title: Water bolus for electron irradiation of the ear canal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that water bolus in the external ear can decrease the dose inhomogeneity caused by auricular surface irregularities when the ear is in an electron-beam field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions with and without water bolus in the external ear were calculated for a representative patient. The electron dose calculations were made using the Hogstrom pencil beam algorithm as implemented in 3D by Starkschall. To demonstrate the use of water bolus in the ear clinically, the case of a patient with squamous carcinoma of the concha who was treated with electrons is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water bolus markedly lessens the dose heterogeneity caused by the surface irregularities of the ear and the air in the external auditory canal. In the test case, the maximum dose was reduced by 25% using this technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the ear is in an electron beam field, warm water should be placed in the external auditory canal and concha. This maneuver may reduce the incidence of auricular complications that occur after electron-beam therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Starkschall
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Garden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Childress
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hogstrom
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004424:Ear Canal; D004428:Ear Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004431:Ear, External; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water