title: Benzodiazepine amplification of valproate teratogenic effects in children of mothers with absence epilepsy.
abstract: Valproate (VPA) is one of the most frequently used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Concern has recently been raised regarding VPA medication during pregnancy and teratogenic effects in the offspring. Both neural tube defects (5, 18, 34) and a constellation of signs termed the fetal valproate syndrome (1, 12) have been reported. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are also widely used and sometimes as effective adjunctives in AED therapy. Both VPA and BZD have close connections to GABA transmission. Recently, clinical and epidemiological human studies (26, 27, 37, 39), supported by animal studies (17, 24, 40), have indicated that BZDs may act as human teratogens. We report on 7 children with congenital malformations, dysmorphism and abnormal neurological signs from birth. The mothers had well controlled primary generalized absence epilepsy without major seizures during pregnancy. Five children had been exposed to VPA monotherapy and two children to VPA and BZD combined during the first trimester. Those two infants had myelomeningoceles and the most pronounced dysmorphism in the group. We propose that these observations indicate a possible amplifying action of BZDs on VPA teratogenicity. Unrecognized BZD use during pregnancies exposed to VPA may be of importance when estimating the teratogenic risks of VPA therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics II, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laegreid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyllerman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hedner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viggedahl
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004832:Epilepsy, Absence / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D014635:Valproic Acid