title: Control of breathing in a subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inspiratory muscle weakness and abnormalities in breathing pattern and in respiratory drive have been reported in patients with multisystem disorders. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), data on respiratory muscle strength and control of breathing are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a subset of nine female patients with SLE with no major findings of cardiovascular, renal, or neurologic involvement, and with a normal routine chest radiograph. An age- and sex-matched normal group was also studied as a control. We evaluated lung volumes, diffusing lung properties (TLCO, TLCO/VA), maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), and breathing pattern: ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time (TI), and respiratory frequency (Rf). Neural respiratory drive, assessed in terms of mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1), and surface electromyographic activity of the diaphragm (Edi) and intercostal (Eps) muscles was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a whole, patients exhibited mild decrease in MIP; vital capacity was slightly reduced in two patients and TLCO/VA was moderately reduced in three. During a hypercapnic rebreathing test, delta VT/delta PCO2 was lower, delta P0.1/delta PCO2 was normal, while delta Edi/delta PCO2 and delta Eps/delta PCO2 were higher in patients compared with normal control subjects. delta VT/delta PCO2 significantly related to MIP. At 60 mm Hg of PCO2 patients maintained the rapid and shallow pattern of breathing (RSB) exhibited during room-air breathing: lower VT, shorter TI, and greater Rf, with VE, VT/TI, and Edi being greater compared with the normal control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data seem to indicate that in this SLE subset, mild decrease in respiratory muscle strength may accompany an increased respiratory drive, and contribute to a qualitatively abnormal ventilatory response (RSB) to carbon dioxide stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica Medica III, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duranti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Misuri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emmi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013147:Spirometry