title: Blockade of cytokine induced conditioned taste aversion by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: further evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication.
abstract: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are cytokines released by activated immune cells. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha elicit various illness symptoms including avoidance of novel tastes with which they have been paired (conditioned taste aversion). Previous hypotheses to account for these actions have focused on blood-borne IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha exerting their effects directly at the brain. However, recent evidence suggests that these cytokines may activate subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents. The present experiments demonstrate that subdiaphragmatic vagal transection both attenuates acquisition and facilitates extinction of conditioned taste aversions induced by i.p. administration of either IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Goehler
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Relton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sisk
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012439:Saccharin; D013649:Taste; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014628:Vagotomy; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012439:Saccharin