title: Intrathecal acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors produce analgesia that is synergistic with morphine and clonidine in rats.
abstract: Intrathecal (IT) administration of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors produces analgesia through a muscarinic action. The addition of IT cholinergic agonists to IT opioids or alpha 2-adrenergic agonists results in enhanced analgesic effects, but it is not clear whether these interactions are synergistic, additive, or less than additive. Dose-response curves for hot plate and tail immersion tests were established for IT neostigmine, physostigmine, and echothiophate in rats. Dose-response curves for hot plate testing were established for IT morphine and clonidine. The effect of maximally effective doses of each of the three cholinergic drugs on hot plate testing was plotted over time. Isobolographic analysis was performed for hot plate testing using neostigmine-morphine and neostigmine-clonidine combinations. The three cholinesterase inhibitors produced profound analgesia on hot plate testing but incomplete analgesia using the tail immersion test. Duration of analgesia on hot plate testing ranged from 45 min for physostigmine to more than 24 h for echothiophate. IT administration of combinations of neostigmine plus morphine and neostigmine plus clonidine both produced significantly more profound analgesia than the calculated additive effects and are, therefore, synergistic in their actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Abram
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Winne
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009020:Morphine; D003000:Clonidine