title: Limb arterial injuries associated with limb fractures: clinical presentation, assessment and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review of limb arterial injuries associated with limb fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical presentation, assessment and management of 25 patients with upper (seven) and lower (18) limb arterial injuries associated with limb bone fractures has been retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients presented with life threatening injuries and classic signs of acute limb ischaemia, 15 patients had an obvious limb arterial injury, and 5 presented with a suspected limb arterial injury. The site of arterial damage was: superficial femoral (4); popliteal (11); tibioperoneal trunk (3); anterior tibial (4); posterior tibial (3); peroneal (2); axillary (1); brachial (5); radial (4); and ulnar artery (4). The types of arterial repair were: autogenous vein interposition or bypass grafting (17); P.T.F.E. (2); end-to-end anastomosis (14); and ligation (8). The popliteal vein was injured in six cases, repaired in four and ligated in two; the superficial femoral vein was injured in four cases, repaired in three and ligated in one; and the axillary vein was injured in one case and was ligated. Primary nerve repair was employed in six out of seven injured nerves. Skeletal fixation preceded vascular repair in 21 patients and in four a Javid shunt was used. Intraoperative fasciotomy was performed in 12 out of 18 patients with lower limb ischaemia. Completion arteriography revealed residual thrombi in the distal foot of four patients, in whom intraarterial thrombolysis was effective. During the follow-up period of 1.5 to 2 years, the upper and lower limb preservation rate was 100 and 89%, respectively. The upper limb function was judged excellent in five patients, good in one and fair in one. In the lower limbs it was excellent in 11 patients, good in three, fair in one and poor in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To ensure life and functional limb salvage of patients with devastating vascular injuries, a well organised multidisciplinary approach is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgical Unit, University of Crete Medical School, Herakleion University Hospital, Greece.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Katsamouris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steriopoulos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katonis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drositis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lefaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassilakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dretakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014680:Veins / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene