title: Increased risk of second malignant neoplasms outside radiation fields in patients with cervical carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative risk of second primary cancers was evaluated in 125 women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stages I and II cervical carcinoma treated radically with radiation therapy between January 1980 and December 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of patients were reviewed to evaluate the incidence of second malignant neoplasms. Only tumors histologically proven were scored. The annual 5-year age-specific cancer incidence data per 100,000 white women in the years 1981-1985 were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of observed-to-expected numbers of second cancers, using person-years at risk accumulated for each individual in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up time (through December 1992), 10 women whose median age was 65.5 years at the time cervical cancer was diagnosed were found to have 11 second primary cancers. Nine of these cancers were metachronous with regard to cervical cancer and included breast (4), lung (2), myeloma (1), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1) and vulva(1). The metachronous tumors were diagnosed at a median age of 74 years and at median follow-up time of 34 months. Two of the cancers were synchronous with cervical cancer and included bladder (1) and thyroid (1). All of the second tumors were located outside radiation fields. None of the patients with second tumors received chemotherapy during treatment for cervical carcinoma. The relative risk of developing a second cancer of any type was 2.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-4.13), whereas the relative risk of developing a metachronous breast cancer was 2.64 (95% CI = 0.72-6.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased risk of second primary cancers developing was observed among 125 patients with FIGO Stages I and II cervical carcinoma, which may suggest an abnormal genetic background and/or a common etiology for the initial and second tumors. The increased risk of breast cancer occurring as a second primary is in contrast with previously published studies reporting a decreased risk of breast cancer in survivors of cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Werner-Wasik
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madoc-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology