title: Nitric oxide production during focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide has been implicated as a mediator of glutamate excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of indicators of brain nitric oxide production (nitric and cyclic guanosine monophosphate [cGMP] concentrations and nitric oxide synthase activity) were examined after bilateral carotid ligation and right middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain nitrite was significantly increased in the right versus left cortex 5, 10, and 20 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (P < .05), with a return to baseline at 60 minutes. There were no significant changes in cerebellar concentrations. Cortical levels of cGMP were increased at 10, 20, and 60 minutes after occlusion, with significant right-to-left differences (P < .05). Cerebellar concentrations of cGMP were also increased but without significant side-to-side differences. Nitric oxide synthase activity increased approximately 10-fold from baseline 10 minutes after occlusion in the right cortex but decreased markedly by 60 minutes from its peak at 10 minutes. The right-to-left difference in nitric oxide synthase activity was significant at 20 minutes (P < .05). Pretreatment of rats with NG-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, abolished the rise in nitrite and cGMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a sharp transient increase in the activity of nitric oxide synthase occurs during the first hour of cerebral ischemia, which leads to a burst in nitric oxide production and activation of guanylate cyclase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kader
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Frazzini
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Trifiletti
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D007839:Functional Laterality; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D019335:Nitroarginine; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D006152:Cyclic GMP