title: Prostate cancer screening: what we know and what we need to know.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically evaluate the evidence for recommending the screening of asymptomatic men for prostate cancer with a blood test to detect a prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles on screening for prostate cancer were identified from MEDLINE searches, from the authors' files, and from the bibliographies of identified articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the absence of controlled prospective trials, the studies are primarily retrospective and contain information about the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of tests used to screen for prostate cancer; the natural history of untreated prostate cancer; the morbidity, mortality, and costs of definitive treatment; and reviews of screening study biases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential treatment-related mortality and costs that could be incurred by screening were estimated using defined assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although screening for prostate cancer has the potential to save lives, because of possible overdiagnosis, screening and subsequent therapy could actually have a net unfavorable effect on mortality or quality of life or both. Given the performance characteristics of the test, widespread screening efforts would probably cost billions of dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The net benefit from widespread screening is unclear. A randomized prospective study of the effect of screening on prostate cancer mortality has therefore been initiated by the National Cancer Institute.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Prorok
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potosky
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gohagan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017048:Health Care Costs; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood* / Q000266:history; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen