title: Molecular mobility of amorphous pharmaceutical solids below their glass transition temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the molecular mobility of amorphous pharmaceutical solids below their glass transition temperatures (Tg), using indomethacin, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and sucrose as model compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure enthalpic relaxation of the amorphous samples after storage at temperatures 16-47 K below Tg for various time periods. The measured enthalpy changes were used to calculate molecular relaxation time parameters. Analogous changes in specimen dimensions were measured for PVP films using thermomechanical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all the model materials it was necessary to cool to at least 50 K below the experimental Tg before the molecular motions detected by DSC could be considered to be negligible over the lifetime of a typical pharmaceutical product. In each case the temperature dependence of the molecular motions below Tg was less than that typically reported above Tg and was rapidly changing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the temperature range studied the model amorphous solids were in a transition zone between regions of very high molecular mobility above Tg and very low molecular mobility much further below Tg. In general glassy pharmaceutical solids should be expected to experience significant molecular mobility at temperatures up to fifty degrees below their glass transition temperature.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shamblin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zografi
mesh_terms: D002151:Calorimetry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D005898:Glass; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose; D007213:Indomethacin