title: [Evaluation of the teaching of echo-endoscopy. Application to the assessment of invasiveness of cancer of the esophagus and the cardia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Learning endosonography (EES) is known to be difficult, and the theory must be understood before performing EES routinely. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic indexes of EES in the staging of cardio-oesophageal cancer after a period of theoretical apprenticeship of EES and a learning period in a centre experienced in EES since 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five observers, having never used EES, followed to EES examinations for a 3-6 month period. They then reviewed the standardized records of 29 patients with cardio-oesophageal cancer. They had to evaluate the degree of tumour infiltration within oesophageal wall and the site of metastatic lymph nodes. Results were compared with the diagnosis of 5 experienced senior endoscopists. Interobserver agreement was estimated with kappa statistics and considered excellent for k > or = 0.75, good to moderate if 0.75 > k > or = 0.40, and poor if k < 0.40.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-observer agreement was poor for the topographic diagnosis of lymph nodes (kappa index from -0.09 to 0.33), lower to that of the 5 senior observers (0.33 to 0.77). It was satisfactory for degree of tumour infiltration (T1: k = 0.66; T2: k = 0.58; T3: k = 0.56; T4: k = 0.46). The individual sensitivities were weak according to lymph nodes site, but good for presence of lymph nodes (86 to 100%), with a specificity of 40 to 73%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After theoretical training of EES, agreement and diagnostic performances are good enough to diagnose pathological images (except for T4 tumors), and poor for localizing images in the mediastinum. This emphasizes the difficulties in learning echo-anatomy and gives useful guidelines for training programs in EES.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU, Angers.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burtin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bour
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouygues
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bové
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magois
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calès
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D002299:Cardia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003479:Curriculum; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011859:Radiography; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
vernacular_title: Evaluation de l'enseignement de l'écho-endoscopie. Application au Application au bilan d'extension du cancer de l'oesophage et du cardia.