title: Initial experience with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead systems: operative morbidity and mortality.
abstract: Introduction of non-thoracotomy lead systems (Medtronic, Inc.) for the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has expanded the indications for use of this mode of therapy. Patients previously considered "too ill" to undergo a thoracotomy as well as patients who are at a high risk for developing sudden death but without previous cardiac arrest, are now considered candidates. The initial experience with the non-thoracotomy lead system at our institution was analyzed for morbidity and mortality. Thirty-four patients underwent attempted intravascular lead implantation, with 30 having initial successful implantation (88.2%). There were 23 males; average ejection fraction (EF) was 38.6%. Three patients developed pulmonary edema and low output immediately after the procedure. Three patients developed electromechanical dissociation during defibrillation threshold testing. A prolonged testing time for the non-thoracotomy lead system was noted when compared to the thoracotomy system (57.39 vs 32.30 min; P < 0.0000). There were more intraoperative morbidities with the non-thoracotomy leads than with the thoracotomy system. There were no perioperative deaths. The potential consequences of prolonged anesthesia time and extensive defibrillation threshold testing should be considered when choosing the route of ICD implant, the type of anesthesia, and the intraoperative testing protocol for each patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brodman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hollinger
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferrick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ben-Zur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furman
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013908:Thoracotomy