title: High dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy in the management of primary and recurrent bronchogenic malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical, radiographic, and bronchoscopic records of patients treated with out-patient high dose rate (HDR) endobronchial brachytherapy were reviewed to determine its effectiveness in patients with malignant airway obstruction (with or without prior external beam radiation). In addition, quality of life and acute and chronic morbidity were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 1989 to June 30, 1993, 46 patients received 128 HDR endobronchial treatments employing a high activity Ir-192 source with a remote afterloader. Patients treated had a total of 22 primary and 17 recurrent bronchogenic carcinomas, 7 of which were metastatic nonpulmonary tumors. Three separate fractions of 7.0 Gy were prescribed to a depth of 1.0 cm. and given 1 week apart. Twelve patients (30%) received prior external beam irradiation (median dose, 58 Gy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up for the entire group was 5 months (17.5 for surviving patients). Of the eight asymptomatic patients, five (62%) remained asymptomatic for the remainder of their lives. Of the 38 symptomatic patients, 28 (74%) had significant clinical improvement, and 12 of them remained improved for the duration of their lives. Of thirty-six (78%) patients examined for radiographic response, 25 (69%) had a partial or complete response to this treatment. In patients without prior irradiation, there was a tendency for a higher percentage of clinical and radiographic response. Two patients (4%) experienced mild, transient dysphagia, four patients developed self-limited radiation pneumonitis (9%), and three patients (7%) suffered fatal hemoptysis (all of these patients received prior or concurrent external beam radiotherapy). No factor (i.e., prior radiation therapy, number of catheters placed, surgery, or chemotherapy) predicted an increased risk of complications (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outpatient HDR endobronchial brachytherapy is effective in both preventing and relieving endobronchial obstruction in patients with or without prior irradiation, recurrent lesions, or metastatic nonpulmonary disease. A significant proportion of patients can be rendered asymptomatic for the duration of their lives, hence were provided with improved quality of life. These treatments are well tolerated and safe, and result in minimal long term morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pursel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Borrego
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017564:Radiation Pneumonitis / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes