title: Intra-articular histopathologic changes secondary to local lead intoxication in rabbit knee joints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of intra-articular lead fragments on articular cartilage, synovium, and menisci in rabbit knees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cylindrical lead implants were inserted into a nonarticulating area of the medial femoral condyle. Identically sized stainless steel implants were used as a control for the mechanical effects of the material, and arthrotomies were performed on some of the animals as a control for the effects of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic evidence of articular degeneration was significantly greater in rabbit knees implanted with lead compared with knees with steel implants (p = 0.0625), knees with arthrotomies, or those with no procedure performed (p = 0.0325). Changes were also greater in the synovium of knees implanted with lead compared with all other specimens. No significant degenerative changes were noted in the menisci of any specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such changes may be early signs of degenerative joint disease and may lead to chronic damage. Gunshot wounds affecting joints may cause intra-articular retention of lead fragments, which are not physiologically inert and may cause degenerative joint changes. Even if no mechanical impingement is evident, removal of lead may be warranted to prevent early arthropathies in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bolanos
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vigorita
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Meyerson
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bryk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot
chemical_list: D007854:Lead