title: Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the extracellular cadmium sulfide crystallites of Klebsiella aerogenes.
abstract: Klebsiella aerogenes forms electron-dense particles on the cell surface in response to the presence of cadmium ions in the growth medium. These particles ranged from 20 to 200 nm in size, and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis established that they comprise cadmium and sulfur in a 1:1 ratio. This observation leads to the conclusion that the particles are cadmium sulfide crystallites. A combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and acid-labile sulfide analysis revealed that the total intracellular and bound extracellular cadmium:sulfur ratio is also 1:1, which suggests tha the bulk of the cadmium is fixed as extracellular cadmium sulfide. The tolerance of K. aerogenes to cadmium ions and the formation of the cadmium sulfide crystallites were dependent on the buffer composition of the growth medium. The addition of cadmium ions to phosphate-buffered media resulted in cadmium phosphate precipitates that remove the potentially toxic cadmium ions from the growth medium. Electron-dense particles formed on the surfaces of bacteria grown under these conditions were a combination of cadmium sulfide and cadmium phosphates. The specific bacterial growth rate in the exponential phase of batch cultures was not affected by up to 2mM cadmium in Tricine-buffered medium, but formation of cadmium sulfide crystallites was maximal during the stationary phase of batch culture. Cadmium tolerance was much lower (10 to 150 microM) in growth media buffered with Tris, Bistris propane, Bes, Tes, or Hepes. These results illustrate the importance of considering medium composition when comparing levels of bacterial cadmium tolerance.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evans-Gowing
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sodeau
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D003470:Culture Media; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D013440:Sulfides; D002104:Cadmium; C034939:cadmium sulfide