title: Professional courtesy--current practices and attitudes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians have long provided care free of charge or at a reduced rate as a professional courtesy to other physicians and their families. We conducted a stratified national mail survey to assess the extent to which this practice has changed in recent years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the American Medical Association's 1991 master list of physicians, we selected a random sample of 4800 practicing physicians from 12 direct-care specialties. These physicians were asked about their current policy and opinions regarding professional courtesy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2224 respondents, 2127 (96 percent) offered professional courtesy, defined as providing free or discounted health care to physicians and their families. Psychiatrists were less likely to offer professional courtesy than physicians in any of the other specialties (80 percent vs. 91 to 99 percent, P < 0.05). The forms of free or discounted care offered as a professional courtesy included billing only the insurance company (75 percent), providing care at no charge (49 percent), and giving a partial discount (23 percent). Twenty-three percent of the respondents reported that they had changed their policy regarding professional courtesy since starting to practice. Among those who had changed their policy, the most common changes were to increase the practice of billing only the insurance company (67 percent) and to provide care at no charge less often (58 percent). The majority of physicians responding to the survey thought that professional courtesy solidified bonds between physicians (79 percent) and was sound business practice (62 percent); 12 percent believed that it was too expensive to offer free or discounted care as a professional courtesy, and 14 percent thought that the practice had negative effects on the physician-patient interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our survey of physicians involved in direct patient care indicates that, with the exception of psychiatrists, almost all American physicians offer free or discounted care as a professional courtesy and support the practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care/Geriatrics, Medical Center of Central Massachusetts, Worcester 01605.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005192:Family Health; D005251:Fees, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends