title: Pelvic endometriosis: reproductive and menstrual risk factors at different stages in Lombardy, northern Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relationship between reproductive and menstrual factors and different stages of pelvic endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 1990 a case-control study of risk factors for pelvic endometriosis was conducted. Cases comprised 376 women (median age 32 years) with pelvic endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy admitted to any one of three clinics in Lombardy, northern Italy. A total of 129 (34.3%) of these women were at stage 1, 76 (20.2%) at stage 2, 96 (25.5%) at stage 3, and 75 (19.9%) at stage 4, according to the American Fertility Society revised classification of endometriosis. Controls comprised 522 women admitted to hospital for acute conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of endometriosis decreased with increasing number of births. The estimated odds ratios (OR) were similar in different stages of the disease: for example, compared with nulliparous women, the OR of endometriosis at stage 1 was 0.1 in women who reported two or more births and the corresponding values were respectively 0.1, 0.2, and 0.2 for endometriosis at stages 2, 3, and 4. Cases reported fewer induced abortions than controls: the estimated ORs compared with no induced abortion were 0.4, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.2 in women who reported one or more induced abortions for subsequent stages of endometriosis. Women with irregular menstrual cycles were at less risk of the disease: compared with women who reported lifelong regular cycles the estimated ORs were 0.3, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.3 for disease stages 1-4 respectively. No consistent association emerged between the ages at menarche and at first delivery and the risk of endometriosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis provides further evidence that reproductive and menstrual factors are associated with the risk of endometriosis. The observation that early and late stages of the disease share similar epidemiological characteristics suggests an epidemiological (and pathogenetic) continuum between various stages of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacological Research, Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraroni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bocciolone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubessa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riccardi
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008572:Menarche; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D010388:Pelvis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors