title: Volatile fatty acid concentrations, enzyme activities and microflora in the rumen contents of heifers during transition to pasture.
abstract: Observations were carried out on volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, enzyme activities and the microflora of the rumen contents in heifers during transition from winter to pasture feeding and in the subsequent gazing cycles. After turn-out to pasture, total VFA concentrations in the rumen contents of heifers significantly decreased from 107.7 to 88.7 mmol.l-1 (P < 0.01). After subsequent increase the total VFA concentrations reached their highest value (117.0 mmol.l-1) in the 8th week of grazing. The proportion of the molar acetic acid concentration in the rumen content increased insignificantly whereas that of propionic acid decreased insignificantly. In the molar proportion of butyric acid no significant differences could be stated. In the subsequent weeks the molar proportions of acetic acid were rather balanced and ranged within 66.2 and 68.0 mol%; the molar proportion of propionic acid insignificantly increased in the 4th week (18.7 mol%). Molar proportions of butyric acid on pasture insignificantly increased in week 3 (15.2 mol%) and appeared as balanced, later acquiring values between 14.0 and 14.8 mol%. The energetic yield of VFA production in the rumen of heifers decreased insignificantly from 73.6 to 72.15; the acetate: propionate ratio revealed an insignificant increase from 3.66 to 4.18. The enzyme activity of cellulase (endoglucanase E.C.3.2.1.4 and cellobiohydrolase E.C.3.2.1.91.) decreased significantly from 17.83 to 16.64 micrograms.ml-1 (P < 0.01); in the subsequent weeks, however, a significant increase could be observed. The enzyme activity of alpha-amylase (E.C.3.2.1.1.) decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In the 4th week a significant increase of the former occurred. The numbers of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen content decreased significantly from 8.08 to 7.61 log 10.ml-1 (P < 0.01) and then a significant increase to 8.39 log 10.ml-1 was observed again in the 3rd week of grazing (P < 0.05). During pasture, a significant increase of the numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria was recorded. As to the numbers of lactobacilli a significant decrease (P < 0.05) with a subsequent insignificant increase during grazing could be observed. Throughout the grazing season, the numbers of Streptococci reached values that surpassed those recorded during the winter feeding period. After transition from winter feeding to pasture the adaptation of rumen fermentation took four weeks.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Animal Production Nitra, Division Kosice, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zitnan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauková
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bomba
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venglovský
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D006109:Poaceae; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile