title: HLH forced dimers: tethering MyoD to E47 generates a dominant positive myogenic factor insulated from negative regulation by Id.
abstract: Basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class transcription factors bind DNA as hetero- and homodimers. In murine myogenic cells the HLH network includes multiple members of the E protein, MyoD, and Id families; changes in the network characterize muscle determination and differentiation and have been proposed as causal for these developmental transitions. To test the importance of HLH partner choice in these cellular decisions, we have designed a strategy in which the identity of a bHLH dimer is specified by joining two monomers via a flexible polypeptide linker. A MyoD-E47 polyprotein avidly bound the same DNA targets as its unlinked counterpart, but, unlike intermolecular dimers that are very sensitive to inhibition by Id, MyoD-E47 was resistant to Id challenge. In cells MyoD-E47 acted as a dominant positive myogenic factor, capable of initiating myogenic determination and also substantially bypassing negative regulation of differentiation by serum growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Neuhold
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wold
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006706:Homeostasis; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D007700:Kinetics; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000939:Epitopes; C497455:Idb1 protein, mouse; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D017570:MyoD Protein; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; C544913:Tcf7l1 protein, mouse; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase