title: The effects of opioid and alpha 2 adrenergic blockade on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesia in sheep.
abstract: The analgesic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) flunixin and dipyrone were assessed in healthy sheep with no pre-existing inflammation, and in sheep with a chronic inflammatory lesion, using a mechanical noxious stimulus. Saline and dexamethasone were given as controls. Blood taken from healthy sheep after NSAID administration was assayed for thromboxane B2 (TxB2) to compare the ability of these drugs to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase. Both flunixin and dipyrone produced a small but statistically significant rise in pain thresholds (18% and 21% of maximum possible effect respectively) in the healthy sheep which peaked at 30 min and had returned to pre-drug values by 2-3 h. In the lame sheep a similar effect occurred but the response was smaller, much more variable and tended to be prolonged. Saline and dexamethasone had no effect on thresholds over 6 h in either group of sheep. The rise in thresholds was prevented by pre-treatment with naloxone (an opioid antagonist) or atipamezole (an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist) in the healthy sheep. Naloxone and atipamezole had no effect on thresholds when given alone to healthy sheep. Both NSAIDs inhibited the production of TxB2 to a similar extent. These results indicate that central mechanisms may be involved in NSAID analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004177:Dipyrone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005535:Foot Rot / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007093:Imidazoles; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; C050701:atipamezole; C014557:flunixin; D009270:Naloxone; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D004177:Dipyrone; D003002:Clonixin