title: Continuing ischemic damage after acute middle cerebral artery infarction in humans demonstrated by short-echo proton spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proton MR spectroscopy is a noninvasive method of monitoring in vivo metabolite concentration changes over time. The aim of this work was to study the ischemic penumbra in humans by measuring the metabolic changes that occur after a middle cerebral artery territory infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic MRI and short-echo time MR spectroscopy were performed on a 1.5-T system. Localized proton MR spectroscopy was performed within the area of cerebral infarction and in a homologous area of the contralateral hemisphere. The residual water resonance in the spectra was removed with the use of the Hankel Lanczos singular value decomposition method, after which peak area estimates were obtained by means of the variable projection time domain fitting analysis. The unsuppressed water signal was used as an internal concentration standard. Ten patients with acute middle cerebral artery infarction were studied within 28 hours of stroke onset and followed up for a period of up to 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes were seen in the initial spectra from the infarct compared with the contralateral spectra. Lactate, a marker of anaerobic metabolism, was present within the infarct but not detected in the contralateral hemisphere. N-Acetyl aspartate, a neuronal marker, and total creatine were significantly reduced. The initial choline signal, arising from choline-containing compounds within the cell and cell membrane, remained unchanged in the infarct core compared with the contralateral hemisphere. Further reductions in N-acetyl aspartate and total creatine concentrations occurred within the first week. A fall in the lactate concentration was seen within the infarct core during the first 7 to 10 days. Similar reductions in the choline concentration were observed during this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demonstration of the continuing loss of cerebral metabolites within an infarct region suggests that further cell loss occurs up to 10 days after infarction. The continuing loss of neurons may represent continued ischemic damage after middle cerebral artery infarction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Boogaart
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline