title: Toward an understanding of three control constructs: personal control, self-efficacy, and hardiness.
abstract: The purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of three control models by describing their origins, definitions, generality, process, antecedents, and consequences. Each is applied to a clinical situation within a case study of a 98-year-old Caucasian woman living in a nursing facility. Similarities and differences among the models are reviewed. Implications for clinical practice and research are presented.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bowsher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keep
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010551:Personality; D012649:Self Concept