title: Evaluating and improving the cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
abstract: The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is an expensive, widely used device for severe ventricular arrhythmias. Marginal cost-effectiveness analysis is a technique to examine the incremental cost of treatment strategy in relation to its effectiveness. In this study, we used this technique to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the ICD compared with that of electrophysiology (EP)-guided drug therapy and examined ways in which it may be improved. We analyzed Michigan Medicare discharge abstracts (1989 to 1992) and local physician visit, test, and ICD charges. Effectiveness was from 218 previously described patients with ICDs in whom the time of first event (first appropriate shock or death) was determined and presumed to represent "control" (EP-guided drug therapy) mortality. We assumed a 4-year life cycle for the ICD generator and 3.4% operative mortality and used a 5% discount to prevent value. Data were analyzed in a 1-month cycle Markov decision model over a 6-year horizon, and results were updated to 1993 dollars. ICD effectiveness was an increase in discounted mean life expectancy of 1.72 years. Cost-effectiveness was $31,100/year of life saved (YLS). Results were minimally or modestly sensitive to variations in preoperative mortality; resource use; consideration only of patients with ICDs who were receiving any antiarrhythmic drug or specifically amiodarone; and to a decrease in the percentage of first shocks that would equal death without the ICD until the assumed percentage decreased to < 38%. At ejection fraction of < 0.25 and > or = 0.25, cost-effectiveness was $44,000/YLS and $27,200/YLS, respectively, and without preimplant EP study was $18,100/ YLS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kupersmith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Mellits
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgardner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rovner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holmes-Rovner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D026712:Value of Life