title: Association between reproductive tract infections and cervical inflammatory epithelial changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association, if any, between different reproductive tract infections and cervical inflammatory epithelial changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, colposcopic, cytologic, and microbiologic screening for reproductive tract infections was conducted. Subjects were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria. gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, yeast vaginitis, human papillomavirus, and serology for herpes simplex viruses, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 and -2. The subjects were 257 women who visited a maternal and child health center between January 1992 and December 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical cytology revealed inflammatory epithelial changes in 207 women (80.5%), the highest proportion in the published series. Inflammatory epithelial changes were significantly associated with the number of reproductive tract infections. Risk increased up to 72.6 fold when women were infected with two or more agents. The positive predictive value of inflammatory epithelial changes for any infection was 88.4%, whereas the negative predictive value for any infection was 63.4%. In univariate analysis, the cervical inflammatory epithelial changes were significantly associated with infections such as chlamydia (28.0%), human papillomavirus (56.5%), Trichomonas vaginalis (18.3%), bacterial vaginosis (38.2%), and herpes simplex virus as evidenced by the presence of immunoglobulin M antibodies (28%). Multivariate analysis, however, revealed an independent association of inflammatory epithelial changes with chlamydia (odds ratio, 21.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.6, 181.3), human papillomavirus (odds ratio, 13.5; 95% confidence interval, 4.5, 39.6), and bacterial vaginosis (odds ratio, 22.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.9, 181) only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical inflammatory epithelial changes are significantly associated with reproductive tract infection. Cervical inflammatory epithelial changes predict correctly to an extent of 81% infections with chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, and human papillomavirus infection. A negative smear, on the other hand, rules out these infections to an extent of 83%.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Maulana Azad Medical College Campus, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parashari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhya
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sodhani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears