title: Use of end-tidal carbon dioxide to predict outcome in prehospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  End-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) measurement can be used to predict death in prehospital cardiac arrest patients with pulseless electrical activity (PEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An urban and rural emergency medical services system in northwestern Washington state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety consecutive victims of prehospital cardiac arrest with PEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were intubated in the field and treated using standard advanced cardiac life support protocols with online medical control. In addition, all patients were evaluated using mainstream ETCO2 monitoring. In this study, a hypothetical decision was made to cease resuscitative efforts based on an ETCO2 level of 10 mm Hg or less after 20 minutes of advanced cardiac life support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 90 patients (61 were men) with a mean age of 67.6 +/- 13.6 years (range, 27 to 95 years). The initial ETCO2 averaged 11.7 +/- 6.6 mm Hg in nonsurvivors (range, 5 to 50 mm Hg) and 10.9 +/- 4.9 mm Hg in survivors (range, 5 to 24 mm Hg) (P > .672 [NS]). After 20 minutes of advanced cardiac life support, ETCO2 averaged 3.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg (range, 0 to 12 mm Hg) in patients in whom the theoretical decision was made to cease field resuscitation. In contrast, survivors' ETCO2, just before restoration of circulation, averaged 31 +/- 5.3 mm Hg (range, 16 to 35 mm Hg) (P < .0001). Using an ETCO2 of 10 mm Hg or less as a theoretical threshold to predict death in the field successfully discriminated between the 16 survivors to hospital admission (those that achieved return of spontaneous circulation) and 75 prehospital deaths. Of the 16 survivors to hospital admission, 9 died in the hospital, and 7 were discharged from the hospital alive. In 13 of the 16 survivors, the first evidence of return of spontaneous circulation, before a palpable pulse or blood pressure, was a rising ETCO2. The logistic-regression parameters for the model are 4.4391 + ETCO2*-0.3624 (P < .0001). Sensitivity was 97.3%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; and negative predictive value 88.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a low ETCO2 (10 mm Hg or less) can be used to predict irreversible death in patients with pulseless electrical activity undergoing prehospital advanced cardiac life support. If future studies validate this model, use of ETCO2 may allow for triage decisions in the field.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medical Services, Whatcom Medic One, Bellingham, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012151:Resuscitation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide