title: Alterations in microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments induced by microcystin-LR in cultured cells.
abstract: Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin that inhibits intracellular serine/threonine protein phosphatases causing disruption of actin microfilaments (MFs) and intermediate filaments (IFs) in hepatocytes. This study compared the effects of MCLR on the organization of MFs, IFs, and microtubules (MTs) in hepatocytes and nonhepatocyte cell lines and determined the sequence of toxin-induced changes in these cytoskeletal components. Rat renal epithelial cells and fibroblasts were incubated with MCLR at 100 or 200 microM for 6-18 hr. Rat hepatocytes in primary culture were exposed to the toxin at 1 or 10 microM for 2-64 min. Cells were fixed and incubated with primary antibodies against beta-tubulin, actin, and vimentin or cytokeratin IFs, followed by gold-labeled secondary antibodies with silver enhancement of the gold probe. The fraction of fibroblasts and hepatocytes with altered cytoskeletal morphology was evaluated as a function of MCLR dose and exposure time to assess the sequence of changes in cytoskeletal components. Changes in fibroblasts and some hepatocytes were characterized initially by disorganization of IFs, followed rapidly by disorganization of MTs, with the progressive collapse of both cytoskeletal components around cell nuclei. Many hepatocytes exhibited MT changes prior to effects on IF structure. Alterations in MFs occurred later and included initial aggregation of actin under the plasma membrane, followed by condensation into rosette-like structures and eventual complete collapse into a dense perinuclear bundle. The similarity of effects among different cell types suggests a common mechanism of action, but the independent kinetics of IF and MT disruption in hepatocytes suggests that there may be at least 2 sites of phosphorylation that lead to cytoskeletal alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Haschek
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wyman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D007382:Intermediate Filaments / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C057862:cyanoginosin LR