title: Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology of ischemic stroke affects prognosis, outcome, and management. Trials of therapies for patients with acute stroke should include measurements of responses as influenced by subtype of ischemic stroke. A system for categorization of subtypes of ischemic stroke mainly based on etiology has been developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST).
  
  
  METHODS
  A classification of subtypes was prepared using clinical features and the results of ancillary diagnostic studies. "Possible" and "probable" diagnoses can be made based on the physician's certainty of diagnosis. The usefulness and interrater agreement of the classification were tested by two neurologists who had not participated in the writing of the criteria. The neurologists independently used the TOAST classification system in their bedside evaluation of 20 patients, first based only on clinical features and then after reviewing the results of diagnostic tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TOAST classification denotes five subtypes of ischemic stroke: 1) large-artery atherosclerosis, 2) cardioembolism, 3) small-vessel occlusion, 4) stroke of other determined etiology, and 5) stroke of undetermined etiology. Using this rating system, interphysician agreement was very high. The two physicians disagreed in only one patient. They were both able to reach a specific etiologic diagnosis in 11 patients, whereas the cause of stroke was not determined in nine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TOAST stroke subtype classification system is easy to use and has good interobserver agreement. This system should allow investigators to report responses to treatment among important subgroups of patients with ischemic stroke. Clinical trials testing treatments for acute ischemic stroke should include similar methods to diagnose subtypes of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1053.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bendixen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kappelle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biller
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004617:Embolism / Q000150:complications; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006496:Heparinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006496:Heparinoids; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; C035838:danaparoid