title: Outcome analysis of 71 clinical intestinal transplantations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine risk factors associated with graft failure and mortality after transplantation of the intestine alone or as part of an organ complex.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Even with modern immunosuppressive therapies, clinical intestinal transplantation remains a difficult and unreliable procedure. Causes for this and solutions are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1990 and February 1995, 71 intestinal transplantations were performed in 66 patients using tacrolimus and low-dose steroids. The first 63 patients, all but one treated 1 to 5 years ago, received either isolated grafts (n = 22), liver and intestinal grafts (n = 30), or multivisceral grafts (n = 11). Three more recipients of allografts who recently underwent surgery and one undergoing retransplantation were given unaltered donor bone marrow cells perioperatively as a biologic adjuvant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the first 63 recipients, 32 are alive: 28 have functioning primary grafts and 4 have resumed total parenteral nutrition after graft enterectomy. Thirty-five primary grafts were lost to technical and management errors (n = 10), rejection (n = 6), and infection (n = 19). Regression analysis revealed that duration of surgery, positive donor cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology, inclusion of graft colon, OKT3 use, steroid recycle, and high tacrolimus blood levels contributed to graft loss. All four intestine and bone marrow recipients are alive for 2-3 months without evidence of graft-versus-host disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To improve outcome after intestinal transplantation with previous management protocols, it will be necessary to avoid predictably difficult patients, CMV seropositive donors, and inclusion of the graft colon. Bone marrow transplantation may further improve outcome by ameliorating the biologic barriers of rejection and infection and allowing less restrictive selection criteria.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzakis
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome