title: A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral trimethoprim/sulfadiazine formulations in the horse.
abstract: The biopharmaceutical properties of four fixed trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations were investigated in the horse. Eight fasted horses were dosed at 1 week intervals in a sequentially designed study with one intravenous (i.v.) and three oral trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (TMP/SDZ) formulations (1, 2 and 3) administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg trimethoprim (TMP) and 25 mg/kg sulfadiazine (SDZ). Plasma concentrations of each compound were monitored for 48 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution, bioavailability and total body clearance) for TMP and SDZ were calculated and compared. After oral administration plasma concentrations of TMP and SDZ increased rapidly. With all three paste formulations, TMP peak plasma concentrations were attained within 2 h. SDZ mean peak plasma concentrations were reached at 2.59 +/- 0.48 h for a commercial paste (1), and at 1.84 +/- 0.66 h and 1.95 +/- 0.61 h for the two self-made formulations (2 and 3). Mean peak plasma TMP concentrations (+/- SD) were 1.72 +/- 0.36 micrograms/ml, 1.42 +/- 0.37 micrograms/ml and 1.31 +/- 0.36 micrograms/ml, and mean peak plasma SDZ concentrations 12.11 +/- 4.55 micrograms/ml, 12.72 +/- 3.47 micrograms/ml and 15.45 +/- 4.74 micrograms/ml for preparations 1, 2 and 3. The bioavailability of TMP was 67.0 +/- 20.3%, 57.7 +/- 21.6% and 60.9 +/- 18.9% and of SDZ 57.6 +/- 14.8%, 59.3 +/- 19.5% and 65.9 +/- 5.8% for SDZ for 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Following i.v. administration TMP/SDZ plasma concentration ratios approached the optimal 1:20 ratio (+/- 10%) for about 5 h, but following the oral administrations this ratio was only achieved for a very short time-span.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Duijkeren
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vulto
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sloet van Oldruitenborghoosterbaan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mevius
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Breukink
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: van Miert
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination