title: Adjuvant chemotherapy after orchiectomy in high-risk patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer.
abstract: In patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumor the relapse rate seen after orchiectomy alone is approximately 30%. If retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is adopted the relapse rate in patients with histologically negative retroperitoneal nodes is reduced to approximately 10%. Nevertheless, follow-up is still mandatory and 70-80% of clinical stage I patients undergo unnecessary surgery. Metastases and relapses are mostly seen in patients with histological evidence of vascular invasion, growth beyond the testicular capsule and/or embryonal carcinoma in the primary tumor. We conducted a prospective trial of two cycles of cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy for 43 patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors and at least one of these risk factors (vascular invasion n = 5, pT > 1 n = 21, embryonal carcinoma n = 42). After a median follow-up of 42 months (12-82 months) 40/41 patients (97.5%) who received the planned chemotherapy remain relapse-free. One patient had surgical excision of a mature teratoma in the ipsilateral iliac region 26 months after orchiectomy and is now disease-free without further treatment after 25+ months. No life-threatening toxicity from chemotherapy was encountered. Two patients who refused the chemotherapy relapsed. In patients with high-risk clinical stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy are highly effective in preventing relapses and may be used as an alternative to a 'wait and watch' program or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, particularly in patients with a compromised follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calderoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sonntag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin; D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin