title: The antiinflammatory effects of an adenosine kinase inhibitor are mediated by adenosine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The acute antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated, at least in part, by increased extracellular adenosine concentrations at inflamed sites. This observation suggests that other agents that increase extracellular adenosine concentrations might also reduce inflammation. Since adenosine can be rapidly taken up by cells, phosphorylated by adenosine kinase, and maintained intracellularly as adenine nucleotides, we investigated whether a potent inhibitor of adenosine kinase, GP-1-515, could increase exudate adenosine concentration and thereby diminish inflammation in the murine air pouch model of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effect of various oral doses of GP-1-515 on carrageenan-induced inflammation in air pouches induced on BALB/c mice. Adenosine concentration in pouch exudates was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and intensity of inflammation was determined by leukocyte counts in the exudate fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a greater concentration of adenosine in the pouch exudates of animals treated with GP-1-515 than of those treated with saline (P < 0.002). GP-1-515 inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01), leukocyte accumulation in the murine air pouch in response to carrageenan. Inhibition of inflammation by GP-1-515 in this model depended upon increased adenosine concentration in the inflamed pouch since injection of adenosine deaminase into the air pouch with the carrageenan completely reversed the antiinflammatory effects of GP-1-515 at all doses of GP-1-515 tested. Moreover, as previously demonstrated, the antiinflammatory effects of adenosine were mediated via occupancy of adenosine A2 receptors, since the specific adenosine A2 receptor antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine, but not the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-dipropylxanthine, completely reversed the antiinflammatory effects of GP-1-515. GP-1-515 also decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in the air pouch exudates by 51%, most likely as a result of the direct action of adenosine on macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the antiinflammatory actions of GP-1-515 are mediated by adenosine. The development of agents that promote adenosine release at sites of inflammation is a novel strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Cronstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naime
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Firestein
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000494:pharmacology; D000248:Adenosine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D012263:Ribonucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013805:Theobromine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D012263:Ribonucleosides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014970:Xanthines; C087698:GP 1-515; C057837:3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D000248:Adenosine Kinase; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000241:Adenosine; D013805:Theobromine