title: The crossed paralyses. The original brain-stem syndromes of Millard-Gubler, Foville, Weber, and Raymond-Cestan.
abstract: In this article, the crossed syndromes of Millard-Gubler (facial palsy and contralateral hemiparesis), Foville (facial palsy, conjugate gaze paralysis, and contralateral hemiparesis), Weber (oculomotor palsy and contralateral hemiparesis), and Raymond-Cestan (internuclear ophthalmoplegia and contralateral hemiparesis) are detailed from the original reports. These and other related syndromes were instrumental in establishing important principles in brain-stem localization: the occurrence of cranial nerve palsies contralateral to hemibody motor or sensory disturbances, the concepts of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and conjugate gaze, and the corticobulbar innervation of the facial nerve nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Galetta
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history*; D010243:Paralysis / Q000266:history*; D013577:Syndrome