Structure-activity relationships of chemokines.
Structural analysis of chemokines has revealed that the alpha/beta structural-fold is highly conserved among both the CXC and CC chemokine classes. Although dimerization and aggregation is often observed, the chemokines function as monomers. The critical receptor binding regions are in the NH2-terminal 20 residues of the protein and are the least ordered in solution. The flexible NH2-terminal region is the most critical receptor binding site and a second site also exists in the loop that follows the two disulfides. The well-ordered regions are not directly involved in receptor binding but, along with the disulfides, they provide a scaffold that determines the conformation of the sites that are critical for receptor binding. These general requirements for function are common to all the chemokines. For the CC chemokines, receptor activation and receptor binding regions are separate within the 10 residue NH2-terminal region. This has allowed identification of high affinity analogs that do not activate the receptor and are potent antagonists.
Clark-Lewis
I
I
Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Kim
K S
KS
Rajarathnam
K
K
Gong
J H
JH
Dewald
B
B
Moser
B
B
Baggiolini
M
M
Sykes
B D
BD
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054410:Chemokine CCL7; D054412:Chemokine CCL8; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
C515450:CCL7 protein, human; C515453:CCL8 protein, human; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054410:Chemokine CCL7; D054412:Chemokine CCL8; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D016207:Cytokines; D004220:Disulfides; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008024:Ligands; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor