title: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children following bone marrow transplantation: an outcome and pathologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pulmonary pathology and clinical outcome in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of medical records and pathologic material of patients diagnosed with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) of a teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of a consecutive cohort of children, with a history of bone marrow transplantation admitted to the pediatric ICU during a 7-yr study period, and who met a published definition of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. For each admission, the pediatric ICU course and outcome were reviewed. Pathologic material that was obtained from the patients was reexamined and assigned to one of the following categories: acute or organizing diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary hemorrhage, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, or infectious pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients satisfied criteria for inclusion in the study group. Indications for bone marrow transplantation were: solid tumor (30%), leukemia (44%), congenital immunodeficiency (19%), and aplastic anemia (7%). Patients were admitted to the pediatric ICU a median of 1 month (range 0 to 126) after bone marrow transplantation. Thirty-eight (88%) patients died in the pediatric ICU. Tissue histologic material was available from 21 (49%) patients. Six (29%) of 21 patients had acute diffuse alveolar damage; one (5%) had organizing diffuse alveolar damage; three (14%) had nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis; and two (10%) had pulmonary hemorrhage. Infectious pneumonia occurred in nine (43%) cases (five fungal; four viral).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acute mortality rate (88%) for children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation is similar to that reported for adults with this combination of conditions. Diffuse alveolar damage, the histologic hallmark of adult respiratory distress syndrome, was present in a minority (33%) of patients. Infectious pneumonia was the most frequent cause of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients who had pathologic tissue available, emphasizing the need for aggressive diagnostic studies and early institution of antifungal and antiviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, New York Hospital and Cornell University Medical College, NY, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bojko
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Notterman
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: De Bruin
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Magid
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Godwin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology*; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies