title: The medical appropriateness of tympanostomy tubes proposed for children younger than 16 years in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical reasons tympanostomy tubes are proposed for children and to assess their appropriateness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data previously collected prospectively by a national utilization review (UR) firm during a two-step UR process to assess the medical appropriateness of tympanostomy tube placement. Nurses interviewed otolaryngologists' and primary care physicians' office staff to collect clinical data. For a randomly selected subsample of cases found inappropriate, we reviewed subsequent interviews of the otolaryngologists by physician reviewers, who looked for possible extenuating clinical circumstances or additional clinical data that might have changed the appropriateness category.
  
  
  METHODS
  Otolaryngologists' practices from 49 states and the District of Columbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 6611 children younger than 16 years who were insured by three clients of the UR firm and whose proposal to receive tympanostomy tubes were reviewed by this system from January 1, 1990, through July 31, 1991. The insurance companies in the study insured 5.6 million Americans at the time of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical appropriateness of tympanostomy tube surgery according to explicit criteria developed by an expert panel using the RAND/University of California-Los Angeles modified Delphi method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6429 (97%) of the cases were proposed for recurrent acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, or both. Making generous clinical assumptions, 41% of the proposals for these reasons had appropriate indications, 32% had equivocal indications, and 27% had inappropriate ones. Considering the additional information available from the subsample review, the proportion appropriate was 42%, equivocal 35%, and inappropriate 23%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About one quarter of tympanostomy tube insertions for children in this study were proposed for inappropriate indications and another third for equivocal ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosecoff
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000601:surgery; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review