title: Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age, because alterations in metabolism of choline may be a factor contributing to age-related degenerative changes in the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort comparison in younger and older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were chosen consecutively from lists of healthy volunteers screened by medical and psychiatric interviews and laboratory tests. Younger adults (n = 12) were between the ages of 20 and 40 years (mean age, 32 years), and older adults (n = 16) were between the ages of 60 and 85 years (mean age, 73 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  After fasting overnight, subjects received choline, as the bitartrate, to yield free choline equal to 50 mg/kg of body weight. Blood was drawn for determination of plasma choline concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed to determine the relative concentration of cytosolic choline-containing compounds in the brain at baseline and after ingestion of choline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma choline and cytosolic choline-containing compounds in the brain, estimated as the ratio of the choline resonance to the creatine resonance on 1H-MRS scans of the basal ganglia, were compared following blinded analyses of data from subject cohorts studied at baseline and 3 hours after choline ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of plasma choline and cytosolic choline-containing compounds in brain were similar at baseline in younger and older subjects. Following ingestion of choline, plasma choline concentration increased by similar proportions (76% and 80%) in both younger and older subjects. Brain cytosolic choline--containing compounds increased substantially in younger subjects (mean increase, 60%; P < .001 vs baseline). Older subjects showed a much smaller increase in brain choline-containing compounds (mean, 16%; P < .001 vs the increase in younger subjects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age. Given the key role of choline in neuronal structure and function, this change may be a contributing factor in onset in late life of neurodegenerative, particularly dementing, illnesses in which cholinergic neurons show particular susceptibility to loss.
authors.affiliation: Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wurtman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yurgelun-Todd
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Babb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002794:Choline