title: Disappearance of cyclin A correlates with permanent withdrawal of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle in human and rat hearts.
abstract: The regulated expression of cyclins controls the cell cycle. Because cardiomyocytes in adult mammals withdraw permanently from the cell cycle and thus cannot regenerate after injury, we examined cyclin expression during development by comparing cyclin A-E mRNA levels in fetal and adult human hearts. Cyclin B mRNA was detectable in adult hearts, although at a level markedly lower than that in fetal hearts. Levels of cyclin C, D1, D2, D3, and E mRNA were essentially identical in the two groups. In contrast, cyclin A mRNA was undetectable in adult hearts whereas cyclin A mRNA and protein were readily detectable in fetal hearts and cardiomyocytes, respectively. We then measured cyclin A mRNA and protein levels in rat hearts at four stages of development (fetal and 2, 14, and 28 d). Cyclin A mRNA and protein levels decreased quickly after birth (to 37% at day 2) and became undetectable within 14 d, an observation consistent with reports that cardiomyocytes stop replicating in rats by the second to third postnatal week. This disappearance of cyclin A gene expression in human and rat hearts at the time cardiomyocytes become terminally differentiated suggests that cyclin A downregulation is important in the permanent withdrawal of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perrella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Endege
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005333:Fetus; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D016213:Cyclins; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger