title: Kinetic of body nitrogen loss during a whole day infusion and withdrawal of glucose and insulin in injured patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the kinetics of body nitrogen (N) excretion during 24 h glucose infusion (relating glycemia with insulin supply) and during subsequent 24 h saline infusion in injured patients during a full blown stress reaction. To define the lag time between the start of the withdrawal of glucose and insulin infusion, and the modification in the N loss from the body, and the time span to reach the maximum effect and its size. The knowledge of these variables is mandatory to plan short term studies in critically ill patients, while assuring the stability of the metabolic condition during the study period, and also to assess the possible weaning of the effect on protein breakdown during prolonged glucose and insulin infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  24-36 h after injury, patients were fasted ( < 100 g glucose) for 24 h (basal day). Thereafter, a 24 h glucose infusion in amount corresponding to measured fasting energy production rate (EPR), clamping glycemia at normal level with insulin supply followed by 24 h saline infusion, was performed. Total N, urea and 3-methyl-histidine (3-MH) in urine were measures on 4 h samples starting from 20th h of the basal day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multipurpose ICU in University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 consecutive patients who underwent accidental and/or surgical injury, immediately admitted for respiratory assistance (FIO2 < 0.04). Excluded patients were those with abnormal nutritional status, cardiovascular compromise and organ failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed a 33% increase in measured versus predicted fasting EPR and a consistent increase in N and 3-MH urinary loss. An infusion of glucose at 5.95 +/- 0.53 mg/kg x min (97.20 +/- 0.03% of the fasting measured EPR) with 1.22 +/- 0.18 mU/kg x min insulin infusion reduced N and 3-MH loss after a time lag of 12 h. The peak decrease in body N (-36%) and 3-MH loss (-38%) was reached during the first 12 h of glucose withdrawal period. Thereafter, during the following 12 h, the effect completely vanished confirming that it is therapy-dependent and that the metabolic environment of the patients did not change during the three days study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  24 h glucose withdrawal reduces N and 3-MH loss injured patients, the drug-like effect is maintained during the first 12 h of withdrawal and thereafter disappears. The study suggests that at least a 24 h study period is necessary when planning studies exploring energy-protein metabolism relationship in injured patients, and, again 24 h before changing protocol in a crossover study.
authors.affiliation: ICU E. Vecla, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iapichino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radrizzani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cambisano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Codazzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savioli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008762:Methylhistidines / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008762:Methylhistidines; D014508:Urea; D005947:Glucose; C028118:3-methylhistidine; D009584:Nitrogen