title: Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inception cohort study from a 2-month prospective survey of 11,828 consecutive admissions to 170 adult ICUs of public hospitals in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients meeting clinical criteria for severe sepsis were included and classified as having documented infection (ie, documented severe sepsis, n = 742), or a clinical diagnosis of infection without microbiological documentation (ie, culture-negative severe sepsis, n = 310).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital and 28-day mortality after severe sepsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically suspected sepsis and confirmed severe sepsis occurred in 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5 to 9.5) and 6.3 (95% CI, 5.8 to 6.7) of 100 ICU admissions, respectively. The 28-day mortality was 56% (95% CI, 52% to 60%) in patients with severe sepsis, and 60% (95% CI, 55% to 66%) in those with culture-negative severe sepsis. Major determinants of both early (< 3 days) and secondary deaths in the whole cohort were the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II and the number of acute organ system failures. Other risk factors for early death included a low arterial blood pH (< 7.33) (P < .001) and shock (P = .03), whereas secondary deaths were associated with the admission category (P < .001), a rapidly or ultimately fatal underlying disease (P < .001), a preexisting liver (P = .01) or cardiovascular (P = .002) insufficiency, hypothermia (P = .02), thrombocytopenia (P = .01), and multiple sources of infection (P = .02). In patients with documented sepsis, bacteremia was associated with early mortality (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only three of four patients presenting with clinically suspected severe sepsis have documented infection. However, patients with clinically suspected sepsis but without microbiological documentation and patients with documented infection share common risk factors and are at similarly high risk of death. In addition to the severity of illness score, acute organ failures and the characteristics of underlying diseases should be accounted for in stratification of patients and outcome analyses.
authors.affiliation: Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brun-Buisson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Doyon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dellamonica
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gouin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lepoutre
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Offenstadt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Régnier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate