title: Alcohol intake and subsequent mortality: findings from the NHANES I Follow-up Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because past research has focused primarily on populations of middle-aged men, the relationship between alcohol and mortality among women and the elderly has been less well substantiated
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship between alcohol intake and mortality using data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Total mortality was examined for both sexes (N = 4,614 women, 3,573 men), but ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality was examined only for men because the number of deaths was too small in women. Proportional hazards modeling was used to adjust for the baseline characteristics of age, race, education, body weight, smoking and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For men aged 40 to 64, the adjusted relative risks (RR) of death for drinking levels of .5 drinks/day, .5 to < 2 and > or = 2 (compared to the nondrinking reference group) were 0.8 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.6, 1.1), 0.9 (CI:0.6, 1.2) and 1.2 (CI: 0.9, 1.6); RRs of IHD mortality were 0.6 (CI: 0.4, 0.9), 0.5 (CI: 0.3, 0.9) and 0.7 (CI: 0.5, 1.2). For women aged 40 to 64, the RRs for death for the same exposure categories were 1.2 (CI: 0.9, 1.6), 0.9 (CI: 0.6, 1.4) and 1.9 (CI: 1.2, 3.0). Among both sexes 65 years and older, consumption of < 2 drinks/day was associated with about a 20% decrease in total mortality and IHD mortality (men only). However, this protective effect disappeared after exclusion of those with pre-existing disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a protective effect of moderate alcohol intake on IHD mortality in middle-aged men. Among both men and women, there was little evidence of a protective association between moderate alcohol intake and total mortality after excluding those with pre-existing disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition (K26), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Serdula
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Koong
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Anda
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Madans
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Byers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology