title: Effect of nibbling versus gorging on cardiovascular risk factors: serum uric acid and blood lipids.
abstract: Nibbling has been reported to decrease serum cholesterol under fasting conditions, as well as the incidence of cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that these effects are partly attributable to reduced concentrations of serum insulin, which are also observed. However, data on the effects of nibbling on serum lipids throughout the day are not available, nor is it known how nibbling affects serum uric acid as a further insulin-related risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We have attempted to address these issues. Seven healthy men consumed identical diets in a randomized crossover design either as three meals daily (control) or as 17 meals daily (nibbling) for 2 weeks. On day 13, serum lipid levels were measured over the course of the day (12 hours) together with the 24-hour urinary excretion of mevalonic acid as an indicator of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Concentrations of uric acid in serum and 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid were also determined. Mean (+/- SE) percent treatment differences in day-long total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein (apo) B were significant, with lower values on the nibbling diet as compared with the control diet (8.1% +/- 1.6%, P = .002; 12.2% +/- 2.6%, P = .005; 10.1% +/- 1.6%, P < .001; and 9.9% +/- 2.6%, P = .008, respectively). No significant difference was seen in the total to HDL cholesterol ratio or in urinary mevalonic acid excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Illingworth
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pappu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wolever
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cunnane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004231:Diuresis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine