title: Sources of energy from meals versus snacks in 220 people in four age groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess meals versus snacks in terms of their contribution to total daily energy intake (TDI), macronutrient composition, and food commodity profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meals and snacks were assessed from 220 7-day weighed dietary records. 187 records were obtained from three separate existing studies, and reanalysed. These studies contained data on three different age groups in the British population; elderly group (n = 88), middle-aged group (n = 40), young adult group (n = 59). A separate study of 13-14-year-olds living in Croydon was conducted from which 33 usable diet records were collected (adolescent group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys in the adolescent group consumed more of their TDI as snacks (29.0%) compared with men in the young adult (18.9%) and elderly groups (16.6%), but not the middle-aged group (25.8%). Females consumed about the same percentage of their TDI as snacks; adolescent group 23.6%, young adult group 19.4%, middle-aged group 21.4%, elderly group 17.9%. Meals were higher in protein and fat, and lower in total sugars, compared with snacks. Chocolate confectionery, crisps and fizzy drinks and squashes were popular snack foods in the adolescent group. Unlike snacks, the food commodity profiles of meals were similar in all age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that foods and drinks consumed as snacks by the British public, including the elderly, have a relatively high total sugar composition. These results add to the concern relating snack foods with dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Summerbell
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geissler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009753:Nutritive Value