title: Molecular structure and organization of the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene.
abstract: Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is one of the major cellular defense enzymes that protects against toxic effects of superoxide radicals. Overexpression of human MnSOD has been shown to inhibit radiation-induced neoplastic transformation, suppress malignancy of cancer cells, and increase tolerance to various toxic agents. To elucidate the human MnSOD gene structure for identification of potential regulatory elements, we isolated five lambda clones from a normal human genomic DNA library and sequenced the largest clone containing the entire human MnSOD gene. The results demonstrated that human MnSOD is a single-copy gene consisting of five exons interrupted by four introns with typical splice junctions. A distinctive transcription initiation site was identified 74 bp upstream from the translation start site. This transcription initiation site is preceded by a G + C-rich (78%) promoter region containing a cluster of seven SP1 and three AP2 consensus sequences with no TATA box or CAAT box. The 3'-flanking region of the MnSOD gene contains one NF-kappa B consensus sequence. The presence of SP1, AP2, and NF-kappa B consensus sequences suggests that these potential regulatory elements may play a role in the regulation of human MnSOD gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0054, USA.
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Devalaraja
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: St Clair
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D017931:DNA Primers; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005091:Exons; D005347:Fibroblasts; D015698:Genomic Library; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008168:Lung; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016385:TATA Box; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase