title: High frequency of chromosome 9p allelic loss and CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Western Hemisphere, 90% of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas, while only 7% are classified as squamous cell carcinomas. In contrast, in Egypt and regions of the Middle East and Africa, where infection by the trematode Schistosoma haematobium is endemic, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common bladder cancer as well as the most common cancer in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We planned experiments to understand the genetic defects underlying the development of squamous cell carcinoma and to determine if the morphologically and clinically distinct squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder evolve following different genetic alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Squamous cell carcinoma specimens from high-risk (Egypt, n = 19) and low-risk (Sweden, n = 12) populations were examined for genetic defects known to be involved in transitional cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. Homozygous deletions of the CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene were detected by comparative multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Mutations in the CDKN2 and p53 (also known as TP53) genes were analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining of p53 protein was also performed. Allelic losses in chromosome arms 9p, 9q, and 17p were determined by microsatellite analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homozygous deletions and sequence mutations in the CDKN2 gene were found in 67% (eight of 12) of squamous cell carcinoma specimens, a frequency three times higher than that reported for uncultured transitional cell carcinomas (P = .009). Hemizygous and homozygous deletions in 9p, where CDKN2 resides, were found in 92% (11 of 12) of uncultured squamous cell carcinomas, while only about 39% (35 of 90) of transitional cell carcinomas showed these losses (P = .001). Deletions in 9p with no change in 9q were found in 92% (10 of 11) of squamous cell carcinomas compared with only 10% (11 of 110) of transitional cell carcinomas (P < .001) reported in the literature. The frequency of p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas was similar to that reported for invasive transitional cell carcinomas (60%), but the type and position of mutations differed between the two tumor types. Allelic losses in chromosome arm 17p, where the p53 gene resides, were found to be less frequent in squamous cell carcinomas (38%) than in invasive transitional cell carcinomas (60%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a putative tumor suppressor gene on 9p, possibly CDKN2, may contribute to squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. Our data on squamous cell carcinoma and previously reported data on transitional cell carcinoma indicate that these two bladder carcinomas differ in their genetic alterations, suggesting that distinct underlying genetic defects may explain, at least in part, the pathological differences between the two tumors of the bladder epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder based on its distinct genetic alterations is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Research Laboratory, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Zulueta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Ohneseit
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Spruck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamaa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Baz
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonzalgo
authors.forename: M ]
authors.initials: M]
authors.lastname: Elbaz M [corrected to El-Baz
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 / Q000235:genetics; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D004534:Egypt; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics*; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013548:Sweden; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53