title: Risk of tardive dyskinesia in older patients. A prospective longitudinal study of 266 outpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a major iatrogenic disorder that is more prevalent among older patients. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for TD in neuroleptic-treated patients over age 45 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 266 middle-aged and elderly outpatients with a median duration of 21 days of total lifetime neuroleptic exposure at study entry. Most patients were treated throughout the study with either a high-potency or a low-potency neuroleptic and maintained on relatively low doses. The patients were followed up at 1- to 3-month intervals with "blind" assessment of psychopathologic condition, clinically as well as instrumentally (ie, using electromechanical sensors with computerized data reduction, including spectral analysis) evaluated movement disorder, and global cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative incidence of TD was 26%, 52%, and 60% after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The principal risk factors for TD were duration of prior neuroleptic use at baseline, cumulative amount of high-potency neuroleptics, history of alcohol abuse/dependence, borderline or minimal dyskinesia, and tremor on instrumental assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of higher amounts of neuroleptics, particularly high-potency ones, should be avoided in older patients, patients with alcohol abuse/dependence, or patients with a subtle movement disorder at baseline; these patients are at a higher risk of developing TD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lacro
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fell
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McAdams
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents