title: Radiolabeling of methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and evaluation of their transport in everted rat jejunum sacs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The therapeutic use of antisense oligonucleotides will likely involve their administration over protracted periods of time. The oral route of drug dosing offers many advantages over other possible routes when chronic drug administration is necessary. However, little is known about the potential for oligonucleotide uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. This issue is addressed in the current work.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed a simple procedure for radiolabeling oligonucleotides by reductive alkylation with 14C-formaldehyde. We have utilized this approach, as well as 5' addition of fluorophores, to prepare labeled methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides for use in intestinal transport studies. An everted rat gut sac model was employed to compare the transport of oligonucleotides to that of model compounds whose permeation properties are better understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that both methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are passively transported across the intestinal epithelium, probably by a paracellular route. The rates of transport for both types of oligonucleotides were similar, and were significantly greater than that of the very high MW polymer blue dextran, but were lower than the transport rate of valproic acid, a low MW compound known to have high oral availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant degree of permeation of oligonucleotides across the gastrointestinal epithelium does occur, but it is still unclear whether this is sufficient to permit effective oral administration of oligonucleotides as drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7365, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Avrutskaya
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Juliano
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009841:Oligonucleotides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde; C032627:methylphosphonic acid