title: Cardiopulmonary evaluation of exercise tolerance after chest irradiation and anticancer chemotherapy in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance in children and adolescents after chest irradiation and anticancer chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 30 subjectively asymptomatic patients aged 8 to 25 years treated for pediatric malignancies with chest irradiation (XRT) +/- chemotherapy. The median interval since XRT was 7 (range, 2 to 13) years. The median XRT dose for mediastinum and/or lungs was 2550 (range, 1000 to 5100) cGy. The median cumulative dose of anthracyclines was 250 (range, 0 to 480) mg/m2. Cardiac function and exercise tolerance were evaluated by electrocardiography, echocardiography, radionuclide cineangiography, and exercise test with gas exchange analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients differed from normal controls in systolic indices of myocardial function. In echocardiography, the left ventricular contractility was abnormal in 14/30 patients. In radionuclide cineangiography, the left ventricular ejection fraction was subnormal in 6/30 patients, and in 9/30 patients the rise in ejection fraction during exercise was inadequate (< 5%). In exercise testing, the mean (+/- SD) maximum workload attained was 2.7 (+/- 0.7) watts/kg, and the mean (+/- SD) maximum oxygen consumption was 35.4 (+/- 9.7) mL/min/kg. Both variables were < 80% of predicted values in 11 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  XRT and anticancer chemotherapy very often lead to late cardiopulmonary toxicity and impaired exercise tolerance. Although in most cases this toxicity seemed to be mild and subclinical, the long-term clinical sequels merit further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihkala
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Happonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sovijärvi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siimes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Saarinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002932:Cineangiography; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004452:Echocardiography; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents