title: Nondrug treatment trials in psychophysiologic insomnia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to a variety of potential problems with long-term hypnotic use, patients and treating physicians often try to avoid drugs in the treatment of psychophysiologic insomnia and to use nondrug treatment strategies, but these treatments must bring relief within a limited amount of time to be acceptable to patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients participated in the study. All had, for a minimum of 6 months, the complaint of less than 6 hours total sleep time per night in conjunction with either: (1) spending more than 30 minutes in bed before falling asleep, or (2) awakening during the night within 2 hours of sleep onset with difficulty returning to sleep. All subjects had the associated complaint of daytime impairment and none had used hypnotics for at least 3 months. Patients were randomly assigned to three parallel treatment groups: structured sleep hygiene, structured sleep hygiene with late afternoon moderate exercise, and structured sleep hygiene with early morning light therapy. Patients responded to questionnaires and filled out sleep logs. In addition, they underwent clinical evaluation, structured interviews, nocturnal monitoring, and actigraphy. The analyzed variables before and at the end of treatment were those derived from sleep logs and actigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects showed a trend toward improvement, independent of the treatment received, but only the "structured sleep hygiene with light treatment" showed statistically significant improvement at the end of the trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic psychophysiologic insomnia may benefit from a nondrug treatment approach. Light therapy appears particularly promising.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Palo Alto, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clerk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labanowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Claman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010789:Phototherapy; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome