title: A synergistic adrenocorticotropin response to naloxone and vasopressin in normal humans: evidence that naloxone stimulates endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone.
abstract: Naloxone stimulates pituitary-adrenal function by blocking an endogenous inhibitory opioidergic tone which modulates pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release. In animals, this action of naloxone is mediated by increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion, but such a mechanism is disputed in humans. CRH and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are known to have a synergistic effect on ACTH secretion in both humans and animals. In vitro, this synergism is independent of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel function. The aims of this study were therefore: (i) to determine if the combined administration of naloxone and AVP is synergistic regarding ACTH release; (ii) to assess the effect of nifedipine, which blocks L-type Ca2+ channels, on the ACTH response to combined naloxone/AVP stimulation. Seven healthy volunteers were studied using a placebo-controlled, single-blind protocol. Naloxone (125 micrograms/kg) and/or AVP (10 units) were given in all four possible combinations, and oral nifedipine (20 mg) was also given with naloxone and AVP as an additional test. The mean AUC and the mean peak change in ACTH levels following combined naloxone/AVP administration were both significantly greater than the arithmetic sum of the ACTH responses to naloxone and AVP given on separate occasions (AUC: 1,576.4 +/- 417.9 vs. 567.1 +/- 106.1 pmol.min.l-1, p < 0.002; peak change: 37.9 +/- 14.0 vs. 11.8 +/- 2.0 pmol/l, p < 0.007). Nifedipine reduced the ACTH response to combined naloxone/AVP stimulation by 43% (AUC: 1,576.4 +/- 417.9 vs. 897.0 +/- 186.2; p < 0.05), but it remained greater than the sum of the individual responses (897.0 +/- 186.2 vs. 576.1 +/- 106.1, p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Greenslopes Repatriation Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Hockings
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grice
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Crosbie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Torpy
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012016:Reference Values; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D009270:Naloxone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium