title: Intragenic recombination and a chimeric outer membrane protein in the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii.
abstract: The spirochete Borrelia hermsii, a relapsing fever agent, evades the host's immune response through multiphasic antigenic variation. Antigen switching results from sequential expression of genes for serotype-specific outer membrane proteins known as variable major proteins (Vmp's); of the 25 serotypes that have been identified for the HS1 strain, serotypes 7 and 21 have been studied in greatest detail. In the present study, an atypical variant was predominant in the relapse from a serotype 21 infection in mice; relapse cells were bound by monoclonal antibodies specific for Vmp21 as well as antibodies specific for Vmp7. In Western blots (immunoblots), the variant had a single Vmp that was reactive with monoclonal antibodies representing both serotypes. The gene encoding this Vmp, vmp7/21, was cloned and characterized by restriction mapping and sequence analysis to determine the likely recombination event. Whereas the 5' end of vmp7/21 was identical to that of vmp21, its 3' end and flanking sequences were identical to the 3' end of vmp7. Unlike other vmp genes examined thus far, the vmp7/21 gene existed only in an expressed form; a silent, storage form of the gene was not detected. We conclude that the vmp7/21 gene was created by an intragenic recombination between the formerly expressed vmp21 gene and a silent vmp7 gene. This finding suggests that the lack of cross-reactivity between variants, which is usually observed, results from immunoselection against variants possessing chimeric Vmp's rather than from a switching mechanism that excludes partial gene replacements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7758.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitten
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Barbour
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001898:Borrelia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000939:Epitopes; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D000939:Epitopes; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C067934:VMP7 protein, Borrelia hermsii; C067935:VMP21 antigen, Borrelia