title: Inhibition of bovine beta-trypsin, human alpha-thrombin and porcine pancreatic beta-kallikrein-B by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, 6-amidinoindole and benzamidine: a comparative thermodynamic and X-ray structural study.
abstract: The inhibitory effect of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and 6-amidinoindole on the catalytic properties of bovine beta-trypsin (trypsin), human alpha-thrombin (thrombin) and porcine pancreatic beta-kallikrein-B (kallikrein) was investigated (between pH 3.0 and 7.0, I = 0.1 M; T = 30.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C), and analyzed in parallel with that of benzamidine, commonly taken as a molecular inhibitor model of serine proteinases. Next, the X-ray crystal structure of the trypsin:DAPI complex was solved at 1.9 A resolution (R = 0.161). Over the whole pH range explored, values of the association inhibition constant (Ki) for DAPI and 6-amidinoindole binding to trypsin, thrombin and kallikrein are higher than those found for benzamidine association, suggesting a binding mode of DAPI to the enzyme primary specificity pocket-based on the indole moiety of the inhibitor. On lowering the pH from 5.5 to 3.0, the decrease in affinity for DAPI, 6-amidinoindole and benzamidine binding to trypsin, thrombin and kallikrein reflects the acidic pK shift of the Asp189 invariant residue, present at the bottom of the primary specificity subsite of the serine proteinases considered, from 4.5, in the free enzyme, to 3.7, in the proteinase:inhibitor complexes. Inspection of the refined crystal structure of the trypsin:DAPI complex, however, does not allow a unique interpretation of the inhibitor binding mode. The present data were analysed in parallel with those reported for related serine (pro)enzyme/inhibitor systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ascenzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balliano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Menegatti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolognesi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D014357:Trypsin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001550:Benzamidines; D007211:Indoles; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C007293:DAPI; C092881:6-amidinoindole; D007610:Kallikreins; D014357:Trypsin; D013917:Thrombin; C032157:benzamidine