title: Hepatocellular carcinoma during pregnancy and its comparison with other pregnancy-associated malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer in pregnancy is rare and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in pregnancy even rarer. The impact of pregnancy on the prognosis of patients with different types of cancer remains controversial. Reported cases of HCC in pregnancy are largely isolated and highly scattered. Thus, the effect of pregnancy on the prognosis of patients with HCC and the risk factors of developing HCC in pregnancy are not well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of five patients with HCC in pregnancy seen at two different centers is reported. A Medlar search for articles between 1957 and 1993 with the key words "Hepatocellular Carcinoma" and "Pregnancy" was conducted. All reported cases were combined and analyzed in terms of race, age, parity, hepatitis B surface antigen status, cirrhosis, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels at presentation, history of taking oral contraceptive pills and fetal and maternal outcome. The impact of pregnancy on 12 other malignancies as reported in the medical literature also was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To the authors' knowledge, The five cases reported here constitute the largest series of HCC in pregnancy. A literature search revealed 23 additional cases. Analysis of the 28 cases suggests that the rarity of HCC in pregnancy results from a combination of three factors: the male predominance of HCC, the late age at which the tumor usually presents in women, and decreased fertility in women with advanced cirrhosis (hepatitis is a predisposing factor for HCC development). Long term use of oral contraceptives and high parity enhance the risk. Elevated AFP level is useful for diagnosis. The median survival is shorter than for patients who are not pregnant. There is no significant difference in survival between pregnant and not pregnant women matched by tumor stage, age, and other clinical parameters in most malignancies except in some tumors like lymphoma, thyroid cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy has an adverse effect on the prognosis of patients with HCC, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma but not of most other malignancies. Measurement of AFP level is recommended for screening HCC in pregnant women at high risk.
authors.affiliation: Joint Hepatocellular Carcinoma Study Group, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology