title: Percutaneous absorption of topical parathion through porcine skin: in vitro studies on the effect of environmental perturbations.
abstract: Topical use of pesticides in domestic animals such as swine is a common practice; however, the effect of environmental factors on the extent of absorption has not received attention. Since no single factor can exert its effects alone in the natural environment, the interaction of environmental factors on the percutaneous absorption of pesticides must be understood before potential toxicity of dermal absorption of pesticides can be effectively estimated. In the present studies, the effects of air temperature (Ta), perfusate temperature (Tp), perfusate flow (F) and relative humidity (%RH) on absorption of parathion were studied in vitro in porcine skin. Parathion absorption was determined by measuring radiolabel appearing in the perfusate over time. Three main environmental parameters were found to have a significant effect on parathion penetration. Increasing Ta from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C, %RH from 60% to 90% or F from 4 ml/h to 8 ml/h each produced a significant increase in penetration. The following significantly positive two-way interactions among test parameters were seen: Ta x F and %RH x F at the 4 micrograms dose, %RH x F at the 40 micrograms dose and Ta x %RH, Ta x F and %RH x F at the 400 micrograms dose. There were no three-way interactions at any of the three doses tested. These results suggest that the factors tested are not independent variables and must be considered interactive when used in assessing pesticide percutaneous absorption.
authors.affiliation: Cutaneous Pharmacology and Toxicology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brownie
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006813:Humidity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010278:Parathion / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010278:Parathion