title: STD/HIV control in Malawi and the search for affordable and effective urethritis therapy: a first field evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate gonococcal (GU) and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), chlamydia antigen, and serostatus for syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among males attending a Malawian STD clinic with complaints of urethral discharge and/or dysuria. To collect demographic and behavioural data and to determine the effectiveness of five treatments for urethritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urethritis was diagnosed using microscopy and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sera were screened with rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and if reactive, with microhaemagglutination for Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP). HIV antibodies and chlamydia antigen were detected using enzyme immunoassay. Patients were randomised for treatment, cure was assessed 8-10 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At enrolment, GU was diagnosed in 415 (80.3%) and NGU in 59 (11.2%) of 517 males. Chlamydia antigen was found in 26 (5.2%) of 497 specimens tested. Syphilis seropositivity rate (RPR and MHA-TP reactive) was 10.7%. Overall HIV seroprevalence was 44.2%; 71.7% of men with reactive syphilis serology were HIV(+) compared with 40.9% of syphilis seronegatives (OR: 3.6, p < 0.001). Trimethoprim 320 mg/sulphamethoxazole 1600 mg by mouth for 2 days (TMPSMX), or the combination of amoxicillin 3 gm, probenicid 1 gm, and clavulanate 125 mg by mouth once (APC), failed to cure gonorrhoea effectively. Amoxicillin 3 gm, probenicid 1 gm, and clavulanate 125 mg, by mouth once with doxycycline 100 mg BID for 7 days (APC-D), gentamicin 240 mg IM once (GENT), ciprofloxacin 250 mg by mouth once (CIPRO) cured 92.9% to 95% of gonorrhoea. APC-D treatment did not generate less NGU at follow-up. HIV serostatus did not affect cure of urethritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients presenting with urethritis should be treated syndromically using a simple algorithm and screened for syphilis seroreactivity for appropriate treatment and counselling.
authors.affiliation: University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lule
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Behets
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dallabetta
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moeng
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liomba
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002689:Chlamydia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D013588:Syphilis Serodiagnosis; D014526:Urethritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy