title: Carbon dioxide: an alternative to iodinated contrast media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the use of carbon dioxide as a contrast medium for arteriography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carbon dioxide was used as a contrast medium for intra-arterial digital subtraction lower limb angiography in 12 examinations on 11 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No complication was encountered and no significant changes occurred in the arterial pH, PaCO2 and PaO2. The quality of images as assessed by an independent observer was adequate for the majority of the vessels (77%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon dioxide is a safe alternative in patients at an increased risk of adverse reaction to iodinated ionic or non-ionic contrast medium and is very cheap.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Unit, University Hospital, Nottingham, U.K.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hinwood
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wenham
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hopkinson
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Makin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007479:Iopamidol; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007479:Iopamidol; D010100:Oxygen