title: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a novel treatment for all forms of male factor infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection to treat male factor infertility and to report on the achievement of fertilization and pregnancy compared with standard in vitro insemination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Couples suffering from male factor infertility treated in an academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty-seven couples in whom the male partners were presumed to be the cause of repeated failed attempts at IVF or whose semen parameters were unacceptable for conventional IVF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oocytes for this study were harvested after superovulation with GnRH agonist and gonadotropins. After removing the cumulus cells, a single spermatozoon was injected directly into the cytoplasm of metaphase II oocytes, and the outcome was analyzed in terms of semen parameters and origin of semen sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertilization and pregnancy rates (PRs) in relation to sperm parameters and origin of semen sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred twenty-seven couples were treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection resulting in an ongoing pregnancy rate of 37.0% per retrieval (84/227). There were 47 singleton pregnancies (5 of which were vanishing twin pregnancies), 30 twin gestations, 6 triplet pregnancies, and 1 quadruplet pregnancy. The concentration of the total motile spermatozoa present in the ejaculate as well as the origin of the samples influenced the fertilization rate but not the pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection can be used successfully to treat couples who have failed IVF or who have too few spermatozoa for conventional methods of in vitro insemination. Sperm parameters do not clearly affect the outcome of this technique.
authors.affiliation: New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alikani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rosenwaks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003593:Cytoplasm; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013480:Superovulation