title: 'Exaggerated adrenarche' in children presenting with premature adrenarche.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports of endocrinological profiles in children presenting with premature adrenarche have not shown consistent abnormalities. We therefore aimed to review the clinical and biochemical aspects of a large number of patients presenting with premature adrenarche without virilization and determine the relation between clinical and biochemical characteristics and the frequency of adrenal steroid disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight patients presenting with adrenarche without virilization during 1985-1992 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 72 girls and 16 boys. All were normotensive and had either prepubertal breasts or testes < 4 ml. In patients with high adrenal androgen levels, adrenal tumours had been excluded by either adrenal ultrasound or CT scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded clinical manifestations, auxological data, bone age, biochemical results including basal 17OH-progesterone (b17OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (delta 4A), testosterone, cortisol and stimulated 17OHP and cortisol. ACTH stimulation tests (using soluble Synacthen 250 micrograms intramuscularly and collecting blood at 0, 30 and 60 minutes) were performed when clinically indicated. 17OH-Pregnenolone (17OHPreg) was also measured during ACTH stimulation tests in 13 individuals to look for abnormalities of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age of onset ranged from 3 to 9.5 years (mean 6.8 +/- 1.3). There were no significant differences by sex for height SDS, weight SDS or % ideal body weight, but bone age advancement was greater in males (P < 0.02). The most common presenting clinical manifestation was premature appearance of pubic hair in 93.8%, the other 6.2% presenting with body odour, acne and/or hirsutism. Twelve patients had b17OHP > 6 nmol/l of whom 5 were diagnosed as having congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency after ACTH stimulation tests. A further 33 patients who had b17OHP < 6 nmol/l had normal 17OHP and cortisol responses to ACTH stimulation. Patients, after excluding those with CAH, were divided on the basis of their DHEAS levels into prepubertal (< 1.5 mumol/l), pubertal (1.5-6 mumol/l) and above pubertal range (> 6 mumol/l). The 8 patients with DHEAS values above the pubertal range were described as having 'exaggerated adrenarche'. There were no significant clinical differences between these 3 groups, but significant differences were found for bone age advancement and the steroids, b17OHP, delta 4A and testosterone. There was a strong correlation between DHEAS and delta 4A (r = 0.623, P < 0.001). The 'exaggerated adrenarche' group had higher 17 OHPreg/17OHP ratios at 60 minutes after stimulation but these were not diagnostic for 3 beta-HSD deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The value of assessing basal steroids in children presenting with premature adrenarche is demonstrated in this series with 5.7% being diagnosed with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 9.1% with 'exaggerated adrenarche'. No relation was found between adrenal steroids and clinical features except for the acceleration of bone age. The relation between 'exaggerated adrenarche' and future ovarian hyperandrogenism needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Robert Vines Growth Research Centre, Children Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Likitmaskul
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaghue
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kreutzmann
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blades
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silink
mesh_terms: D006907:17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone / Q000097:blood; D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; D000303:Adrenal Cortex Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000304:Adrenal Cortex Function Tests; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000097:blood; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000097:blood; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones; D006907:17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone