title: Correlation between increased granulocyte elastase release and activation of blood coagulation in patients with lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coagulopathies often are associated with malignant tumors. The pathogenesis of these complications in cancer is not clear. Host inflammatory (monocyte/macrophage) cell-mediated triggering of clotting activation has been suggested.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of neutrophil-derived elastase in the activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in lung cancer. The study population was 42 consecutive patients with lung cancer (34 men and 8 women). Thirteen patients had small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 13 had squamous cell lung cancer, and 16 had adenocarcinoma. Hemostatic function was assessed by measuring D-dimer (DD), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), fibrin degradation product (FDP), fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Elastase-alpha 1-protease inhibitor (EPI) complex was measured as a marker of neutrophil activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant elevation of the elastase plasma levels and coagulation-fibrinolysis parameters was found in patients with cancer compared with control subjects. Among all patients, the plasma concentration of EPI was significantly correlated with APTT, DD, TAT, PAP, and fibrinogen. Although in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (non-SCLC), DD, TAT, PAP, APTT, and fibrinogen were significantly correlated with EPI, such a correlation was not found in patients with SCLC. Patients with non-SCLC had stronger correlation of EPI with TAT, PAP, and PT than did patients with advanced stages of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of coagulation-fibrinolysis system in lung cancer may be triggered, at least in part, by an increased release of neutrophil elastase. This mechanism is stage related and seems to operate predominantly in non-SCLC.
authors.affiliation: Mie University School of Medicine, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tsu-City, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gabazza
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machishi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ibata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000032:analysis; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000097:blood*; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C037742:plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D005341:Fibrinolysin