title: Premedication with oral midazolam for voiding cystourethrography in children: safety and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midazolam is a relatively short-acting water-soluble benzodiazepine that provides anxiolysis and anterograde amnesia and can be given orally with few adverse effects. We evaluated the benefit and safety of oral midazolam for sedation of young children during voiding cystourethrography or nuclear cystography.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 3.5 years, a highly selected group of 98 children, ages 23 months to 9 years (mean, 4 years), were given oral midazolam 0.6 mg/kg 20-30 min before cystourethrography or nuclear cystography. These children either had been frightened by a previous catheterization (39%) or seemed particularly frightened during an examination of their genitals in the office (61%). A control group of 25 children, similar in age to the study group, did not receive midazolam before cystourethrography. Parents were interviewed to assess their child's recollection of the procedure. Voiding dynamics were assessed by evaluating the postvoiding radiograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the midazolam-treated patients, 60% had no recollection of the study, and 31% remembered part or all of the study but did not have a negative experience. No significant change in vital signs or oxygen saturation was observed in any child. In the control group, 24 (96%) of 25 children remembered the cystographic examination (p < .01). Behavioral side effects occurred in 12% of the children receiving midazolam and consisted primarily of combative behavior as the medication was wearing off. Ninety-five percent of the parents indicated that they would want their child to have midazolam again if the cystography needed to be repeated. Of the children receiving midazolam, 76% had little or no residual urine after voiding, compared with 72% of the control group (no significant difference).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children who have been or are likely to be excessively frightened during cystourethrography or nuclear cystography, midazolam usually provides satisfactory amnesia and anxiolysis with few side effects or adverse impact on voiding dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Longenecker
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects; D000786:Anger / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D011292:Premedication; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000523:psychology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000652:urine; D014567:Urography / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam