title: Risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage has remained a serious disease despite recent improvements in medical treatment. This study was designed to identify modifiable risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health habits, previous diseases, and medication of 156 consecutive patients with intracerebral hemorrhage aged 16 to 60 years (96 men and 60 women) were compared with those of 332 hospitalized control patients (192 men and 140 women) who did not differ from case subjects in respect to age, day of onset of symptoms, or acuteness of disease onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for sex, age, hypertension, body mass index, smoking status, and alcohol consumption during the last week, patients who had consumed 1 to 40, 41 to 120, or > 120 g of alcohol within the 24 hours preceding the onset of illness had a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of hemorrhage of 0.3 (0.2 to 0.7), 4.6 (2.2 to 9.4), and 11.3 (3.0 to 42.8), respectively, compared with those who had consumed 0 g. In addition, alcohol intake within 1 week before the onset of illness, excluding use within the last 24 hours, increased the risk of hemorrhage; adjusted risks were 2.0 (1.1 to 3.5) for 1 to 150 g, 4.3 (1.6 to 11.7) for 151 to 300 g, and 6.5 (2.4 to 17.7) for > 300 g compared with 0 g. The adjusted risk of hypertension for hemorrhage was 6.6 (3.9 to 11.3). Previous heavy alcohol consumption and current cigarette smoking were not independent risk factors for hemorrhage, but anticoagulant treatment was (P < .01). Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume and gamma-glutamyl transferase values were also higher in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage than in control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent moderate and heavy alcohol intake as well as hypertension and likely also anticoagulant treatment seem to be independent risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juvela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillbom
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palomäki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D015996:Survival Rate; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000431:Ethanol; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase