title: Acute ischaemic preconditioning protects against skeletal muscle infarction in the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims were to investigate the efficacy of acute ischaemic preconditioning for protection of skeletal muscles against infarction and its effect on muscle blood flow and ischaemic muscle metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of preconditioning was tested by subjecting pig latissimus dorsi and gracilis muscles to different numbers and durations of ischaemia/reperfusion cycles before 4 h of global ischaemia. Infarction was assessed at 48 h of reperfusion, using nitroblue tetrazolium dye. Blood flow in the latissimus dorsi was measured at the end of preconditioning and 1.5 and 3.0 h of reperfusion, using the radioactive microsphere (15 microns) technique. Muscle biopsies were taken from the latissimus dorsi before ischaemia, at the end of 2 and 4 h of ischaemia, and 1.5 h of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least three cycles of 10 min ischaemia and 10 min reperfusion were required for preconditioning of latissimus dorsi and gracilis muscles for protection against infarction. Preconditioning reduced the total infarct size by 44% and 62% in latissimus dorsi and gracilis muscles, respectively. Preconditioning did not affect preischaemia muscle blood flow but it reduced the muscle content (preischaemia reserve) of phosphocreatine and ATP and the muscle energy charge potential (ECP) by 13.5%*, 27.5%*, and 8%* (*P < 0.05), respectively. In spite of a lower preischaemia reserve of phosphocreatine and ATP, the muscle contents of phosphocreatine and ATP and muscle ECP were maintained higher and the lactate lower (*P < or = 0.05) in the preconditioned than in the non-preconditioned (control) muscles at the end of 4 h of ischaemia [phosphocreatine 8.0(SEM 0.4) v 3.2(0.3)*; ATP 9.8(0.7) v 7.8(0.3); ECP 0.72(0.02) v 0.66(0.01)*; lactate 115.4(8.6) v 160.5(11.8)* mumol.g-1 dry muscle]. The level of ATP and ECP also remained significantly higher and the level of lactate significantly lower in the preconditioned than in the non-preconditioned latissimus dorsi muscles at 1.5 h of reperfusion. Hyperaemia was seen in the preconditioned latissimus dorsi muscles at 1.5 h of reperfusion and it subsided by the end of 3h of reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of preconditioning can be induced in pig skeletal muscle but at a higher threshold than reported previously in pig cardiac muscle (one cycle). Preconditioning of pig skeletal muscle is associated with a lower energy metabolism during sustained ischaemia. At the present time, it is not known if this energy sparing effect is a major mechanism of ischaemic preconditioning against infarction in skeletal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D007238:Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine