title: Artificial neural network and classical least-squares methods for neurotransmitter mixture analysis.
abstract: Identification of individual components in biological mixtures can be a difficult problem regardless of the analytical method employed. In this work, Raman spectroscopy was chosen as a prototype analytical method due to its inherent versatility and applicability to aqueous media, making it useful for the study of biological samples. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the classical least-squares (CLS) method were used to identify and quantify the Raman spectra of the small-molecule neurotransmitters and mixtures of such molecules. The transfer functions used by a network, as well as the architecture of a network, played an important role in the ability of the network to identify the Raman spectra of individual neurotransmitters and the Raman spectra of neurotransmitter mixtures. Specifically, networks using sigmoid and hyperbolic tangent transfer functions generalized better from the mixtures in the training data set to those in the testing data sets than networks using sine functions. Networks with connections that permit the local processing of inputs generally performed better than other networks on all the testing data sets. and better than the CLS method of curve fitting, on novel spectra of some neurotransmitters. The CLS method was found to perform well on noisy, shifted, and difference spectra.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Greek
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gorzalka
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bree
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Blades
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000818:Animals; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000109:Acetylcholine