title: Complex valve operations: antegrade versus retrograde cardioplegia?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasingly complex cardiac procedures demand optimal myocardial protective techniques during the requisite interval of aortic cross-clamping. For complex procedures in which prolonged cross-clamp times are anticipated, we favor combined antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. Advantages include rapid arrest, uniform distribution, and an uninterrupted operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated the cases of 194 consecutive patients who underwent complex cardiovascular procedures between January 1988 and October 1994. Procedures performed included valve repair and coronary artery bypass grafting (23.7%), valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting (19.1%), complex aortic arch and valve procedures (16.6%), valve repair only (16.5%), reoperative valve (9.8%), and multiple-valve replacements (9.3%). Cardioplegic arrest times averaged 113 +/- 38.5 minutes (range, 52 to 292 minutes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative left and right ventricular function was evaluated using transesophageal echocardiography. The echocardiograms revealed a 3.1% incidence of new left ventricular dysfunction and no case of right ventricular dysfunction. Of the patients evaluated, 75.7% required little (< 3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 of dopamine hydrochloride) or no inotropic support postoperatively. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1%, and no death was due to cardiac failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that myocardial protection using a combined antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia technique permits excellent myocardial protection during complex cardiovascular procedures requiring long arrest times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wixon
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lust
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D001769:Blood; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003250:Constriction; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents