title: Transdermal hormonal replacement therapy with transdermal progestin every second month.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unopposed estrogen therapy may induce endometrial hyperplasia. To protect the endometrium, estrogen replacement therapy should be combined with a progestin in menopausal women with an intact uterus. The aim of this open non-comparative study was to evaluate the effects on bleeding control and endometrium of 'spacing-out' the 14-day progestin therapy to every second month during transdermal combined hormonal replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight healthy women, previously treated with sequential combined transdermal hormonal replacement therapy every month for 3 years, were treated for the following 2 years in cycles with 6 weeks of transdermal estradiol 50 micrograms/daily (Estraderm, Ciba-Geigy), followed by 2 weeks of combined norethisterone acetate 0.25 mg/day and 50 micrograms estradiol per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual endometrial biopsies diagnosed hyperplasia in one woman during the second year whereas most biopsies showed a secretory endometrium. Vaginal ultrasound showed no correlation to either bleeding-pattern or histopathological diagnosis. Most women had a regular bleeding-pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal progestin every second month might be an alternative to regular monthly sequential hormonal replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Risberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001706:Biopsy; D002979:Climacteric / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone