title: Electric showers as a control measure for Legionella spp. in a renal transplant unit in São Paulo, Brazil. Legionellosis Study Team.
abstract: After an outbreak of legionnaires' disease Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a renal transplant unit in São Paulo, Brazil, periodic hyperchlorination and flushing of pipes were instituted as control measures. These were only partially effective as every two to five months water cultures turned positive or new cases of the disease occurred. In November 1993 the hot water was disconnected from the unit and small, plastic electric showers were installed in each bathroom. Over a period of 12 months water from showers and taps was cultured for Legionella spp. every two weeks. On only one occasion was a water culture positive for L. pneumophila from a sink tap. No water sample obtained from showers was positive during the study period. No cases of legionnaires' disease occurred. We considered the use of electric showers an inexpensive and effective method of controlling the problem of Legionella spp. in the water system of our renal transplant unit.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infection Control Group, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gobara
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Scarpitta
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Warschauer
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sinto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sabbaga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulos
mesh_terms: D001494:Baths; D001938:Brazil; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014871:Water Microbiology