title: Transgenic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production in pancreatic islets leads to insulitis, not diabetes. Distinct patterns of inflammation in TNF-alpha and TNF-beta transgenic mice.
abstract: To understand the role of TNF in the regulation of inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we produced transgenic mice in which the synthesis of murine TNF-alpha was directed by the rat insulin II promoter. The expression of the TNF-alpha transgene was restricted to the pancreas, in contrast to TNF-beta expression from the same promoter, in which the transgene was expressed in the pancreas, kidney, and skin. The expression of TNF-alpha in the pancreas of transgenic mice resulted in an overwhelming insulitis, composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B220+ B cells, considerably greater than that of TNF-beta transgenics. Moreover, in contrast to the predominant peri-insulitis observed in TNF-beta transgenic mice, the majority of the infiltrate in the TNF-alpha transgenic mice was within the islet itself. These unique patterns of infiltration were observed in the F1 progeny of crosses with C57BL/6 as well as NOD. Both TNF-alpha and TNF-beta transgenic mice show elevated expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in islet endothelia and increased expression of MHC class I on islet cells. This inflammation did not result in reduced insulin content of the islets, nor did it lead to diabetes. These data suggest that additional stimuli are necessary to initiate the process of islet destruction.
authors.affiliation: Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Picarella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ruddle
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Flavell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016827:CD8 Antigens; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1