title: Adolescent use of Norplant implants: clinic services, policies and barriers to use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this article is to review the experiences of family planning clinic providers in making Norplant available to adolescents. We look specifically at the proportions of women receiving the implant from these providers who are teenagers, the policies adopted regarding implant education and whether or not parental consent is required for minors. Pricing policies and the implications of high method cost for teenagers are discussed. Finally, some of the policies adopted by state agencies related to adolescent use of the implant are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data come from two national surveys conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI). The first, a survey of family planning agencies, collected data from 616 family planning providers of clinic services (response rate 69%). The second surveyed the Medicaid, health and welfare agencies in all 51 jurisdictions about policies related to Norplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-quarter of all contraceptive implants inserted by family planning agencies were provided to teenagers. Teenagers were routinely informed about the implant in about 85% of those clinics offering implant services. Few state agencies notify women about the implant. Twenty-three percent of all family planning agencies providing implant services report that parental consent must be obtained prior to implant insertion. The Medicaid program has paid for a majority of implant insertions at family planning agencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teenagers who rely on publicly funded family planning clinics for contraceptive services face a variety of barriers in obtaining Norplant. High method cost, parental consent requirements and issues related to Medicaid eligibility are likely to deter some teenagers who might otherwise choose Norplant.
authors.affiliation: Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY 10005, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaeser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004343:Drug Implants; D016656:Family Planning Policy; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010290:Parents; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel