title: Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the genetic and clinical features of resistance to thyroid hormone in a study from a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Institutes of Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  104 patients with resistance to thyroid hormone from 42 kindreds and 114 unaffected relatives sharing the patients' environmental and genetic backgrounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid, cardiovascular, psychometric, hearing, speech, and growth testing; thyroid tests done at baseline and after TSH-releasing hormone stimulation; and DNA analysis for detection of mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR beta) gene (exons 9 and 10). Assessment of tissue-specific compensation for resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inheritance was autosomal dominant in 22 families, sporadic in 14 families, and unknown in 6 families. We found mutations in 25 kindreds (64 patients); 16 mutations were in exon 9 and 9 were in exon 10 of the TR beta gene. In persons with resistance to thyroid hormone, we measured the increased incidence of goiter (65%), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (60%), IQ less than 85 (38%), speech impediment (35%), and short stature (18%). We also described new clinical features, such as frequent ear, nose, and throat infections (56%); low weight-for-height in children (32%); hearing loss (21%); and cardiac abnormalities (18%). Genotype, age, whether the mother had resistance to thyroid hormone, and sex influenced the phenotype. Tissue resistance varied from kindred to kindred and involved, in decreasing order, the pituitary gland, the brain, the bone, the liver, and the heart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study underscores the incidence of classic features of resistance to thyroid hormone, describes new clinical characteristics of this condition for the first time, and stresses the heterogeneity of the phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Endocrine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1758, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brucker-Davis
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Skarulis
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benichou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiggs
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Weintraub
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006042:Goiter / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000150:complications; D018382:Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone