title: Analgesia produced by immobilization stress and an enkephalinase inhibitor in amphibians.
abstract: The role of endogenous opioids in modulating pain transmission in amphibians was examined by two methods known to activate endogenous opioids in mammals. Analgesia was assessed using the acetic acid test in the Northern grass frog, Rana pipiens. One or 2 h of immobilization produced a significant analgesia lasting for at least 90 min. Systemic, but not spinal, administration of naloxone before immobilization prevented the analgesic effects seen in saline-pretreated controls. Spinal administration of the enkephalinase inhibitor, thiorphan, but not bestatin (both at 100 nmol/frog), produced significant analgesia. The analgesic effect of thiorphan was blocked by coadministration of intraspinal naloxone. These data are the first to suggest a role for endogenous opioid modulation of noxious stimuli in lower vertebrates by examination of stress-induced analgesia and the action of agents that inhibit enkephalin degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa, USA.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangha
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ogg
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D007103:Immobilization; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007930:Leucine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015260:Neprilysin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011894:Rana pipiens; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D015244:Thiorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D009270:Naloxone; D015244:Thiorphan; D015260:Neprilysin; D007930:Leucine; C012211:ubenimex; D019342:Acetic Acid