title: Biphasic transcriptional regulation of the interferon regulatory factor-1 gene by prolactin: involvement of gamma-interferon-activated sequence and Stat-related proteins.
abstract: Stimulation of quiescent Nb2 T cells by PRL leads to the rapid transcriptional activation of a T cell activation gene, interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). IRF-1 is induced twice by PRL in a single cell cycle, first during G1 at 30-60 min and again over early S phase at 10-12 h. By nuclear run-on transcription analysis of IRF-1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs, the -1.7 kilobase (kb) 5'-flanking IRF-1 DNA was shown to contain elements that mediate both G1 and S phase expression. The -200 bp IRF-1 promoter DNA contains elements that respond to G1 PRL stimulation in a protein synthesis independent manner, suggesting the involvement of pre-existing factors. Further promoter deletion analysis delineated a minimal PRL responsive region between -112 and -205 bp. Within this region is a Gamma Interferon Activated Sequence or GAS, consisting of two inverted GAAA motifs (-123/-113), which confers PRL-inducible expression to a reporter gene, suggesting that GAS can function as a PRL responsive element. Further, GAS exhibits binding with nuclear proteins in a PRL-inducible, cell cycle-dependent manner. One of these proteins appears to be related to the emerging family of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription or Stat factors. These studies suggest that the GAS site and Stat-like proteins participate in PRL receptor signal transduction to regulate the biphasic expression of the IRF-1 gene in PRL-stimulated T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sieger
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Yu-Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016193:G1 Phase; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016196:S Phase; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; C494259:Irf1 protein, rat; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011388:Prolactin