title: Myocyte contractile responsiveness after hypothermic, hyperkalemic cardioplegic arrest. Disparity between exogenous calcium and beta-adrenergic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute left ventricular dysfunction is commonly encountered after hypothermic, hyperkalemic cardioplegic arrest (HHCA) and often requires inotropic intervention for successful separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the basic mechanisms involved in depressed left ventricular function and the cellular basis for the differential effects of inotropic drugs after HHCA are unknown. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to determine the effects of calcium (Ca2+) and beta-adrenergic receptor agonists (beta AR) stimulation on isolated myocyte contractile function after HHCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocytes were isolated from the left ventricle of nine pigs and randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) normothermic, control: incubation in oxygenated cell culture media for 2 h at 37 degrees C; and (2) cardioplegia: incubation in 4 degrees C crystalloid cardioplegia for 2 h, followed by rewarming. Steady-state myocyte contractile function was measured after pulse stimulation at baseline, in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (3-10 mM), and in the presence of the beta AR agonist isoproterenol (2-100 nM). Myocyte profile surface area was measured for both normothermic myocytes and myocytes after HHCA. In a separate set of experiments, myocyte contractile function also was documented after 2 h of hypoxic conditions with both normothermic incubation and HHCA, in the presence and absence of beta AR stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline myocyte contractile function was significantly less in the cardioplegia group compared to control. Extracellular Ca2+ produced a dose-dependent significant increase in myocyte contractile function in the normothermic control group, whereas increased extracellular Ca2+ only minimally increased myocyte contractile function in the cardioplegia group. A dose-dependent, significant increase in myocyte contractile function was observed in both groups after beta AR stimulation by isoproterenol; however, myocyte contractile function in the cardioplegia group was decreased compared to the control group. Hypoxia under normothermic conditions significantly reduced myocyte contractile function, myocyte relaxation, and beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Hypoxia in combination with cardioplegic arrest compounded the negative effects on contractile processes but did not further impair beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Myocyte profile surface area was significantly increased after HHCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimal improvement in myocyte contractile function after HHCA with increased extracellular Ca2+ suggests that Ca2+ depletion is not the primary mechanism for depressed myocyte contractility after HHCA. On the other hand, because beta AR administration improved myocyte contractile function after HHCA, the cellular basis for the effects of beta AR stimulation after HHCA is probably not increased myocyte Ca2+ but rather alternative mechanisms, such as changes in myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+. These results also suggest that the abnormalities in left ventricular function after HHCA result from the direct effects of hyperkalemic induced electromechanical uncoupling as well as relative hypoxic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2207, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium