title: Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue in primary open-angle glaucoma after long-term topical treatment: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary open-angle glaucoma is commonly treated with long-term hypotensive medical therapy. When this approach becomes inadequate, therapy proceeds with surgery. The present study investigates morphological changes in the conjunctival and subconjunctival tissues induced by short- and long-term topical medical therapy of primary open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons were made between biopsy specimens from glaucomatous patients, who received specific eyedrop therapy (timolol and pilocarpine) for various periods of time, and control patients with no conjunctival pathology or topical treatment. Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural parameters were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morphometric analysis of histological sections and immunohistochemistry (anti-fibronectin antibody) in medium- and long-term therapy patients showed: (a) significant increases in the thickness and number of epithelial cell layers; (b) significant increases in the fibroblast density in both subepithelial and deep connective tissue; and (c) a more compact connective tissue, richer in collagen fibers arranged in whirls, with some inflammatory elements. These findings were confirmed by the ultrastructural analysis. In the same patients, the other immunohistochemical parameters investigated (anti-HLA-DR, anti-CD1a, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-IL2 and C3b antibodies) revealed a tendency to chronic inflammation. Following specific surgery, this tendency manifested itself in a diffuse immune response, especially in those patients who underwent medium- and long-term medical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to these results, antiglaucomatous surgery should be rehabilitated and considered as an alternative to long-term medical therapy in the first-instance treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuzzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vercelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Finazzo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cracco
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D003179:Complement C3b / Q000378:metabolism; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013999:Timolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine; D003179:Complement C3b; D013999:Timolol