title: Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-2, traditionally viewed as solely involved in immunological events, has recently been shown to exert profound effects on the development and regulation of the central nervous system. This study examined the relationships between interleukin-2 in the CSF and plasma of schizophrenic patients and clinical measures, including relapse and medication status. Plasma and CSF interleukin-1 alpha levels were also measured to ascertain the specificity of changes in cytokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine physically healthy male patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III-R) received diagnostic evaluation and behavioral ratings. Haloperidol treatment was withdrawn for up to 6 weeks and patients were evaluated for symptom recurrence. CSF and plasma were obtained by established procedures before haloperidol withdrawal (N = 79) and after (N = 64).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF levels of interleukin-1 alpha decreased significantly after haloperidol withdrawal but showed no relation to clinical status. In contrast, levels of CSF interleukin-2 were associated with recurrence of psychotic symptoms. Relapse-prone patients, examined both while medicated and after drug withdrawal, had significantly higher levels of CSF interleukin-2 than patients who did not relapse. CSF interleukin-2 level during haloperidol treatment was a significant predictor of worsening in psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of interleukin-2, a molecule that plays both neurodevelopmental and neuroregulatory roles, may have a role in relapse in schizophrenia. Levels of CSF interleukin-2 appear to be affected by relapse mechanisms, while peripheral blood levels are not. These changes are specific to interleukin-2, since levels of interleukin-1 alpha were affected by medication withdrawal but not by change in clinical state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: van Kammen
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rehn
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gurklis
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012008:Recurrence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D006220:Haloperidol