title: Family, educational and peer influences on the alcohol use of female and male adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research provides estimates of how strongly family bonds, family drug use, age, educational commitment and peer drug use are associated with the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption among adolescents, and compares females and males.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using questionnaire data from a random sample of 27,000 adolescents, structural equation modeling is used to evaluate the strength of several risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influence of family bonds is moderately strong but operates primarily through peers; adolescents with higher family bonds are less likely to have close friends who are involved with drugs. Family bonds have a relatively strong, positive association with educational commitment, and adolescents with a higher educational commitment tend to drink less frequently; and when they drink, they tend to consume smaller amounts. Living in a family where other family members have a problem with alcohol or other drugs increases the chance that an adolescent has friends who drink or use other drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family bonding has small but significant direct effects and moderate indirect effects on both the frequency and amount of alcohol use. Family and peer influences are similar for both females and males. Living in a family where other family members have a drug problem increases the chance that an adolescent has friends who use drugs. Family bonding appears to be an important social control mechanism that may decrease the risk of alcohol abuse among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Maughan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010379:Peer Group; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012931:Social Environment; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology