title: The contribution of delta 1- and delta 2-opioid receptors to hypoxia-induced pial artery dilation in the newborn pig.
abstract: Previously, it has been observed that mu-opioid receptors contribute to while kappa-opioid receptors oppose pial artery dilation in response to hypoxia. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of delta 1- and delta 2-opioid receptor activation to hypoxia-induced pial vasodilation. Newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window were used to measure pial artery diameter and collect cortical periarachnoid CSF for assay of opioids. Hypoxia increased CSF leucine enkephalin (a delta -agonist) from 36 +/- 6 to 113 +/- 17 pg/ml (n = 5). Hypoxia-induced pial artery vasodilation was attenuated during moderate hypoxia (PaO2 approximately 35 mm Hg), while this response was blunted during severe hypoxia (PaO2 approximately 25 mm Hg), by the delta 1-opioid receptor antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX; 10(-8) M) (23 +/- 2 vs. 13 +/- 2 and 34 +/- 6 vs. 10 +/- 3% for moderate and severe hypoxia in the absence and presence of BNTX, respectively; n = 5). In contrast, the delta 2-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole (10(-9) M) blunted pial vasodilation during moderate hypoxia, but only attenuated the vasodilator response during severe hypoxia (22 +/- 2 vs. 8 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 4 vs. 23 +/- 4% for moderate and severe hypoxia in the absence and presence of naltrindole, respectively; n = 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Armstead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001597:Benzylidene Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D001597:Benzylidene Compounds; D004745:Enkephalins; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C060209:deltorphin II, Ala(2)-; C077358:7-benzylidenenaltrexone; D009271:Naltrexone; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-