title: Phase I and clinical evaluation of a pharmacologically guided regimen of suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This phase I study was designed with the following objectives: (1) to describe the overall and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of suramin administered by intermittent short intravenous infusions until DLT or disease progression; (2) to determine the ability of an adaptive control with feedback (ACF) dosing strategy to maintain suramin plasma concentrations within a preselected range; (3) to develop a population model of suramin pharmacokinetics; and (4) to identify preliminary evidence of antitumor activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three patients with advanced, incurable, solid tumors (including 69 with hormone-refractory prostate cancer) received an initial 5- to 7-day daily loading treatment followed by intermittent infusions individually determined by ACF using a Bayesian algorithm and relying on population models of suramin pharmacokinetics. Treatment was given to three cohorts of patients based on target plasma suramin concentration ranges (peak, 30 minutes postsuramin, and trough on morning of the treatment day), as follows: cohort 1, 175 to 300 micrograms/mL (27 patients); cohort 2, 150 to 250 micrograms/mL (23 patients); and cohort 3, 100 to 200 micrograms/mL (23 patients). All patients were to receive suramin until DLT or disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DLT was most commonly seen in cohort 1 and included a syndrome of malaise and fatigue, associated with weight loss, anorexia, and changes in taste. Other reversible toxicities were neurologic, renal, cutaneous, edema, lymphopenia and anemia, ophthalmologic, and alopecia. Forty of 67 assessable patients (60%) had a 50% reduction and 25 of 67 (37%) a 75% reduction in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels that lasted more than 4 weeks, seven of 18 (40%) had measurable responses, and 18 of 37 (49%) demonstrated major pain improvement. The overall times to disease progression and survival were 170 and 492 days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have characterized all toxicities with suramin in a pharmacologically guided phase I study designed to maintain plasma suramin concentrations of 100 to 300 micrograms/mL (cohorts 1 to 3). The incidence of grade 3 to 4 neurologic abnormalities was relatively low, particularly in cohorts 2 and 3 (100 to 250 micrograms/mL). Evidence of significant and durable antitumor activity was seen in all three cohorts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology and Developmental Therapeutics, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eisenberger
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Sinibaldi
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Reyno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sridhara
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Jodrell
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zuhowski
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tkaczuk
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lowitt
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hemady
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D012074:Remission Induction; D013498:Suramin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D013498:Suramin; D005485:Flutamide