title: A proposed profile of the effective leader in human spaceflight based on findings from analog environments.
abstract: This paper presents a literature review of leader characteristics and associated outcomes from four environments considered as analogs to long-duration spaceflight: aviation, submersibles, polar stations, and expeditions. Evidence from 23 sources indicates that, despite differences in the analog settings, effective leaders share a common core of personal traits and leadership-style attributes. The general profile that emerges is a person who works hard to achieve mission objectives, is optimistic, holds the respect of the crew, ordinarily uses participative decision-making but takes charge during critical situations, is sensitive to and makes crew members feel valued for their expertise and their personal qualities, and maintains group harmony and cohesion. Results have implications for selecting leaders for future long-duration space missions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Management Science, Loyola University of Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Penwell
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D001359:Aviation; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D005101:Expeditions; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D010552:Personality Assessment; D013026:Space Flight