title: Cross-protective immune responses induced in rhesus macaques by immunization with attenuated macrophage-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of AIDS has provided a valuable system with which to investigate vaccine approaches for protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In particular, the ability of macaques persistently infected with attenuated infectious molecular clones of SIV to resist challenge with the pathogenic parental swarm has conclusively demonstrated that protective immunity can be achieved by immunization prior to exposure. The breadth of these protective responses and the immunological correlates of protection, however, have not been identified. In addition, vaccine studies have mainly employed lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 and SIV. Recent studies have implicated macrophage-tropic strains in the transmission of HIV-1 and have suggested that these virus strains should be examined in vaccine strategies. Macrophage-tropic viruses may confer additional advantages in the induction of protective immunity by replication in antigen-presenting cells. In this study, the immune response of rhesus macaques inoculated with an attenuated macrophage-tropic recombinant of SIVmac239 (SIV/17E-Cl) was evaluated with respect to protective immunity by heterologous challenge at various times after infection. Vigorous type-specific neutralizing-antibody responses restricted to SIV/17E-Cl were evident by 2 weeks postinfection. By 7 months, however, cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies emerged which neutralized not only SIV/17E-Cl but also the heterologous primary isolate SIV/DeltaB670. Challenge of SIV/17E-Cl-infected monkeys with SIV/DeltaB670 at various times postinfection demonstrated that protective responses were associated with the appearance of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, passive transfer of sera from SIV/17E-Cl-infected animals passively protected two of four naive recipients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Montelaro
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Amedee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Trichel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jagerski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bohm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000915:Antibody Affinity; D001483:Base Sequence; D003429:Cross Reactions; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015752:Genes, env; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007114:Immunization; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011487:Protein Conformation; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000494:pharmacology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C069623:gp120 protein, Simian immunodeficiency virus