title: Electrochemical determination of low blood lead concentrations with a disposable carbon microarray electrode.
abstract: Lead concentrations in blood samples typical of unexposed individuals are determined by using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry at a disposable 287-element (15-35-microns diameter) carbon microarray electrode. Analysis of a series of low Pb-containing samples (blood [Pb] = 17 to 92 micrograms/L) by standard addition gives good accuracy (average bias vs graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy = -4 micrograms/L) and precision (pooled SD = 7 micrograms/L). The signal/noise ratio is improved by about an order of magnitude over that found at a single carbon disk (10 microns diameter), resulting in a detection limit (for the microarray) of 5 micrograms/L for a 60-s deposition of sample.
authors.affiliation: University of California/San Francisco, UCSF/SFGH Metals Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital 94110, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Osterloh
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hata
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008832:Microchemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D002244:Carbon