title: The Stockholm I trial of preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  From 1980 to 1987, 849 patients with clinically resectable rectal adenocarcinoma were randomized into a controlled clinical trial to evaluate the role of preoperative radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were given either 25 Gy during 5 to 7 days before surgery or underwent surgery alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a median follow-up time of 107 months (range, 62-144 months) the incidence of pelvic recurrence among 684 "curatively" operated patients was significantly lower among those who also received radiotherapy (P < 0.001) in all Dukes' stages. No significant difference was observed between the treatment groups with regard to frequency of distant metastases or overall survival. The time to local recurrence or distant metastasis and survival was significantly prolonged in the irradiated group. However, the postoperative mortality was 8% in the radiotherapy group compared with 2% in the surgery only group (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative short term radiotherapy reduced the incidence of pelvic recurrences and prolonged survival related to rectal cancer compared with surgery alone. The postoperative morbidity was significantly higher in the irradiated group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cedermark
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rutqvist
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wilking
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden