title: Pharmacokinetics and retrograde colonic spread of budesonide enemas in patients with distal ulcerative colitis.
abstract: METHODS
  The retrograde spread of two budesonide enema formulations with different viscosities was investigated. The study design was open, randomized and two-period crossover. Three female and two male patients (age range: 35-45 years) with distal ulcerative colitis or proctitis participated. Both enema formulations contained a dose of 2 mg budesonide/100 mL. An unabsorbable radioactive marker (99mTc-labelled human serum albumin microcolloid) was added to the enema just before administration. All doses were given in the evening with the patients lying in a supine position during the whole investigation. The intestinal spread was followed for 8 h using scintigraphic imaging. Plasma samples for budesonide assay were taken during the 12 h after administration of the low viscosity enema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Budesonide plasma levels were measurable for up to 4-6 h. Cmax was 2.5 nmol/L (range: 0.9-4.5 nmol/L) and was attained in 1.5 h (range 1-3 h). The patients had no difficulty in retaining the enemas. There was a statistically significant difference in spread between the low and high viscosity enema. The low viscosity enema spread over an area situated between the rectum and the splenic flexure. The spread occurred mainly in the first 15 min after administration. In contrast, the high viscosity enema, in most cases, spread only over a minor part of this area and the rate and extent of spreading was also more variable with this formulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spread of a low viscosity enema appears to be well suited for the treatment of proctitis and distal colitis.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research & Development, Astra Draco AB, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyman-Pantelidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Borgå
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019819:Budesonide; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003106:Colon; D004733:Enema; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011349:Proctitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011282:Pregnenediones; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D019819:Budesonide