title: Characterization of fluorosed human enamel by color reflectance, ultrastructure, and elemental composition.
abstract: Mature fluorosed human enamel has been described as a subsurface enamel hypomineralization, with porosity increasing relative to the degree of fluorosis. The purpose of the current study was to quantitatively measure the color of the fluorosed enamel by light reflectance, and to further characterize the enamel by scanning electron microscopy. Teeth with varying degrees of fluorosis were obtained and divided in groups of mild, moderate and severe fluorosis using Dean's index for fluorosis. The color of the labial enamel surface was measured using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR241 (Minolta, Ramsey, N.J., USA). The teeth were further characterized for elemental composition using an energy-dispersive spectrometer, and imaged in both secondary and backscattered electron modes. The results of this study showed that the moderately and severely fluorosed enamel contained an uneven distribution of areas which were more electron-absorbent with a relatively increased carbon content. The changes in the physical characteristics of the teeth could be quantitated by measurements of light reflectance. The color of the teeth was significantly different between groups, with all groups significantly different than normal.
authors.affiliation: Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Giambro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prostak
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Den Besten
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D005459:Fluorides; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium