title: Methodological quality of randomized clinical trials on treatment efficacy in low back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  This was a review of criteria-based meta-analyses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the methodological quality of published randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of commonly used interventions in low back pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  During the last several decades, the number of published randomized clinical trials regarding low back pain has continued to grow. For some interventions, considerable numbers of trials are available. Trials have been shown to vary substantially regarding their quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-aided search was conducted of published randomized clinical trials into the efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization, exercise therapy, back schools, bed rest, orthoses, and traction therapy. There was additional screening of journals not covered by Medline and Embase. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using a set of predefined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine different randomized clinical trials were identified. Methodological scores varied between 16 and 82 points (maximum was 100 points). Methodological quality tended to be associated with the outcomes of the studies. Methodological shortcomings were frequently found--e.g., small sample sizes, no description of the randomization procedure, no description of drop-outs, no placebo-control group, and lack of blinded outcome assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a considerable number of randomized clinical trials have been carried out to evaluate the efficacy of interventions in low back pain, their methodological quality appears to be disappointingly low. Future trials are clearly needed, but much more attention should be paid to the methods of such studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D010919:Placebos / Q000592:standards; D011897:Random Allocation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos