title: Calcium supplementation and rectal mucosal proliferation: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from studies using rodents suggest that dietary calcium inhibits bile acid-induced mucosal damage and experimental carcinogenesis in the large bowel. However, in humans, the effect of dietary calcium and calcium supplementation on proliferation and carcinogenesis in the large bowel has been unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of calcium supplementation on rectal mucosal proliferation in humans, we conducted a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were part of a larger multicenter chemoprevention trial; all were at high risk for large-bowel neoplasia, with at least one large-bowel adenoma removed endoscopically within the 3 months before study entry but with no known polyps remaining. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive daily either 3000 mg of calcium carbonate (providing 1200 mg elemental calcium) or an identical-appearing placebo tablet. During a scheduled endoscopy 6-9 months after random assignment (approximately 1 year after the qualifying endoscopy), rectal mucosal samples were obtained from 333 patients (173 assigned to calcium and 160 assigned to placebo). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indices (LIs) were computed as the measure of proliferation in specimens from 146 patients receiving calcium and 129 patients receiving placebo. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling was used to measure proliferation in a smaller number of specimens (27 calcium-receiving and 31 placebo-receiving participants). For each scorable crypt having at least one labeled cell (or surrounded by crypts with at least one labeled cell), a crypt LI was calculated as the number of labeled cells divided by the total number of crypt cells. Crypt LIs were averaged to produce a participant's average LI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall unadjusted mean PCNA LIs (+/- SE) were similar in the calcium and placebo groups (3.85% +/- 0.08% versus 3.92% +/- 0.08%, respectively, P = .30). The overall unadjusted mean BrdU LIs (+/- SE) were 3.88% +/- 0.30% in the calcium group and 3.54% +/- 0.21% in the placebo group (P = .54). PCNA labeling indices in the most luminal 40% of the crypt were small but, if anything, were higher in the calcium group. There was no patient subgroup within which calcium had an antiproliferative effect; the overall findings persisted among patients with high and low calcium intake, high and low fat intake, and high and low fiber intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplementation does not decrease rectal mucosal proliferation, as measured by PCNA (and BrdU) immunohistochemistry, in patients with previous large-bowel adenomas. This study, therefore, does not provide evidence for an anticarcinogenic effect of calcium.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3861, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wargovich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haile
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Stolk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rothstein
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary