title: Selective and rapid nuclear translocation of a c-Myc-containing complex after fertilization of Xenopus laevis eggs.
abstract: We report here unusual features of c-Myc specific to early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis, a period characterized by generalized transcriptional quiescence and rapid biphasic cell cycles. Two c-Myc protein forms, p61 and p64, are present in large amounts in the oocyte as well as during early development. In contrast, only p64 c-Myc is present in Xenopus somatic cells. p61 c-Myc is the direct translation product from both endogenous c-myc mRNAs and c-myc recombinant DNA. It is converted to the p64 c-Myc form after introduction into an egg extract, in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors. p61 and p64 belong to two distinct complexes localized in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. A 15S complex contains p64 c-Myc, and a 17.4S complex contains p61 c-Myc. Fertilization triggers the selective and total entry of only p64 c-Myc into the nucleus. This translocation occurs in a nonprogressive manner and is completed during the first cell cycles. This phenomenon results in an exceptionally high level of c-Myc in the nucleus, which returns to a somatic cell-like level only at the end of the blastulation period. During early development, when the entire embryonic genome is transcriptionally inactive, c-Myc does not exhibit a DNA binding activity with Max. Moreover, embryonic nuclei not only prevent the formation of c-Myc/Max complexes but also dissociate such preformed complexes. These peculiar aspects of c-Myc behavior suggest a function that could be linked to the rapid DNA replication cycles occurring during the early cell cycles rather than a function involving transcriptional activity.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Embryologie Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lemaitre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bocquet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buckle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mechali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc