title: Incidence, complications, treatment, and outcome of ulcers of the upper gastrointestinal tract after renal transplantation during the cyclosporine era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcers of the upper gastrointestinal tract after renal transplantation have been reported as a frequent and often lethal complication. Considering the continuous expansion of renal recipient criteria, we reviewed our experience with post-transplant ulcers after 1,034 renal transplants performed during the cyclosporine era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our retrospective study analyzed only endoscopy-proven ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in 439 (42 percent) living related adult recipients and 595 (58 percent) cadaver or living unrelated adult recipients. For ulcer prophylaxis, only oral antacids were routinely given post-transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 41 ulcers in 33 patients (esophageal: n = 5, 12 percent; gastric: n = 17, 42 percent; duodenal: n = 19, 46 percent). Significant complications (n = 16) included 15 bleeding episodes and one perforation. The pathogenesis was viral in seven cases (gastric: n = 6, 15 percent; duodenal: n = 1, 2 percent). The ulcers occurred significantly earlier post-transplant in cadaver or living unrelated compared with living related recipients (median, 53 compared with 508 days, p = 0.02). Nonoperative treatment was successful for 96 percent of all ulcers. We found no ulcer-related mortality or graft loss. For living related recipients, the actuarial graft survival rate at three years was 69 percent for patients with ulcers compared with 86 percent for those without ulcers (p = 0.02); for cadaver or living unrelated recipients, it was 48 percent for patients with ulcers compared with 77 percent for those without ulcers (p = 0.9). For living related recipients, the actuarial patient survival rate at three years was 92 percent for patients with ulcers compared with 93 percent for those without ulcers (p = 0.8); for cadaver or living unrelated recipients, it was 59 percent for patients with ulcers compared with 88 percent for those without ulcers (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With more specific immunosuppression and more effective antiviral therapy, the incidence of post-transplant ulcers is low. Considering the excellent results of nonoperative ulcer therapy and a zero percent ulcer-related mortality rate, renal transplantation is safe for patients with specific (e.g., ulcer history) as well as nonspecific (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) ulcer risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Troppmann
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Papalois
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Matas
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Najarian
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gruessner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014456:Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine