title: Mass childhood immunization: some ethical doubts for primary health care workers.
abstract: The mass childhood immunization programme has traditionally been viewed as a safe and effective preventative measure by health promoters, primary health care professionals and governments. This consensus has meant that immunization has rarely been viewed as ethically problematic. A number of recent changes in the context of the delivery of health care, particularly the emphasis on consumerism and the effect of the marketization of services, makes timely an examination of ethical, social and political issues. This article examines four main grounds for problematizing the mass childhood immunization programme. These are: clinical research evidence about the safety and efficacy of vaccines; the masking of wider social and political determinants of ill health; the contradictory strictures about collective and individual rights in relation to immunization; and the uniqueness of childhood immunization as a physical intrusion into a healthy body. The implications of these ethical issues are discussed in relation to informed consent and the need for a 'greenfield' review that includes the views of dissenting parents, lawyers and moral philosophers, as well as health professionals.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002651:Child Advocacy; D035881:Compensation and Redress; D032921:Consensus; D030881:Disclosure; D034462:Dissent and Disputes; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006126:Group Processes; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects; D007258:Informed Consent; D037141:Mandatory Programs; D033282:Parental Consent; D026706:Paternalism; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012935:Social Justice; D006113:United Kingdom