title: Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 90 percent of the deaths from malaria are in African children, but criteria to guide the recognition and management of severe malaria have not been validated in them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of all children admitted to the pediatric ward of a Kenyan district hospital with a primary diagnosis of malaria. We calculated the frequency and mortality rate for each of the clinical and laboratory criteria in the current World Health Organization (WHO) definition of severe malaria, and then used logistic-regression analysis to identify the variables with the greatest prognostic value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 1844 children (mean age, 26.4 months) with a primary diagnosis of malaria. Not included were 18 children who died on arrival and 4 who died of other causes. The mortality rate was 3.5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 2.7 to 4.3 percent), and 84 percent of the deaths occurred within 24 hours of admission. Logistic-regression analysis identified four key prognostic indicators: impaired consciousness (relative risk, 3.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 7.0), respiratory distress (relative risk, 3.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 7.7), hypoglycemia (relative risk, 3.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 6.7), and jaundice (relative risk, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 6.3). Of the 64 children who died, 54 were among those with impaired consciousness (n = 336; case fatality rate, 11.9 percent) or respiratory distress (n = 251; case fatality rate, 13.9 percent), or both. Hence, this simple bedside index identified 84.4 percent of the fatal cases, as compared with the 79.7 percent identified by the current WHO criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In African children with malaria, the presence of impaired consciousness or respiratory distress can identify those at high risk for death.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute-Clinical Research Centre, Kilifi Unit, Kenya.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waruiru
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warn
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peshu
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D007565:Jaundice / Q000209:etiology; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000150:complications; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality