title: Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the contribution of smoking and alcohol consumption to semen quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based fertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking and alcohol consumption were investigated in a control group (68) and in a group of 47 subjects with defined poor semen quality (PSQ). The control group was composed of subjects whose semen showed a greater than 60% morphological normality, a greater than 60% motility with a linear progression, and a density of greater than 20 million spermatozoa/mL. The group with PSQ was composed of subjects whose semen showed a less than 30% morphological normality, less than 60% motility, characterized by slow, weak motility, and a density of less than 20 million spermatozoa/mL. Medical dossiers were studied regarding the life style of the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of heavy smokers and light smokers did not differ statistically between the groups. There appeared to be a higher, but statistically insignificant, proportion of heavy smokers in the PSQ group (50%) compared to the control group (32.3%; P < .1); nor were significant differences found between cases and controls with respect to alcohol consumption pattern. In the PSQ group, a comparison of the semen characteristics of the daily drinkers with those of all the other subfertile patients showed no statistical difference concerning semen volume (4.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 3.3 +/- 1.3 mL; P > .1), sperm density (10.6 +/- 7.8 vs. 8.9 +/- 5.8 million spermatozoa/mL; P > or = .1), and percentage of motile spermatozoa (27.0 +/- 15.1 vs. 25.5 +/- 16.1%; P > .1). However, a lower percentage of normal sperm morphology was observed in the daily-drinker group (17.6 +/- 7.2% vs. 23.0 +/- 6.5% for the other subfertile patients; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption do not seem to play a pivotal role in the etiology of poor semen quality, but a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption may decrease further an already low percentage of sperm with normal morphology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Catholic University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Goverde
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bastiaans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zielhuis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000502:physiology*