title: The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Birmingham, England. Relationship to ethnicity and country of birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the point prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on January 1, 1992, and the incidence of SLE during 1991, in Birmingham, England, a large city with a broad ethnic mix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six sources were used to ascertain patients with diagnosed SLE, including notification by attending and primary care physicians, the lupus patient support group, and hospital inpatient and laboratory data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 242 SLE patients (227 females, 15 males) identified: prevalence rate 27.7/100,000 (95% confidence interval 24.2-31.2/100,000) in the population and 206.0/100,000 in Afro-Caribbean females. No significant differences in female ethnic prevalence rates by place of birth were observed. Thirty-three patients developed SLE in 1991: incidence rate 3.8/100,000/year (95% confidence interval 2.5-5.1/100,000/year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates dramatic differences in incidence and prevalence rates in the UK, depending on ethnic group and irrespective of place of birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Birmingham University, Edgbaston, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bacon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People