title: Effect of combined nitric oxide inhalation and NG-nitro-L-arginine infusion in porcine endotoxin shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the possible effects of a combination of systemic nitric oxide synthesis inhibition (to increase mean arterial blood pressure) and nitric oxide inhalation (to decrease pulmonary vascular pressure) in porcine endotoxin shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory at a large university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten pathogen-free pigs weighing 19 to 25 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgical preparation, all pigs received a continuous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (15 micrograms/kg/hr) for 2 hrs. After 1 hr of endotoxemia, nitric oxide inhalation (50 parts per million) and NG-nitro-L-arginine infusion (50 mg/kg/hr) were initiated in six pigs. Four pigs served as controls and received only a lipopolysaccharide infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NG-nitro-L-arginine infusion and nitric oxide inhalation prevented the further decrease in mean arterial blood pressure seen in the control pigs (p < .05), but did not restore mean arterial blood pressure back to basal values. Cardiac output decreased significantly compared with controls during NG-nitro-L-arginine infusion/nitric oxide inhalation (p < .01). Systemic vascular resistance, which was below basal values in the controls after 2 hrs of endotoxemia, was markedly increased by NG-nitro-L-arginine/nitric oxide, to higher values than those observed in the basal state (p < .01). In the control pigs, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance showed a biphasic increase. In the NG-nitro-L-arginine/nitric oxide treated group, the second phase increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure did not occur (p < .01). However, there was no difference in pulmonary vascular resistance between the groups. Renal vascular resistance was unchanged in controls, while NG-nitro-L-arginine/nitric oxide induced a four-fold increase in renal vascular resistance (p < .001). There was no statistical difference in urine production between the groups. PaO2 values were higher and PaCO2 tensions were lower in the treated pigs than in the controls. Arterial pH and base excess did not differ. Arterial plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide Y concentrations increased during the lipopolysaccharide infusion in both groups, with a tendency toward higher concentrations in the pigs receiving NG-nitro-L-arginine/nitric oxide. Arterial plasma endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in these pigs was significantly higher at the end of the treatment than in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model of porcine endotoxin shock, the combination of NG-nitro-L-arginine infusion and nitric oxide inhalation attenuated pulmonary hypertension and improved gas exchange; it also prevented development of further systemic hypotension, but impaired cardiac output and increased systemic and renal vascular resistances to supranormal levels. NG-nitro-L-arginine/nitric oxide did not reduce sympathetic nervous system activation or metabolic acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weitzberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudehill
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lundberg
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016232:Endothelins / Q000097:blood; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019335:Nitroarginine; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine