title: Serial echocardiography for decision making in rapid two-stage arterial switch operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid two-stage arterial switch operation is advocated in infants with simple transposition presenting late. Accurate assessment of left ventricular preparation is crucial to successful outcome. The role of echocardiography alone in surgical decision making remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients with simple transposition (mean age, 4 months) underwent pulmonary artery banding and modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (first stage) to prepare the left ventricle for the arterial switch operation (second stage). Serial echocardiography was performed in the interval phase to assess left ventricular growth. Sixteen patients underwent arterial switch operation after a mean interval of 10.4 +/- 4 days, with 14 successful conversions. There was one mortality (5.9%) and two conversions to a Senning repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients a mean increase in left ventricular mass (40.8 +/- 17.8 g/m2 to 81.4 +/- 25.4 g/m2) and posterior wall thickness (3.37 +/- 0.47 mm to 4.63 +/- 0.58 mm) was recorded. Left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter increased in all except the two switch failures. In all the successful cases the left ventricle had assumed a circular shape on cross-section with the interventricular septum contracting in synergy with the left ventricular mass. In the two failures, however, the interventricular septum had remained flat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography can be used reliably in surgical decision making in rapid two-stage arterial switch operation. Increase in left ventricular mass, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter toward normal combined with an acquisition of circular left ventricular configuration with the interventricular septum contracting in synergy with the left ventricular mass appear to best predict successful outcome.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Sciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venugopal
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure