title: Association between NAG-B and cadmium in urine with no evidence of a threshold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the significance of the increase in urinary excretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) at low exposures to cadmium (Cd) that is frequently found in the absence of any other sign of renal dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The activity was measured of the two main isoenzymes of NAG (NAG-A secreted by exocytosis and NAG-B released with cell membranes) in the urine of 49 male workers employed in a Cd smelter and of 20 age matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased urinary excretion of low molecular weight proteins was noted only in subjects who excreted > 10 micrograms Cd/g creatinine. The urinary activity of NAG-B showed a dose related increase that was already significant in the group excreting 0.5-2 micrograms Cd/g creatinine. In multiple regression analysis the NAG-B activity correlated with the excretion of Cd but not with that of lead or mercury. The NAG-A activity was by contrast unaffected by exposure to Cd but correlated with the urinary excretion of lead and copper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As NAG-B is considered to be the lesional form of NAG, the existence of a specific association between this enzyme and urinary Cd excretion with no detectable threshold suggests that this metal produces cellular alterations at exposures commonly found in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thielemans
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roels
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000652:urine*; D007854:Lead / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000652:urine; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase; D008628:Mercury