title: Knee extension and its relationship to the slope of the intercondylar roof. Implications for positioning the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
abstract: This study determined that knee extension (range, -30 degrees to 2 degrees) and the slope of the intercondylar roof (range, 26 degrees to 46 degrees) vary widely between knees in both men and women. We found a weak relationship between knee extension and the slope of the intercondylar roof (r2 = 0.207); therefore, roof angle cannot be predicted by clinically measuring knee extension. CLINICAL RELEVANCE; A knee with a given degree of extension can have a variety of different slopes to the intercondylar roof. Knees with the combination of hyperextension and a vertically oriented slope to the intercondylar roof are "unforgiving" because they require a more posterior position for the tibial tunnel to avoid roof impingement and an extensive roofplasty. If the surgical objective is to minimize the extent of the roofplasty and avoid roof impingement, then consideration should be given to customizing the placement of the tibial tunnel to account for variability in knee extension and roof angle when reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament. Studies have shown that isometric graft placement can be achieved with this surgical approach.
authors.affiliation: David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Barad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods