title: Hydrophilic surface modification of metallic endoluminal stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stainless steel endovascular stents are inherently thrombogenic so that thrombus accumulates on these devices, leading to acute vessel occlusion. A potential solution to this problem is stent surface modification with hydrophilic polymers, which might limit platelet adhesion and reactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and potassium sulfopropyl acrylate (KSPA) hydrophilic monomers were gamma graft polymerized onto 1 cm2 stainless steel slabs and 4 mm Palmaz stainless steel stents. Surface characteristics of modified and plain stainless steel stents were then investigated with contact angle and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and in vitro and in vivo platelet reactivity was assessed as 111Indium platelet accumulation expressed as counts/min/cm2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface modification of stainless steel slabs and stents with both NVP and KSPA hydrophilic polymers significantly reduced in vitro platelet adhesion (plain = 2249 +/- 723 counts/min/cm2, NVP = 428 +/- 156 counts/min/cm2, KSPA = 958 +/- 223 counts/min/cm2) and in vivo platelet accumulation after 1 hour of blood flow exposure (plain = 1407 +/- 796 counts/min/cm2, NVP = 426 +/- 175 counts/min/cm2, KSPA = 399 +/- 124 counts/min/cm2. In addition, platelet accumulation on modified stents indexed to plain stents was lowest in KSPA-modified stents (NVP = 79.3% +/- 31.7% of plain, KSPA = 51.2% +/- 36.2% of plain). Surface analysis confirmed surface grafting with both monomers, and SEM documented smoothing of the irregular surfaces of the stainless steel stents after grafting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrophilic polymer surface modification of stainless steel stents decreases initial stent surface platelet accumulation, which may decrease the risk of vessel thrombosis associated with the use of these devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ingegno
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bigatan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klingman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amery
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Widenhouse
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D013193:Stainless Steel; D015607:Stents; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D013193:Stainless Steel; C042670:N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone