title: In vivo XRF analysis of mercury: the relation between concentrations in the kidney and the urine.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of mercury in organs of occupationally exposed workers using in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis. Twenty mercury exposed workers and twelve occupationally unexposed referents participated in the study. Their mercury levels in kidney, liver and thyroid were measured using a technique based on excitation with partly plane polarized photons. The mercury levels in blood and urine were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The detection limit for mercury in the kidney was exceeded in nine of the exposed workers, but in none of the referents. The mean kidney mercury concentration (including estimates below the detection limits) was 24 micrograms g-1 in the exposed workers, and 1 microgram g-1 in the referents. The association between mercury in the kidney and in urine was statistically significant, but it was unclear whether the relation was linear. The measurements on liver (n = 10) and thyroid (n = 8) in the exposed workers showed mercury levels below the detection limit. The study shows that it is now possible to measure the mercury concentrations in kidneys of occupationally exposed persons, using in vivo x-ray fluorescence. The estimated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the limited human autopsy data, and the results of animal studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Börjesson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregård
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sällsten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alpsten
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000737:chemistry; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008628:Mercury