title: Physiologic bowing in children: an analysis of the pendulum mechanism.
abstract: Prompted by common observations, we investigated why physiologic bowing occurs in infants and what purpose is served by its characteristic varus to valgus to neutral movement of the mechanical axis of the knee which we term "pendulum-like swing" in the frontal plane. Anthropomorphic data were readily available on age-related increase in weight, femoral and tibial lengths, and changes in lower extremity to allow construction of an "average" leg representing "normal" limb alignment of a growing infant male aged 1-8 years. This enabled us to calculate the bending moments on five anatomic levels of the limb about the knee; more important, during some growth periods the bending moments are minimal and may be used to diagnose pathologies of the lower limb. This form of analysis may prove useful in pathologies in which mechanisms serve to "mask" problems diagnosed on the basis of knee angle alone. When the child begins to stand, the pendulum mechanism is needed to equalize physeal growth about the knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: MacMahon
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Carmines
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Irani
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology