title: Gene amplification and multidrug resistance induced by the phosphatase-inhibitory tumor promoter, okadaic acid.
abstract: The mechanism by which tumor promoters contribute to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis is not completely understood. To investigate further the molecular events involved in these processes, we used okadaic acid, a non-phorbol ester type tumor promoter that specifically inhibits certain protein phosphatases. We describe here that the continuous treatment of murine NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell cultures with okadaci acid resulted in a 50-fold amplification of two genes, mdr-1a and mdr-1b, that conferred multidrug resistance. As a consequence, the cells became cross-resistant to the cytotoxic effects of adriamycin, an antineoplastic drug used in the treatment of human tumors. Since genetic changes have been correlated with cell transformation and tumorigenesis, our results suggest that these processes may constitute an additional factor contributing to tumor promotion by okadaic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033-1054.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scavetta
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Danenberg
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Danenberg
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schönthal
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000633:toxicity*; D005784:Gene Amplification / Q000187:drug effects*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D051379:Mice; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D008387:Marine Toxins; D010080:Oxazoles; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C059041:calyculin A; D004317:Doxorubicin; D014700:Verapamil; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases