title: Urinary tract candidiasis in neonates and infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the range of disease caused by invasive Candida infection in neonates and infants and to discuss the available treatment options, particularly surgery and drug therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five consecutive infants with invasive urinary tract Candida infection presenting over an 18-month period were reviewed. Treatment protocols included a combination of surgery and treatment with amphotericin, flucytosine and fluconazole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of disease severity from simple Candida urinary tract infection to overwhelming multi-organ sepsis was demonstrated. Urinary tract obstruction was identified as a predisposing factor in three of the five cases. In all cases, infection was cleared by the treatment protocol. Two cases with bilateral renal pelvic fungal balls showed resolution with no surgery in three kidneys and showed no advantage of pyelotomy and perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results question the role of surgery, which may be limited to the relief of primary urological obstruction. We advocate the use of oral fluconazole to prevent or treat early systemic infection and, for severe systemic infections, a prolonged course of fluconazole in combination with flucytosine should be considered as an alternative to amphotericin, which is toxic and can only be given intravenously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hitchcock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pallett
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole; D005437:Flucytosine