title: Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha specifically induce the activation- and hyperproliferation-associated keratins 6 and 16.
abstract: Epidermal injury results in activation of keratinocytes which produce and respond to growth factors and cytokines and become migratory. Activated keratinocytes express a specific pair of keratin proteins, K6 and K16, distinct from the keratins in the healthy epidermis. Keratinocytes can be activated, for example, by binding of the appropriate ligands to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We have analyzed the effects of EGFR activation on keratin gene transcription by transfecting DNAs containing keratin promoters linked to a reporter gene into primary cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes in the presence or absence of EGF or transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), two growth factors that activate EGFR. The activation of EGFR had no effect on the promoters of simple epithelial, basal-layer-specific, or differentiation-specific keratins. In contrast, the expression of K6 and K16 was strongly and specifically induced. A 20-bp DNA segment of the K16 gene promoter conveyed the EGF regulation, functioned in a heterologous construct, and therefore constituted an EGF-responsive element. A nuclear protein specifically bound to this element and to the analogous sequence of the K6 promoter. Thus, EGF specifically induces K6 and K16, markers of activated keratinocytes, via nuclear proteins that bind to EGF-responsive elements in the promoters of these keratin genes.
authors.affiliation: Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magnaldo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtsuki
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Freedberg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernerd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blumenberg
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D007633:Keratins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012867:Skin / Q000254:growth & development; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007633:Keratins; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase