title: Fetal akinesia.
abstract: Normal fetal growth and development during pregnancy is highly dependent upon adequate fetal movement. Limitation of movement, regardless of the underlying cause, can result in a particular pattern of abnormal fetal morphogenesis. This phenotype is termed the fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS). The etiology of fetal akinesia may be generally classified into one of five categories: neuropathy, myopathy, restrictive dermopathy, teratogen exposure, or restricted movement due to intrauterine constraint. In this article, the differential diagnosis of fetal akinesia is systematically reviewed and information regarding prenatal diagnosis, prognosis, perinatal management, and recurrence risks are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19107, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Donnenfeld
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005324:Fetal Movement; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis