title: Long-term intravenous hydroxyurea infusions in patients with advanced cancer. A phase I trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydroxyurea is an S-phase specific drug. Constant exposure of tumor cells with a low S-phase fraction to the agent may result in improved cell kill. Because of its short half-life, a continuous intravenous infusion may result in better tumor exposure than intake by mouth. The goal of this trial was to find the longest tolerable duration of a continued intravenous infusion of hydroxyurea (HU) given at escalating doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients had histologically confirmed cancer without effective alternate therapy, normal blood counts, liver and kidney function. After giving informed consent, the infusion began via a permanent indwelling catheter utilizing a portable pump. Dose levels (in g/m2/d) were 0.5 for level I, 1.0 for level II, 1.66 for level III, and 2.5 for level IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients were entered. Five were men. Median age was 56 years of age (range: 32-67), median performance status 1 (range: 0-2). Diagnoses were as follows: colorectal cancer, seven; unknown primary site, three; breast cancer, two; melanoma, one; and adenoid-cystic carcinoma, one. Nine patients were pretreated with chemotherapy. Three patients were entered per dose level, except on level I, were five were entered. The mean duration of infusion was 12 weeks on level I, 5 weeks on II, 3 on III, 1 on IV. Toxicity included leukopenia below 2.0 K/mm3 in one patient each on levels III and IV, thrombocytopenia below 100 K/mm3 in one patient each on levels II and IV, and stomatitis in three patients (one on level II and two on IV). This toxicity was dose limiting. One patient on level III, with an unknown primary, had an objective response. HU levels were measured by a modification of the Fabricius-Rajewsky method. Mean plasma levels in micrograms per milliliter (SEM) were as follows: level I, 3.6 (0.23); level II, 5.1 (0.57); level III, 10.1 (1.55); and level IV, 16.7 (one point). Fetal hemoglobin rose two-fold and five-fold in two patients on level I after 9 and 16 weeks on therapy, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HU as a continuous intravenous infusion is well tolerated; the maximum duration of therapy is related inversely with the dose given. No major antitumor activity was seen. The greatest interest in the drug rests in its future use as a modulator and radiation potentiator. The increase in hemoglobin F was of interest and may be important in the treatment of sickle cell disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Blumenreich
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kellihan
authors.forename: U G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lalley
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sherrill
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin; D006918:Hydroxyurea