title: Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional video system for the trained endoscopic surgeon and the beginner.
abstract: Because of the lack of depth perception in current two-dimensional endoscopic video systems, the performance of fine motor movements is impaired. Endoscopic surgeons are generally able to cope with this limitation, and the performance of complex procedures becomes easy with experience. To assess the value of three-dimensional vision, two groups of surgeons, with and without experience in endoscopic surgery, underwent dexterity tests at a simulator. Data from use of two- and three-dimensional video systems were analysed and are discussed in this paper. The three-dimensional system improved the ability to perform endoscopic procedures, particularly when the highest degree of hand-eye coordination was needed. A common sensation of ocular fatigue, related to the prolonged use of this equipment, may limit its usefulness in advanced endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General and Experimental Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrabissa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scarcello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carobbi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*