title: Phase I trial of carboplatin and infusional cyclosporin in advanced malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximal-tolerated dose (MTD) of infusional cyclosporine (CSA) with fixed-dose carboplatin (CBDCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clonogenic cytotoxicity assays were performed to assess the effect of CSA on reversal of resistance to CBDCA. The phase I study was performed in three phases. In phases 1 and 2, escalating-dose CSA (5, 7.5, 8.8, or 9.5 mg/kg/d) with fixed-dose CBDCA 300 or 250 mg/m2 were administered. Phase 3 required an initial cycle of CBDCA 250 mg/m2 alone, followed by combination therapy with CBDCA 250 mg/m2 and CSA (8.8, 9.5, or 10.0 mg/kg/d).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preincubation of platinum-resistant A2780 human ovarian cancer cells with CSA 2 micrograms/mL significantly enhanced CBDCA cytotoxicity in clonogenic assays. Fifty-one patients received 130 courses of therapy. The phase 1 MTD was thrombocytopenia (CSA 7.5 mg/kg/d and CBDCA 300 mg/m2) attributable to the effects of CBDCA alone. The phase 2 MTD was reversible nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine elevations to 3.6 and 4.4 mg/dL) and neutropenia (CSA 9.5 mg/kg/d and CBDCA 250 mg/m2). In phase 3, headache was observed in five patients and hypertension in one patient at CSA 10 mg/kg/d. The expected change in platelet count predicted for CBDCA alone was compared with the actual change; no excessive thrombocytopenia was observed with addition of CSA. Steady-state CSA levels of 2 micrograms/mL capable of reversing platinum resistance in vitro were observed. Four objective responses were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSA is effective in reversing CBDCA resistance in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Short-term infusions of CSA < or = 8.8 mg/kg/d in combination with CBDCA are well-tolerated for heavily pretreated patients and result in CSA levels known to reverse CBDCA resistance in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raschko
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somlo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Doroshow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine; D016190:Carboplatin