title: Phase I evaluation of all-trans retinoic acid with and without ketoconazole in adults with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  All-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces accelerated plasma all-trans RA clearance, presumably via cytochrome P450 enzymes. This accelerated metabolism has been shown to be inhibited in the short term by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ketoconazole. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ketoconazole in maintaining plasma all-trans RA levels over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized crossover study design, we randomly assigned six patients to receive all-trans RA (45 mg/m2 orally twice per day for 14 days of a 21-day cycle) for cycle 1 and the same dose of all-trans RA plus ketoconazole (400 mg orally for one dose, then 200 mg orally three times per day for 14 days) for cycle 2, and seven patients to receive the same treatment in the reverse order. Plasma all-trans RA levels were measured during the initial 8-hour period after all-trans RA ingestion on days 1 and 15 of cycles 1 and 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a marked decrease in plasma all-trans RA levels after 14 days of treatment, as measured by the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), regardless of whether ketoconazole was given (from a baseline value of 857 to 44 ng/mL/h; P = .025) or not (from 1,355 to 308 ng/mL/h; P = .123). This lack of effect on plasma all-trans RA levels was not due to inadequate plasma ketoconazole levels. Ketoconazole administration was associated with more toxicity. No objective tumor responses were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketoconazole does not appear to maintain adequate plasma all-trans RA levels over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Fossella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calayag
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Raber
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Krakoff
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin; D007654:Ketoconazole