title: Neurological observations after local irradiation and hyperthermia of rat lumbosacral spinal cord.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigation of the effects of hyperthermia on the radiation response of rat lumbosacral spinal cord with respect to: (a) incidence of paralysis, (b) latency, (c) histopathology, and (d) tumor induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat lumbosacral spinal cord with the cauda equina was single-dose irradiated with 15 to 32 Gy of x-rays. Hyperthermia for 30 min at a spinal cord temperature of 41.1, 42.3, and 42.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C was applied 5 to 10 min after irradiation by means of a 434 MHz microwave applicator. Animals were observed for 21 months while recording myelopathy and development of tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The latent period for hind leg paralysis decreased with increasing radiation dose from 359 +/- 31 days (n = 9) after 20 Gy to 200 +/- 4 days (n = 5) after 32 Gy. Hyperthermia enhanced the radiation response of the lumbosacral spinal cord as evidenced by shortening of the latent period for paralysis and a decrease in the biological effective dose. After 20 Gy followed by 30 min 41.1 degrees C, latency was diminished to 214 +/- 16 days (n = 7, p < 0.001 vs. 20 Gy alone). The ED50 was 21.1 Gy, which was diminished to values between 16 and 17 Gy if radiation was followed by hyperthermia, giving a thermal enhancement ratio between 1.24 and 1.32. Histopathological examination of the spinal cord after combined treatment of x-rays and hyperthermia showed necrosis of nerve roots. Irradiation with 16, 20, 24, and 28 Gy (n = 77) alone led to tumor induction in 17 +/- 8% of the animals (pooled data). If followed by hyperthermia (n = 96), it was increased to 33 +/- 12% (p < 0.01). Most tumors induced by radiation and hyperthermia were sarcomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First, the radiation response of rat lumbosacral spinal cord was enhanced by heat. Second, latency for paralysis was shortened in the lower dose range. Third, no difference in pathology between x-rays alone or in combination with hyperthermia. Fourth, hyperthermia did increase radiation carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sminia
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Van der Kracht
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rodermond
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haveman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koedooder
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Franken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors