title: Renal cell carcinoma: considerations for nephron-sparing surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The performance of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with a normally functioning contralateral kidney is controversial. To explore the risk factors that may contribute to the success or failure of nephron-sparing surgery, we examined the radiology and pathology reports of 278 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for the treatment of clinically localized renal cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collated patient data from the records of 278 patients with Stage III renal cell carcinoma entered into the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group protocol EST 2886 and compared preoperative clinical staging with postoperative pathologic results. Patients were considered potential candidates for nephron-sparing surgery if their preoperative radiographic studies indicated that the carcinoma was a single polar lesion 5 cm or less in diameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 278 radical nephrectomy specimens, 36 had primary lesions 5 cm or less in diameter. Preoperative radiographic studies showed 14 of 36 would not have been considered eligible for nephron-sparing surgery. Of the remaining 22 potential candidates, pathologic studies showed multifocal lesions in 11, renal vein disease in 4, and nodal disease in 2. Only 5 of 22 patients might have had specimen-confined disease (T3a lesion).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capsular-penetrating (T3a) renal cell carcinoma is not often appreciated preoperatively and is associated frequently with multifocal lesions, renal vein or nodal disease. Frozen section studies to rule out T3a disease at the time of nephron-sparing surgery may help determine which patients need radical surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D009399:Nephrons; D011859:Radiography