title: Indications for lower urinary tract reconstruction in women after cystectomy for bladder cancer: a pathological review of female cystectomy specimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to identify women who may be appropriate candidates for orthotopic lower urinary tract reconstruction, archival cystectomy specimens from female patients undergoing cystectomy for primary bladder cancer were reviewed. These pathological findings should provide a better understanding of tumor involvement at the bladder neck (vesicourethral junction) and urethra in women with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cystectomy specimens of 67 consecutive women undergoing surgery for biopsy proved transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder between July 1982 and July 1990 were pathologically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological evidence of tumor (carcinoma in situ or gross carcinoma) involving the urethra was present in 9 patients (13%). Tumor was confined to the proximal and mid urethra, and the distal urethra was not involved. All patients with carcinoma involving the urethra had concomitant evidence of carcinoma involving the bladder neck. A total of 17 patients (25%) had tumor involvement of the bladder neck and those with an uninvolved bladder neck also had an uninvolved urethra. The association between the presence of tumor in the bladder neck and urethra was highly significant (p < or = 0.00012). Tumor involving the bladder neck and urethra tended to be more commonly associated with high grade and stage tumors, and node-positive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the fate of the retained urethra following cystectomy for bladder cancer in women is unknown, these results show that women with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder without evidence of tumor involving the bladder neck are at low risk for urethral malignancy. These patients may be offered lower urinary tract reconstruction that includes preservation of and diversion through the urethra (orthotopic diversion). Urethral surveillance will be necessary, as it is in men after orthotopic urinary diversion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esrig
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Elmajian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groshen
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lieskovsky
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D014523:Urethral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion