title: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The concurrent, construct, and discriminant validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were evaluated. AUDIT consists of a 10-item Core questionnaire and an 8-item Clinical procedure. AUDIT was designed to identify hazardous drinkers (whose drinking increases their risk of alcohol-related problems, though alcohol-associated harm has not yet occurred); harmful drinkers (who have had recent physical or mental harm from their drinking, but who are not alcohol-dependent); and people with alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Known alcoholics (n = 65) and general medical patients (n = 187) completed self-report questionnaires and underwent a diagnostic interview, physical examination and laboratory testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AUDIT scores correlated significantly with scores on the MAST and MacAndrew alcoholism screening tests, and with ALAT, ASAT, GGT and MCV levels, which reflect recent heavy drinking. AUDIT scores were correlated with measures of alcoholism vulnerability (e.g., familial alcoholism and sociopathy), and with somatic and affective consequences of drinking. Receiver operating characteristic and discriminant function analyses indicated that the AUDIT Core and Clinical Instruments were sensitive and specific in discriminating alcoholics from medical patients, most of whom were nonalcoholics. The AUDIT Core was superior to the MAST and the AUDIT Clinical in discriminating hazardous drinkers from nonhazardous drinkers. It was also superior to the AUDIT Clinical in discriminating harmful from nonharmful drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AUDIT Core Instrument is useful for early detection of hazardous or harmful drinking, while the AUDIT Clinical Instrument is better applied to identification and/or confirmation of cases of alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792-2475, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Babor
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kranzler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors