title: Perinatal brain injury in premature infants born to mothers using alcohol in pregnancy. Neonatal Brain Hemorrhage Study Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol has been shown to have teratogenic effects on the fetal central nervous system. However, little research has been done to assess the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on premature infants, a group particularly vulnerable to perinatal brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relation between maternal alcohol use and the most common forms of brain injury in premature infants--germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage (GM/IVH) and white-matter damage--in a large population-based cohort of infants weighing 2000 g or less. The analyses included 349 infants younger than 31 weeks' gestation who received at least one cranial ultrasound scan and whose mothers were queried about prenatal alcohol use in a postpartum interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants of mothers who reported "moderate" alcohol use (fewer than seven drinks per week and fewer than three drinks per occasion) to "high" use (seven or more drinks per week and/or three or more drinks per occasion) before recognized pregnancy, and moderate alcohol use during pregnancy, were not at increased risk for brain injury. However, after controlling for potentially confounding factors, infants of women reporting high alcohol use during pregnancy were at increased risk of developing isolated brain hemorrhage (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 24.7), any brain hemorrhage (OR = 6.7, 95% CI = 1.8, 26.4), and white-matter damage (OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 1.9, 46.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature infants of women who report consuming seven or more drinks per week and/or three or more drinks per occasion during pregnancy have substantially elevated risks of both of the most common forms of brain injury in premature infants.
authors.affiliation: Program in Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holzman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paneth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto-Martin
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000437:Alcoholism; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol