title: Both cdc2 and cdk2 promote S phase initiation in Xenopus egg extracts.
abstract: Xenopus egg extracts induce S phase DNA replication in added sperm pronuclei in a highly regulated manner, similar to events in vivo. Removal of cyclin-dependant kinases (cdks) or cdk2 from these extracts using affinity matrices severely inhibits initiation of S phase. We have used p13suc1 beads to remove both cdk2 and cdc2 proteins from egg extracts and developed a method to replace either protein alone to assess their capacity to initiate DNA replication. Re-addition of either cdk2 or cdc2 proteins to depleted extracts, through translation of their respective mRNAs, restimulated replication, judged by both total synthesis and labelling index. An ATP-binding-site mutant cdk2 mRNA (cdk2.R33) failed to stimulate replication and inhibited S phase initiation in mock-depleted extracts. Both human and Xenopus cdc2 mRNAs rescued replication in this system. Human mutant mRNAs have been used to show that the stimulation induced requires cdc2 catalytic activity, though not its mitotically active form. Rescue of replication by p34cdc2 is also observed in extracts depleted of cdks with a cdk2 antibody, which still retain much of their endogenous cdc2 protein. We conclude that newly synthesised p34cdc2, but not the inherited 'old' form, can induce S phase and in this form may overlap in function with p33cdk2.
authors.affiliation: Département de Biologie et Génétique du Développement, CNRS, URA 256, Université de Rennes I, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tassan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philippe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002457:Cell Extracts; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008845:Microinjections; D009154:Mutation; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D009866:Oogenesis; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495891:Cdk2 protein, Xenopus; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases