title: Effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxia on cleft lip in A/J mice.
abstract: Epidemiologic evidence indicates an increase in cleft lip with or without cleft palate [CL(P)] in infants of mothers who smoke cigarettes. It appears that the principle mechanism is through carbon monoxide (CO) decreasing the oxygen (O2) available to the embryo. Previous studies have shown that maternal respiratory hypoxia can increase the incidence of CL(P) in mice. The present investigation was designed to analyze the effects of altered levels of CO and O2 in respiratory gases on the incidence of CL(P) in genetically susceptible A/J mice. Results from blood gas analysis, after a 24-hour exposure of pregnant mice during the time of primary palate development, showed that CO levels of 180 ppm in air decrease oxyhemoglobin (%O2Hb) and increased carboxyhemoglobin (%COHb) to slightly above the high end of the range found in human studies of cigarette smokers. Interestingly, the control COHb levels were higher in our CL(P) sensitive mouse strain compared with those of the range of increases found in human smokers, versus nonsmoker studies, and that the increase for treated mice (3x) was at the low end of the range for smokers. Decreasing O2 levels to 10% from 21% (normal percentage in air) more severely decreased %O2Hb and moderately decreased %COHb. At 24 hours of exposure, the incidence of CL(P) and resorption was approximately the same for both the CO and the control groups, but there were significant increases in the incidence of resorptions in the hypoxia group and of CL(P) in relation to the CO group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Dentistry 27599-7450, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Billet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005327:Fetal Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen