title: Homicide and other injuries as causes of maternal death in New York City, 1987 through 1991.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We attempted to document the role of homicide and other injuries as causes of maternal death and to compare the risk of fatal injury among pregnant women with that in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed New York City medical examiner records of 2331 women aged 15 to 44 years who died of injury in 1987 through 1991. Pregnancies were identified from autopsy information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 115 (39%) of 293 deaths in currently or recently pregnant women were attributable to injury. These 115 deaths included homicide (63%), suicide (13%), motor vehicle crashes (12%), and drug overdoses (7%). Minority women were overrepresented among the injury deaths (black 53%, Hispanic 24%, white 19%). Recent substance use was documented in 48% of the injury deaths. Pregnancy was documented on only 35% of the 115 death certificates. The risk of fatal injury is similar for currently pregnant women and for women in the general population, except for an increased risk of homicide among pregnant black women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homicide and other injuries are major contributors to maternal mortality and should be (but rarely are) included routinely in maternal mortality surveillance systems. Prenatal and postpartum clinic visits represent an ideal time to implement interventions to prevent injuries among pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dorfman
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D049188:Prenatal Injuries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*