title: Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia: new insights into electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia and to determine the feasibility of radiofrequency catheter ablation for nonpharmacological cure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The underlying electrophysiological mechanism of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia with right bundle branch block morphology and left-axis deviation is presently not known. Additionally, only limited data describing the results of radiofrequency catheter ablation for treatment of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia so far exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiological studies and radiofrequency catheter ablation were performed in 5 patients (3 male and 2 female, mean age 31 +/- 10 years) with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (cycle length 376 +/- 72 msec). The patients had a history of recurrent palpitations of 4 +/- 1 years and had been treated unsuccessfully with 2 +/- 1 antiarrhythmic drugs. Sustained ventricular tachycardia with right bundle branch block morphology and left- or right-axis deviation was documented in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inducibility with critically timed ventricular extrastimuli, inverse relationships of the coupling interval of the initiating extrastimulus and the interval to the first beat of the tachycardia, continuous diastolic or mid-diastolic electrical activity during ventricular tachycardia, and fragmented late potentials during sinus rhythm suggested reentrant activation as the underlying mechanism in three patients. On the other hand, induction dependent on isoproterenol infusion and rapid ventricular pacing and exercise inducibility indicated different electrophysiological characteristics in the remaining two patients. During electrophysiological study, intravenous verapamil terminated ventricular tachycardia in all patients, whereas ventricular tachycardia did not respond to intravenous adenosine, autonomic maneuvers, or intravenous beta-blocking agent esmolol. Catheter mapping revealed earliest endocardial activation during ventricular tachycardia in different areas of the left ventricular septum being distributed from the base to the mid-apical portion of the septum in all patients. In 4 of 5 patients, radiofrequency catheter ablation (median number of pulses 4, range 1-9) resulted in complete abolition of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia during a follow-up of 4-43 months (median 10) without antiarrhythmic drugs. Successful target sites for catheter ablation included continuous diastolic or mid-diastolic electrical activity during ventricular tachycardia and late potentials during sinus rhythm (2 patients), polyphasic fragmented presystolic potentials during ventricular tachycardia (1 patient), and pace mapping with identical QRS morphology compared to the ventricular tachycardia and "earliest" detectable activity during tachycardia (1 patient). No procedure related complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two different patterns of electrophysiological properties of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia were observed, indicating that this arrhythmia entity does not represent a homogeneous group. The "origin" of the tachycardias as identified by successful radiofrequency catheter ablation was located in different areas of the left ventricular septum and was distributed from the base to the mid-apical region. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was an effective and safe treatment modality in most of these patients. Distinct target site characteristics for successful catheter ablation including polyphasic diastolic activity during tachycardia and fragmented late potentials during sinus rhythm could be identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kottkamp
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hindricks
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014700:Verapamil; D007545:Isoproterenol