title: Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between changes in physical fitness and risk of mortality in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study, with two clinical examinations (mean interval between examinations, 4.9 years) to assess change or lack of change in physical fitness as associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination (mean follow-up from subsequent examination, 5.1 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Preventive medicine clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 9777 men given two preventive medical examinations, each of which included assessment of physical fitness by maximal exercise tests and evaluation of health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause (n = 223) and cardiovascular disease (n = 87) mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest age-adjusted all-cause death rate was observed in men who were unfit at both examinations (122.0/10,000 man-years); the lowest death rate was in men who were physically fit at both examinations (39.6/10,000 man-years). Men who improved from unfit to fit between the first and subsequent examinations had an age-adjusted death rate of 67.7/10,000 man-years. This is a reduction in mortality risk of 44% (95% confidence interval, 25% to 59%) relative to men who remained unfit at both examinations. Improvement in fitness was associated with lower death rates after adjusting for age, health status, and other risk factors of premature mortality. For each minute increase in maximal treadmill time between examinations, there was a corresponding 7.9% (P = .001) decrease in risk of mortality. Similar results were seen when the group was stratified by health status, and for cardiovascular disease mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men who maintained or improved adequate physical fitness were less likely to die from all causes and from cardiovascular disease during follow-up than persistently unfit men. Physicians should encourage unfit men to improve their fitness by starting a physical activity program.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, TX 75230, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Paffenbarger
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Macera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis