title: Factors affecting mammary tumor incidence in chlorotriazine-treated female rats: hormonal properties, dosage, and animal strain.
abstract: Chlorotriazines are widely used in agriculture as broadleaf herbicides. The compounds specifically inhibit photosynthesis, and, as such, display little interaction with animal systems. However, a 24-month feeding study with atrazine (ATR) revealed a significant dose-related increase of mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Because numerous studies indicated that ATR had a low mutagenic and oncogenic potential, it was decided to test a hypothesis that the herbicide possessed endocrine activity. Among tests for estrogenic action, oral dosing of ATR up to 300 mg/kg did not stimulate uterine weight of ovariectomized rats. However, ATR administration did reduce estrogen-stimulated uterine weight gain. Further evidence of inhibition came from measures of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into uterine DNA of ATR-treated immature rats. Again, no intrinsic estrogenic activity was observed up to a 300-mg/kg dose. In vitro, ATR competed poorly against estradiol binding to cytosolic receptors, with an approximate IC50 of 10(-5) M. Atrazine administration to SD and Fischer-344 (F-344) rats for 12 months, up to 400 ppm in food, was correlated with significant alterations of estrous cycling activity; but there was a divergent strain response. SD rats showed an increased number of days in vaginal estrus, increased plasma estradiol, and decreased plasma progesterone by 9 to 12 months of treatment. F-344 rats did not demonstrate treatment-related affects. A study of ultrastructure in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of female SD rats that were fed diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), an ATR metabolite, suggested that age-associated glial pathology was enhanced by treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eldridge
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Breckenridge
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004971:Estrus / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D001280:Atrazine