title: The proximal promoter of the IL-4 gene is composed of multiple essential regulatory sites that bind at least two distinct factors.
abstract: Immune responses to pathogens often lead to the generation of polarized T helper subsets designated Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells, characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, stimulate cellular immune responses important for protection against intracellular pathogens. In contrast, Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, are potent stimulators of B cells and stimulate protection against extracellular pathogens. IL-4 has also emerged as a key cytokine in T cell differentiation since it has been shown to direct the development of naive T cells toward a Th2 phenotype. Recent studies have provided insights into the transcriptional regulation of IL-4, including the identification of multiple binding sites for a subunit of the IL-2 transcription factor NF-AT. In this study we describe the characterization of an essential region of the IL-4 promoter located immediately upstream of the TATA element. High-resolution mutagenesis of this 33-bp region revealed multiple sites indispensable for inducible IL-4 transcription. Included in this region are overlapping binding sites for the cyclosporin A-sensitive factor NF-ATp and a novel constitutively expressed factor designated PCC. An additional sequence adjacent to the TATA element is also shown to be critical for IL-4 transcription in Th2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Glimcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016385:TATA Box; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015847:Interleukin-4; D004247:DNA