title: Increased anticardiolipin antibodies associated with the development of anetoderma in HIV-1 disease. Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral research (MMCARR).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anetoderma has been reported in patients with HIV-1 disease. In patients with autoimmune disease, anetoderma has been associated with increased levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) that include anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) and lupus anticoagulant (LA). This has led to speculation that the autoimmune phenomena seen in HIV-1 disease and the immune dysregulation induced by HIV-1 disease may play a role in the development of these lesions. We have seen both primary and secondary lesions of anetoderma in patients followed for HIV-1 disease. In this study, we wanted to determine whether there was an association in the development of anetoderma and elevated anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) in HIV-1 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative ACA levels were measured in eight HIV-1-infected patients with anetoderma and four HIV-1-infected patients without anetoderma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anticardiolipin antibodies were moderately elevated in seven of eight patients with lesions and were borderline in the four HIV-1-positive patients without lesions of anetoderma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a correlation between increased ACA and the development of cutaneous lesions of anetoderma in HIV-1 disease. Patterns of immune dysregulation, including APL, may predispose to the development of lesions of anetoderma in HIV-1-positive patients. Although some of the lesions appear to represent primary anetoderma, the majority of our patients develop lesions in areas secondary to well characterized eruptions.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Redfield
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Alving
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lupton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D011503:Transglutaminases