title: Oxidant stress: the role of the glutathione redox cycle in skin preconditioning.
abstract: The role of the glutathione redox cycle in cellular protection form skin necrosis during the ischemic stress response (preconditioning) is unknown. In this series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that oxidant stress reduces available total glutathione during injury and contributes to skin necrosis in flaps. Dorsal skin flaps (10 x 4 cm) were raised as acute flaps and skin grafts were obtained from the flaps at 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, or 24 hr. Some flaps were preconditioned as bipedicle flaps for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hr and the distal attachment divided before skin grafts were obtained 24 hr later. Flap survival was measured at 7 days. Total glutathione (GSH) and oxidized GSH (GSSG) were extracted and their levels determined enzymatically. Tissue GSH reductase (GR) activity was assayed with a spectrofluorometer and expressed as mumoles of NADPH oxidized/hr/g. Biochemical data were compared between the proximal and distal ends of the flaps using a two-tailed Student t test while differences between groups were compared using ANOVA. Skin necrosis was 5.4 +/- 0.12 cm in the distal ends at 7 days in acute flaps, while there was no skin necrosis in flaps preconditioned for 7 days. In acute flaps, total GSH levels fell precipitously in the distal end at 24 hr (P < 0.05). However, after 72 hr of preconditioning, the GSH levels in the distal end of the flap remained elevated while GSSG levels were undetectable. At 24 hr of ischemia, GR activity was 79 +/- 4 in the distal ends of acute flaps, while after preconditioning and 24 hr of ischemia, the GR activity increased to 172 +/- 13 in the distal ends (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hinshaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide; D006085:Graft Survival; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015424:Reperfusion; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide