title: Decreased carbon dioxide sensitivity in infants of substance-abusing mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a demonstrable abnormality in control of breathing in infants of substance-abusing mothers during the first few days of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 12 drug-free control infants and 12 infants of substance abusing mothers (ISAMs). These infants experienced otherwise uncomplicated term pregnancies and deliveries. The infants were assigned to a group based on the results of maternal histories and maternal and infant urine toxicology screens. Studies were performed during quiet sleep during the first few days of life. We measured heart rate, oxygen saturations via a pulse oximeter, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ET-CO2) level, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and airflow. The chemoreceptor response was assessed by measuring minute ventilation and the ET-CO2 level after 5 minutes of breathing either room air or 4% carbon dioxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gestational ages by obstetrical dating and examination of the infants were not different, although birth weights and birth lengths were lower in the group of ISAMs. Other demographic data were not different, and there were no differences in the infants' median ages at the time of study or in maternal use of tobacco and alcohol. The two groups had comparable baseline (room air) ET-CO2 levels, respiratory rates, tidal volumes, and minute ventilation. When compared with the group of ISAMs, the drug-free group had markedly increased tidal volume and minute ventilation on exposure to 4% carbon dioxide. These increases accounted for the difference in sensitivity to carbon dioxide, calculated as the change in minute ventilation per unit change in ET-CO2 (milliliters per kg/min per mm Hg). The sensitivity to carbon dioxide of control infants was 48.66 +/- 7.14 (mean +/- SE), whereas that of ISAMs was 16.28 +/- 3.14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that ISAMs are relatively insensitive to challenge by carbon dioxide during the first few days of life. We speculate that this reflects an impairment of the chemoreceptor response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wingkun
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knisely
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schnoll
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gutcher
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide