title: Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Once triggered, intraoperative thermoregulatory vasoconstriction is remarkably effective in preventing further hypothermia. Protection results from both vasoconstriction-induced decrease in cutaneous heat loss and altered distribution of body heat. However, the independent contributions of each mechanism have not been quantified. Accordingly, we evaluated overall heat balance and distribution of heat within the body during the core-temperature plateau.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine minimally clothed male volunteers were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane and maintained in an approximately 22 degrees C environment. They were monitored for approximately 2 h before vasoconstriction and for 3 h subsequently. Overall heat balance was determined from the difference between cutaneous heat loss (thermal flux transducers) and metabolic heat production (oxygen consumption). Arm and leg tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular temperatures, ten skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature. Heat constrained by vasoconstriction to the trunk and head was calculated by subtracting the expected change in that region (overall heat balance multiplied by the fractional weight of the trunk and head) from the actual change (change in distal esophageal temperature multiplied by the specific heat of human tissue and the weight of the trunk and head); the result represents the amount by which core heat exceeded that which would be expected based on overall heat balance, assuming that the change was evenly distributed throughout the body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vasoconstriction and passive tissue cooling decreased heat loss but not to the level of heat production. Consequently, heat loss exceeded metabolic heat production throughout the study. Core temperature decreased approximately 1.3 C during the 2-h prevasoconstriction period; however, core temperature remained virtually constant during the subsequent 3 h. In the 3 h after vasoconstriction, arm and leg heat content decreased 57 +/- 9 kcal, and vasoconstriction constrained 22 +/- 8 kcal to the trunk and head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the efficacy of thermo-regulatory vasoconstriction in preventing additional core hypothermia. Decreased cutaneous heat loss and constraint of metabolic heat to the core thermal compartment contributed to the plateau.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dechert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014661:Vasoconstriction