title: The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT Trials. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if short-term exercise reduces falls and fall-related injuries in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preplanned meta-analysis of the seven Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques (FICSIT)--independent, randomized, controlled clinical trials that assessed intervention efficacy in reducing falls and frailty in elderly patients. All included an exercise component for 10 to 36 weeks. Fall and injury follow-up was obtained for up to 2 to 4 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nursing home and five community-dwelling (three health maintenance organizations) sites. Six were group and center based; one was conducted at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of participants ranged from 100 to 1323 per study. Subjects were mostly ambulatory and cognitively intact, with minimum ages of 60 to 75 years, although some studies required additional deficits, such as functionally dependent in two or more activities of daily living, balance deficits or lower extremity weakness, or high risk of falling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exercise components varied across studies in character, duration, frequency, and intensity. Training was performed in one area or more of endurance, flexibility, balance platform, Tai Chi (dynamic balance), and resistance. Several treatment arms included additional nonexercise components, such as behavioral components, medication changes, education, functional activity, or nutritional supplements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time to each fall (fall-related injury) by self-report and/or medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox model that allows multiple fall outcomes per patient, the adjusted fall incidence ratio for treatment arms including general exercise was 0.90 (95% confidence limits [CL], 0.81, 0.99) and for those including balance was 0.83 (95% CL, 0.70, 0.98). No exercise component was significant for injurious falls, but power was low to detect this outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatments including exercise for elderly adults reduce the risk of falls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Province
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hornbrook
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ory
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sattin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tinetti
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015444:Exercise; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic