title: Repair of complete atrioventricular canal defects: results with the two-patch technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Between 1983 and 1994, 115 infants and children underwent repair of a complete atrioventricular canal defect with the two-patch technique and routine mitral valve "cleft" closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of these 115 patients was performed. Age at the time of repair ranged from 1 month to 108 months (mean age, 14.2 +/- 16.5 months; median age, 8 months). Preoperative cardiac catheterization in 113 patients revealed a mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 3.37 +/- 1.8, a mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 71.1 +/- 15.7 mm Hg, and a mean pulmonary vascular resistance of 4.9 +/- 3.3 units. Associated anomalies included Down's syndrome (99 patients), patent ductus arteriosus (47), and coarctation of the aorta (4). Rastelli classification was A (76 patients), B (10), C (24), and unknown (5). Twenty-four patients had intraoperative epicardial or transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there was a trend toward increasing mean preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance with age from 2.1 +/- 0.9 units (0 to 3 months) to 4.0 +/- 2.6 units (4 to 6 months) to 5.7 +/- 3.0 units (7 to 12 months), the mean pulmonary vascular resistance of each age group was not significantly different from that of the main group. The operative survival rate was 94% (seven early deaths) and the overall survival rate, 91% (three late deaths). Intraoperative echocardiography altered the surgical therapy for 1 patient. No patient has required reoperation for a residual ventricular septal defect. Four patients (3.5%) had heart block requiring permanent pacemakers. Eight patients (7%) required reoperation for mitral insufficiency; 6 of whom had successful repair of a residual cleft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For infants with complete atrioventricular canal defect, repair using the two-patch technique with routine mitral valve cleft closure at 4 to 6 months of age results in a low operative mortality, a low incidence of permanent heart block, and a low reoperation rate for mitral insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavroudis
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Alboliras
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Zales
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000150:complications; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000150:complications; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004694:Endocardial Cushion Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014655:Vascular Resistance