title: Measurement of tumor necrosis factor activity by flow cytometry.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a monokine of 17 kDa produced by activated macrophages and various cells involved in the immune system. We propose a new method for the measurement of TNF activity using flow cytometry. After an incubation with TNF, L929 cells were harvested and treated with a calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 solution. Nonfluorescent calcein-AM is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to yield fluorescent calcein. The ethidium homodimer-1 is a high-affinity red fluorescent DNA dye that is internalized only through altered cell membranes. A very good correlation was observed between the calcein fluorescence intensity and the number of viable cells as well as the ethidium fluorescence and the number of cells with altered membranes. The assay is sensitive, inexpensive, and correlates with the already reported crystal violet assay while measuring membrane alteration by TNF. It allows the simultaneous measurement of total living and dead cells. There is no interference with culture medium components. This method is rapid and may be used for routine measurement of TNF activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lévesque
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paquet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagé
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004996:Ethidium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007739:L Cells; D051379:Mice; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C085925:calcein AM; C018533:ethidium homodimer; D004996:Ethidium