title: Regulation of distal esophageal mucosal blood flow: the roles of nitric oxide and substance P.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase in esophageal mucosal blood flow (MBF) may be an important protective mechanism against mucosal injury from noxious agents that are ingested or refluxed. This study investigated the changes in MBF and the regulation thereof after intraluminal application of noxious chemical stimuli. The role, if any, of substance P (SP) and nitric oxide (NO), two potent vasodilatory substances, and the vascular distribution of SP in the distal esophagus were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Esophageal MBF was measured in anesthetized dogs with a laser Doppler flow probe attached to manometry and pH probes. MBF was measured before and after topical application of HCl (2 ml; 1N) or capsaicin (2 ml; 0.5%) in the distal esophagus. The effects on MBF of intraarterial SP and bradykinin were also determined. Pharmacologic antagonists and denervation procedures were used to delineate the mechanisms that regulate MBF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential luminal applications of hydrochloric acid (HCl) or a single application of capsaicin increased MBF (p < 0.01). Topical intraluminal lidocaine blocked the response to capsaicin (p > 0.2) but not to HCl (p < 0.05). Abrupt increases in MBF occurred with intraarterial SP or bradykinin (p < 0.01). Neither atropine nor truncal vagotomy blocked the increase in MBF from these peptides or noxious stimuli. The NO synthesis antagonist NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) blocked the response to bradykinin and attenuated the response to HCl (p < 0.05). NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester did not affect the response to SP or capsaicin. A substance P antagonist blocked the effects of both capsaicin (p > 0.6) and SP (p > 0.1) but not that of HCl (p < 0.01) or bradykinin (p > 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraluminal applications of HCl or capsaicin appear to stimulate increases in esophageal MBF by different mechanisms. HCl produces an adaptive response that appears dependent on the paracrine effect of NO. Capsaicin-sensitive neurons mediate vasodilation through SP neurotransmission, independent of extrinsic vagal or cholinergic innervation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Maher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004947:Esophagus / Q000098:blood supply*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013373:Substance P / Q000502:physiology*; D014628:Vagotomy
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013373:Substance P; D001120:Arginine; D008012:Lidocaine; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester