title: Selective protection against IgG binding to red cells treated with phthalocyanines and red light for virus inactivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irradiation with red light of red cells (RBCs) containing the photodynamically active phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes is being studied for inactivation of lipid-enveloped viruses. One of the outstanding problems with this treatment is the binding of IgG to RBCs. The effects of oxygen and type I or type II quenchers on this IgG uptake were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pc compounds used were aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AIPcS4), HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (Pc 4); HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N+(CH3)3I- (Pc 5); and SiPcOSi[(CH3)2(CH2)3N+(CH3)3](2)2I- (Pc 6). RBCs were analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of IgG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiation with red light for 30 minutes of RBCs containing either 2 microM Pc 4, 2 microM Pc 5, 2 microM Pc 6, or 6.5 microM AIPcS4 resulted in an uptake of IgG. These conditions completely inactivated the lipid-enveloped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (> 5 log10 kill). IgG uptake was reduced when oxygen was depleted. The addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) or mercaptoethanol prevented the binding of IgG with RBCs treated with AIPcS4, Pc 4, Pc 5, and Pc 6. Specific binding of IgG2 but not of C3d was observed upon irradiation of RBCs with Pc 5 and Pc 6 in the absence of GSH. No gross changes were observed in RBC antigen strength after irradiation with the dyes in the presence of GSH. Inactivation of VSV by Pc plus light was not affected by GSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulfhydryl compounds are useful in preventing IgG binding to RBCs following Pc photosensitization. Since virus inactivation proceeds at the same rate in the presence and the absence of sulfhydryl compounds, their addition to treated RBCs should allow crossmatching for transfusion after treatment. The binding of IgG depends to a large extent on the generation of reactive oxygen species.
authors.affiliation: New York Blood Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rywkin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Hur
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horowitz
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054833:Isoindoles; D008027:Light; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D008623:Mercaptoethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007211:Indoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D008623:Mercaptoethanol; D005978:Glutathione; C013647:phthalocyanine