title: Regulation of the cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger by Ca2+. Mutational analysis of the Ca(2+)-binding domain.
abstract: The sarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger is regulated by intracellular Ca2+ at a high affinity Ca2+ binding site separate from the Ca2+ transport site. Previous data have suggested that the Ca2+ regulatory site is located on the large intracellular loop of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange protein, and we have identified a high-affinity 45Ca2+ binding domain on this loop (Levitsky, D. O., D. A. Nicoll, and K. D. Philipson. 1994. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269:22847-22852). We now use electrophysiological and mutational analyses to further define the Ca2+ regulatory site. Wild-type and mutant exchangers were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the exchange current was measured using the inside-out giant membrane patch technique. Ca2+ regulation was measured as the stimulation of reverse Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange (intracellular Na+ exchanging for extracellular Ca2+) by intracellular Ca2+. Single-site mutations within two acidic clusters of the Ca2+ binding domain lowered the apparent Ca2+ affinity at the regulatory site from 0.4 to 1.1-1.8 microM. Mutations had parallel effects on the affinity of the exchanger loop for 45Ca2+ binding (Levitsky et al., 1994) and for functional Ca2+ regulation. We conclude that we have identified the functionally important Ca2+ binding domain. All mutant exchangers with decreased apparent affinities at the regulatory Ca2+ binding site also have a complex pattern of altered kinetic properties. The outward current of the wild-type Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger declines with a half time (th) of 10.8 +/- 3.2 s upon Ca2+ removal, whereas the exchange currents of several mutants decline with th values of 0.7-4.3 s. Likewise, Ca2+ regulation mutants respond more rapidly to Ca2+ application. Study of Ca2+ regulation has previously been possible only with the exchanger operating in the reverse mode as the regulatory Ca2+ and the transported Ca2+ are then on opposite sides of the membrane. The use of exchange mutants with low affinity for Ca2+ at regulatory sites also allows demonstration of secondary Ca2+ regulation with the exchanger in the forward or Ca2+ efflux mode. In addition, we find that the affinity of wild-type and mutant Na(+)-Ca2+ exchangers for intracellular Na+ decreases at low regulatory Ca2+. This suggests that Ca2+ regulation modifies transport properties and does not only control the fraction of exchangers in an active state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90095-1760, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nicoll
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hryshko
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Levitsky
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Philipson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D013997:Time Factors; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium