An overview of learning disabilities: psychoeducational perspectives.
In general, people with learning disabilities are a heterogeneous population that require a multidisciplinary evaluation and careful, well-planned intervention. Despite this heterogeneity, patterns of problems often co-occur. Therefore, diagnosticians and educators should look beyond single areas of achievement such as reading or arithmetic. In addition, problems in one area of learning typically have secondary impacts on higher levels of learning. That is, comprehension problems typically interfere with expression. Every effort should be made to examine patterns of problems and to avoid fragmentation of services so that each area of underachievement is not treated separately. Although learning disabilities usually interfere with school performance, they are not simply academic handicaps. They interfere with certain social activities as well as occupational pursuits. In many instances, they impact on mental health and self-esteem. Therefore, students need multiple services. And, as emphasized throughout this journal issue, learning disabled individuals may have comorbid conditions such as attention deficit disorder, depression, and neurologic problems. Furthermore, the problems may change over time. Children may first be identified because of language comprehension problems but later have reading or mathematics difficulty. With intervention, oral expressive problems may be alleviated but may be manifested later in written language.
Johnson
D J
DJ
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3560, USA.
D002648:Child; D004493:Education; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D008433:Mathematics; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011588:Psychology, Educational; D011932:Reading; D012919:Social Behavior; D014956:Writing