title: Mucosal injury and inflammation in a model of chronic granulomatous colitis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to characterize the acute and chronic inflammation induced by the intramural injection of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) into the distal colon of genetically susceptible rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, colon weight, and plasma nitrite and nitrate levels were determined to quantitate colonic mucosal injury, inflammation, and nitric oxide (NO) production, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramural injection of PG-PS into the distal colon produced a local biphasic inflammatory response composed of an acute episode 3 days after injection; this was followed by a spontaneous reactivation of chronic granulomatous colitis manifested by colonic thickening, adhesions, and infiltration of the submucosa and muscularis propria with macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes at 3-4 weeks. Mucosal ulcers were evident only at 3 weeks, but hepatic nodules, splenic necrosis, and arthritis were evident at both 3 and 4 weeks after PG-PS injection. PG-PS produced significant increases in colonic mucosal permeability, myeloperoxidase activity, and plasma nitrite and nitrate levels at 3 weeks postinjection compared with controls. PG-PS stimulated the production of nitrite by elicited peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PG-PS produces a chronic granulomatous colitis in rats; this colitis is characterized by enhanced NO production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Specian
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grisham
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes
chemical_list: D010457:Peptidoglycan; D009195:Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases