title: Human mammary artery endothelial sparing with fibrous jaw clamping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temporary clamping of the internal mammary artery pedicle is required for visualization during coronary artery bypass grafting. A nylon fibril jaw surface has been developed for these clamps that exerts pressure only at discrete sites on the pedicle surface. The effect of this new jaw surface on endothelial cell function and integrity after compression is investigated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal mammary artery specimens from 10 patients each were divided into three separate rings, and two of these rings were clamped for 30 minutes with either a smooth or fibrous jaw clamp. Isometric tensions were measured in organ chambers after contraction by relaxing the rings with the endothelium-dependent agent acetylcholine followed by the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside. The intimal surfaces of similar rings were silver stained to assess the percentage of intact endothelium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelium-dependent relaxation was spared after fibrous jaw clamping (75% versus 89%) but significantly impaired after smooth jaw clamping (25% versus 89%; p < 0.001). Endothelium-independent relaxation was unaffected by either intervention. The percentage of remaining intact endothelium upon silver staining was significantly less after smooth than after fibrous jaw clamping (24% versus 48%; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foam silicone with nylon fibrils on the jaw surface of internal mammary artery clamps preserves endothelial cell function and integrity. The remaining undamaged cells also may facilitate the subsequent regeneration of a confluent endothelial cell layer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fonger
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Haudenschild
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shemin
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003250:Constriction; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009757:Nylons; D011312:Pressure; D012038:Regeneration; D012828:Silicones; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D012828:Silicones; D009599:Nitroprusside; D000109:Acetylcholine