title: Surgical management of infrainguinal arterial prosthetic graft infections: review of a thirty-five-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to determine the early and late mortality and morbidity rates associated with infrainguinal arterial prosthetic graft infection (IAPGI) and to identify optimal methods of management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 53 men and 14 women (mean age, 61 years) in whom a total of 68 IAPGIs developed in the years 1959 to 1993. IAPGI involved 58 femoropopliteal grafts (85%), six femorodistal grafts (9%), and four other grafts or synthetic patches (6%). Graft material was dacron in 36 (53%), polytetrafluoroethylene in 28 (41%), and human umbilical vein in four (6%). Sixteen IAPGIs (24%) involved limbs that had required amputations before IAPGI was diagnosed. Twenty-six (38%) of the 68 grafts were thrombosed, and 14 (88%) of the 16 amputees had occluded grafts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcal organisms were isolated from 34 (58%) of the 59 IAPGIs for which culture data were available. The median intervals until IAPGI was diagnosed were 3 months after implantation and 1 month after the last procedure involving the original graft. Initial management consisted of local measures only in 13 (19%), partial removal or in situ graft replacement in 15 (22%), and total graft excision in 40 (59%). Total excision was performed in 15 (94%) of the 16 patients with prior amputations and in only 25 (48%) of the 52 intact limbs. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 18%; seven (58%) of the 12 early deaths were related to sepsis, and all 12 occurred within the group of 51 patients (24%) for whom limb salvage was still being attempted (p = 0.056). IAPGI ultimately led to amputations in 21 (40%) of 52 intact limbs within the first year. Twenty-three (82%) of the 28 IAPGIs managed with incomplete graft removal required subsequent operations for continued sepsis, compared with five (13%) of the 40 treated with complete excision (p < 0.001). The cumulative 5-year survival rate (77%) for 53 patients who survived operation was less than that (89%) for the normal, age-matched U.S. male population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IAPGI is associated with substantial early mortality and amputation rates. Complete excision of infected graft material results in a significant reduction in the incidence of recurrent sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hertzer
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Beven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000098:blood supply*; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods