title: A mouse homologue of the Xenopus germ cell-specific ribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid-binding proteins p54/p56 interacts with the protamine 2 promoter.
abstract: Recent evidence indicates that a member of the Y box-binding family of transcriptional regulators is identical to p56, a predominant protein of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes. The p56 protein is highly enriched in oocytes and testis, and a functional RNA binding mouse cytoplasmic homologue has been cloned and partially characterized. Because few potential testis-specific transcriptional regulators have been identified, the testis-enriched Y box-binding proteins represent trans-acting elements of a unique model system for the study of haploid gene expression. The 5' flanking region of the testis-specific, haploid-expressed mouse protamine 2 gene contains an element with a 9-of-12 nucleotide identity with the previously defined Y box consensus sequence. We have investigated the possible role of Y box-binding proteins in transcriptional regulation of protamine 2 using specific antibodies and DNA-protein binding assays. Western blot analyses with two different anti-p54/p56 antibodies demonstrate that a mouse homologue of Xenopus p54/p56 is present in transcriptionally active mouse testis nuclear extracts. Our results further indicate that the Xenopus Y box-binding proteins bind to an element 5' to the mouse protamine 2 gene. Similarly, binding of the mouse testis homologue to the protamine 2 Y box element is demonstrated by gel mobility shift and antibody supershift analyses. The demonstrated interactions between testis-enriched Y box-binding proteins and protamine 2 transcriptional control elements therefore represent a unique system for functional studies to determine the mechanism of regulation of haploid gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University Department of Biology, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Nikolajczyk
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D015342:DNA Probes; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D011479:Protamines; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C075593:YBX2 protein, Xenopus; C068621:protamine 2