title: Treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid and photoactivating light causes destruction of preimplantation mouse embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the direct effect of photodynamic treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on preimplantation mouse embryos in an in vitro setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preimplantation mouse embryos were incubated with or without ALA for 5 hours and followed immediately by light exposure for 0, 5, or 15 minutes. Comparison of the viability and blastocyst formation was made among different treatment groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conventional laboratory setting with embyro culture facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female CD1 mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and hCG before mating. Four-and eight-cell embryos and compacted morulae were flushed from the oviducts and incubated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mM ALA for 5 hours. Embryos subsequently were exposed to photoactivating light for 0, 5, or 15 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microscopic assessment of embryos quality at 12 hours and determination of the percentage of embryos progressing to the blastocyst stage at 36 or 60 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of embryos with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 mM ALA without light resulted in 87.3% +/- 1.6%, 84.9% +/- 3.4%, 81.4% +/- 1.8%, and 82.8% +/- 4.7% of the embryos developing to blastocysts, respectively. In the absence of ALA, light exposure for 0, 5, or 15 minutes resulted in 93.8% +/- 2.3%, 92.3% +/- 2.2%, and 85.9% +/- 1.7% blastocyst formation. Combining treatment of ALA at the same concentrations with light resulted in 33.3% +/- 2.1%, 0.7% +/- 0.9%, 0%, 0% (5-minute light), 13.3% +/- 1.0%, 0%, 1.6% +/- 1.3%, 0% (15-minute light) blastocyst formation, respectively. When gross morphology was used to assess embryo viability at 12 hours, similar results were observed. Measurement of the fluorescent spectrum of embryos incubated with ALA indicated that protoporphyrin IX had been formed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photodynamic ablation of mouse embryos was achieved with ALA under in vitro conditions. These results indicate that preimplantation mouse embryos are capable of converting ALA to the photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX, and are susceptible to subsequent photoablation. A photodynamic effect on the embryo may be important to the successful application of this technique to the treatment of human ectopic pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van Vugt
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D009028:Morula / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D010777:Photochemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX