title: Effects of norfloxacin on the retina in rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluoroquinolones have a strong affinity with melanin, and their ocular effects have been reevaluated. Norfloxacin, one of the fluoroquinolones, has broad-spectrum activity against aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We examined the retinal toxicity and intraocular pharmacokinetics of intravitreal norfloxacin in rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three albino and 23 pigmented rabbits were divided into three groups to evaluate retinal toxicity and two groups to investigate the intraocular pharmacokinetics. Each of these five groups was further divided into two subgroups (albino rabbits and pigmented rabbits).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With 500 micrograms norfloxacin, the oscillatory potential of the electroretinogram was transiently and selectively deteriorated in albino and pigmented rabbits, whereas the electroretinogram remained unchanged with 50 micrograms in pigmented rabbits. No changes were observed in the visual evoked potential or on histology of the retina 7 days after an intravitreal injection of 50 or 500 micrograms norfloxacin. The electroretinogram and the retinal histology became abnormal 7 days after four intravitreal injections of 500 micrograms norfloxacin at 7-day intervals. As regards the intraocular pharmacokinetics after an intravitreal injection, the norfloxacin concentration in the chorioretina was as high as that in the vitreous 3 h after injection and was much higher than that in the vitreous 7 days after injection. Similar results were obtained after multiple injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a high concentration of norfloxacin in the melanin-containing ocular tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torisaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanahashi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D009991:Oscillometry; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D009643:Norfloxacin