title: Cytogenetic effects of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in rat peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) is a potent direct-acting Salmonella mutagen found in wood pulp chlorination effluents and chlorinated drinking water. In cultured rat peripheral lymphocytes, MX induced significant dose-related increases in sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations at doses of 20-60 micrograms/ml and of 60-80 micrograms/ml, respectively. MX produced primarily chromatid-type as opposed to chromosome-type aberrations. The peripheral lymphocytes of male and female rats exposed to MX by gavage 5 days a week for 14-18 weeks showed significant dose-related increases in SCEs at both levels of exposure (30 and 45-75 mg/kg) in both sexes. The present results demonstrate for the first time that MX is genotoxic in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäki-Paakkanen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vaittinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D009153:Mutagens; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone