title: Treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors using multimodality therapy of octreotide acetate, intra-arterial chemotherapy, and hepatic arterial chemoembolization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overall survival and quality of life in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors depend on control of tumor growth and suppression of amine-induced symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on a series of 10 patients with carcinoid tumors metastatic to the liver who were treated with long-term octreotide acetate therapy (100 to 500 micrograms three times a day), sequential intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusions, and hepatic tumor chemoembolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 patients remained asymptomatic or had extremely mild symptoms after combined modality therapy (mean follow-up duration of 51.5 months). Sixty percent of the patients had a > 50% reduction of their tumor size (mean duration 42 months). An additional 30% experienced stabilization of tumor growth for 6 months or longer. Five of the 10 patients are currently alive. The mean group survival is 58 months since diagnosis (range 33 to 115) and 40 months since starting therapy (range 12 to 65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining octreotide acetate, intra-arterial 5-FU, and tumor chemoembolization effectively retards tumor growth while providing excellent symptom control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Diaco
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hajarizadeh
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Pommier
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woltering
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D007078:Ileal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015282:Octreotide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015282:Octreotide; D005472:Fluorouracil