title: Staurosporine does not prevent adrenergic-induced situs inversus, but causes a unique syndrome of defects in rat embryos grown in culture.
abstract: Staurosporine, an alkaloid isolated from Streptomyces species, is commonly used as a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor in animal investigations. In the present study, we used this compound to determine whether alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation-induced situs inversus in rats is mediated by PKC. Embryos were explanted at 8 A.M. on day 9 of gestation. Those with a neural groove but with no visible neural folds (Stage 11a) were selected and were cultured in medium containing various concentrations of staurosporine with or without 50 microM of phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist. At 10 A.M. on day 11 of gestation, embryos were examined for situs inversus and other abnormalities. Staurosporine, tested at 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.375, and 0.5 microM (lethal concentration), did not block phenylephrine-induced situs inversus at any concentration. However, staurosporine alone produced situs inversus at concentrations above 0.1 microM. At 0.5 and 1.0 microM, staurosporine also caused cyst-like lesions projecting dorsally from the mesencephalon that we named "mesencephalic vesicles" and the formation of secondary somites. To confirm and further examine these unique effects of staurosporine both grossly and histologically, we conducted additional experiments using staurosporine from another source. Embryos were explanted between 6 A.M. and 9 P.M. on day 9 of gestation and were placed in one of the following groups according to their stage of development: 10b, 11a, 11b, 11c, 12/s1-2, 12/s3-4, and 12/s5-6. Embryos were then cultured with various concentrations of staurosporine. Those cultured from Stage 11a exhibited similar lesions to those seen in the initial experiment but at somewhat higher concentrations of staurosporine. Embryos cultured from Stage 10b showed a similar pattern of lesions as seen at Stage 11a, except that higher concentrations of staurosporine were required to cause mesencephalic vesicles and secondary somites formation. Embryos cultured from Stage 11b showed similar effects to those cultured from younger stages except that maximum incidences of situs inversus were much lower. Those cultured from Stage 11c showed similar dose-response to those cultured from Stage 11b except that the incidence of secondary somites formation was much higher. In addition, in approximately 40% (n = 25) of embryos treated with greater than 1.0 microM of staurosporine, the growing end of the allantois did not reach the chorion and remained unattached in the exocoelomic cavity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujinaga
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mirkes
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baden
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019311:Staurosporine; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019311:Staurosporine