title: The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon-response elements and exon-intron organization.
abstract: Recently, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (hWRS) [Frolova et al., Gene 109 (1991) 291-296]. Independently, it has been shown that this protein is induced by interferons (IFN) gamma and alpha [Fleckner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 11520-11524; Rubin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 24245-24248]. This unusual feature of a housekeeping enzyme raises the problem of how the gene is regulated. Since at present the genomic structure of hWRS is unknown, this issue remains unsolved. Here, the exon-intron organization of hWRS has been deciphered. This gene consists of at least 12 exons that span more than 35 kb of DNA. At least two alternative noncoding exons precede ten coding exons. Upstream from the first exon, two GGAAAN(N/-)GAAA sequences, which are considered to be IFN-stimulating response elements (ISRE), have been revealed. The same consensus was also found in the intron region in close vicinity to the 5' end of the second exon. Thus, the IFN-stimulated synthesis of hWRS is presumably due to gene activation at the transcriptional level. Alignment of hWRS amino acid sequences has shown that exons V to XI of hWRS encode regions of structural similarity with bacterial WRS, whereas the N-terminal portion of the protein encoded by exons II to IV exhibits no homology with bacterial WRS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Frolova
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Grigorieva
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sudomoina
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kisselev
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005091:Exons; D015698:Genomic Library; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000502:physiology*; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D007372:Interferons; D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase