title: Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Greater activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with specific neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and depression. Hyperactivation of paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons may form the basis of this increased activity of the HPA axis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activation of the CRH neurons was determined through measurement of the amount of CRH-mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus by using quantitative, in situ hybridization histochemistry with systematically sampled frontal sections through the hypothalamus of routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded autopsy brain material of 10 comparison subjects, 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease, and seven depressed patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRH-mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of Alzheimer's patients were markedly higher than those of comparison subjects, whereas CRH-mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients were even higher than the levels of Alzheimer's patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paraventricular CRH neurons in Alzheimer's disease and depression are hyperactivated, and this hyperactivation may contribute to the etiology of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Raadsheer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Heerikhuize
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hoogendijk
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tilders
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Swaab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone