title: Transesophageal echocardiographically facilitated early cardioversion from atrial fibrillation using short-term anticoagulation: final results of a prospective 4.5-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to validate the safety of transesophageal echocardiographically guided early cardioversion in conjunction with short-term anticoagulation as a strategy for guiding early cardioversion in hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Because atrial thrombi are poorly seen by conventional imaging techniques, several weeks of prophylactic anticoagulation is routinely prescribed before cardioversion. Transesophageal echocardiography is a superior test for identifying atrial thrombi; preliminary feasibility studies have supported its use to guide early cardioversion for patients in whom no thrombus is observed, but safety has not been validated in any large series.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to hospital with atrial fibrillation during a 4.5-year period were screened. The inclusion criterion was a clinical duration of atrial fibrillation > 2 days or of unknown duration. Patients received anticoagulation with heparin/warfarin and underwent conventional transthoracic echocardiography followed by transesophageal study. Patients in whom transesophageal echocardiography revealed no atrial thrombus underwent pharmacologic or electrical cardioversion followed by warfarin therapy for 1 month. Cardioversion was deferred in patients with evidence of atrial thrombi, and they received prolonged warfarin treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred thirty-three patients (86% of those eligible) agreed to participate, and 230 underwent transesophageal echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography identified 40 atrial thrombi (left atrium 34, right atrium 6) in 34 patients (15%). One hundred eighty-six (95%) of 196 patients without thrombi had successful cardioversion to sinus rhythm, all without prolonged anticoagulation, and none (0%, 95% confidence interval 0% to 1.6%) experienced a clinical thromboembolic event. Eighteen patients with atrial thrombi underwent uneventful cardioversion after prolonged anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with smaller series that have shown only feasibility, this large prospective and consecutive study of patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiographically facilitated early cardioversion in conjunction with short-term anticoagulation validates the safety of this strategy. This treatment algorithm has a safety profile similar to conventional therapy and minimizes both the period of anticoagulation and the overall duration of atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Keighley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oettgen
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D006493:Heparin