title: Knee osteoarthritis in former runners, soccer players, weight lifters, and shooters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between different physical loading conditions and findings of knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 117 male former top-level athletes (age range 45-68 years) who had participated in sports activities with distinctly different loading conditions: 28 had been long-distance runners, 31 soccer players, 29 weight lifters, and 29 shooters. Histories of lifetime occupational and athletic knee loading, knee injuries, and knee symptoms were obtained, and subjects were examined clinically and radiographically for knee findings of OA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of tibiofemoral or patellofemoral OA based on radiographic examination was 3% in shooters, 29% in soccer players, 31% in weight lifters, and 14% in runners (P = 0.016 between groups). Soccer players had the highest prevalence of tibiofemoral OA (26%), and weight lifters had the highest prevalence of patellofemoral OA (28%). Subjects with radiographically documented knee OA had more symptoms, clinical findings, and functional limitations than did subjects without knee OA. By stepwise logistic regression analysis, the risk for having knee OA was increased in subjects with previous knee injuries (odds ratio [OR] 4.73), high body mass index at the age of 20 (OR 1.76/unit of increasing body mass index), previous participation in heavy work (OR 1.08/work-year), kneeling or squatting work (OR 1.10/work-year), and in subjects participating in soccer (OR 5.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soccer players and weight lifters are at increased risk of developing premature knee OA. The increased risk is explained in part by knee injuries in soccer players and by high body mass in weight lifters.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Finland.
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Kujala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kettunen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Battié
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Impivaara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Videman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012420:Running; D012916:Soccer; D013177:Sports; D014891:Weight Lifting