title: Screening for lead poisoning by fingerstick in suburban pediatric practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the false-positive rate of blood lead determinations on samples obtained by fingerstick from children screened in private suburban and rural practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening capillary lead samples were obtained by fingerstick; children with capillary lead levels of 0.7 mumol/L (15 micrograms/dL) or greater were recalled for a confirmatory venous lead test that served as the criterion standard. Parents completed a five-question risk assessment questionnaire at the time of initial screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four private suburban to rural practices that serve predominantly white, middle-class populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children seen for routine care between August 1992 and February 1993 (N = 1085; 98% between 6 months and 6 years of age).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capillary lead level was 0.7 mumol/L (15 micrograms/dL) or greater in 35 children (3% of total sample); venous lead samples were obtained in 30 patients. Nine of the elevated capillary lead results were true-positives (venous lead = 0.7, 0.8, 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.7 mumol/L [15, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 22, 22, and 35 micrograms/dL]); parents of only two of these children answered yes to any question on the risk assessment questionnaire. Although the false-positive rate of the capillary lead screening test was 70% (21/30) in this setting, only 2% of the total sample had a false-positive screening test (an average of fewer than one false-positive per month per practice). Screening by fingerstick allowed phlebotomy to be avoided for 97% of the children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fingerstick screening for lead poisoning is a reasonable alternative to direct venous testing within private suburban and rural practices, provided that care is taken to avoid specimen contamination, that appropriate caution is used in the interpretation of screening test results, and that medical and environmental interventions are based on the results of confirmatory venous testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schonfeld
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rainey
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Showalter
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cicchetti
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012423:Rural Health; D013383:Suburban Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires