title: Optimization of the reaction conditions for the synthesis of neoglycoprotein-AZT-monophosphate conjugates.
abstract: The coupling of the monophosphate derivative of 3-azido-2,3-dideoxythymidine (AZTMP) to glycoproteins by water soluble carbodiimide (1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide) was greatly improved, relative to a recently reported method, by using also N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) in the conjugation reaction. The hydrolysis of the activated AZTMP intermediate, responsible for the low degree of conjugation in the earlier method, could be delayed considerably if the activated phosphate group was converted into an activated ester by addition of NHS. In order to minimize the use of compounds needed for the preparation of AZTMP-protein conjugates, the present study was undertaken to determine if the reaction conditions could be optimized such that a conjugate with 2 AZTMP molecules/mol of neoglycoprotein would result. In addition a low proportion of cross-linked conjugates was desired. Optimization was achieved studying the shape of three-dimensional response surfaces, in which the degree of AZTMP coupling and the percentage of monomeric conjugates were regarded as the relevant responses. It appeared that the optimal conditions for coupling 1-2 mol of AZTMP to 1 mol of glycoprotein were an incubation time of 30 h, an AZTMP amount of 4 mg, an NHS amount between 8 and 15 mg, and a glycoprotein amount of 50 mg.
authors.affiliation: Groningen Institute for Drug Studies (GIDS), The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Swart
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D011355:Prodrugs; D012709:Serum Albumin; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; C057287:3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate; D015215:Zidovudine; D007785:Lactose