title: Should direct measurements of tumor oxygenation relate to the radiobiological hypoxic fraction of a tumor?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous previous studies have attempted to relate the radiobiological hypoxic fraction (HF) to direct measures of tumor oxygenation such as HbO2 saturations, tumor pO2 levels, or hypoxic cell labeling. Although correlations have been found within tumor lines, no overall relationships were seen across tumor lines. The current objective was to examine the effect on HF of changes in the fractions of the oxygenated and anoxic tumor cells that remain clonogenic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mathematical model was developed that relates the HF to direct measures of tumor oxygenation. The primary assumptions were that: (a) the tumor is divided into distinct compartments of either fully oxygenated or fully anoxic cells, and (b) the survival of the oxygenated cells is negligible compared to that of the anoxic cells. Based on these assumptions, the HF is plotted as a function of the fractions of clonogenic or nonclonogenic, and oxygenated or anoxic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If all cells are clonogenic, then the HF equals the fraction of anoxic cells. If a higher fraction of anoxic than oxygenated cells are nonclonogenic, then the HF will be overestimated by the fraction of the tumor measured to be anoxic using direct measuring techniques. If a higher fraction of the oxygenated than anoxic cells are nonclonogenic, the HF will be underestimated by the fraction of anoxic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlations between the HF and direct measures of tumor oxygenation have been described within tumor lines evaluated under different physiological condition. However, such relationships can be totally unpredictable between different tumors if the fraction of the anoxic cells that is clonogenic varies substantially. Clearly, if tumor anoxia cannot be detected using direct measures, this is an accurate indication that the tumor is well oxygenated. When tumor anoxia is present, however, the conclusions are ambiguous. Even when a small fraction of the tumor is measured as anoxic, direct measures of tumor oxygenation may not be representative of the HF if a substantial proportion of nonclonogenic cells is present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kiani
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Siemann
mesh_terms: D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000379:methods*