title: Identification of subsets of neuroblastomas by combined histopathologic and N-myc analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroblastomas show different histopathologic phenotypes, and the tumor cells can carry normal or multiple copies of the N-myc proto-oncogene (MYCN). Studies of the N-myc gene and histopathology of untreated primary neuroblastomas have demonstrated that both these factors are important in risk assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine if there are any associations between N-myc gene copy number, histopathologic features, clinical stage, and progression-free survival (PFS) and if joint analyses of histopathology and N-myc gene copy number improve risk assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The histopathologic phenotype and N-myc gene copy number were determined for 232 biopsy/surgery specimens obtained from untreated primary neuroblastoma patients. Tumors were classified as having favorable or unfavorable histology on the basis of Schwannian stroma (rich versus poor), neuroblastic differentiation (differentiating versus undifferentiated), and mitosis-karyorrhexis (fragmenting nucleus) index (MKI; high, intermediate, or low) in the context of age at diagnosis (Shimada classification). N-myc gene amplification was considered significant when the gene copy number was at least 10-fold higher than normal as determined by Southern blot analysis. Otherwise, tumors were classified as nonamplified for N-myc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 19 stroma-rich tumors, 11 had grossly visible neuroblastic nodules, and two of these had N-myc amplification. Of 213 stroma-poor tumors, 51 had N-myc amplification, all of which were undifferentiated, and 45 (88% of 51) had high MKI. This histologic phenotype was present in less than 10% of tumors with nonamplified N-myc. Of 162 stroma-poor tumors that showed nonamplified N-myc, 45 (28%) were differentiating and 121 (75%) had low MKI. Neuroblastomas of clinical stages I, II, and IV-S nearly always had favorable histology and no amplification of N-myc. Stage III (regional) and particularly stage IV (metastatic) tumors, however, frequently had unfavorable histologic features with or without N-myc amplification. The estimated PFS at the end of 4 years after diagnosis was 83% for patients whose tumors had favorable histology and no N-myc amplification. The estimated PFS for the patients whose neuroblastomas had unfavorable histology, however, was 29% without and 13% with N-myc amplification, respectively. Subsets of patients with stage II, III, or IV disease were identified by both histologic evaluation and N-myc analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that both the histologic and N-myc-based stratifications provided prognostic information that was independent of staging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroblastomas with N-myc amplification have a characteristic histopathologic phenotype and an aggressive clinical course. In contrast, neuroblastomas without N-myc amplification exhibit a wide range of histologic features that can define prognostic subsets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chatten
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hachitanda
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brodeur
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lukens
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005784:Gene Amplification; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016019:Survival Analysis