title: Elevated expression of protein tyrosine kinase c-Yes, but not c-Src, in human malignant melanoma.
abstract: The c-yes proto-oncogene encodes a protein tyrosine kinase, p62c-yes (c-Yes) that belongs to the Src family of non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases. We compared the levels of c-Yes kinase activity and protein by immune complex kinase assays and immune blot analysis in 20 human melanoma and 10 human melanocyte cell lines. Results show that the average kinase activity of c-Yes in most melanoma cell lines is 5-10-fold higher than that in melanocyte cell lines. The protein level of c-Yes in these melanoma cell lines is correspondingly higher than that in melanocytes. The increase in c-Yes kinase activity is most likely attributable to the elevated protein level because single-strand conformational polymorphism of all structural and functional domains detected no mutations in any of the c-yes coding regions. Subcellular fractionation analysis indicated that c-Yes localizes to the plasma membrane, perinuclear and cytosolic compartments while c-Src predominantly associates with plasma membranes. In melanoma cells in which an elevated level of c-Yes is observed, a protein of 39 kD is heavily phosphorylated on tyrosine. This protein is only observed in melanoma cells and not in melanocytes, suggesting a perturbed signaling pathway in melanoma cells that results in abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. These data suggest that derangement of expression of the c-Yes tyrosine kinase may have a role in the malignant progression of the human melanocyte.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Transformation, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loganzo
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dosik
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nanus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudol
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Albino
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051575:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-yes; D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051575:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-yes; D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src); D019061:src-Family Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate