title: Combination effects of clastogens in the mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay.
abstract: In order to study how two chemicals interact to induce micronuclei, simple ethylating agents [ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ethyl ethanesulfonate (EES) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)], spindle poisons [vincristine sulfate (VINC) and colchicine (COL)] and an oxidizing agent [potassium bromate (KBrO3)] were used as model chemicals for combination treatments. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) was evaluated in mice treated with two of these chemicals at a time. The combinations of ethylating agents (EMS and EES; EMS and ENU) and of spindle poisons (VINC and COL) induced more micronuclei than those expected on an additive basis. The apparent synergism was due to a 'combined dose' which could be calculated by the dosimetric conversion of one chemical to the other, when damage induced by each chemical was 'equivalent' in the induction of MNRETs. In contrast, no apparent synergism in induction of micronuclei was observed when two chemicals with different modes of clastogenic action (EMS and KBrO3 or EMS and VINC) were combined.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakura
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Asita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sofuni
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001959:Bromates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D003078:Colchicine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014750:Vincristine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D001959:Bromates; D009153:Mutagens; C019536:potassium bromate; D014750:Vincristine; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate; C093407:ethyl ethanesulfonate; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea; D003078:Colchicine