title: The innervation of the human larynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the gross anatomy of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves (RLNs and SLNs) in 10 human larynges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole larynges were processed to clear all soft tissue while leaving nerves stained. Then the main laryngeal nerves and the muscles they innervate were dissected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that in all larynges the RLNs and SLNs are connected by nerve branches other than Galen's anastomosis. The most consistent connection is in the interarytenoid muscle, where RLNs and internal SLNs combine in a neural plexus. A less consistent connection occurs in the piriform fossa, where a continuation of the external SLN passes from the cricothyroid muscle to the thyroarytenoid muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings it is proposed that there are significant neural connections between the RLN and SLN systems. In addition, limited cross-innervation is seen from side to side in the area of the interarytenoid muscle. Other findings concern the innervation patterns within the laryngeal muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid, and thyroarytenoid muscles all appear to be composed of separate bellies based on the configuration of their nerve supply. Most notable is the region of the thyroarytenoid muscle at the vocal cord margin that is innervated by a nerve plexus of extreme complexity. The details of the innervation patterns suggest functional differences within and between laryngeal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Grabscheid Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Biller
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000368:Aged; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D003648:Decalcification Technique; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005990:Glycerol; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006878:Hydroxides; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011188:Potassium; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D014172:Transillumination
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005990:Glycerol; D019342:Acetic Acid; D011188:Potassium; C029943:potassium hydroxide; D006416:Hematoxylin