title: The absence of a photopic influence on the refractive development of the embryonic eye of the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria).
abstract: The clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) develops in an almost opaque eggcase and lays its eggs in pairs. One sibling from each of eight pairs of skates was removed from its eggcase during embryonic development, while the other sibling developed inside the eggcase. The refractive development of the eyes at hatching was examined to see if ambient light exposure during embryonic development could influence the refractive states of hatchlings. Measurements included refractive states, ocular dimensions and lens focal properties. The differences in measurements between the two groups were not significant, which would indicate that environmental light does not influence the refractive development of the embryonic skate eye.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pardue
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Luer
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Callender
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sivak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012860:Skates, Fish / Q000196:embryology*; D013472:Sunlight