title: Supplemental oxygen: ensuring its safe delivery during facial surgery.
abstract: Electrosurgical coagulation in the presence of blow-by oxygen is a potential source of fire in facial surgery. A case report of a patient sustaining partial-thickness facial burns secondary to such a flash fire is presented. A fiberglass facial model is then used to study the variables involved in providing supplemental oxygen when an electrosurgical unit is employed. Oxygen flow, oxygen delivery systems, distance from the oxygen source, and coagulation current levels were varied. A nasal cannula and an adapted suction tubing provided the oxygen delivery systems on the model. Both the "displaced" nasal cannula and the adapted suction tubing ignited at a minimum coagulation level of 30 W, an oxygen flow of 2 liters/minute, and a linear distance of 5 cm from the oxygen source. The properly placed nasal cannula did not ignite at any combination of oxygen flow, coagulation current level, or distance from the oxygen source. Facial cutaneous surgery in patients provided supplemental oxygen should be practiced with caution when an electrosurgical unit is used for coagulation. The oxygen delivery systems adapted for use are hazardous and should not be used until their safety has been demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mascaro
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Windle
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods