title: Effect of liposomal and free bisphosphonates on the IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha secretion from RAW 264 cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to evaluate the possible antiinflammatory action of bisphosphonates, the effect of the drugs on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha) from macrophages was studied. Liposomes or high concentration of extracellular calcium was used to enhance the intracellular delivery of bisphosphonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264 cells were used as macrophage model, and they were induced with lipopolysaccharide to produce the cytokines. The cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatants were measured with time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a free drug, clodronate and pamidronate, but not etidronate, inhibited LPS-stimulated secretion of the cytokines from macrophage-like RAW 264 cells. Low concentrations of pamidronate, however, induced the IL-6 secretion, and the cytokine inhibitory action at the higher concentrations of pamidronate was attributed to cytotoxicity of the compound. The cytokine induction or toxic effects were not observed with clodronate or etidronate. When the drugs were encapsulated in negatively charged unilamellar liposomes, the inhibitory potency of both clodronate and etidronate enhanced by a factor of 10-20, while that of pamidronate was not increased. The complex formation of bisphosphonates with extracellular calcium, although enhancing the uptake of the compounds by macrophages, did not considerably increase their cytokine inhibitory potency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bisphosphonates have inhibitory action on cytokine secretion by macrophages. The non-cytotoxic cytokine inhibition by liposome encapsulated clodronate could be beneficial in local inflammatory diseases, where the inflammation is sustained by the excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pennanen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lapinjoki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urtti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mönkkönen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008081:Liposomes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004002:Clodronic Acid