title: The fallibility of diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted diseases: the impact of behavioral and epidemiologic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analysis of sexually transmitted disease (STD) data to identify specific behaviors and risk factors often fails to take into account the misclassification of disease by a less than perfect diagnostic test. The authors consider here how a diagnostic test's performance profile can introduce misclassification and thereby bias measures of association.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used hypothetical data relating to diagnostic tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infections and oral contraceptive use to determine odds ratio estimates given a range of sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of infection, and sample size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower specificity in a diagnostic test can result in an underestimation of a risk factor's association with an infection. This bias is particularly severe in low prevalence populations. Use of a diagnostic test with low specificity also will increase the sample size needed to demonstrate the association and, thus, the cost of such surveys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostics tests for sexually transmitted diseases have less than perfect sensitivity and specificity, which affects the validity of analyses of factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases. Analyses done using low prevalence populations and/or small sample sizes may underestimate the magnitude of effect in retrospective studies and clinical trials of behavioral interventions aimed at reducing sexually transmitted disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D018401:Sample Size; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome