title: Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer decreases the overall rate of brain metastases without an effect on overall survival. It has been suggested that this treatment may increase neuropsychological syndromes and brain abnormalities indicated by computed tomography scans. However, other retrospective data suggested a beneficial effect on overall survival for patients in complete remission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of prophylactic cranial irradiation on brain metastasis, overall survival, and late-occurring toxic effects in patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of 300 patients who had small-cell lung cancer that was in complete remission. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either prophylactic cranial irradiation delivering 24 Gy in eight fractions during 12 days (treatment group) or no prophylactic cranial irradiation (control group). A neuropsychological examination and a computed tomography scan of the brain were performed at the time of random assignment and repeatedly assessed at 6, 18, 30, and 48 months. Patterns of failure were analyzed according to total event rates and also according to an isolated first site of relapse, using a competing-risk approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred ninety-four patients who did not have brain metastases at the time of random assignment were analyzed. The 2-year cumulative rate of brain metastasis as an isolated first site of relapse was 45% in the control group and 19% in the treatment group (P < 10(-6)). The total 2-year rate of brain metastasis was 67% and 40%, respectively (relative risk = 0.35; P < 10(-13)). The 2-year overall survival rate was 21.5% in the control group and 29% in the treatment group (relative risk = 0.83; P = .14). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of neuropsychological function or abnormalities indicated by computed tomography brain scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic cranial irradiation given to patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission decreases the risk of brain metastasis threefold without a significant increase in complications. A possible beneficial effect on overall survival should be tested with a higher statistical power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the trial favor, at present, the indication of prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients who are in complete remission. A longer follow-up and confirmatory trials are needed to fully assess late-occurring toxic effects. The possible effect on overall survival needs to be evaluated with a larger number of patients in complete remission, and a meta-analysis of similar trials is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Institut Gustave-Roussy, Radiotherapy Department, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arriagada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le Chevalier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivière
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chomy
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Monnet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardivon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viader
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarayre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benhamou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome