title: The impact of ractopamine, energy intake, and dietary fat on finisher pig growth performance and carcass merit.
abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ractopamine, energy intake, dietary fat level, and sex on performance and carcass composition in finishing pigs. Three hundred six barrows and gilts were used in a factorial arrangement of treatments replicated over three seasons. Treatments consisted of two ractopamine levels (0 vs 44.7 mg/d), two sexes (barrows and gilts), two levels of fat addition (0 vs 5% added fat), and four energy intake levels (8.3, 8.9, 9.5, and 10.1 Mcal of ME/d for barrows and 7.7, 8.3, 8.9, and 9.5 Mcal of ME/d for gilts). Diets were formulated to maintain an equal lysine (28.5 g/d) intake at each feeding level through cornstarch dilution of the basal (7.7 Mcal of ME/d) diets. Pigs were fed daily based on a standard feed intake curve and prior weekly body weights. At slaughter (104 kg), carcass measurements and TOBEC HA-1 scanner measurements were recorded. Dietary fat addition improved live weight and lean efficiency (grams of carcass lean gain/kilogram of feed, P < .05). Dietary fat addition did not affect growth rate or carcass composition. Increasing energy intake resulted in a linear increase in average daily gain for both barrows and gilts (P < .01). Dietary ractopamine influenced the response of lean tissue accretion, lean tissue accretion efficiency, and fat tissue accretion to energy intake. Pigs with no added ractopamine demonstrated increased lean tissue accretion and improved efficiency and decreased fat tissue accretion with increasing energy intake (up to 9.5 Mcal of ME intake for barrows and 8.9 Mcal of ME intake for gilts). In contrast, pigs with added ractopamine did not respond to increasing energy intake and demonstrated increased fat tissue accretion with increasing energy intake. The response to ractopamine for growth was greatest from d 6 to 22 on test or during the test gain period of 7 to 18 kg. After d 22, the response of ractopamine declined linearly. These results indicate that ractopamine increases growth rapidly at the onset of feeding until a plateau is reached, after which there is a linear decline in growth response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schinckel
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006133:Growth Substances; D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine