title: Ultrastructural observations on the ossification of the supraspinous ligament.
abstract: METHODS
  This study analyzed the process of ossification of spinal ligaments. Supraspinous ligaments excised during surgery were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The results were correlated to determine the mechanism of ossification of spinal ligaments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ossification of the ligamentum flavum has been described in detail by Hiraoka, Yamaguchi, and others. However, the pathogenesis of ossification of the spinal ligaments remains unclear. Some studies have been performed by light and transmission electron microscopy, but no detailed investigation of the ossification of the spinal ligaments by scanning electron microscopy has been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of supraspinous ligament were taken from 41 patients during spinal surgery. Ossification was diagnosed macroscopically and radiologically for 20 patients. The specimens were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collagen fibrils were 700-2000 A in diameter and were arranged in parallel. The ligament insertion divided into four zones and seemed to fit the description of Enthesis histologically. Close to the ossification region, there were a region in which some fibrils were thinner and branchings became slightly stronger, tending to form bridges of minute fibrils between other fibrils. Closer to the region of actual ossification, there was a region in which extra-fibrillar substances completely deposited. In the region of actual ossification, there were medullary spaces of varying sizes, and the surrounding collagen fibers were dense and arranged in a lamellar fashion. Osteocyte lacunae had formed and the cells regarded to be the osteocytes were present on the inside.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ossification of the supraspinous ligament possibly occurs as follows. Fibroblasts or chondrocyte-like cells respond to some external stimulus, form an irregular network of fine fibrils, and produce acid mucopolysaccharide. These undergo calcification and capillary invasion. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells invaded and are transformed into osteoblasts. Then osteogenesis ensues with progressive calcification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University, School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology*; D013131:Spine / Q000648:ultrastructure*