title: Dissociation of the CD4 downregulation and viral infectivity enhancement functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef.
abstract: Recent evidence indicates that the nef gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 augments rather than inhibits viral replication in both cell culture and in vivo models. In addition, nef alters various normal cellular processes, including the display of CD4 on the cell surface. However, it remains unknown whether the enhancement of infectivity and the downregulation of CD4 represent linked or independent biologic properties of this single protein. In the present studies, mutational analyses were performed to define structure-function relationships within the Nef protein that mediate these effects. To assess the functional consequences of these mutations, sensitive and reliable assays were developed to quantitate the viral infectivity enhancement and CD4 downregulation functions of Nef. The results indicate that membrane-targeting sequences at the N terminus of Nef are important for both functions of Nef, while certain other conserved regions are dispensable for both functions. A conserved proline-X-X repeat segment in the central core of the protein, which is reminiscent of an SH3-binding domain, is critical for the enhancement of infectivity function but is dispensable for CD4 downregulation. However, the downregulation of CD4 by Nef appears to involve a two-step process requiring the initial dissociation of p56lck from CD4 to permit engagement of the endocytic apparatus by CD4. Together, these findings demonstrate that the infectivity enhancement and CD4 downregulation activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef can be dissociated. Thus, these processes may be independent of one another in the viral replication cycle.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco 94141, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Warmerdam
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Atchison
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck); D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D015693:Gene Products, nef; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)