title: Work related musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic stressors in the South African workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to investigate exposure-response relations between adverse musculoskeletal outcomes and ergonomic exposure variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional analytical study was conducted in 11 factories from seven sectors of manufacturing industry in South Africa. Exposure to workplace ergonomic stressors was assessed in factory floor jobs (n = 46) with a simple low technology observational model. Repetition, force, static posture, dynamic movement, and other job exposures were measured. Data of adverse musculoskeletal outcome and data on potential confounders and effect modifiers were obtained from subjects (n = 401) randomly sampled from each job category with a questionnaire given by interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High prevalences of regional musculoskeletal pain were found with substantial variability between industries. Sex was the only individual risk factor (after adjustment for potential confounders and effect modifiers) that was significantly associated with regional pain. Ergonomic exposures in the workplace were significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain of the neck and shoulders odds ratio (OR) 5.38 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.16 to 25.0) for repetition, and OR 3.91 (95% CI 1.11 to 13.7) for seated compared with standing work; pain of the wrists and hands OR 10.2 (95% CI 1.39 to 75.6) for high summed score of dynamic postures of the wrist).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates good predictive ability to reduce ergonomic stress with the exposure model, simple surveillance methods, and educational programmes in the workplace. Further study on sampling strategies and refinement of dimensions of ergonomic stressors are needed.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Department, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Schierhout
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bridger
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009333:Neck; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012782:Shoulder; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014953:Wrist