title: Bilirubin helps to overcome the two-cell block in mouse oocyte cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro fertilization and culture of mouse oocytes, under normal atmospheric oxygen tension, subjects them to severe oxidative stress. Oocytes from some strains of mice lack the natural protective mechanism that guards them against this oxidative stress and fail to develop beyond the two-cell stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We could overcome the toxic effects of oxygen metabolites by adding 0.2-0.4 mg/dl bilirubin in a lactate-pyruvate culture medium defined by Whitten (1971). Six- to 8-week-old ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) female mice were super ovulated by intra peritoneal injection of 5 IU PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) followed by 10 IU hCG 48 h later. The oocytes were collected from the distended fallopian tubes and inseminated with 1-2 million sperm from 3-4-month-old ICR male mice. The eggs were scored at 24, 48, and 72 h after the hCG injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With 0.4 mg/dl bilirubin supplement, by the end of 72 h, 82% of the eggs progressed from the two-cell stage to the four-cell stage. Routine inclusion of bilirubin can improve embryo development in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukaya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yajima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001947:Breeding; D002455:Cell Division; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000187:drug effects*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D003470:Culture Media; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007315:Insemination, Artificial; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011247:Pregnancy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D003470:Culture Media; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D001663:Bilirubin