title: A new approach for predicting the enhancement in the effective conductivity of perfused muscle tissue due to hyperthermia.
abstract: This study attempts to measure the hyperthermic response of individual microvessels in skeletal muscle tissue subject to local heating and then to predict the enhancement in thermal conductivity that results from the observed changes in vascular diameter and flow. In contrast to existing studies, which have tried to relate changes in tissue thermal conductivity to local blood perfusion using thermal clearance and self-heated thermistor techniques, we have developed a two-dimensional muscle tissue preparation in which the hyperemic response has been quantified by measuring the in vivo changes in diameter and blood flow of 1A to 4A generation vessels of rat cremaster muscle when the temperature was raised in 2 degrees increments from 34 to 42 degrees C. Only 3A and 4A vessels showed vasodilation when subject to hyperthermia, indicating that the measured increase in flow in the 1A and 2A vessels was the result of a decrease in downstream resistance. Our cremaster muscle preparations have also been used to obtain the first detailed anatomic measurements of the number density and length of countercurrent vessel pairs between 50-200 microns diameter. These combined measurements have been used to establish the limits of validity of the Weinbaum-Jiji theory. Our experimental data indicate that the Weinbaum-Jiji expression for keff is valid in cremaster muscle and cat mesentery tissue for both normal and hyperthermic conditions provided the largest vessels are < 200 microns in diameter. The theory predicts that significant enhancements in keff start to occur for vessels that are 70 microns in diameter or larger, that a 2.5-fold increase in keff can be achieved for a maximally dilated 200 microns diameter 1A vessel pair in cremaster muscle of larger rats, and a 6-fold increase is predicted for maximally dilated 200 microns diameter vessels in the cat mesentery. The experiments also show that maximally dilated 1A to 4A vessels in the microcirculation closely satisfy the condition Q(flow)/(2a)3 = constant, which is consistent with the hypothesis that there is an adaptive regulation of vessel diameter which keeps the wall shear stress nearly constant during temporal changes in flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lemons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weinbaum
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000098:blood supply*; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D010477:Perfusion; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*