title: Effects of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine responses to yohimbine and clonidine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The resting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine concentration is unchanged or even increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These in vivo findings appear to be inconsistent with the post-mortem locus ceruleus neuronal loss that is reported in patients with AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of AD and advanced age on central nervous system noradrenergic status were estimated by comparing CSF norepinephrine concentrations following the administration of yohimbine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride, and placebo in outpatients with AD and older and young normal subjects. Levels of yohimbine, its metabolite 11-hydroxy-yohimbine, and clonidine were measured in CSF and plasma samples. Behavioral responses were quantified by rating the Tension, Excitement, and Anxiety items on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yohimbine-induced increases of CSF norepinephrine concentrations were greater in both patients with AD and normal older subjects than in normal young subjects. Clonidine-induced decreases of CSF norepinephrine concentrations did not differ among groups. Behavioral arousal following the administration of yohimbine was greater in patients with AD than in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central nervous system noradrenergic responsiveness is enhanced in normal older subjects, and this age effect is retained in patients with AD. Behavioral sensitivity to increased central nervous system noradrenergic activity is enhanced in patients with AD.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle (Wash), American Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Peskind
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wingerson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascualy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dobie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Corre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Verge
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raskind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000523:psychology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015016:Yohimbine; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine