title: Long-term outcome of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in Navajo Indian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term neurologic, cognitive, and educational outcomes of Navajo children who survived Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study, with 3.6- to 15.0-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Navajo Indian reservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort of 76 Navajo children with Haemophilus meningitis at less than 5 years of age between 1975 and 1986, with 41 (54%) consenting to undergo follow-up in 1990. Each case was matched to one nearest-age sibling and one unrelated age-matched control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard intelligence test scores, neurologic abnormalities, and school performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean IQ for cases was lower than that for siblings (79 vs 87, P = .006) or age-matched controls (79 vs 95, P < .001). Twenty-nine percent of cases had severe neurologic sequelae, including mental retardation (24%), severe hearing loss (5%), cerebral palsy (7%), and seizure disorder (12%). Eight percent of siblings (relative risk for cases vs siblings, 8.0; P = .05) and 2% of age-matched controls (relative risk vs cases, 10.0; P = .01) had mental retardation. No siblings or age-matched controls had any other severe neurologic sequela. Twenty-nine percent of cases, 23% of siblings (relative risk, 2.5; P = .45), and 0% of age-matched controls (P = .001) required special education services, while 42% of cases, 23% of siblings (relative risk, 3.3; P = .10), and 11% of age-matched controls (relative risk, 4.0; P = .005) had been retained in a grade in school.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Navajo survivors of Haemophilus meningitis suffer more long-term neurologic, cognitive, and school-related disability than siblings or age-matched controls. They may also suffer higher morbidity than Haemophilus meningitis survivors in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: D'Angio
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Froehlke
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Plank
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lande
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hugar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors