title: Pediatric equestrian injuries: assessing the impact of helmet use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of helmet use on the pattern, and severity of pediatric equestrian injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of all children less than 15 years of age who were brought to the University of Virginia children's Emergency Department with horse-related injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the two-year period of the study, 32 children were evaluated. Two children were injured when a horse stepped on them. Thirty children fell from or were thrown from a horse. Of these, 20 were wearing a helmet. Head injuries were more frequent in those patients not wearing helmets. The mean Modified Injury Severity Scale (MISS) score for riders without a helmet (12.9) was significantly higher (more severe) than that for helmeted riders (2.8). All three patients with a Glascow Coma Score < 15 on arrival were not wearing a helmet at the time of injury. The frequency of hospitalization was significantly higher for those not wearing a helmet. Compared with other common mechanisms of childhood injury the mean Modified Injury Severity Scale score of injured riders was exceeded only by that of pedestrians struck by a car.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Equestrian injuries are more severe than those suffered from other common pediatric mechanisms. Helmet use is associated with decreased frequency and severity of central nervous system injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Christoph
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014768:Virginia