title: A convenient extension of the linear-quadratic model to include redistribution and reoxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At present, the linear-quadratic model for cellular response to radiation can incorporate sublethal damage repair and repopulation. We suggest an extension, termed LQR, to include also the other two "Rs" of radiobiology, cell cycle redistribution, and reoxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this approach, redistribution and reoxygenation are both regarded as aspects of a single phenomenon, which we term resensitization. After the first portion of a radiation exposure has decreased the average radiosensitivity of a diverse cell population by preferentially sparing less sensitive cells, resensitization gradually restores the average sensitivity of the population towards its previous value. The proposed LQR formula is of the same form as the original LQ formula, but with two extra parameters, an overall resensitization magnitude and a characteristic resensitization time. The LQR model assumes that resensitization is monotonic rather than oscillatory in time, i.e., always tends to increase average cellular sensitivity as overall time increases. We argue that this monotonicity assumption is likely to hold in clinical situations, though a possible extension is discussed to account for oscillatory decay of resensitization effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LQR model gives reasonable fits to relevant experimental data in the literature, reproducing an initial rise in cell survival, due to repair, as the treatment time is increased, followed by a resensitization-related decrease in survival due to redistribution and/or reoxygenation for treatment times of the order of the cell cycle time, and a final survival increase due to repopulation as the treatment time is increased still further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LQR model is a simple and potentially useful extension of the LQ model for computing more realistic isoeffect relations for early responding tissues, including tumors, when comparing different radiotherapeutic protocols.
authors.affiliation: Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hahnfeldt
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sachs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D007941:Leukemia P388; D016014:Linear Models; D051379:Mice