title: Clearance of endogenous lithium in humans: altered dietary salt intake and comparison with exogenous lithium clearance.
abstract: We compared endogenous with exogenous lithium clearance (CLi) and studied the effects of dietary salt intake on endogenous CLi in healthy volunteers. Lithium was detectable within a narrow fourfold range in serum and in urine in all 25 subjects studied [serum (n = 25), mean 0.27 +/- 0.02 mumol/l, range 0.13-0.55 mumol/l; urine (n = 20), range 1.49-7.32, mean 4.09 +/- 0.36 mumol/24 h]. Mean clearance and fractional excretion of endogenous lithium were lower (15.2 +/- 2.0 ml/min and 16.4 +/- 2.1%, respectively) compared with results obtained using the exogenous CLi technique (25.5 +/- 1.7 ml/min and 27.9 +/- 2.1%; P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively; n = 17). In a separate group of six normal subjects, absolute (8.7 +/- 2.9 vs. 20.7 +/- 3.8 ml/min) and fractional excretion of lithium (8.3 +/- 2.9 vs. 18.0 +/- 5.1%) were significantly lower on 5 days of low (31 +/- 10 mmol/day) vs. high sodium intake (357 +/- 78 mmol/day; P < 0.05). Use of endogenous CLi precludes the need for lithium tablets. This could be a particular advantage in population studies and permits serial measurement of CLi on different days. Our results show that it is important to take dietary sodium intake into account in studies of endogenous CLi. Lower values for endogenous compared with exogenous CLi could reflect differences in renal handling depending on the plasma lithium concentration. This clearly requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Folkerd
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Markandu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: MacGregor
mesh_terms: D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D008094:Lithium