title: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors flt and KDR in ovarian carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two thirds of patients with ovarian carcinoma have advanced disease at diagnosis and have poor prognoses because of the presence of highly invasive carcinoma cells and rapidly accumulating ascitic fluid. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent mitogen of endothelial cells, is produced in elevated amounts by many tumors, including ovarian carcinomas. The known human receptors for VEGF, flt and KDR, are both cell surface tyrosine kinases and are expressed predominantly on endothelial cells. Acting through these receptors, VEGF may stimulate angiogenesis and promote tumor progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to clarify the function of VEGF in tumor development by identifying the cells in ovarian carcinoma tissue that express VEGF and its receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  VEGF, flt, and KDR expression was localized by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in frozen sections of primary tumors from five patients with ovarian carcinoma and from metastases of ovarian carcinoma from three different patients. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to analyze VEGF, flt, and KDR expression in six epithelial cell lines derived from ovarian carcinoma ascites from five additional patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding VEGF, flt, and KDR were detected in primary ascitic cells and in three of four ovarian carcinoma cell lines examined by RT-PCR. Two novel complementary DNAs that may encode truncated, soluble forms of flt were cloned from one primary source. VEGF levels of 20-120 pM were found in culture media conditioned by the cell lines. Elevated expression of VEGF mRNA was found in all primary tumors and metastases, especially at the margins of tumor acini. VEGF immunoreactivity was concentrated in clusters of tumor cells and patches of stromal matrix. flt immunoreactivity was confined to tumor blood vessels, but flt mRNA was not detected by in situ hybridization. In contrast, KDR mRNA was detected not only in vascular endothelial cells but also in tumor cells at primary malignant sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF is expressed by tumor cells in primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoma and accumulates in the stromal matrix. Its receptors, flt and KDR, are expressed by some tumor cells that coexpress VEGF. This is the first localization of KDR expression in nonendothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coexpression of VEGF and KDR by tumor cells in ovarian carcinoma raises the possibility of autocrine stimulation and of therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor-ligand interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Rosie Maternity Hospital, England.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boocock
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charnock-Jones
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Twentyman
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1