title: Stroke and alcohol intake in a hospital population. A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess whether excessive alcohol intake is an independent risk factor for stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was undertaken in 200 consecutive ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients and 372 age- and sex-matched control subjects (170 hospital-based and 202 community-based individuals). Data were collected through direct interview regarding demographics, risk factors for stroke, current daily alcohol consumption, and diagnosis of alcoholism. Blood was also taken to test the common biological markers of alcohol intake (erythrocyte mean cell volume, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for the most significant risk factors (antecedent strokes, hypertension, diabetes, smoking) and using hospital control subjects for reference, we determined the risk of stroke to be 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 4.0) in moderate drinkers (men, < or = 60 g/d; women, < or = 40 g/d) and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.4 to 6.1) in heavy drinkers (men, > 60 g/d; women, > 40 g/d). The corresponding risk values obtained when we compared case subjects and external control subjects were 1.4 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.7) and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.3 to 7.0). Even with some fluctuations across groups, the risk did not change significantly after subgroup analysis in men, patients with first-ever stroke, patients with ischemic stroke, and after exclusion of subjects with risk factors for stroke. Compared with hospital and external control subjects, stroke patients included a higher proportion of heavy drinkers (26.6% versus 20.6% versus 10.8%), alcoholics (14.6% versus 7.7% versus 2.5%), and cases with abnormal erythrocyte mean cell volume (63.0% versus 47.6% versus 34.2%) or gamma-glutamyl transferase (35.5% versus 32.4% versus 12.9%). Mean alcohol consumption was 42.2 g/d in the case subjects, 30.8 g/d in the hospital control subjects, and 23.2 g/d in the external control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicates that alcohol can be considered an independent risk factor for stroke in Italy.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boglium
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cosso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases