title: Tsetse flies and their control.
abstract: The authors use a quantitative modelling framework to describe and explore the features of the biology of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) which are important in determining the rate of transmission of the African trypanosomiases between hosts. Examples are presented of the contribution of previous research on tsetse to quantified epidemiological and epizootiological understanding, and areas of current ignorance are identified for future study. Spatial and temporal variations in risk are important (but rarely-studied) determinants of the impact of trypanosomiasis on humans, domestic animals and agricultural activities. Recent grid-based sampling surveys to Togo provide valuable data sets on tsetse, cattle and trypanosomiasis throughout the country. A combination of ground-based meterological and remotely-sensed satellite data, within linear discriminant analytical models, enables description of the observed distributions of the five species of tsetse occurring in Togo, with accuracies of between 72% (Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides) and 98% (G. fusca). Abundance classes of the two most widespread species, G. palpalis and G. tachinoides, are described with accuracies of between 47% and 83%. This is especially remarkable given the relatively small differences between the average values of the predictor variables in areas of differing fly abundance. Similar analyses could be used to predict the occurrence and abundance of flies in other areas, which have not been surveyed to date, in order to plan tsetse control campaigns or explore development options. Finally, some recent tsetse control campaigns are briefly reviewed. The shift of emphasis from fly eradication to fly control is associated with a devolution of responsibility for control activities from central government to local areas, communities or even individuals. The future role of central governments will remain crucial, however, in determining the areas in which different control options are practised, in facilitating control by local communities and in protecting controlled areas from re-invasion by flies from other areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Slingenbergh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000502:physiology*