title: Carbon monoxide production from degradation of desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane by soda lime and Baralyme.
abstract: Anecdotal reports suggest that soda lime and Baralyme brand absorbent can degrade inhaled anesthetics to carbon monoxide (CO). We examined the factors that govern CO production and found that these include: 1) The anesthetic used: for a given minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)-multiple, the magnitude of CO production (greatest to least) is desflurane > or = enflurane > isoflurane >> halothane = sevoflurane. 2) The absorbent dryness: completely dry soda lime produces much more CO than absorbent with just 1.4% water content, and soda lime containing 4.8% or more water (standard soda lime contains 15% water) generates no CO. In contrast, both completely dry Baralyme and Baralyme with 1.6% water produce high concentrations of CO, and Baralyme containing 4.7% water produces concentrations equaling those produced by soda lime containing 1.4% water. Baralyme containing 9.7% or more water and standard Baralyme (13% water) do not generate CO.3) The type of absorbent: at a given water content, Baralyme produces more CO than does soda lime. 4) The temperature: an increased temperature increases CO production. 5) The anesthetic concentration: more CO is produced from higher anesthetic concentrations. These results suggest that CO generation can be avoided for all anesthetics by using soda lime with 4.8% (or more) water or Baralyme with 9.7% (or more) water, and by using inflow rates of less than 2-3 L/min. Such inflow rates are low enough to ensure that the absorbent does not dry out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0464, USA.
authors.forename: Z X
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Eger
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Laster
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chortkoff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ionescu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000737:chemistry*; D017609:Barium Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D010087:Oxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D017609:Barium Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C068927:Baralyme; C004569:soda lime; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide