title: Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article addresses the following questions: What are the best demographic and psychiatric predictors of the onset of conduct disorder (CD)? Does physical fighting play a role in the transition from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) to CD? And what are the predictors of an earlier compared with a later onset of CD?
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are presented on the follow-up of a clinic-referred sample of 177 preadolescent boys who were studied for a period of 6 years. Psychiatric assessments were based on information from the boys, their parent, and their teacher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all CD symptoms, physical fighting best predicted the onset of CD in bivariate analyses. Logistic regression showed that low socioeconomic status of the parent, ODD, and parental substance abuse best predicted the onset of CD. In addition, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predicted an early onset of CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental substance abuse, low socioeconomic status, and oppositional behavior are key factors in boys' progression to CD. Physical fighting, although not a symptom of ODD, should be targeted in preventive interventions along with ODD symptoms. ADHD is implicated in the early onset of CD, but not in later-onset CD.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loeber
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology