title: Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food-borne transmission is now recognized as a major cause of human listeriosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of prevention efforts, listeriosis rates before interventions were initiated in 1989 were compared with more recent rates (1990 through 1993).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1989 through 1993, multistate, laboratory-based active surveillance was conducted to identify all cases in which Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cultures or ordinarily sterile sites in an aggregate population of more than 19 million.
  
  
  METHODS
  All laboratories serving acute care hospitals in up to nine surveillance areas in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1989, a well-publicized case report of listeriosis linked to processed poultry led US regulatory agencies to enforce aggressive food monitoring policies and prompted industry to invest in cleanup efforts. In May 1992, consumer guidelines for listeriosis prevention were disseminated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of perinatal and nonperinatal listeriosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of listeriosis decreased in all surveillance areas. Projection of these rates to the US population suggests an estimated 1965 cases and 481 deaths occurred in 1989 compared with an estimated 1092 cases and 248 deaths in 1993, a 44% and 48% reduction in illness and death, respectively. Among adults 50 years of age and older, rates declined from 16.2 per 1 million in 1989 to 10.2 per 1 million in 1993 (P = .02). Perinatal disease decreased from 17.4 cases per 100,000 births in 1989 to 8.6 cases per 100,000 births in 1993 (P = .003). Three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) of L monocytogenes accounted for more than 96% of cases during each year of the study (1989 through 1993).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of listeriosis in study areas was substantially lower in 1993 than in 1989. The temporal association of this reduction with industry, regulatory, and educational efforts suggests these measures were effective.
authors.affiliation: Childhood and Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuchat
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Deaver
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mascola
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wenger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000145:classification; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology