title: Influence of smoking on the development of lung metastases from breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the association between cigarette smoking status and the development of lung metastases in a group of 835 women diagnosed with primary malignant unilateral breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female patients with breast cancer diagnosed between 1982 and 1991 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) in Buffalo, New York, who provided information on their cigarette smoking history at the time of their diagnosis were included. The subsequent disease status of patients was monitored by the RPCI Tumor Registry. The Cox regression model was used to estimate the relationship between smoking status and the development of lung metastases, adjusting for the patient's age, stage of disease at diagnosis, and body weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those patients who developed lung metastases, 8.7% were nonsmokers, 14.1% were former smokers, and 14.3% were current smokers. Tests showed that nonsmokers had significantly fewer lung metastases than either of the two smoking groups (P < 0.01). The estimated relative rates of lung metastases developing adjusting for age, stage, and body weight in women who smoked less than 10,000, between 10,001 and 20,000, and more than 20,000 packs over their lifetimes compared with nonsmokers were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.51-2.20), 3.10 (95% CI, 1.5-6.3), and 3.73 (95% CI, 1.6-8.9) respectively. The Cox regression model showed that every 1000 packs of cigarettes consumed over a lifetime increased a woman's risk of developing lung metastases by about 3% to 7% (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found a significant association between cigarette smoking history and risk of lung metastases developing in women diagnosed with primary invasive unilateral breast cancer. The risk of lung metastases developing increased as the number of cigarettes smoked in a lifetime increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Evanston Hospital, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mettlin
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors