title: Visualisation of changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) produced by ketamine using long TE gradient-echo sequences: preliminary results.
abstract: Autoradiographic studies have shown that low dose ketamine produces increases in regional glucose utilisation and blood flow in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and olfactory lobe in the rat brain, probably due to antagonism at the NMDA receptor. Functional MRI using deoxyhaemoglobin contrast can be used to study changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Long TE gradient-echo sequences were used to study changes in rCBF produced by low dose ketamine in rats anaesthetised with nitrous oxide, supplemented with either halothane (HAL) or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam (FFM) combination. Images from rats in the FFM group showed a 10-14% increase in signal intensity in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and olfactory lobe following either a single bolus or a low dose infusion of ketamine (p < .05). These changes were significantly reduced in the HAL group (p < .005). Halothane is known to attenuate the changes in regional glucose utilisation produced by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), and its effects on ketamine-induced changes in rCBF seen in this study may be due to a similar effect. The potential use of functional MRI in studying the effect of pharmacological interventions on rCBF is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Herchel Smith Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Burdett
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine; D006221:Halothane