title: Transforming growth factor beta 1, a major stimulator of hyaluronan synthesis in human synovial lining cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of cytokines and growth factors in the regulation of hyaluronan synthesis in human synovial lining cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synovial lining cells were obtained from human knee joints, isolated by the explant method, and characterized by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against monocyte/macrophage markers as well as antibodies against hyaluronan synthase. After stimulation by cytokines and growth factors, hyaluronan was measured by radiometric assay. The molecular weight distribution of the hyaluronan synthesized was determined by high-performance gel-permeation liquid chromatography. To test the effect of oxygen-derived free radicals, the concentration and molecular weight distribution of hyaluronan were determined in the presence and absence of catalase and superoxide dismutase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyaluronan synthesis was stimulated in synovial lining cells by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and to a lesser extent by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Analysis of the molecular weight distribution of hyaluronan after stimulation of synovial lining cells with TGF beta 1, IL-1 beta, and TNF alpha indicated that hyaluronan is synthesized in a high molecular weight form and might be degraded in the course of inflammatory processes by oxygen-derived free radicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that TGF beta 1 is a major stimulator of hyaluronan synthesis in human synovial lining cells and might be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of joint swelling in inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
authors.affiliation: University of Technology RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Haubeck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kock
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van de Leur
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greiling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase