title: The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for refractory ascites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that the transjugular placement of an intrahepatic stent to establish a portosystemic shunt is an effective treatment of uncomplicated ascites accompanying variceal bleeding. We studied the stent shunt for use in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites refractory to medical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty of 62 consecutive patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites (18 with Child-Pugh class B liver disease and 32 with class C) were treated with the stent shunt--an expandable stent of metallic mesh placed between a major branch of the portal vein and one of the hepatic veins. Patients were followed for a mean (+/- SD) of 426 +/- 333 days. Those with advanced cancer, severe heart failure, or severe liver failure were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stent shunt was successfully placed in all patients and reduced the pressure gradient between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava by an average of 63 percent. Thirty-seven patients (74 percent) had complete responses (total remission of ascites within three months), and nine patients (18 percent) had partial responses (ascites detected by ultrasound but with no need for paracentesis). Four patients did not respond, including two who died within two weeks of shunt placement. After the procedure, 25 patients had hepatic encephalopathy, as compared with 20 patients before the procedure; although encephalopathy improved in 3 patients, new encephalopathy developed in 8 patients. In the 28 of the 33 patients followed for more than six months who were evaluated, the mean serum creatinine concentration was 1.5 +/- 0.09 mg per deciliter (133 +/- 8 mumol per liter) before placement of the stent shunt, 1.5 +/- 1.6 mg per deciliter (133 +/- 141 mumol per liter) one week after the procedure, and 0.9 +/- 0.3 mg per deciliter (80 +/- 27 mumol per liter) after six months (P = 0.008 for the comparison of concentrations before and six months after the procedure). Renal function did not improve in the six patients with organic kidney disease. Procedure-related complications developed in 16 patients, including intraabdominal bleeding requiring blood transfusions in 2 patients. Thrombotic occlusion of the stent shunt occurred within two weeks in 5 patients, and later insufficiency of the shunt occurred in 16 patients, including 12 with recurrence of ascites after complete remission. During followup, an additional 29 patients died--10 of progressive liver disease and 19 of other causes. Survival for at least one year was associated with a patient's being under 60 years of age, having a serum bilirubin level before placement of the stent shunt of less than 1.3 mg per deciliter (22 mumol per liter), and having a complete response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings in an uncontrolled prospective study suggest that the transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic stent-shunt procedure was an effective treatment for many patients with liver cirrhosis and refractory ascites, but mortality from underlying diseases was substantial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Ludwig University School of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rössle
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hauenstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deibert
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Siegerstetter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huonker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011170:Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016019:Survival Analysis