title: Midbrain suppression of limb withdrawal and tail flick reflexes in the rat: correlates with descending inhibition of sacral spinal neurons.
abstract: 1. The aim of this study was to utilize new quantitative behavioral methods in rats to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation in midbrain analgesia areas on the magnitude of flexion hindlimb withdrawal and tail flick reflexes evoked by graded noxious heating. Electrophysiological experiments were then done with the use of these animals to correlate behavioral data with the effects of identical midbrain stimulation on sacral dorsal horn neuronal responses to graded heating of the tail. 2. To quantify limb withdrawals, electromyographs (EMGs) were recorded in biceps femoris during withdrawals elicited by noxious heat stimuli (40-52 degrees C, 5 s, 2-min intervals) delivered to the plantar surface of the hind paw, without and during concomitant electrical stimulation (100 ms, 100-Hz trains, 3/s, 10-600 microA) in midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or laterally adjacent reticular formation (LRF) via previously implanted electrodes. The same animals were tested with the use of a tail flick paradigm modified to allow measurement of the force of tail movements in three orthogonal planes and thereby calculate the overall force vector of tail flicks elicited by graded noxious radiant heat pulses (38-58 degrees C, 5 s, 2-min intervals) delivered to the tail, again with and without concomitant PAG or LRF stimulation. Finally, the same rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and microelectrode recordings made from single sacral dorsal horn neurons responsive to the same noxious heat stimuli delivered to the tail to assess effects of PAG and LRF stimulation. 3. PAG and LRF stimulation suppressed the magnitude of limb flexor EMGs, and tail flick force vectors, in an intensity-dependent manner. Recruitment of suppression of both limb withdrawal EMGs and tail flicks was generally more effective for LRF compared with PAG stimulation, although mean thresholds for suppression were similar. Tail flick force and limb withdrawal EMGs recorded from the same rat in separate sessions were suppressed about equally in a majority of cases. 4. Limb withdrawal EMG magnitude increased monotonically from threshold (approximately 40 degrees C) to 52 degrees C. The population stimulus-response function was fit equally well by linear regression or a 2 degrees polynomial function (r2 = 0.79 for both). PAG stimulation significantly reduced the mean slope of the stimulus-response function (to 73%; n = 15), whereas LRF stimulation shifted it toward the right with a smaller slope reduction (to 85%) and 3 degrees C increase in threshold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Douglass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology; D013623:Tail / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature