title: Spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog: morphological, histological, and ultrastructural considerations.
abstract: This study deals with some macroscopical, microscopical, and ultrastructural aspects of the spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog. The caudal end of the spinal cord is constituted by the conus medullaris, which may extend to the first sacral vertebra, the terminal ventricle, and the filum terminale. The latter structure is considered as internum (second to third sacral vertebrae) or externum (fifth caudal vertebra), according to its relation to the dura mater. Occasionally, there is a second anchorage which is close to the level of the sixth caudal vertebra. The central canal is surrounded by a ciliated ependymal epithelium, which differs depending upon the levels. The most caudal part of the filum terminale bears a columnar ciliated ependymal epithelium surrounded by two layers of glia and pia mater, which separate the central canal from the subarachnoid space. Microfil injections show a communication between the cavity and the subarachnoid space, as the plastic is able to pass through the ependymal epithelium. At the level of the terminal ventricle there are real separations of the ependymal epithelium, which seem to connect the lumen of the spinal canal with the subarachnoid space. These structures probably constitute one of the drainage pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid. The diameter of the central canal is related to the age of the animal. However, even in very old animals the spinal cord central canal reaches the tip of the filum terminale and remains patent until death. At the ultrastructural level the ependymal cells present villi, located on cytoplasmic projections, cilia, dense mitochondria, and oval nuclei.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comaparadas (Anatomía y Embriología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marín-García
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Soriano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinez-Sainz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Contreras-Rodríguez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Corral-Gros
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Veiga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure