title: Morphology of the second cervical vertebra and the posterior projection of the C2 pedicle axis.
abstract: METHODS
  This study assessed numerous structural features of the second cervical vertebra (C2), describing the projection point of the pedicle on its posterior aspect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the specimens included quantitative description of 18 linear and four angular parameters, which then were correlated between male and female specimens. The point of projection of the C2 pedicle axis was described with an emphasis on a perspective relevant to a posterior approach.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The literature regarding the anatomy of the axis focuses mainly on the dens. Very little research regarding the quantitative study of the C2 pedicle has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty dry C2 cervical vertebrae (30 male, 20 female) were obtained for anatomic measurements. Anatomic evaluation focused on the pedicle, vertebral body, dens, superior facet, and vertebral canal. All measurements were made using calipers and a standard rule linear measurements and a goniometer for angular measures. Based on the measurement of 50 specimens, including 18 linear and four angular parameters, the mean, range, and standard deviation were calculated for all of the specimens and for male and female separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was found to exist for 11 of 18 linear measurements and one of four angular parameters. The projection point of the pedicle axis on the posterior aspect of the lateral mass was described with an emphasis on a perspective relevant to a posterior surgical approach. The location of the projection point of the pedicle axis was found to be 5.4 +/- 1.2 mm inferior to the horizontal line, and 7.2 +/- 1.3 mm lateral to the vertical line. The pedicle axis was found to lie at 33 degrees in the medial direction and 20 degrees in the superior direction form the point of pedicle axis projection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the techniques described here are used, the findings may be helpful in cases involving C2 when surgical intervention and instrumentation are desired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nadaud
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics