title: Complications of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic resection of the thoracic sympathetic trunk has been performed in various diseases of the upper limb. The success rates in endoscopic techniques and open surgical procedures are reportedly between 95% and 100%. However, the incidence of complications varied significantly depending on the technique used. We report our experience with complications after endoscopic resection of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the complications of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy, we retrospectively investigated 412 patients operated on since 1965. In 412 patients 698 procedures had been performed: a bilateral trunk resection in 81.9%, right thoracic sympathectomy in 12.9%, and left sympathetic trunk resection in 5.2%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications demanding intervention were found in 2.7% of the procedures, and in 9.7% complications not indicating active therapy were seen. In all cases requiring intervention a pneumothorax that needed to be drained was found on postoperative x-ray film. An asymptomatic small apical pneumothorax was found in 4.4%, cutaneous emphysema in 2%, pleural effusion in 1.1%, and segmental atelectasis in 0.4% of the procedures. One case of bleeding from an intercostal vessel occurred (0.1%). A permanent Horner's ptosis was seen in 1.7% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic resection of the thoracic sympathetic trunk is a safe and minimally invasive procedure with a low complication rate. We believe that endoscopic sympathectomy should be preferred to open surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Plas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Függer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013909:Thorax