title: The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Its function in load transfer from spine to legs.
abstract: METHODS
  The superficial and deep lamina of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have been studied anatomically and biomechanically. In embalmed human specimens, the posterior layer has been loaded by simulating the action of various muscles. The effect has been studied using raster photography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the role of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been determined whether muscles such as the gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, erector muscle, and biceps femoris are functionally coupled via the thoracolumbar fascia. The caudal relations of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have not been previously studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dissection was directed to the bilaminar posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia of 10 human specimens. The superficial and deep lamina were studied using visual inspection and raster photography. Tension to the posterior layer of the fascia was simulated by traction to various muscles and measured by studying the displacement in the posterior layer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Traction to a variety of muscles caused displacement of the posterior layer. This implies that in vivo, the superficial lamina will be tensed by contraction of various muscles, such as the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus and erector muscle, and the deep lamina by contraction of the biceps femoris. Caudal to the level of L4 (in some specimens, L2-L3), tension in the posterior layer was transmitted to the contralateral side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomic structures normally described as hip, pelvic, and leg muscles interact with so-called arm and spinal muscles via the thoracolumbar fascia. This allows for effective load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms--an integrated system. Specific electromyographic studies should reveal whether the gluteus maximus muscle and contralateral latissimus dorsi muscle are functionally coupled, especially during rotation of the trunk. In that case, the combined action of these muscles assists in rotating the trunk, while simultaneously stabilizing the lower lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vleeming
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pool-Goudzwaard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stoeckart
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Wingerden
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D012446:Sacroiliac Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology