title: Beta-agonists in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically evaluate the following issues regarding the use of beta-agonists in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): (1) optimal dose, (2) use of nebulizer (NEB) versus metered-dose inhaler-spacer devices (MDISs), (3) comparison with anticholinergic agents, and (4) use in mechanically ventilated patients. The patient populations addressed are limited primarily to emergency department (ED) and intensive care/acute care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language journal articles published between 1977 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine studies were evaluated that included beta-agonists alone or in combination with other bronchodilators in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD. Many of the studies contained design flaws or were limited in size, making interpretation difficult. In studies containing both asthma and COPD patients, focus was restricted to analysis of COPD patients when possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performed subjectively by the authors. Studies were evaluated for methodologic strengths and weaknesses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dosing studies in patients with stable disease show a relationship between dose and the various pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Dose also correlates with duration of action and incidence of adverse effects. Four studies compared NEBs versus MDISs. Studies revealed significant improvement in PFTs for both treatments, with no significant difference between groups noted. Five studies compared various combinations of beta-agonists and ipratropium. Both ipratropium and beta-agonists caused statistically significant increases in PFTs from baseline. Combination therapy provided no further increase in spirometry compared with that of single-agent therapy. One study did report an early discharge from the ED with the addition of ipratropium. Most studies did not use large doses of beta-agonists or evaluate the effect of repeated doses. Many studies allowed concomitant therapy. Most did not include outcome measurements, such as ED length of stay, admission rates, hospital stay, or incidence of relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose-response studies in patients with stable disease suggest that doses of albuterol powder up to 1 mg may be tolerated safely, although use of repeated larger doses has not been well studied. Beta-agonists given by MDIS or NEB are equally effective in this setting. There is no apparent advantage to combined use of beta-agonist and ipratropium in the acute setting. Future research in this area should evaluate the use of larger or repeated doses of beta-agonists in the acute setting. Optimizing concurrent therapy and evaluating various patient outcomes should receive special attention in further investigations.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Agiri
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mauro
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists