title: Myogenin and MEF2 function synergistically to activate the MRF4 promoter during myogenesis.
abstract: The basic helix-loop-helix muscle regulatory factor (MRF) gene family encodes four distinct muscle-specific transcription factors known as MyoD, myogenin, Myf-5, and MRF4. These proteins represent key regulatory factors that control many aspects of skeletal myogenesis. Although the MRFs often exhibit overlapping functional activities, their distinct expression patterns during embryogenesis suggest that each protein plays a unique role in controlling aspects of muscle development. As a first step in determining how MRF4 gene expression is developmentally regulated, we examined the ability of the MRF4 gene to be expressed in a muscle-specific fashion in vitro. Our studies show that the proximal MRF4 promoter contains sufficient information to direct muscle-specific expression. Located within the proximal promoter are a single MEF2 site and E box that are required for maximum MRF4 expression. Mutation of the MEF2 site or E box severely impairs the ability of this promoter to produce a muscle-specific response. In addition, the MEF2 site and E box function in concert to synergistically activate the MRF4 gene in nonmuscle cells coexpressing MEF2 and myogenin proteins. Thus, the MRF4 promoter is regulated by the MEF2 and basic helix-loop-helix MRF protein family through a cross-regulatory circuitry. Surprisingly, the MRF4 promoter itself is not transactivated by MRF4, suggesting that this MRF gene is not subject to an autoregulatory pathway as previously implied by other studies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating expression of each MRF gene is central to fully understanding how these factors control developmental events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ludolph
authors.forename: R Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hinterberger
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Konieczny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007763:Lac Operon; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D024510:Muscle Development; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D018008:Myogenin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C503801:Myog protein, mouse; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D018008:Myogenin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C063403:myogenic factor 6; D004247:DNA