title: Intracranial gradient-echo and spin-echo functional MR angiography in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the predominance of venous signal intensity at 1.5-T gradient-echo (GRE) functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of motor activity and to demonstrate the contribution from task-induced changes in flow velocity to the functional MR imaging signal intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional MR imaging of motor activity was performed in healthy volunteers. In a first examination, conventional two-dimensional GRE blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging techniques were used, and the image planes were carefully positioned with respect to the veins that responded to the motor task. In a second examination, two-dimensional spin-echo (SE) techniques were used, and the image planes were oriented axially and measured in a sequential multisection manner. The areas of hyperintensity on functional MR images were eventually processed by means of maximum intensity projection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional MR angiograms were obtained in both examinations. The possibility to generate SE functional MR angiograms demonstrates that venous inflow effects may contribute substantially to signal intensity in conventional two-dimensional GRE BOLD functional MR imaging of motor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Veins have a substantial role in BOLD functional MR imaging of motor activity.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U.318/Groupe d'Application de la RMN à la Neurobiologie, Universitaire de Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delon-Martin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Massarelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Decety
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Le Bas
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Benabid
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Segebarth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance