title: Marketed sperm: use and regulation in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To collate information relating to the current use of marketed semen for therapeutic donor insemination (DI) in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was identified by Medline search and government document review.
  Materials selected for review included empirical studies, policy reviews, legal documents, and government surveys relating to use of donor sperm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of marketed (donor) sperm is associated with significant medical, genetic, and psychological risk. These risks directly affect the individuals involved in therapeutic DI. Also, the public's health is involved because these risks include transmission of infectious disease and genetic anomalies. Legal and social concerns associated with therapeutic DI include offspring's knowledge of genetic endowment, parental responsibility, and donor confidentiality. This analysis shows that policies currently in place regarding the use of marketed semen in therapeutic DI do not ensure consumer safety and do not protect society's interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current policies need to be improved to protect those directly involved in the therapeutic DI process and to address public health and societal concerns. Recommendations include: [1] programs to assure quality and safety of marketed sperm, [2] implementation of a central registry to collect information about the use and outcomes of therapeutic DI, and [3H] expansion of available therapeutic DI guidelines to address psychological and social support for persons involved in therapeutic DI.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Paterson
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D005823:Genetics; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000628:therapy; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D007883:Legislation, Medical; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012661:Semen; D014481:United States