title: Differential sensitivity of p53(-) and p53(+) cells to caffeine-induced radiosensitization and override of G2 delay.
abstract: Most drug discovery efforts have focused on finding new DNA-damaging agents to kill tumor cells preferentially. An alternative approach is to find ways to increase tumor-specific killing by modifying tumor-specific responses to that damage. In this report, we ask whether cells lacking the G1-S arrest in response to X-rays are more sensitive to X-ray damage when treated with agents that override G2-M arrest. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts genetically matched to be (+) or (-) p53 and rat embryonic fibroblasts (+) or (-) for wild-type p53 function were irradiated with and without caffeine, a known checkpoint inhibitor. At low doses (500 microM), caffeine caused selective radiosensitization in the p53(-) cells. At this low dose (where no effect was seen in p53(+) cells), the p53(-) cells showed a 50% reduction in the size of the G2-M arrest. At higher doses (2 mM caffeine), where sensitization was seen in both p53(+) and p53(-) cells, the radiosensitization and the G2-M override were more pronounced in the p53(-) cells. The greater caffeine-induced radiosensitization in p53(-) cells suggests that p53, already shown to control the G1-S checkpoint, may also influence aspects of G2-M arrest. These data indicate an opportunity for therapeutic gain by combining DNA-damaging agents with compounds that disrupt G2-M arrest in tumors lacking functional p53.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: DeFrank
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eogan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Preffer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dombkowski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friend
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016158:Genes, p53; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002110:Caffeine