title: Intravenous pentazocine and methylphenidate abuse during pregnancy. Maternal lifestyle and infant outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the effects of intravenous abuse of pentazocine hydrochloride and methylphenidate hydrochloride during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pregnant women and their offspring, whose hospital records indicated prenatal abuse of pentazocine and methylphenidate during the 2-year study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median for maternal age was 22 years and the median number of prenatal visits was two. Twenty mothers had sexually transmitted diseases, 27 abused alcohol, 10 abused other drugs, and all smoked cigarettes. Eight infants were premature, and 12 were growth retarded. Four infants had congenital anomalies: fetal alcohol syndrome (two [twins]), structural heart defect (one), and polydactyly (one). Eleven infants were treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome. Seventeen infants had normal developmental quotients, and four had low-normal developmental quotients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrauterine exposure to pentazocine and methylphenidate appears to be associated with prematurity, growth retardation, and signs of neonatal withdrawal, but not with any particular teratogenic anomaly or severe developmental delay.
authors.affiliation: Newborn Follow-Up Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Debooy
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Seshia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tenenbein
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Casiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008774:Methylphenidate; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D010423:Pentazocine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D010423:Pentazocine