title: Clinicopathologic characteristics of elderly patients with persistent ST segment elevation and inverted T waves: evidence of insidious or healed myocarditis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to clarify the clinicopathologic characteristics of insidious or healed myocarditis in the elderly.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Myocarditis is the cause of unexplained congestive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, acute myocarditis of the Fiedler type is rare, and the incidence and implication of insidious or healed myocarditis in the elderly are not yet known.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an autopsy study of 3,000 patients aged > or = 60 years, there were 12 (0.4%) with insidious or healed myocarditis, showing extensive and circumferential fibrosis and scattered lymphocytic infiltration of both ventricular walls without acute necrosis of the myocardial fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unexplained congestive heart failure was found in seven cases. In all cases, electrocardiography had demonstrated upward elevation of the ST segment and inverted T waves for durations ranging from 1 month to 12.7 years (mean 5.7 years). Mean (+/- SD) heart weight was 338 +/- 81 g (range 220 to 470). In nine cases, fibrous lesions, which were scattered but extensive and circumferential, were located in the subepicardial and middle layers of the left ventricle. In the remaining three cases, the fibrous lesions were located predominantly in the subepicardial and middle layers, but the subendocardial layer was also locally involved. Fibrous lesions of the right ventricle were predominant in the subepicardial layer and involved the subendocardial layer in four cases. Scattered lymphocytic infiltration was found in the fibrous lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In more than half of the aged cases with insidious or healed myocarditis, unexplained congestive heart failure was also present. Fibrous lesions due to myocarditis were located predominantly in the subepicardial and middle layers and led to persistent upward elevation of the ST segment and inverted T waves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohkawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Esaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D013997:Time Factors