title: Phase I/II study of intravitreal cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the nucleoside phosphonate analogue intravitreal cidofovir to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a phase I/II unmasked consecutive case series in a single-center institutional referral practice. Eligible patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome had active cytomegalovirus retinitis in at least one eye, despite adequate intravenous therapy with ganciclovir or foscarnet, were intolerant to intravenous therapy, were noncompliant with intravenous therapy, or refused intravenous therapy. In a preliminary safety study (Group 1), ten eyes of nine patients received 14 injections of cidofovir while being treated concurrently with intravenous ganciclovir. In a dose-escalating efficacy study (Group 2), eight eyes of seven patients received 11 injections of cidofovir as sole treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis. The primary outcome was time to retinitis progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Group 1 eyes receiving 20 micrograms of cidofovir, the median time to retinitis progression was between 49 and 92 days (mean, 78 days). In Group 2 eyes treated with 20 micrograms cidofovir, the median time to retinitis progression was 64 days (mean, 63 days). Hypotony occurred in the two eyes treated with a 100-micrograms dose of cidofovir and in one of three eyes receiving a 40-micrograms dose. No adverse effects resulted from the remaining 20 cidofovir injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cidofovir (also known as HPMPC) appears to be safe and effective for the local treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, providing a long duration of antiviral effect. These preliminary results indicate that additional studies should be performed to investigate more fully this promising medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0946, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chavez de la Paz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Munguia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077404:Cidofovir; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015814:Ocular Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D003596:Cytosine; D000077404:Cidofovir