title: Cellular composition of milky spots in the human greater omentum: an immunochemical and ultrastructural study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milky spots in the greater omentum of some animals are well organized perivascular infiltrates of leucocytes, and are considered to have characteristics of secondary lymphoid tissue. To determine whether milky spots in the human greater omentum can also be regarded as secondary lymphoid tissue, we studied milky spots in an unstimulated state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were selected on the basis of absence of disease in the peritoneal cavity that might influence the state of the milky spots. Using monoclonal antibodies against macrophages, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, and immunoperoxidase labeling, the number of these cells and their location in milky spots were studied by light microscopy. However, the stromal components of the greater omentum, especially those within the milky spots, were studied by electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Milky spots in the human greater omentum are relatively uniform vascularized accumulations of mononuclear cells comprising macrophages (67.9% +/- 9.4, mean +/- standard deviation), B-cells (10.1% +/- 3.4), T-cells (10.2% +/- 3.7), and mast cells. However, no special B-cell and T-cell areas could be distinguished. On the ultrastructural level it was demonstrated that macrophages are present in different stages of maturation and can enter or leave the milky spots. Furthermore, no cells characteristic of secondary lymphoid organs, such as interdigitating cells or follicular dendritic cells, were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that unstimulated milky spots in the human greater omentum are to a great extent just a preformed specific accumulation of primarily macrophages within the stroma of the greater omentum, and therefore, cannot be regarded as true secondary lymphoid tissue. Milky spots could serve as a gateway for, as well as a provider of peritoneal macrophages when the intra-abdominal status so requires. Finally, the data from this study are compared with the data of other studies of human milky spots and those in animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Krist
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Eestermans
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Hoefsmit
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cuesta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Beelen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology