title: Spanking infants and toddlers: maternal belief and practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe maternal beliefs and practices of spanking infants and toddlers and the relations between factors affecting these beliefs and practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Site 1 was an inner-city teaching hospital pediatric clinic. Site 2 was a private pediatrician's office in a nearby suburban neighborhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of children less than 4 years old in the waiting area. Site 1: n = 104; site 2: n = 100.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic sample of convenience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers were interviewed using a 20-minute structured questionnaire. Measures were constructed to assess beliefs (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and practices about spanking and approach to discipline (alpha > .71).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Belief in spanking correlated significantly (P < .001) with belief in negative approach (r = .52) and with the practice (r = .46) and severity (r = .34) of spanking. Nineteen percent of the mothers believed that there are times when it is appropriate to spank a child less than 1 year old, and 74% believed this about children 1 to 3 years old. Forty-two percent reported that they had spanked their own child in the past week. Mothers believed more strongly in spanking for dangerous misbehaviors than for annoying ones (P < .001). Belief in spanking and negative approach were stronger for older toddlers (P < .001). Belief in and frequency of spanking were more common at the inner-city site (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The belief in and practice of spanking are prevalent in disciplining very young children. The context of the spanking affects beliefs and practices. The finding that belief and practice of spanking are highly correlated suggests that belief rather than impulse largely explains spanking of children less than 4 years old. The high correlation between spanking and negative approach toward discipline raises questions about whether negative consequences of spanking are the result of spanking per se, the negative approach toward the child, or both.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7225, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Socolar
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011678:Punishment; D013383:Suburban Population; D014505:Urban Population