title: Biomechanical analysis of the ankle anterior drawer test for anterior talofibular ligament injuries.
abstract: The effect of sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament on the load-displacement behavior of the ankle was evaluated in vitro during the anterior drawer test using the flexibility approach. Controlled forces were applied across the ankle joint in the anterior-posterior direction, and the resulting displacements were measured at four flexion angles (10 degrees of dorsiflexion, neutral, and 10 degrees and 20 degrees of plantar flexion). The anterior talofibular ligament then was sectioned, and the anterior-posterior loadings were repeated at the four flexion angles. Two parameters were developed to describe the nonlinear load-displacement response of the ankle joint: neutral zone laxity (joint displacement between +/- 2.5 N) and flexibility (a measure of the nonlinear load-displacement response of the ankle between 10 and 50 N of anterior drawer loading). After sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament, significant increases in neutral zone laxity were observed at all angles of ankle flexion. The largest increases in neutral zone laxity were found with the ankle in 10 degrees of plantar flexion (76.3% increase) and 20 degrees of plantar flexion (89.7% increase). After sectioning the ligament, a significant increase (19.3%) in flexibility of the ankle was observed at 10 degrees of dorsiflexion, but no change in flexibility was observed with the ankle in the neutral and plantar flexed positions. These findings indicate that anterior drawer testing of the anterior talofibular ligament-deficient ankle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees of plantar flexion results in the largest increase in neutral zone laxity compared with the normal ankle with intact ligaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Beynnon
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Renström
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Theis
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*