title: Tumor cells in blood shed from the surgical field.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze blood shed from the surgical field during oncologic surgery for tumor cells and to assess functional characteristics of these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Series of 61 patients with cancer who underwent surgery for an abdominal, orthopedic, urological, gynecological, or head and neck malignant tumor, and blinded comparison with 15 patients with benign diseases undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 500-bed tumor center and a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor cells were isolated from intraoperatively salvaged and washed blood by density gradient centrifugation. They were identified in cytospin specimens by their content of cytokeratins and nucleolar organizer regions with a sensitivity of 10 cells in 500 mL of blood. Clonogenicity was tested in a cell colony assay; invasiveness, in Boyden chambers; and tumorigenicity, in nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 57 of 61 patients, tumor cells were detected in the blood shed during oncologic surgery. They demonstrated proliferation capacity, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity. The total number of tumor cells identified ranged from 1 x 10(1) to 7 x 10(6), with no close correlation to the amount of blood loss. Circulating tumor cells were demonstrated in only 26% of these patients and in small numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignant cells identified regularly in the blood shed during tumor surgery and different from circulating tumor cells are of concern, since at the surgical site they may cause local tumor recurrence, or in the salvaged blood they may cause hematogenic metastasis after retransfusion. Therefore, the contraindication of intraoperative autotransfusion in tumor surgery is strongly supported, and a review of surgical procedures and adjuvant therapy may be indicated, as the passage of the identified cells to the shed blood is yet unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knuechel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruschoff
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofstaedter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taeger
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002452:Cell Count; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery