title: The African-American nose: Part II.
abstract: Nasal anthropometric studies were performed on 69 African-American adults (28 men and 41 women). Seven parameters were measured: nasal length, width of bridge, width of nose, protrusion, length of columella, nasolabial angle, and nasofrontal angle. Six area proportion indices were calculated from these measurements. Normal nasal measurements (defined as those within mean +/- 2 SD) were found in 95.2% of the 483 measurements; 72.3% of the measurements were within +/- 1 SD of the mean. The normal variation ratio ranged from 8.9 to 31.9%, indicating great variability as a result of the triethnic origin of African-Americans. Harmonious indices (mean +/- 2 SD) were present in 70% of the 414 indices. Optimal indices (mean +/- 1 SD) were present in 68.1%. The mean constituted only 1.9% of the optimal indices. Disproportionate indices (those greater than mean + 2 SD or less than mean - 2 SD) were present in 4.6%. The nasal measurements and indices were compared with those of North American Caucasians. The range of normal measurements and harmonious indices in this study define the linear parameters of the abstract concept of African-American ethnicity. Successful rhinoplasty is achieved through restoration of harmony, which is defined as optimal relationships between proportions. Our study provides those optimal values. Good preoperative measurements combined with understanding of the normal African-American nasal measurements and indices will improve aesthetic decisions at surgery and facilitate the achievement of harmony.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ofodile
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bokhari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American