title: Consumer power as the major evolutionary force.
abstract: Each trophic level in evolving ecosystems can behave as either a supplier toward the downstream of trophic energy flow or a consumer toward the upstream, or an arbitrary mixture of the two. We show that each trophic level behaves almost completely as a consumer in evolutionarily sustainable ecosystems. The present prevalence of consumers in evolving ecosystems derives from a model trophic dynamics minimizing the artificial constraints to be applied arbitrarily.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D008954:Models, Biological