title: Transrectal ultrasound-guided percutaneous radical cryosurgical ablation of the prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The two major treatments for prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, are associated with considerable morbidity and variable results. This article presents the preliminary results using percutaneous radical cryosurgical ablation under ultrasound guidance to treat prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient group consisted of all patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent cryosurgery between June 1, 1990 and May 1, 1992. Patients in Group 1 were treated by freezing of the tumor with two cryoprobes placed multiple times. Group 2 patients were treated by freezing of the tumor with five cryoprobes placed simultaneously. Cryoprobes (3 mm in diameter) were placed percutaneously with a transperineal approach. Cryoprobe placement and freezing were monitored using the transrectal ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 55 patients (68 procedures) undergoing treatment, 23 have 3 months of follow-up with associated biopsy (Group 1, 8 patients; Group 2, 15 patients). In Group 1, three (37.5%) patients had residual disease. In Group 2, one (6.7%) patient had residual disease, whereas 14 (93.3%) patients did not. Combining both groups, 19 (82.6%) patients had no residual disease, whereas 4 (17.4%) patients had positive results on postoperative biopsy. Complications included rectal freezing, urethrorectal fistula, sloughing urethral tissue, impotence, perineal ecchymosis, penile edema, and ileus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary results indicate that percutaneous transperineal ultrasound-guided prostate cryosurgery may be an effective treatment for prostate cancer with minimal associated morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Onik
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubinsky
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baust
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen