title: Knockout mice: how to make them and why. The immunological approach.
abstract: Transgenic technology has developed at breakneck speed in the past years. The establishment of embryonic stem cells and the finding that they can serve as bridge between genetic manipulations in vitro and biological analysis in vivo enabled the systematic creation of mouse strains with defined genetic alterations. This review lists the strategies which can be used to alter the genetic makeup of mice and summarizes some of the results which have been obtained in genetically altered mice of immunological interest.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fässler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Litzenburger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iglesias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000276:immunology*; D017354:Point Mutation