title: Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Kingston, Jamaica: 1990-1991.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gonococcal infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have spread into many geographic areas and have increased in prevalence since the mid 1970s. Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains of Jamaica from 1981 to 1983 indicated that fewer than 3% of strains of produced beta-lactamase (penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae); approximately 4% of strains were resistant to penicillin, and 12% were resistant to tetracycline.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Kingston, Jamaica, from 1990 to 1991 and to assess the effectiveness of prescribed treatment regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urethral isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 116 heterosexual men with uncomplicated gonorrhea, representing 7.1% (116/1633) men attending the STD Comprehensive Health Centre from October 1990 through March 1991 who had positive Gram-stained smears, were characterized by auxotype, serovar, presence of the TetM determinant, and plasmid content. Antimicrobial susceptibilities to penicillin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin were determined by an agar dilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 80.2% (93/116) of the isolates exhibited plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both: penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (13/116; 11.2%), tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (25/116; 21.6%), and penicillinase-producing/tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (55/116;47.4%). Isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, accounted for 5.2% (6/116) of the isolates. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and penicillinase-producing/tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae belonging to multiple auxotype/serovar classes were isolated repeatedly through the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, have become prevalent and endemic in Kingston, Jamaica. Therefore, all gonococcal infections should be treated with antimicrobial therapies known to be active against penicillin-resistant and tetracycline-resistant organisms to reduce gonorrhea transmission.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brathwaite
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010403:Penicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids; D000198:Spectinomycin; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000198:Spectinomycin