title: Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with intractable fecal incontinence, conventional treatment is not always successful. Dynamic graciloplasty (transposition of the gracilis muscle to the anus with the implantation of stimulating electrodes) was developed to provide such patients with functional neosphincters. We evaluated the clinical results of this new surgical approach and the effects on quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 52 patients with dynamic graciloplasty. The clinical results of treatment were evaluated in an interview, by anal manometry, and by enema testing. The degree of continence was scored. To assess quality of life, four questionnaires were administered (parts 1 and 2 of the Nottingham Health Profile, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Self-rating Depression scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 52 patients, 38 (73 percent) were continent after a median follow-up of 2.1 years. At 52 weeks the patients' condition had improved with respect to the median frequency of defecation (from five to two times per 24 hours, P < 0.001), the median time defecation could be postponed (from 9 seconds to 19 minutes, P = 0.012), and the median time an enema could be retained (from 0 to 180 seconds, P = 0.005). Patients in whom the technique was successful became less anxious than those in whom it failed (P = 0.002) and improved with regard to effectiveness in their occupations, ability to perform tasks around the home, personal relationships, sexual function, and social life (P = 0.01). They also became less isolated socially (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic graciloplasty is a safe and reliable technique in patients with severe incontinence and may result in a better quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Geerdes
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heineman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konsten
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spaans
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Soeters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life