title: Development of the gubernaculum and processus vaginalis in freemartinism: further evidence in support of a specific fetal testis hormone governing male-specific gubernacular development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Freemartinism occurs in some species of ruminants and affects most female bovine fetuses in heterosexual, multiple pregnancies owing to fusion of the chorionic blood circulations soon after implantation. Maldevelopment of the ovaries and Müllerian ducts have been described and recognized as resulting from exposure of their respective primordia to an excess of anti-Müllerian hormone. The present study aimed to analyse the prenatal growth and development of the gubernaculum in freemartins to find out its possible affliction through foetal testis hormones derived from their male co-twin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological sections of young and drawings and photographs of further developed freemartins and control male and female bovine foetuses were analysed. The specimens had been collected earlier for analysis of the time course of male and female gonadal and genital development and its impairment associated with freemartinism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gubernaculum of 35-40-day-old male and female fetuses was in the initial stage of development and of similar appearance in all specimens. Gubernacula of 60-70-day-old male fetuses differed from those of females of similar age in various respects: the male gubernaculum size was larger and extension of the processus vaginalis was deeper. Freemartins showed an intermediate development with some individuals resembling male and others resembling female agemates. During further development, gubernacula in males developed into muscular cremaster sacs, whereas those in females generally did not develop beyond the size and structural complexity of 70-day-old foetuses. Beyond day 70 of fetal life, gubernaculum development in freemartins definitely showed male characteristics with respect to size and growth of a processus vaginalis with a cremaster muscular wall. The male-like pattern of the outgrowth of the processus vaginalis changed during the second half of prenatal life. Rather than its further deepening as in males, this structure became inverted to become emerging as a papilla-like structure from the inguinal abdomen bottom. An explanation is proposed for this unprecedented inversion, taking into account: (1) the faster and higher reaching rightsided ascent of the kidneys and gonads, (2) the femalelike outgrowth of the cranial gonadal suspensory ligaments, and (3) the absence of scrotum development. The ovaries and mesonephric remnants in developing freemartins, during their ascent together with the kidneys while remaining attached to the bottom of the developing processus vaginalis sacs via the gubernaculum ligament, are proposed to act together to pull up the bottom of the processus vaginalis sacs. From this action, "inverted hernia sacs" result as the irreversible consequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the concept that foetal testes act, via as an yet unidentified third hormone, to establish malelike development of gubernacula into muscular cremaster sacs. Further work is required to reveal the identity of this hormone. Furthermore, the apparent similarity of the freemartins' inverted processus vaginalis sacs and the fetal rodents' gubernacular cones suggests that the ruminants' and rodents' processus vaginalis are essentially similar structures. Thus there is no longer an urgent need to distinguish between two different types of gubernaculum development and testis descent in rodents and ruminants, respectively, and involving or not fetal gubernacular cones. The present observations may thus contribute to the development of a unified hypothesis for sexually dimorphic development of the gubernaculum throughout the mammalian class.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Schoot
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vigier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prepin
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Perchellet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-de Groot
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004822:Epididymis / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D005611:Freemartinism / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000196:embryology*; D008297:Male; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens