title: School breakfast improves verbal fluency in undernourished Jamaican children.
abstract: School feeding programs exist in many countries, but few have been properly evaluated. In this study, the short-term effects of breakfast on children's cognitive functions were examined. The subjects were 97 undernourished (weight-for-age < or = -1 SD of reference) and 100 adequately nourished (weight-for-age > -1 SD) children in four primary schools in rural Jamaica. The children were randomly assigned to a group provided with breakfast or a group given a quarter of an orange as a placebo, and then given a battery of four cognitive function tests. After a few weeks the treatments were reversed and the tests repeated. Undernourished children's performance improved significantly on a test of verbal fluency when they received breakfast, whereas that of the adequately nourished children did not change (breakfast x group interaction, P < 0.05). There were no other effects of breakfast on test scores. The findings extend those of a previous Jamaican study conducted under more controlled conditions, and support the targeting of school meals to undernourished children.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grantham-McGregor
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012574:Schools; D012923:Social Class; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors