title: Maternal and neonatal risk factors for cryptorchidism.
abstract: We assessed risk factors for cryptorchidism in a prospective hospital-based cohort study at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. We examined at birth 6,699 singleton male neonates who were delivered between October 1987 and October 1990. Follow-up examinations were undertaken at 3 months and 1 year for those diagnosed as cryptorchid at birth. We calculated prevalence ratios and adjusted odds ratios according to selected maternal and neonatal characteristics for those who remained cryptorchid at the 1-year assessment. We found elevated risks for maternal obesity [prevalence ratio = 2.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-5.27], for infants delivered by cesarean section (adjusted odds ratio = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.29-3.65), for low birthweight (adjusted odds ratio = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.12-4.70), for preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.16-4.35), and for infants with congenital malformations (prevalence ratio = 13.97; 95% CI = 1.27-26.67). We observed a seasonal effect, with a peak in births of cryptorchid infants during September through November and a smaller peak during the months of March through May. We found no evidence that young women, white women, or primiparas were at increased risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lapinski
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Godbold
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dolgin
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Holzman
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons