title: Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine, beer, or spirits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between intake of different types of alcoholic drinks and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population study with baseline assessment of alcohol intake, smoking habit, income, education, and body mass index, and 10-12 years' follow up of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Copenhagen city heart study, Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  6051 men and 7234 women aged 30-70 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number and time of cause-specific deaths from 1976 to 1988.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of dying steadily decreased with an increasing intake of wine--from a relative risk of 1.00 for the subjects who never drank wine to 0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.81) for those who drank three to five glasses a day. Intake of neither beer nor spirits, however, was associated with reduced risk. For spirits intake the relative risk of dying increased from 1.00 for those who never drank to 1.34 (1.05 to 1.71) for those with an intake of three to five drinks a day. The effects of the three types of alcoholic drinks seemed to be independent of each other, and no significant interactions existed with sex, age, education, income, smoking, or body mass index. Wine drinking showed the same relation to risk of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease as to risk of death from all causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low to moderate intake of wine is associated with lower mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and other causes. Similar intake of spirits implied an increased risk, while beer drinking did not affect mortality.
authors.affiliation: Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen Hospital Corporation.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønbaek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deis
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnohr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D001515:Beer; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014920:Wine