title: Pre-exposure of murine macrophages to lipopolysaccharide inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase and reduces leishmanicidal activity.
abstract: Murine macrophages produce nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), alone or with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The effect of incubation of macrophages with low concentrations of LPS on NO synthesis on subsequent stimulation was investigated, using a murine macrophage cell line, J774, and peritoneal macrophages from CBA mice. Cells which had been incubated with LPS produced significantly lower amounts of NO, and expressed lower levels of NO synthase activity, following stimulation with IFN-gamma and LPS, or with a high concentration of LPS. This effect was not reversed by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The ability of CBA macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite Leishmania major was markedly reduced by pre-incubation with LPS. Reduced NO production by macrophages previously exposed to LPS is a manifestation of endotoxin tolerance, and may represent an important means of regulation of NO synthesis and thus a survival mechanism for intracellular parasites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Scotland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Severn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Liew
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases