title: Physiology and clinical applications of cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
abstract: Advances in the technology of gas exchange analysers have made cardiopulmonary exercise testing a relatively simple, cheap and reliable diagnostic tool. Its practice and uses include grading the severity of heart failure, evaluation of the cause of exertional dyspnoea and monitoring a patient's response to therapy. Areas of debate and future development are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Middlesex Hospital, University College London Hospital Trust.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pattison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*