title: Economic impact of immunization against rotavirus gastroenteritis. Evidence from a clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the economic impact of immunization against rotavirus gastroenteritis in an infant population in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost identification and break-even analyses from the perspective of society, nested within a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants (N = 1278), aged 6 to 22 weeks, enrolled during the summer and fall of 1991 and followed up until July 1, 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunization schedule of three doses of orally administered tetravalent or serotype 1 rhesus rotavirus vaccine, or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis, total direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs of rotavirus and nonrotavirus gastroenteritis for the duration of the study and of any illness during 5 days after each dose. The cost of the vaccine was not included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median total cost per infant among the 1187 infants who completed the immunization schedule was $9 in the tetravalent vaccine group, $9 in the serotype 1 vaccine group, and $49 in the placebo group (P = .01). Rotavirus gastroenteritis occurred in 195 infants (16%): 13% (51/398) in the tetravalent group, 12% (47/404) in the serotype 1 group, and 25% (97/385) in the placebo group (P < .0001). Of infants with an episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis, the proportion who incurred cost during the episode and the median cost during the episode did not differ by treatment group. The baseline net cost savings for treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis and break-even cost of immunization were $11 per infant for the tetravalent vaccine and $12 for the serotype 1 vaccine. In sensitivity analysis, savings ranged from $40 to -$6, because of a large variance in the costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the baseline analysis suggest that society should be willing to pay between $11 and $12 for immunization against rotavirus. It might be willing to pay an additional amount for the intangible benefits of reduced parental inconvenience or anxiety associated with this illness in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oliveras
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; D014481:United States; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000191:economics*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C052014:rhesus rotavirus vaccine