title: Blood flow and perfusion pressure during open-chest versus closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the blood flow and perfusion pressure differences observed during open- vs. closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including the effects of epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental animal laboratory in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 anesthetized piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  After tracheostomy and insertion of arterial, right atrial, and pulmonary arterial catheters, thoracotomy was performed with placement of a pulmonary arterial flow probe and left atrial catheter. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and followed by 15 mins of either open-chest (n = 14) or closed-chest (n = 21) CPR. A 4-min infusion of 50 mmol of sodium bicarbonate or saline was added at the start of CPR. After 8 mins of CPR, 0.5 mg of epinephrine was given intravenously, and after 15 mins, direct current (DC) shocks were used to revert the heart to sinus rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood flow was studied using transit-time ultrasound flowmetry. In an extended group, intrathoracic pressure was measured for calculation of transmural pressure. Before epinephrine administration, mean pulmonary arterial flow (cardiac output) was reduced: a) during closed-chest CPR relatively more than pulmonary perfusion pressure but in proportion to systemic perfusion pressure; b) during open-chest CPR relatively less than pulmonary perfusion pressure but still in proportion to systemic perfusion pressure. Epinephrine administration temporarily increased systemic perfusion pressure during both closed- and open-chest CPR but temporarily decreased pulmonary perfusion pressure only during closed-chest CPR. After epinephrine administration, cardiac output temporarily decreased during both closed-and open-chest CPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open-chest CPR resulted in better cardiac output and systemic perfusion pressure than closed-chest CPR. However, cardiac output values obtained with both methods were much lower than previously reported. After epinephrine administration, cardiac output became extremely low with both methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubertsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grenvik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiklund
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013815:Thermodilution; D013909:Thorax / Q000503:physiopathology