title: Mechanism of accelerated gastric emptying of liquids and hyperglycemia in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The roles of hyperglycemia in diabetic gastroparesis and gastric delivery in postprandial hyperglycemia of diabetic patients are unclear. The aims of this study were to assess gastric emptying and its relation to postprandial glucose metabolism in patients with asymptomatic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and no autonomic neuropathy and to identify motor mechanisms responsible for any accelerated gastric emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autonomic function, gastric emptying, postprandial glucose metabolism, and hormone levels (glucagon, insulin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, neurotensin, and peptide YY) were assessed in healthy volunteers and patients with NIDDM. In a second study, gastric tone and motility were measured in patients with accelerated gastric emptying and in controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric emptying of solids did not differ in the two groups, but liquids emptied faster in patients with NIDDM (P < 0.02). The rate of entry of ingested glucose into the systemic circulation was similar, but higher postprandial glucagon and lower insulin concentrations led to greater (P < 0.01) postprandial hepatic glucose release. Levels of other enteropeptides, gastric accommodation, and antral motility were similar, but patients with NIDDM had greater proximal gastric phasic contractions than controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive hepatic glucose release, not rapid entry of ingested glucose, is the primary cause of postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with NIDDM. Accelerated gastric emptying in patients with nonneuropathic NIDDM is associated with increased proximal stomach phasic contractions.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Saslow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Thomforde
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinneen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rizza
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D013270:Stomach / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose