title: Nitrosatable amines and nitrosamide formation in natural stimulants: Cola acuminata, C. nitida and Garcinia cola.
abstract: Three varieties of kola nut, Cola acuminata, C. nitida and Garcinia cola, of Nigerian origin, were analysed for their content of primary and secondary amines, and assessed for their relative methylating potential due to nitrosamide formation. Primary and secondary amines were determined as benzene sulfonamides by gas chromatography/thermal energy analysis (GC/TEA). Dimethylamine, methylamine, ethylamine and isopentylamine were detected in all kola nut varieties, while pyrrolidine, piperidine and isobutylamine were detected in one or more varieties. Estimated average total daily intake of aliphatic amines by a typical kola nut chewer varied from 260 to 1040 micrograms/day for secondary amines and from 2430 to 9710 micrograms/day for primary amines. Methylating activity of the nitrosated kola nuts, expressed as N-nitroso-N-methylurea equivalents, was also determined by GC/TEA. Methylating activity was significantly higher in kola nuts (170-490 micrograms/kg) than has ever been reported for a fresh plant product. These data suggest that the possible role of kola nut chewing in human cancer aetiology should be explored in countries where kola nuts are widely consumed as stimulants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Carcinogens/0325, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Atawodi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mende
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pfundstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preussmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spiegelhalder
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D008745:Methylation; D009549:Nigeria; D015538:Nitrosation; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D010880:Piperidines / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D010880:Piperidines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C013621:nitrosamides; C032727:piperidine; C032519:pyrrolidine