title: Diagnostic accuracy and linkage analysis: how useful are schizophrenia spectrum phenotypes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies suggest that the nonschizophrenic relatives of schizophrenic patients exhibit psychiatric and other features that discriminate them from normal comparison subjects. These features have been put forth as "spectrum" phenotypes that may be variant manifestations of the schizophrenia genotype. However, most of these studies do not address a key measurement question: does the diagnostic accuracy of these spectrum classifications warrant their use in genetic linkage studies of schizophrenia?
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed 30 studies of putative indicators of the schizophrenic genotype: schizotypal personality disorder, eye tracking dysfunction, attentional impairment, auditory evoked potentials, neurological signs, neuropsychological impairment, and allusive thinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although each of 42 measures of these indicators discriminated the relatives of schizophrenic patients from the normal comparison subjects, a diagnostic accuracy analysis suggested that only six of these would improve the informativeness of genetic linkage data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many proposed spectrum phenotypes for schizophrenia may not be useful for linkage analysis because of high false positive rates (poor specificity). Future work aimed at describing and developing phenotypes for linkage analysis should assess the diagnostic accuracy of proposed measures.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kremen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pepple
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005133:Eye Movements; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010260:Paranoid Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity