title: Fortification of human milk: evaluation of a novel fortification scheme and of a new fortifier.
abstract: Human milk fed to very-low-birth-weight infants must be fortified with protein, minerals, and vitamins. We tested a new fortification regimen in which the amount of fortifier was adjusted on the basis of frequent determinations of serum urea nitrogen (SUN). A newly formulated fortifier based on bovine milk proteins was employed either in the new fashion (regimen ADJ) or in the conventional fixed proportion (regimen FIX). Using the fixed proportion, the study also compared the new fortifier with a fortifier based on human milk protein (regimen HMP). Twelve infants were studied with each of the three regimens; nearly all completed 3 weeks of study. Protein intake was generally higher in ADJ than FIX; the difference was significant (p < 0.01) during week 2. Weight gain was somewhat (but not significantly) greater in regimen ADJ (32.3 g/d or 18.8 g/kg/d) than in regimen FIX (30.0 g/d or 18.3 g/kg/d). SUN was higher in ADJ than in FIX, and several other serum chemical values (calcium, phosphorus, potassium) tended to be higher, probably reflecting higher intakes of these nutrients with ADJ than with FIX. Plasma concentrations of several amino acids were higher in ADJ than FIX, but none, including threonine, were outside the physiological range. In comparing regimen FIX to regimen HMP, infants on FIX received similar intakes of protein and showed slightly but not significantly more rapid weight gain. Concentrations of SUN were lower with FIX, but other serum chemical values, including amino acids, were generally similar to HMP. We conclude that use of the new adjustable fortification regimen is feasible and safe and that it should be studied further. It produced the expected increases in nutrient intakes and growth. The new bovine milk-based fortifier appears to be equivalent to the human milk-based fortifier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal Pathology, Provincial Maternity Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Minoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostrom
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Picone
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Räihä
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008895:Milk, Human; D008903:Minerals / Q000097:blood; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001798:Blood Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D009584:Nitrogen