title: Prevalence of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders and orofacial parafunction in 4-6-year-old African-American and Caucasian children.
abstract: Children, 4-6 years old, 153 Caucasian and 50 African-American, from a pre-school and kindergarten programme in a low income industrial area, who participated in a voluntary oral health examination, were questioned and examined for signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and of oral parafunctions. Most of the CMD signs and symptoms were mild. Eight per cent had recurrent (at least 1-2 times per week) TMJ pain, and 5% had recurrent neck pain, African-American children more often than Caucasian children (P < 0.05). Seventeen per cent had recurrent headache. Three per cent had recurrent earache. Pain or tiredness in the jaws during chewing was reported by 25% of the children, more often by African-American than by Caucasian children (P < 0.001) and more often by girls than by boys (P < 0.05). Pain at jaw opening occurred in 10% of the children, more often in the African-American than in the Caucasian group (P < 0.001). Thirteen per cent of the children had problems in opening the mouth. Deviation during opening was observed in 17% and reduced opening in 2%. Reduced lateral movements, locking or luxation were not observed in any child. Palpation pain was found in the lateral TMJ area in 16%, in the posterior TMJ area in 25%, in the temporalis and masseter areas in 10%, and pain for all regions was found more often in the African-American than in the Caucasian children (P < 0.01). Thirty-four per cent of the African-American, and 15% of the Caucasian children admitted to having ear noises (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and General Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Widmalm
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hawley
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002667:Child Reactive Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017271:Craniomandibular Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking / Q000009:adverse effects; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009259:Nail Biting / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012737:Sex Factors; D013016:Sound; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American