title: Withholding and withdrawing of life support from patients with severe head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the withholding or withdrawing of life support from patients with severe head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Francisco General Hospital, a city and county hospital with a Level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics and functional outcome of severely head-injured (Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 7) patients admitted to the medical-surgical intensive care unit, and to interview the patients' physician and family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients who were admitted to a medical-surgical intensive care unit over a 1-yr period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients had life support withheld or withdrawn, and 23 patients did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physician and family separately assessed patient's probable functional outcome, degree of communication between them, reasons important in recommending or deciding on discontinuation of life support, and the result of action taken. Six months later, the families reviewed the process of their decision, how well physician(s) had communicated, and what might have improved communication. Of 24 patients with life support discontinued, 22 died; two were discharged from the hospital. Twenty-three of the 24 patients had a poor prognosis on admission. Of the 23 patients who were continued on life support for the duration of their hospitalization, ten had a poor (p < .001) prognosis on admission. Prognosis improved for two patients from the first group and five from the latter. Family's assessment of prognosis agreed with physician's assessment in 22 of the 24 patients from whom life support was discontinued (p < .001). Physicians' ability to convey the prognosis appeared to influence families' assessments. Physicians' considerations in recommending limitation of care and families' considerations in making decisions were the same, primarily an inevitably poor prognosis. Neither physician nor families cited cost or availability of care as a deciding factor. Two families disagreed with the recommendation to limit care after initial agreement because the patients' prognosis improved from "likely death" to "vegetative." Care was therefore continued, and both patients remained vegetative 6 months after admission to the hospital and discharge to chronic care facilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life support is commonly withheld or withdrawn from patients with severe head injury at San Francisco General Hospital, and usually it is accompanied by death. A reciprocal consideration exists in most cases between the physician and family making the difficult decision to limit care. Care is provided for patients whose families request it despite physician recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: O'Callahan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Luce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003657:Decision Making; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014193:Trauma Centers; D028761:Withholding Treatment