title: Reoxygenation of hypoxic cells by tumor shrinkage during irradiation. A computer simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 3-dimensional computer simulation was developed in order to estimate the impact of tumor shrinkage on reoxygenation of chronic hypoxic tumor cells during a full course of fractionated irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The growth of a small tumor situated in a vascularized stroma with 350 capillary cross-sections/mm3 which were displaced by the growing tumor was simulated. Tumors contained 10(4) cells when irradiation started, intrinsic radiosensitivity was set to either low (alpha = 0.3 Gy-1, beta = 0.03 Gy-2) or high (alpha = 0.4 Gy-1, beta = 0.04 Gy-2) values. Oxygen enhancement ratio was 3.0, potential tumor doubling time Tpot = 1.2 or 5 days. A simulated fractionated radiotherapy was carried out with daily fractions of 2.0 Gy, total dose 50 to 70 Gy. The presence or absence of factors preventing tumor cord shrinkage was also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the growth phase, all tumors developed a necrotic core with a hypoxic cell fraction of 25% under these conditions. During irradiation, the slower growing tumors (Tpot = 2 to 5 days) showed complete reoxygenation of the hypoxic cells after 30 to 40 Gy independent from radiosensitivity, undisturbed tumor shrinkage provided. If shrinkage was prevented, the hypoxic fraction rose to 100% after 30 to 50 Gy. Local tumor control, defined as the destruction of all clonogenic and hypoxic tumor cells increased by 20 to 100% due to reoxygenation and 50 Gy were enough in order to sterilize the tumors in these cases. In the fast growing tumors (Tpot = 1 day), reoxygenation was only observed in the case of high radiosensitivity and undisturbed tumor shrinkage. In these tumors reoxygenation increased the control rates by up to 60%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simulation results suggests that shrinking of a homogeneous tumor during irradiation with restoration of the normal vascular architecture can contribute significantly to reoxygenation, which in turn has a major effect on tumor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Cologne.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Treuer
mesh_terms: D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors