title: Successful management of junctional tachycardia by hypothermia after cardiac operations in infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Junctional ectopic tachycardia is an early postoperative complication after intracardiac repair of congenital heart disease, especially in infants. Because of the high ventricular rate and the usually poor response to antiarrhythmic drugs, this condition is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of moderate body surface hypothermia in the treatment of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six consecutive infants with postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (mean age at operation, 14 weeks) were treated with surface cooling. The decision to start treatment was based on the definition of a critical heart rate (180 to 200 beats/min) in the presence of junctional ectopic tachycardia diagnosed according to established criteria. Moderate hypothermia (rectal temperature between 32 degrees and 34 degrees C) was achieved by placing ice bags on the child's body surface. The patients were sedated, mechanically ventilated, and paralyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean interval between diagnosis of tachycardia and initiation of hypothermia was 4 hours. Rectal temperature was rapidly (within 1 hour) lowered to 32 degrees to 34 degrees C in all 6 patients. This significantly lowered the tachycardia rate from 219 +/- 27 beats/min to 165 +/- 25 beats/min (mean +/- standard deviation; p < 0.001). Three patients with signs of low cardiac output had restoration of stable hemodynamics once the tachycardia rate had been decreased by hypothermia. Cooling was maintained for a period of 24 to 88 hours (mean, 59 hours). No serious side effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early institution of moderate hypothermia by body surface cooling was a safe and efficient measure to control ventricular rate in infants with postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziemer
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kallfelz
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000628:therapy; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007053:Ice; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012007:Rectum; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012449:Safety; D013613:Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents