title: Allograft diastolic dysfunction and chronotropic incompetence limit cardiac output response to exercise two to six years after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because prolonged survival of heart transplant recipients is expected with the current immunosuppressive treatment, the functional capacity of these long-term survivors is of interest. Previous exercise studies showed no objective improvement in exercise tolerance several years after transplantation, but the extent to which chronotropic incompetence and allograft diastolic dysfunction observed early after transplantation may improve over time has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen untrained heart transplant recipients without symptoms, between 27 and 70 months after transplantation, and 13 age-matched sedentary normal controls underwent maximal upright bicycle exercise testing with simultaneous hemodynamic, radionuclide, and expired gas measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic function as measured by ejection fraction was supranormal at rest in the transplant group and normalized with exercise. Despite their maximal exercise effort, transplant recipients had a 60% reduction in their exercise capacity compared with nontransplant recipients. Peak oxygen consumption was similarly reduced by 52%. Cardiac output response to exercise was 43% lower in the transplant group because of a 78% reduction in heart rate reserve and an 18% reduction in maximal stroke volume. Ventricular volumes were similarly reduced after transplantation, but filling pressures remained normal, indicating allograft diastolic dysfunction. Despite the significantly reduced maximal cardiac output, maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference was 25% lower in the transplant recipients, suggesting a peripheral deficit in oxygen handling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, patients, 2 to 6 years after transplantation, continue to have a significant reduction in exercise tolerance as a result of a combination of severe chronotropic incompetence, limited stroke volume reserve caused by a reduced ventricular size and allograft diastolic dysfunction, and an abnormality in peripheral oxygen delivery or use. Efforts aimed at improving these factors may further enhance the functional capacity of these long-term survivors of heart transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Trigt
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shaeffer-McCall
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kuzil
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology