title: Portal vein thrombosis after percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: value of color Doppler sonography in distinguishing chemical and tumor thrombi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distinction between benign (chemical) and tumor thromboses of the portal vein after treat,ent with percutaneous injection of ethanol for hepatocellular carcinoma is crucial for the proper management of the patient. The purpose of this study was to determine whether color Doppler sonography can be used to differentiate between the two types of thrombi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1991 and April 1994, portal vein thrombosis was detected by color Doppler sonography in 19 patients (13 men and six women 59-77 years old; mean age, 67 years) who had hepatocellular carcinomas and who had received percutaneous ethanol injection (n = 11) or percutaneous ethanol injection after transcatheter arterial embolization (n = 8). The criterion for diagnosing tumor thrombosis by color Doppler sonography was the detection of pulsatile arterial flow in the thrombus. The benign or malignant nature of the thrombosis was subsequently established by percutaneous fine-needle biopsy of the thrombus; malignant thrombosis was seen in 13 patients, and chemical thrombosis was seen in six patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulsatile arterial flow in the thrombus was observed by color Doppler sonography in 12 of the 13 malignant thrombi and in none of the bland thrombi. The flow was hepatopetal in seven cases and hepatofugal in five cases. The peak systolic frequency shift ranged from 0.59 to 2.65 kHz (mean, 1.35 kHz), and the resistive index ranged from 0.37 to 0.69 (mean, 0.55). The sensitivity and the specificity of color Doppler sonography for the detection of tumor thrombosis were 92% and 100%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that color Doppler sonography is a reliable way to differentiate between chemical and tumor thromboses of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas treated by ethanol injection. When the sonogram shows pulsatile arterial flow within the thrombus, percutaneous biopsy of the thrombus is unnecessary. The finding is always indicative of malignant thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lencioni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caramella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Battolla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Falaschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol