title: The nonsurgical diagnosis of adenomyosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey the nonsurgical diagnostic techniques for distinguishing adenomyosis, and to determine whether one technique offers diagnostic advantages.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a thorough search of the MEDLINE data base and identified English-language papers on adenomyosis published during the last 28 years. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also examined for additional source documents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 238 articles. Papers on nonsurgical diagnostic techniques published in peer-reviewed journals were selected for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined nonsurgical diagnostic techniques for distinguishing adenomyosis to be hysterosalpingography, abdominal ultrasound, transvaginal sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies were divided into these four categories, reviewed, and summarized accordingly. Recent reports suggest that noninvasive modalities, eg, transvaginal sonography and MRI, have, made possible the nonsurgical diagnosis of adenomyosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of its widespread availability and patient tolerance, transvaginal sonography remains the primary screening modality for imaging the female pelvis. However, for cases in which sonography cannot detect adenomyosis, MRI provides a viable alternative and should be the definitive diagnostic modality of choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schruefer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging