title: Do radiographic criteria for emphysema predict physiologic impairment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The functional consequences of pulmonary emphysema have been estimated from autopsy studies. This antemortem study correlates structure as assessed by criteria applied to chest radiographs and function in earlier disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand one hundred seven male shipyard and construction workers had chest radiographs scored for asbestosis using International Labour Office criteria and for emphysema using five criteria: hyperlucent lung fields, low flat diaphragms on posteroanterior views, low flat diaphragms on lateral radiographs, a wide retrosternal space, and bullae. Total lung capacity (TLC) was measured by planimetry of radiographs and forced vital capacity (FVC) and flows by spirometry: TLC minus FVC equaled residual volume (RV). All were expressed as percentage of predicted (% pred) adjusted for height, age, and duration of cigarette smoking. Linear regression modeling examined the influence of each emphysema criterion on function measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred three (10.1%) of 4,107 men had two or more emphysema criteria and 24.5% had asbestosis. Prevalence of 2 criteria varied by smoking status and was present in 20% of current smokers, 7.5% of ex-smokers, and 2% of never smokers. The TLC % pred and RV/TLC increased and % pred of FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75, FEV1, and FVC decreased with increasing radiographic emphysema criteria. Forty-four (10%) had normal results of spirometry with two or more radiographic emphysema criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairment of airway function worsened with each additional radiographic criteria of emphysema. These criteria were more strongly associated with an increase in RV/TLC than an increase in TLC.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California School of Medicine, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kilburn
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D001195:Asbestosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004646:Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index