title: Frameless stereotactic guidance. An intraoperative adjunct in the transoral approach for ventral cervicomedullary junction decompression.
abstract: METHODS
  The application of a video-interactive frameless stereotactic guidance system for the treatment of ventral cervicomedullary junction compression is described in a patient with basilar invagination, odontoid dysgenesis, and a Chiari malformation who had irreducible impingement on the ventral brainstem by a partially fused mass of bone made up of the malformed odontoid peg, the inferior clivus, and dorsally protruding osteophytes at the odontoid-clival junction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technology permitted instantaneous feedback of the surgeon's orientation in all planes, facilitating extensive removal of the dens and clival tip to achieve adequate ventral brainstem decompression. In view of the distortion of the craniovertebral anatomy produced by the patient's anomalies, the ability to visualize three dimensionally the location of the vertebral arteries also added an element of safety to the lateral bone removal. Similarly, the ability to localize the rostral limit of the clivus that needed to be resected and the caudal extent of C2 that needed to be removed to achieve an adequate decompression helped ensure that the extent of bone removal was appropriately tailored to the patient's anatomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe this technique represents a significant advance over standard radiographic intraoperative localization techniques during transoral approaches to the ventral cervicomedullary junction for patients in whom the odontoid is fixed in position in relation to the clivus. This is based on the speed with which localization can be obtained, the accuracy of the information provided, the ability to obtain localization in multiple planes simultaneously, and the lack of radiation exposure during the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Janecka
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques