title: [The contribution and usefulness of routine intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery. An analysis of 130 consecutive cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of routine intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in unselected patients (P) undergoing cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine intraoperative TEE in unselected patients undergoing cardiac surgery and evaluation of its usefulness and contribute to a successful surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-hospital patients from cardiology, cardiac surgery and intensive care departments of a general hospital classified as a reference medical centre in cardiovascular pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 1994 to May 1994 an intraoperative TEE was routinely performed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A total of 130 TEE studies were made corresponding to 128 patients, 69 males and 61 females, with a mean age of 49.4 +/- 12.1 years. Indications for surgery were as following: a) Coronary artery bypass grafting (C.A.B.G.)-39; b) Valvular surgery-76; c) C.A.B.G. and valvular surgery-5; d) Thoracic aorta pathology associated or not to aortic valve surgery and/or coronary arteries re-implantation-6; e) Other-4. TEE performed using either a monoplane, biplane or multiplane probe and the images acquisition was made before thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and after CPB with hemodynamic stabilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre CPB imaging yielded unsuspected findings in 11 P (8.5%) that changed the planned surgery in 7 cases (5.4%). Post CPB echo study, which was performed after hemodynamic stabilization, modified the surgical strategy in 13 cases (10.9%) avoiding 1 predetermined surgical procedure (tricuspid ring annuloplasty) and a new surgery in another case, leading to a 3 non-predetermined surgical procedures (by showing significative tricuspid regurgitation), to a further surgery in the same valve in 6 patients (mitral paravalvular leak with significative regurgitation in 1P, another mitral prosthesis dysfunction in 1P, residual mitral valve insufficiency after mitral valve repair in 3 P and aortic prosthesis dysfunction in 1 P), to a intraaortic counterpulsation balloon device in 1 P and to new CPB due to an insufficient extraction of calcified pericardium in one case of constrictive pericarditis. In 23 cases (17.7%) TEE has modified the anesthetic procedure by demonstrating signs of hemodynamic changes before Swan-Ganz catheter, thus prompting changes in the administrations of fluids and either in inotropic or vasodilator agents. In total, intraoperative TEE has changed the surgical and/or anesthetic plan in 43 cases (33.0%). There was no difficulties or complications related to the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that intraoperative TEE is useful in formulating the surgical plan and assessing immediate operative results as well as a guide to anesthetic procedures. Its high rentabillity in modifying the surgical and/or anesthetic plans lead us to believe that it must be used as a routine procedure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia Não Invasiva, Hospital General Universitário Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Espanha.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: García-Fernandéz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tizón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valdeviesos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastida
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torrecilla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: San Román
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Délcan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013030:Spain; D016276:Ventricular Function