title: Physical examination of the liver: is it still worth it?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual role of physical examination of the liver in normal subjects and in cirrhotic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred healthy subjects and 100 patients with liver cirrhosis underwent a physical and an ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver by independent operators. Physical examination was performed by means of percussion and palpation to determine total liver span, liver span below the costal margin, and liver consistency. Total liver span, liver span below the costal margin, and liver volume were also determined by means of ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between physical and ultrasonographic assessment of the liver span below the costal margin was poor in controls (chance corrected agreement index = 0.13) and excellent in patients (chance corrected agreement index = 0.93). Physical and ultrasonographic total liver span were correlated in patients with cirrhosis (r = 0.592) but not in controls (r = 0.205). Echo-measured liver span significantly correlated with the actual volume of the organ in both groups, whereas physical liver span significantly correlated with liver volume in cirrhosis but not in controls. The difference between actual liver volume and the value predicted by liver span was large. The cirrhotic liver was slightly reduced in size in comparison with that of healthy subjects and differed by an increase in consistency and a thickened edge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bedside examination of the liver does not provide any accurate information regarding the actual volume of the organ. Its major role remains to define the characteristics of lower edge, mainly consistency, which may help in clinical diagnosis. Liver volume proved to predict prognosis in patients with cirrhosis, but its measurement needs quantitative, reproducible methods, which can be obtained only by imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Terapia Medica, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magalotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gueli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pisi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006529:Hepatomegaly / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D010474:Percussion; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014463:Ultrasonography