title: Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up-regulation by isotretinoin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoids are effective in the treatment and prevention of certain human cancers. Most of their actions are thought to result from changes in gene expression mediated by nuclear retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors. We conducted a study to determine whether the expression of these receptors was altered in premalignant oral lesions and, if so, whether their expression could be restored by treatment with isotretinoin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed in situ hybridization of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors using antisense riboprobes in specimens of oral mucosa from 7 normal subjects and specimens of premalignant oral lesions from 52 patients before treatment with isotretinoin and from 39 of the 52 patients after three months of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the normal specimens expressed retinoic acid receptor-beta messenger RNA (mRNA). In contrast, retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA was detected in only 21 of the 52 premalignant oral lesions (P = 0.003). Thirty-five of the 39 specimens available for evaluation after treatment expressed retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA (P < 0.001). All normal and premalignant specimens expressed similar levels of mRNA for retinoic acid receptor-alpha and retinoic acid receptor-gamma and the three types of retinoic X receptors, alpha, beta, and gamma. The levels of retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA increased in the specimens from 18 of the 22 patients who had responses to isotretinoin and in 8 of the 17 specimens from the patients without responses (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA is selectively lost in premalignant oral lesions and can be restored by treatment with isotretinoin. Restoration of the expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA is associated with a clinical response. Retinoic acid receptor-beta may have a role in mediating the response to retinoids and may be a useful intermediate biologic marker in trials of these agents for the prevention of oral carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D015474:Isotretinoin