title: Latex hypersensitivity in children: clinical presentation and detection of latex-specific immunoglobulin E.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and possible prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to latex in a hospitalized, pediatric patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective case analysis of the first 35 patients with latex allergy evaluated by our service over a 2-year period at our institution. Characteristics of patients and clinical reactions were analyzed and the presence of latex-specific immunoglobulin E was assessed using in vitro methods. In a limited group of patients, the success of strict environmental control and premedication with steroids and antihistamines was evaluated for the prevention of latex allergic reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of our patients had life-threatening reactions. In previous reports, most pediatric patients underwent reactions in the perioperative period and belonged to two well-recognized "high-risk" patient groups (spina bifida and genitourinary malformations). In our series, 21 patients (60%) had reactions outside of the operating room setting, and 14 patients (40%) had primary diagnoses outside of the previously recognized "high-risk" groups. Many patients had a history of multiple surgical procedures, and a history of a surgical procedure in the first year of life was very common. A pre-existing clinical history of latex allergy was present in only 18 of the 35 patients, and a severe or life-threatening allergic reaction was the presenting feature of latex allergy in 11 of the 35 patients. Using in vitro assays, we were able to detect latex-specific immunoglobulin E in the sera of all but two of our patients. Latex gloves and latex-containing intravenous sets were common triggers for reactions. When exposure to latex occurs systemically, as through an intravenous line, premedication with steroids and antihistamines may fail to protect against anaphylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience indicates that the incidence of latex hypersensitivity in children is increasing, that the circumstances (patient profile, hospital location, route of exposure) in which life-threatening reactions may occur are more broad than previously reported, and that a better understanding of both environmental sources of latex antigens and host responses to latex exposure are needed for improved prevention of serious reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kwittken
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sweinberg
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D007840:Latex / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007840:Latex; D007073:Immunoglobulin E