title: An examination of the immune system of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) for factors resembling some defined mammalian cytokines.
abstract: Duck lymphoblasts generated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) did not respond to recombinant or Jurkat cell line human interleukin (IL)-2 or possess surface antigens resembling mammalian IL-2 receptors or IL-1 beta. Supernatant fluids from normal and PHA-stimulated duck lymphocyte cultures, and normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes, gave negative results in a range of assays for biological activity and immunochemical presence of factors resembling mammalian IL-1 and IL-2. However, supernatant fluids from LPS-stimulated duck monocytes contained IL-6-like activity (up to 35 units/mL) assessed on the 7TD-1 murine cell line. We were unable to demonstrate mRNA that would hybridize to cDNA probes for human IL-1 beta, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in extracts of blood and lymphoid organs from normal and antigen-stimulated ducks. Because homologous serum or plasma is essential for duck lymphocytes and macrophages to respond to mitogens in vitro, we asked whether this growth-factor-like activity might be caused by substances resembling mammalian cytokines. Serum and plasma were examined for activity consistent with IL-1 and IL-6 on mammalian target cells. None was detected. Instead, both serum and plasma contained inhibitors of human IL-1 beta and IL-6, detected at dilutions up to 1:100. Inhibition by serum was heat (56 degrees C, 30 min) labile but inhibition by plasma was heat stable. The identities and biological functions of these inhibitors remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cromie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herzbeck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diamantstein
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Flad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D004372:Ducks / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012313:RNA