title: Generation of a pseudogene during retroviral infection.
abstract: During evolution, up to 10% of the mammalian genome may have arisen by rare retroposition events. This process involves reverse transcription of RNA intermediates that originate from retroviral and retroviral-like sequences, highly and middle repetitive DNA elements, and processed pseudogenes. The mechanism, and contemporary nature, for retrotransposition of the viral family and long interspersed elements has been well studied; however, it has proven difficult to demonstrate that the process by which pseudogenes retropose is continuing. In this report a mutation in the murine hypoxanthine-guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene, which was previously isolated following retroviral infection of ES cells, is shown to result from a de novo retroposition of an alpha-tubulin pseudogene. Repair of this insertion by homologous recombination restores the activity of the hprt locus, thus confirming the site of mutation. This retroposon bears all the hallmarks of a naturally processed pseudogene [intron loss, presence of a poly(A) tail, and target site duplication] while the retroposition event took place at a known time in well-defined conditions, during retroviral infection of ES cells. The study of this mutation demonstrates that under appropriate conditions pseudogenes of protein-coding genes can still retropose in the mammalian genome. The coincidence of this mutagenic event with retroviral infection suggests that in this situation the reverse transcriptase may have had a retroviral origin, which would implicate a retroviral role in facilitating pseudogene formation.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome/CRC Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Colledge
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics; D011544:Pseudogenes; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D009053:Sarcoma Viruses, Murine / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000821:virology; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D018626:Retroelements; D014404:Tubulin; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase