title: Movie of the structural changes during a catalytic cycle of nucleoside monophosphate kinases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are 17 crystal structures of nucleoside monophosphate kinases known. As expected for kinases, they show large conformational changes upon binding of substrates. These are concentrated in two chain segments, or domains, of 30 and 38 residues that are involved in binding of the substrates N1TP and N2MP (nucleoside tri- and monophosphates with bases N1 and N2), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After aligning the 17 structures on the main parts of their polypeptide chains, two domains in various conformational states were revealed. These states were caused by bound substrate (or analogues) and by crystal-packing forces, and ranged between a 'closed' conformation and a less well defined 'open' conformation. The structures were visually sorted yielding an approximately evenly spaced series of domain states that outlines the closing motions when the substrates bind. The packing forces in the crystals are weak, leaving the natural domain trajectories essentially intact. Packing is necessary, however, to produce stable intermediates. The ordered experimental structures were then recorded as still pictures of a movie and animated to represent the motions of the molecule during a catalytic cycle. The motions were smoothed out by adding interpolated structures to the observed ones. The resulting movies are available through the World Wide Web (http:@bio5.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/ak movie.html).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the proliferating number of homologous proteins known to exist in different conformational states, it is becoming possible to outline the motions of chain segments and combine them into a movie, which can then represent protein action much more effectively than static pictures alone are able to do.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vonrhein
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schlauderer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009038:Motion; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D009705:Nucleosides; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase