title: Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo.
abstract: Normal (nonneoplastic) human prostatic secretory epithelial cells do not express the bcl-2 protein. However, a recent immunohistochemical survey of neoplastic human prostate tissues showed that a fraction of primary untreated prostate adenocarcinoma cells expressed this apoptosis-suppressing oncoprotein at significant levels (Colombel et al., Am. J. Pathol., 143: 390-400, 1993). Additionally, a number of hormone-refractory prostatic adenocarcinomas obtained from hormonally-treated patients (subsequent to surgical or drug castration therapy) were examined and were found to be uniform in their elevated expression of bcl-2 oncoprotein. The results of this preliminary survey imply that bcl-2 expression distinguishes a subgroup of primary human prostate cancers and that the expression of this protein might be a factor enabling prostate cancer cells to survive in an androgen-deprived environment. The current study was undertaken to determine the degree to which overexpression of bcl-2 can protect human prostate cancer cells from apoptotic stimuli in vitro and in vivo. Human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) were transfected with a neomycin-selectable eucaryotic expression vector containing cDNA encoding human bcl-2. Transfected clonal variants that express bcl-2 protein (LNCaP/bcl-2) were unaltered with regard to their basal growth rate in 10% serum-containing medium, or with regard to their expression of the differentiated human prostate cell gene products prostate-specific antigen or androgen receptor protein. The bcl-2-transfected clones were altered, however, with regard to their growth rate in charcoal-stripped serum lacking dihydrotestosterone. Additionally, in contrast to the parental or control-transfected cell lines, LNCaP/bcl-2 cells were highly resistant to a variety of apoptotic stimuli in vitro including serum starvation and 10 nM phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) supplementation of the medium. Lastly, the overexpression of bcl-2 by these prostate cancer cells altered their tumorigenic potential in a nude mouse assay. s.c. injections of 10(6) LNCaP/bcl-2 cells into male nude mice resulted in earlier and larger tumor formation compared to an equivalent injection of parental or control-transfected LNCaP cells. When these variant cell lines were injected into castrated male nude mice, only the LNCaP/bcl-2-transformed cells gave rise to tumors. Moreover, LNCaP/bcl-2 tumors grown in intact male nude mice were refractory to the growth-inhibiting effects of castration demonstrated by parental LNCaP cells. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that the bcl-2 oncoprotein can protect prostate cancer cells from apoptotic stimuli in vitro and suggest that such protection correlates with the ability to form hormone-refractory prostate tumors in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Raffo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Streitman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buttyan
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2