title: Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups. A biomechanical in vitro study.
abstract: METHODS
  This study investigated the influence of five different muscle groups on the monosegmental motion (L4-L5) during pure flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation moments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The results showed and compared the effect of different muscle groups acting in different directions on the stability of a single motion segment to find loading conditions for in vitro experiments that simulate more physiologically reasonable loads.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In spine biomechanics research, most in vitro experiments have been carried out without applying muscle forces, even though these forces stabilize the spinal column in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven human lumbosacral spines were tested in a spine tester that allows simulation of up to five symmetrical muscle forces. Changing pure flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation moments up to +/- 3.75 Nm were applied without muscle forces, with different muscle groups and combinations. The three-dimensional monosegmental motion was determined using an instrumented spatial linkage system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated muscle forces were found to strongly influence load-deformation characteristics. Muscle action generally decreased the range of motion and the neutral zone of the motion segments. This was most evident for flexion and extension. After five pairs of symmetrical, constant muscle forces were applied (80 N per pair), the range of motion decreased about 93% in flexion and 85% in extension. The total neutral zone for flexion and extension was decreased by 83% muscle action. The multifidus muscle group had the strongest influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment showed the importance of including at least some of the most important muscle groups in in vitro experiments on lumbar spine specimens.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Unfallchirurgische Forschung und Biomechanik, Universität Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiesend
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing