title: Computerized consensus diagnosis: a classification strategy for the robust analysis of MR spectra. I. Application to 1H spectra of thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: We introduce and apply a new classification strategy we call computerized consensus diagnosis (CCD). Its purpose is to provide robust, reliable classification of biomedical data. The strategy involves the cross-validated training of several classifiers of diverse conceptual and methodological origin on the same data, and appropriately combining their outcomes. The strategy is tested on proton magnetic resonance spectra of human thyroid biopsies, which are successfully allocated to normal or carcinoma classes. We used Linear Discriminant Analysis, a Neural Net-based method, and Genetic Programming as independent classifiers on two spectral regions, and chose the median of the six classification outcomes as the consensus. This procedure yielded 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity on the training sets, and 100% specificity and 98% sensitivity on samples of known malignancy in the test sets. We discuss the necessary steps any classification approach must take to guarantee reliability, and stress the importance of fuzziness and undecidability in robust classification.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Somorjai
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nikulin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scarth
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dolenko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delbridge
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001706:Biopsy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D003663:Decision Trees; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000145:classification*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006859:Hydrogen