title: Temporal variability of benzene exposures for residents in several New Jersey homes with attached garages or tobacco smoke.
abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) previous TEAM studies of personal exposure to VOCs for 700 residents in several U.S. cities found that indoor air concentrations were often higher than outdoor levels. Several potential sources of benzene exposure were identified, including environmental tobacco smoke and materials or activities associated with attached garages. Indoor, personal, and outdoor monitoring was conducted at eleven New Jersey homes over multiple 12-hr monitoring periods. One study objective was to assess the impact of attached garages on human exposure to benzene and the variability of benzene exposure across time. Benzene was also measured in several homes inhabited by smokers and in homes without known combustion sources for comparative purposes. At homes with a garage or environmental tobacco smoke, mean indoor and personal benzene concentrations were two to five times higher than outdoor levels at all but one home. Mean personal exposures ranged from 8 to 31 micrograms/m3. Indoor/outdoor ratios were calculated and ranged from 0.8 to 11. Benzene levels in the four garages ranged from 3 to 196 micrograms/m3 and usually were higher than either indoor living areas or personal levels. Multi-zone air exchange rates were measured, and benzene source strengths in each zone were estimated. Garage source strength estimates for benzene ranged from 310 to 52,000 micrograms/h. The mass transfer of benzene from sources in the garage to home living areas was also large in three of the homes, ranging from 730 to 26,000 micrograms/h. Materials or activities in the garage were a source of benzene exposure for the residents in these three homes. Large temporal variations (factors of 2 to 30) were observed in indoor and personal benzene concentrations, indoor/outdoor ratios, and source strengths over the six or ten monitoring periods at each home. Changes in outdoor air benzene levels were an underlying factor in changing exposure levels, with indoor sources further elevating indoor air levels and personal exposures.
authors.affiliation: Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Pellizzari
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Perritt
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D009515:New Jersey; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D001554:Benzene