title: Decontamination procedures after in vitro topical exposure of human and rat skin to 4,4'-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] and 4,4'-methylenedianiline.
abstract: 4,4'-Methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] (MbOCA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) are widely used industrial chemicals classified as suspect human carcinogens. There is considerable occupational skin exposure to these compounds, and consequently, it is important to establish an efficient washing procedure after skin contamination. Four washing solutions were studied (100% ethanol, 100% water, 1 and 10% (v/v) aqueous soap) using fresh human and male F344 rat skin in flow-through diffusion cells. All solutions were equally effective at removing MbOCA and MDA from the surface of human skin, with 21-47% of the applied dose removed at 72 hr. In contrast, with rat skin 100% water and 1% soap solution were significantly less (p < 0.05) effective than 10% soap solution and 100% ethanol at removing MbOCA and MDA. Washing the skin surface at 3 or 30 min significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the absorption of MbOCA and MDA into and through human and rat skin at 72 hr by two- to threefold, compared with control unwashed skin. Washing the skin after this critical time point did not significantly reduce the absorption. These studies suggest that MbOCA and MDA are rapidly absorbed from the skin surface into the skin. Therefore, in order to reduce systemic exposure, the skin must be washed within the first 30 min after contamination has occurred. For human skin, the choice of washing solution employed was not as critical as the time of washing. This is in contrast to the rat, where the higher concentration soap and ethanol solutions were more effective for skin decontamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D000431:Ethanol; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008753:Methylenebis(chloroaniline) / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012915:Soaps; D013997:Time Factors; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000431:Ethanol; D008753:Methylenebis(chloroaniline); D012915:Soaps; C009505:4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds