title: Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Borrelia burgdorferi has been linked to the pathogenesis of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA). However, considerable controversy still exists as to the actual role, if any, that this spirochete plays in the development of these diseases. Antibody titer determinations have been inconclusive and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies have yielded conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to show whether PCR analysis detected B. burgdorferi in archival tissue specimens from the involved skin of 20 North American patients with morphea, 10 patients with LSA, and four patients with scleroderma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used two different sets of PCR primers for the B. burgdorferi flagellin gene, one specific for European strains of B. burgdorferi, and another common to both European and American strains. A subset of these samples were further amplified with nested PCR primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the samples showed PCR products with either primer sets, whereas purified B. burgdorferi DNA and lesional erythema chronicum migrans tissues, which were used as positive controls, yielded easily detectable products with all primer sets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that B. burgdorferi infection plays no role in the development of morphea, LSA, or scleroderma in North American patients; these findings further support the recent observations that B. burgdorferi strain variability is associated with differential spectra of disease in North America compared with that found in various parts of Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Saed
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Fivenson
mesh_terms: D015748:Borrelia burgdorferi Group / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D015787:Erythema Chronicum Migrans / Q000382:microbiology; D005060:Europe; D005408:Flagellin / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000382:microbiology*; D009656:North America; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000382:microbiology*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005408:Flagellin