title: Clozapine serum levels and side effects during steady state treatment of schizophrenic patients: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: Serum clozapine (S-Cloza) and serum desmethyl-clozapine concentrations (S-Descloza) were measured in 30 chronic schizophrenic in- and out-patients on a variable dose regimen. All patients were in steady state with respect to clozapine therapy and in a stable condition with respect to psychotic illness. The 24-h clozapine dose (median with interquartile range in parenthesis) was 350 (228-425) mg/24 h (range 100-700). There was a weak positive correlation between doses and the BPRS total score (r = 0.44, P < 0.05). The median S-Cloza was 1076 (706-1882) nmol/l (range 196-5581 corresponding to 64-1824 ng/ml). The S-Cloza was linearly correlated to dose but with a high interindividual variation at equal doses, e.g. a factor of 8 at 400 mg/24 h, but a low intraindividual variability of 20%. The S-Descloza averaged 77% of the S-Cloza and was highly correlated to S-Cloza (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). The S-Descloza/dose ratio increased with age and duration of treatment. The side effects registered were EEG abnormalities (83%), tachycardia (23%), increased liver enzyme activity (60%), orthostatic hypotension (17%), and moderate leucocytosis (17%). Only EEG changes were correlated to S-Cloza (r = 0.43; P < 0.05). The score values of the UKU Side Effect Scale were weakly (r = 0.36) correlated to S-Cloza. No side effects were correlated to S-Descloza, doses, or treatment duration. The frequency of side effects was higher than in studies using lower mean doses indicating a correlation between doses or S-Cloza and the frequency of side effects. It is concluded that clozapine fulfils the criteria for therapeutic drug monitoring. TDM may contribute to finding the lowest effective dose with the fewest possible side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus, Risskov, Denmark.
authors.forename: O V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wulff
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Refshammer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bysted
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: C058272:norclozapine; D003024:Clozapine