title: Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure occupational exposures to environmental tobacco smoke in diverse settings, including offices and production areas, and to evaluate the effectiveness of policies that restrict or ban smoking in the workplace.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey. The average weekly concentration of environmental tobacco smoke was measured with passive monitors that sample nicotine. Approximately 25 samples were placed in each worksite for 1 week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five Massachusetts worksites, including fire stations, newspaper publishers, textile dyeing plants, and manufacturers of valves, fiberoptics, flight instruments, batteries, adhesives, semiconductor equipment, filters, and tools and dies. Samples were collected in offices and production areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of nicotine concentrations in various work settings as a function of company smoking policy. These data were interpreted with three approaches: comparing measured concentrations with a published risk assessment; comparing occupational exposures with home exposures; and evaluating the "cigarette equivalents" to which workers were exposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worksite smoking policy had a major effect on the nicotine concentrations, which fell from a median of 8.6 micrograms/m3 in the open offices at worksites that allowed smoking to 1.3 micrograms/m3 in sites that restricted smoking, and to 0.3 microgram/m3 in worksites that banned smoking. The nonoffice workspaces were affected similarly, with median concentrations of 2.3, 0.7, and 0.2 microgram/m3 at worksites that allowed, restricted, and banned smoking, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three evaluation methods indicated that occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke presents a substantial risk to workers in the absence of a policy restricting or banning smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ockene
mesh_terms: D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine