title: Efficacy and adverse effects of clozapine in four elderly psychotic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent that is effective in refractory schizophrenic patients. Older patients may have various psychotic manifestations that may not be responsive to typical neuroleptic therapy. There may also be patient-specific factors--declines in reserve capacity and homeostasis, and age-related changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs--in older patients that increase their susceptibility to the side effects of psychotropic medications. While clozapine has few extrapyramidal side effects, it has other side effects that may be problematic in the older population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our geropsychiatric unit, clozapine was prescribed for four patients over the age of 65 years. All patients were either experiencing psychotic symptoms refractory to other antipsychotic medications or had relative contraindications to a typical neuroleptic. Two of the four were chronic schizophrenics, and three of the four also presented with dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the four patients did eventually receive relief of psychotic symptoms from clozapine. All four experienced events after initiation of clozapine therapy, which included falls (2 patients), symptomatic bradycardia (2 patients), and delirium (1 patient). All these adverse effects occurred on doses ranging from 6.25 to 37.50 mg/day, and the three patients with moderate-to-severe dementia experienced these severe adverse effects after administration of the first dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine may be a useful drug for older patients with psychotic symptoms; however, at current dosage recommendations, adverse events may occur, especially on first dose. Well-designed studies need to be performed to assess the effectiveness and dosage ranges for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0742, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pitner
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mintzer
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pennypacker
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced; D003704:Dementia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine