title: Racial/ethnic differences in the likelihood of cesarean delivery, California.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether women's sociodemographic characteristics are independently associated with cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted of hospital discharge data for singleton first births in California in 1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After insurance and personal, community, medical, and hospital characteristics had been controlled, Blacks were 24% more likely to undergo cesarean delivery than Whites; only among low-birthweight and county hospital births were Blacks not at a significantly elevated risk. Among women who resided in substantially non-English-speaking communities, who delivered high-birthweight babies, or who gave birth at for-profit hospitals, cesarean delivery appeared to be more likely among non-Whites and was over 40% more likely among Blacks than among Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings cannot establish causation, but the significant racial/ethnic disparities in delivery mode, despite adjustment for social, economic, medical, and hospital factors, suggest inappropriate influences on clinical decision making that would not be addressed by changes in reimbursement. If practice variations among providers are involved, de facto racial differences in access to optimal care may be indicated. The role of provider and patient attitudes and expectations in the observed racial/ethnic differentials should also be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0900, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braveman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egerter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Edmonston
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verdon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001724:Birth Weight; D002140:California; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006766:Hospitals, County; D006777:Hospitals, Proprietary; D006788:Hospitals, Voluntary; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors