title: Induction of proenkephalin in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons by hyperprolactinemia: the role of sex steroids.
abstract: The observation that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons of pregnant, pseudopregnant, lactating, and aged rats express enkephalins suggested that chronically elevated PRL levels, which are characteristic for these animals, are essential for the induction of proenkephalin gene expression in TIDA neurons. The present studies investigated further the role of PRL in this phenomenon. Elevated PRL levels were achieved either experimentally by implanting anterior pituitaries under the kidney capsule of intact or hypophysectomized female rats or by using lactating rats. For controls, the elevated PRL levels were reduced with bromocryptine, a dopamine receptor agonist. The role of sex steroids in PRL-induced enkephalin gene expression was also studied in cycling, sex hormone-treated, hypophysectomized or ovariectomized rats, pituitary-implanted/sex hormone-treated rats, and ovariectomized mothers. Enkephalin immunoreactivity was detected by immunocytochemistry and enkephalin messenger RNA with in situ hybridization histochemistry using 35S- or digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes. Enkephalin or its messenger RNA was present in TIDA neurons in all experimental animals with elevated PRL levels. Although estradiol had no or only a minor effect on PRL-induced enkephalin gene expression, progesterone supported the effect of PRL. The present observations suggest that the expression of enkephalin in TIDA neurons is PRL dependent and supported by sex steroids, primarily progesterone.
authors.affiliation: Functional Morphology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merchenthaler
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lennard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cianchetta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merchenthaler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bronstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007016:Hypophysectomy; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C029992:proenkephalin; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D011388:Prolactin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004298:Dopamine