title: Ligand-dependent and -independent transactivation by thyroid hormone receptor beta 2 is determined by the structure of the hormone response element.
abstract: Chicken thyroid hormone receptor beta 2 (cTR beta 2) is likely to serve specific functions in gene regulation since it possesses a unique N-terminal domain and is expressed in very few tissues. We demonstrate here that TR beta 2 exhibits distinct transactivation properties which are dependent on the availability of ligand and on the structure of the hormone response element. First, a strong ligand-independent transactivation was observed with hormone response elements composed of direct repeats and everted repeats. Second, TR beta 2 was induced by triiodothyronine to transactivate more efficiently than TR beta 0 on palindromic and everted-repeat types of hormone response elements. However, coexpression of the retinoid X receptor reduced the strong transactivation by TR beta 2 but not by TR beta 0 via palindromic response elements, suggesting that TR beta 2 can transactivate as a homodimer. Finally, the N terminus of TR beta 2 contains two distinct transactivation regions rich in tyrosines, which are essential for transactivation. Our results thus show that the activity of the novel transactivating region of TR beta 2 is dependent on the organization of the half-sites in the response element.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vennström
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013006:Growth Hormone