title: Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce.
abstract: In the period from May through June 1994, an increase in the number of domestic cases of Shigella sonnei infection was detected in several European countries, including Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In all three countries epidemiological evidence incriminated imported iceberg lettuce of Spanish origin as the vehicle of transmission. The outbreaks shared a number of common features: a predominance of adults among the case patients, the presence of double infections with other enteropathogens, and the finding of two dominant phage types among the bacterial isolates. In Norway 110 culture-confirmed cases of infection were recorded; more than two-thirds (73%) were adults aged 30 to 60 years. A nationwide case-control study comprising 47 case patients and 155 matched control individuals showed that the consumption of imported iceberg lettuce was independently associated with an increased risk of shigellosis. Epidemiological investigation of a local outbreak incriminated iceberg lettuce from Spain, consumed from a salad bar, as the source. The presence of shigellae in the suspected food source could not be documented retrospectively. However, high numbers of fecal coliforms were detected in iceberg lettuce from patients' homes. Three lettuce specimens yielded salmonellae. The imported iceberg lettuce harbored Escherichia coli strains showing resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. During the outbreak it is likely that thousands of Norwegians and an unknown number of consumers in other countries were exposed to coliforms containing antibiotic resistance genes.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kapperud
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rørvik
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hasseltvedt
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Høiby
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staveland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leitao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herikstad
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D012764:Shigella sonnei / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology