title: Diuretics, beta-blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and beta-blockers is associated with an excess risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  257 case-patients who had died suddenly while receiving drug therapy for hypertension and 257 living controls also receiving drug therapy for hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed information on medication use and clinical characteristics of all case-patients and controls was collected from the files of general practitioners. Additional information on medication use was obtained from computerized pharmacy records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving non-potassium-sparing diuretics had an increased risk for sudden cardiac death (relative risk, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.0 to 3.1]) compared with a reference group treated primarily with potassium-sparing diuretics. The corresponding relative risk for beta-blocker use was 1.7 (CI, 1.1 to 2.6). The use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics without beta-blockers was associated with a higher risk for sudden death (relative risk, 2.2 [CI, 1.1 to 4.6]) than was concomitant use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and beta-blockers (relative risk, 1.4 [CI, 0.6 to 3.0]). The risk for sudden cardiac death among recipients of non-potassium-sparing diuretics was more pronounced in those who had been receiving the diuretic for less than 1 year and in those aged 75 years or younger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and beta-blockers is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. This association may offset part of the mortality benefit of these drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoes
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubsen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Man in 't Veld
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D004232:Diuretics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D011188:Potassium