title: The impact of health insurance status on adolescents' utilization of school-based clinic services: implications for health care reform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To examine variations among students with different health insurance coverage in their use of school-based clinics (SBCs), reasons for not receiving health care when needed, and reasons for using or not using SBCs, and 2) to determine if insurance status is a significant factor in predicting SBC use, after controlling for demographic variables and health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confidential questionnaires were administered to 2,860 adolescents attending 3 urban high schools with on-site SBCs. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess differences among insurance groups in patterns of SBC use and reasons for clinic use/nonuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students with private insurance or HMO coverage had the highest rates of SBC utilization (67% & 66%) and students without health insurance and with Medicaid had the lowest (57% & 59%) (p < 0.01). While there was no difference among adolescents according to insurance group membership in their use of SBC medical services, a significantly higher proportion of students with Medicaid coverage used SBC mental health services. Students without health insurance were less likely to receive health care from any source when it was needed. After controlling for demographic variables and health status, no insurance factors remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBC users represent a variety of insurance groups. Health care reform efforts need to take into account the special needs of adolescents and the challenges they face in accessing care that go beyond financial barriers to care. SBC have been shown to provide a convenient and acceptable source of care, as well as offering the opportunity to provide preventive and primary care services to at-risk youth. As the country moves to a managed care environment potential partnerships with SBCs represent a unique opportunity to improve the delivery of care to adolescents, assuring increased access to a package of health services that they need.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Health Policy Research, University of California at San Francisco 94109, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kapphahn
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012572:School Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health