title: Strategies to respond to polymerase chain reaction deoxyribonucleic acid amplification failure in a preimplantation genetic diagnosis program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to identify and evaluate practical methods within a preimplantation genetic diagnosis program that will increase the percentage of embryos for which a genetic diagnosis can be obtained, including clinical responses after failure of deoxyribonucleic acid amplification has occurred.
  
  
  METHODS
  Known human lymphoblast cell lines and human embryo blastomeres were evaluated in a single-cell, nested primer polymerase chain reaction system with primer sequences for the specific locus surrounding the four base pair insertion mutation on exon 11 of beta-hexosaminidase A-Tay-Sachs disease, the delta F508 mutation of cystic fibrosis, and the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome. Reamplification polymerase chain reaction with standard polymerase chain reaction and primer extension preamplification was performed in deoxyribonucleic acid preparations after previous polymerase chain reaction amplification attempts had resulted in failure of amplification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplification efficiency of Tay-Sachs disease, 51% (97/187), was significantly lower than that for cystic fibrosis, 85% (87/107), and for the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome, 85% (77/90). Tay-Sachs disease polymerase chain reaction amplification occurred in 51% of one-cell lymphoblasts, 89% of two-cell lymphoblasts, and 94% of samples when more than two cells were processed together. When previous amplification failure had occurred, standard Tay-Sachs disease polymerase chain reaction resulted in an amplification efficiency of 16% (three of 19), whereas primer extension preamplification polymerase chain reaction for Tay-Sachs disease resulted in amplification of 52% (31/59) lymphoblasts and 54% (13/24) of polyspermic human blastomeres. Four of six human blastomeres in which amplification failure occurred in a Tay-Sachs disease preimplantation genetic diagnosis cycle amplified by primer extension preamplification polymerase chain reaction, which increased the diagnostic information obtained from four to six of the seven embryos on which biopsy was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that practical approaches for consideration within a clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis program to limit the net effect of amplification failure (i.e., reduced embryo transfer number) include increasing the deoxyribonucleic acid content in the polymerase chain reaction tube by using more than one blastomere and by using primer extension preamplification when the initial attempt at amplification fails.
authors.affiliation: Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507-1912, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lanzendorf
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000737:chemistry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013661:Tay-Sachs Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004247:DNA