title: Mutations of the Connexin43 gap-junction gene in patients with heart malformations and defects of laterality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gap junctions are thought to have a crucial role in the synchronized contraction of the heart and in embryonic development. Connexin43, the major protein of gap junctions in the heart, is targeted by several protein kinases that regulate myocardial cell-cell coupling. We hypothesized that mutations altering sites critical to this regulation would lead to functional or developmental abnormalities of the heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Connexin43 DNA from 25 normal subjects and 30 children with a variety of congenital heart diseases was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Mutant DNA was expressed in cell culture and examined for its effect on the regulation of cell-cell communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 25 normal subjects and 23 of the 30 children with heart disease had no amino acid substitutions in connexin43. All six children with syndromes that included complex heart malformations had substitutions of one or more phosphorylatable serine or threonine residues. Four of these children had two independent mutations, suggesting an autosomal recessive disorder. Five of these children had substitutions of proline for serine at position 364. A seventh child, with a different heart condition, also had a point mutation in connexin43. Transfected cells expressing the Ser364Pro mutant connexin43 sequence showed abnormalities in the regulation of cell-cell communication, as compared with cells expressing normal connexin43.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in the connexin43 gap-junction gene, which lead to abnormally regulated cell-cell communication, are associated with visceroatrial heterotaxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Britz-Cunningham
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Zuppan
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001483:Base Sequence; D002450:Cell Communication; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000235:genetics*; D017629:Gap Junctions; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D011392:Proline; D012694:Serine; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D012694:Serine; D004247:DNA; D011392:Proline