title: The spatial coding strategies of one-year-old infants in a locomotor search task.
abstract: The ability of 1-year-old infants to remember the location of a nonvisible target was investigated in 3 experiments. Infants searched for a toy hidden in one of many possible locations within a circular bounded space. The presence, number, and spatial arrangement of local cues or "landmarks" within this space were varied. The results of Experiment 1 showed that search performance was highly successful when a landmark was coincident with the location of the toy ("direct"), but less successful when a landmark was adjacent to the target location ("indirect"). The results of Experiment 2 suggested that search with an indirect landmark may be more fragile than search with no landmarks at all. In Experiments 3a and 3b, 2 different configurations of indirect landmarks were employed; search performance was equally poor with both of these and was inferior to search with no landmarks. It is concluded that infants of this age are able to associate a nonvisible target with a direct landmark and are able to code the distance and direction of a target with respect to themselves or with respect to the larger framework. However, there was no evidence that they can code the distance and direction of a target relative to another object. The difficulty of coding with indirect landmarks is interpreted in terms of cognitive complexity and conflict between spatial strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connell
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D013028:Space Perception; D013037:Spatial Behavior; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis