title: Assessment and treatment approaches for survivors of torture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Torture, with its personal, cultural, political and psychosocial effects, is presented as a complex trauma. The efficacy of different treatment modalities for those survivors who need assistance is examined critically.
  
  
  METHODS
  International literature searches using MEDLINE and Psych-Info, books and relevant book chapters were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-five articles were selected for analysis; 30 of the most relevant are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discrete approaches to treatment have been developed, but many have yet to be evaluated critically. Common therapeutic elements are outlined. It is recommended that an integrated, flexible, client-centred approach utilising several techniques is most likely to achieve best results. Wider socio-political aspects should be taken into account, and treatment must be consistent with cultural expectations. Future directions for research are outlined and the role of primary prevention is stressed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McIvor
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013534:Survival / Q000523:psychology*; D014104:Torture / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome