title: Enhanced production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by in vitro-infected alveolar macrophages from otherwise healthy cigarette smokers.
abstract: Since cellular activation is required for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the capacity of alveolar macrophages (AM) from smokers, which are relatively activated, and nonsmokers to support the production of HIV-1JR-FL was examined. Peak HIV-1 p24 antigen level in culture supernatants of infected AM from 13 smokers was significantly higher than that of 13 nonsmokers: 31,394 +/- 8295 versus 7037 +/- 2550 pg/mL (mean +/- SE; P < .002). This difference could not be explained on the basis of viral entry, extent of reverse transcription, or release of monokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta or -6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. HIV-1 production by blood monocytes from smokers and nonsmokers infected in vitro was negligible. Thus, cigarette smoking selectively increases the susceptibility of AM to productive infection with HIV-1. This finding provides a biologic plausibility to observations that smoking may enhance the progression of AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Abbud
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Finegan
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor