title: Control of post anaesthetic shivering with nefopam hydrochloride in mildly hypothermic patients after neurosurgery.
abstract: Postoperative shivering may be prevented by maintaining normothermia intraoperatively or it may be treated using specific drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of nefopam hydrochloride (nefopam) to that of clonidine and meperidine in patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. Three groups of patients were included in the study. Patients in group A (60) received i.v., at random, 20 mg of nefopam, 50 mg of meperidine or 150 micrograms of clonidine in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence of shivering and the time at which shivering ceased were noted, along with central temperature and main haemodynamic changes. Group B (20) received i.v., at random, either 10 mg of nefopam or saline before awakening from anaesthesia. The effects of nefopam on central temperature, oxygen consumption (Vo2), carbon dioxide production (VcO2), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy expenditure (EE) were investigated. Group C (10) received i.v. 20 mg of nefopam during surgery: cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored. In group A nefopam stopped shivering in 95% of patients when compared to meperidine and clonidine, which were effective in 32% and 40% of patients respectively. In group B, only 10% of patients receiving nefopam had postoperative shivering, Vo2, VcO2 and EE were significantly lower in patients treated with nefopam than those in the control group. No changes in CSFP, CPP or EEG were observed in group C. In conclusion, nefopam seems to be more effective than clonidine or meperidine in quickly suppressing shivering, without producing significant adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Blasi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanitá
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparetto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009340:Nefopam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009340:Nefopam; D008614:Meperidine; D003000:Clonidine