title: The reproducibility of depressive and hypomanic symptoms across repeated episodes in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the stability of symptoms of hypomania and depression across repeated affective episodes in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Nine patients had a total of 30 depressive episodes and 31 hypomanic episodes during the period of observation. Standardized observer ratings indicated that the three symptoms most consistently reported during depressive episodes were fatiguability, decreased work activities and hypersomnia. These results as well as those from the standardized observer ratings of hypomania indicate that depression in this population consists of a lethargic, hypoactive state while hypomania may be a heightened state of activation. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results