in early infancy. At least 52% of the reported cases represent vaccine failures with the purified polysaccharide vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: González Valdepeña
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ungkanont
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Casselbrant
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004826:Epiglottitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial