title: Radiation bronchitis and stenosis secondary to high dose rate endobronchial irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new clinical entity observed in follow-up bronchoscopies in patients who were treated with high dose rate and medium dose rate remote afterloading brachytherapy of the tracheobronchial tree.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated by protocol with medium dose rate, 47 patients receiving 1000 cGy at a 5 mm depth times three fractions, high dose rate 144 patients receiving 1000 cGy at a 10 mm depth for three fractions and high dose rate 151 patients receiving 750 cGy at a 10 mm depth for three fractions followed by bronchoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of this entity was 9% for the first group, 12% for the second, and 13% for the third group. Reactions were grade 1 consisting of mild mucosal inflammatory response with a partial whitish circumferential membrane in an asymptomatic patient; grade 2, thicker complete white circumferential membrane with cough and/or obstructive problems requiring intervention; grade 3, severe inflammatory response with marked membranous exudate and mild fibrotic reaction; and grade 4 a predominant fibrotic reaction with progressive stenosis. Variables associated with a slightly increased incidence of radiation bronchitis and stenosis included: large cell carcinoma histology, curative intent, prior laser photoresection, and/or concurrent external radiation. Survival was the strongest predictor of the reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation bronchitis and stenosis is a new clinical entity that must be identified in the bronchial brachytherapy patients and treated appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Speiser
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spratling
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors