title: High power Ho:YAG laser ablation of intervertebral discs: effects on ablation rates and temperature profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the Ho:YAG laser gained increasing importance in recent experimental and clinical investigations, this study was performed to investigate the effect of power on ablation rates and temperature during disc ablation with a high power Ho:Yag laser under simulated clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high power Ho:YAG laser was used to investigate the influence of increasing power from 10 to 32 Watt on ablation rate (mg) and temperature (degree C). Ablation weight was measured by a precision scale calculating the difference of the pre- and postlasing weight of the specimen after application of total energies of 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 J. Temperatures were measured by thermoprobes, which were connected via a thermomodule to an amplifier and the signal was plotted by a computer with appropriate software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas ablation rate rose almost linearly with total energy, increasing power above 20 W did not essentially improve ablation rate. Temperatures reached their highest values after application of a total energy of 500 J and did not rise further, whereas increasing power did not induce a rise in temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding the chosen experimental setting, maximum temperatures are reached after application of 500 J, and increasing power does not induce a rise in temperature.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchelt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlangmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmolke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siebert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009929:Organ Size; D013696:Temperature