title: The inflammatory Papanicolaou smear: what does it mean?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the correlation between inflammation detected on Papanicolaou smear and specific lower genital tract agents, and, based on these findings, to develop recommendations for follow-up tests and treatment of young women with inflammation on smears.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-risk population of 779 randomly selected women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and a low-risk population of 1050 consecutive women presenting for annual examination at a university student health center underwent a standardized history and gynecologic examination. Univariate and multivariate analyses, focusing on the association between dense inflammation on Papanicolaou smear and specific lower genital tract pathogens or findings on cervical examination, were done for each population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dense inflammation was present on the Papanicolaou smear of 256 (33%) of the 779 women in the STD clinic and 200 (19%) of 1050 students. Dense inflammation on Papanicolaou smear was independently associated with mucopus, cervical ectopy, cervical infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and vaginal infection by Trichomonas vaginalis in the STD population; in the student population, it was associated with cervical ectopy, C trachomatis, and mucopus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although dense inflammation on Papanicolaou smear was a common finding in both the high- and low-risk populations, about half of the inflammation detected in the high-risk setting was associated with a specific microbial organism (C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae, HSV, or T vaginalis), whereas less than 10% of the dense inflammation detected in the low-risk setting was linked with a specific pathogen (C trachomatis). In both settings, a substantial population of sexually active women had dense inflammation associated with cervical ectopy but none of the specific organisms evaluated in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koutsky
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kiviat
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Krone
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Eschenbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000359:Aftercare; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications; D013333:Student Health Services; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears