title: The application of in vitro models of drug metabolism and toxicity in drug discovery and drug development.
abstract: In vitro models are being used increasingly during all phases of the drug development process in concert with the more traditional in vivo toxicological and pharmacokinetic evaluations. These in vitro models may be classified empirically as either validated in vitro screens, value-added screens or 'ad-hoc' mechanistic screens. The application of these screens is discussed with respect to their level of validation, standardization, uses of human tissue, level of iteration with in vivo studies, regulatory position and utility in the drug discovery and development process. The predictability and reproducibility of these screens is discussed, as well as future trends in regard to emerging technology and its application.
authors.affiliation: Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scatina
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sisenwine
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations