title: Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, Part I: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy occur infrequently in small animals, but are capable of causing significant disease. The clinical and histopathologic findings seen with these late complications of diabetes are discussed. The pathogenesis of these disorders is most likely multifactorial; metabolic alterations secondary to the hyperglycemic state, and microvascular changes seen with diabetes have both been implicated. Current treatment consists of aggressive control of the hyperglycemia, as research continues into the pathology of the late complications in attempts to find a definitive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Muñana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002415:Cats; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000662:veterinary*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004285:Dogs; D013997:Time Factors