Efficacy and safety of lowering dietary intake of fat and cholesterol in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). The Writing Group for the DISC Collaborative Research Group.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of lowering dietary intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in children.


METHODS
Six-center randomized controlled clinical trial.


METHODS
Prepubertal boys (n = 362) and girls (n = 301) aged 8 to 10 years with LDL-C levels greater than or equal to the 80th and less than the 98th percentiles for age and sex were randomized into an intervention group (n = 334) and a usual care group (n = 329).


METHODS
Behavioral intervention to promote adherence to a diet providing 28% of energy from total fat, less than 8% from saturated fat, up to 9% from polyunsaturated fat, and less than 75 mg/4200 kJ (1000 kcal) per day of cholesterol (not to exceed 150 mg/d).


METHODS
The primary efficacy measure was the mean LDL-C level at 3 years. Primary safety measures were mean height and serum ferritin levels at 3 years. Secondary efficacy outcomes were mean LDL-C levels at 1 year and mean total cholesterol levels at 1 and 3 years. Secondary safety outcomes included red blood cell folate values; serum zinc, retinol, and albumin levels; serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values, LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and total triglyceride levels; sexual maturation; and psychosocial health.


RESULTS
At 3 years, dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol levels decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the usual care group (all P < .001). Levels of LDL-C decreased in the intervention and usual care groups by 0.40 mmol/L (15.4 mg/dL) and 0.31 mmol/L (11.9 mg/dL), respectively. Adjusting for baseline level and sex and imputting values for missing data, the mean difference between the groups was -0.08 mmol/L (-3.23 mg/dL) (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.15 to -0.01 mmol/L [-5.6 to -0.5 mg/dL]), which was significant (P = .02). There were no significant differences between the groups in adjusted mean height or serum ferritin levels (P > .05) or other safety outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
The dietary intervention achieved modest lowering of LDL-C levels over 3 years while maintaining adequate growth, iron stores, nutritional adequacy, and psychological well-being during the critical growth period of adolescence.
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D015596:Nutrition Assessment
D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005293:Ferritins