title: Continuing hazards of the learning curve in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Bile duct injury is one of the most serious complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). In open cholecystectomy (OC) the reported incidence of injury is less than 0.2 per cent. In LC, the aggregate reported experience, in many thousands of cases, is three or four times this number. Although "the learning curve" has been considered the principal factor in the heightened incidence of this complication with LC, there are hazards inherent in this new surgical modality that may never allow elimination of the increased risk of bile duct injury. As a sequel to an earlier report of 1200 cases of OC before the laparoscopic era from a single institution, this report deals with the next 2427 consecutive cases of LC from the same institution. In the first 1284 cases of LC, there were seven bile duct injuries (0.58%); in the ensuing 1143 cases there were six bile duct injuries (0.50%). The overall incidence nationwide is even higher, as evidenced by widespread reports of repair of bile duct injuries referred to major tertiary care centers. Routine operative cholangiography is of the utmost importance in the early recognition and immediate repair of ductal injuries. In 12 of the 13 cases reported here, early recognition and repair during the primary surgery resulted in a successful outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paz-Partlow
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berci
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D002758:Cholangiography; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology