title: Ethanol inhibits luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion by blocking the response of LHRH neuronal terminals to nitric oxide.
abstract: It has previously been shown that alcohol can suppress reproduction in humans, monkeys, and small rodents by inhibiting release of luteinizing hormone (LH). The principal action is via suppression of the release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) both in vivo and in vitro. The present experiments were designed to determine the mechanism by which alcohol inhibits LHRH release. Previous research has indicated that the release of LHRH is controlled by nitric oxide (NO). The proposed pathway is via norepinephrine-induced release of NO from NOergic neurons, which then activates LHRH release. In the present experiments, we further evaluated the details of this mechanism in male rats by incubating medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) explants in vitro and examining the release of NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and production of cGMP. The results have provided further support for our theory of LHRH control. Norepinephrine increased the release of NO as measured by conversion of [14C]arginine to [14C]citrulline, and this increase was blocked by the alpha 1 receptor blocker prazosin. Furthermore, the release of LHRH induced by nitroprusside (NP), a donor of NO, is related to the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by NO since NP increased cGMP release from MBHs and cGMP also released LHRH. Ethanol had no effect on the production of NO by MBH explants or the increased release of NO induced by norepinephrine. Therefore, it does not act at that step in the pathway. Ethanol also failed to affect the increase in cGMP induced by NP. On the other hand, as might be expected from previous experiments indicating that LHRH release was brought about by PGE2, NP increased the conversion of [14C]arachidonic acid to its metabolites, particularly PGE2. Ethanol completely blocked the release of LHRH induced by NP and the increase in PGE2 induced by NP. Therefore, the results support the theory that norepinephrine acts to stimulate NO release from NOergic neurons. This NO diffuses to the LHRH terminals where it activates guanylate cyclase, leading to an increase in cGMP. At the same time, it also activates cyclooxygenase. The increase in cGMP increases intracellular free calcium, activating phospholipase A2 to provide arachidonic acid, the substrate for conversion by the activated cyclooxygenase to PGE2, which then activates the release of LHRH. Since alcohol inhibits the conversion of labeled arachidonic acid to PGE2, it must act either directly to inhibit cyclooxygenase or perhaps it may act by blocking the increase in intracellular free calcium induced by cGMP, which is crucial for activation of of both phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CEFYBO-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canteros
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rettori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genaro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cebral
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faletti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McCann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007033:Hypothalamus, Middle / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins; D009599:Nitroprusside; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000431:Ethanol; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D009638:Norepinephrine