The pulmonary nodule after lung transplantation. Cause and outcome.
In the immunocompromised patient, the pulmonary nodule remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We studied the incidence, cause, diagnosis, and therapy of pulmonary nodules after lung transplantation (LTx). Eight out of 64 patients (12.5%) developed pulmonary nodules after a median follow-up of 5.8 months (range, 1 to 10 months). The median age was 30.5 years (range, 21 to 62 years). Solitary pulmonary nodules (n = 2) disappeared spontaneously within 3 weeks and were suspected to be of infectious origin. The cause of multiple nodules (n = 6) was posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD [n = 3]), aspergillosis (n = 2), and abscesses caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1). After an initial chest radiograph, CT with fine-needle biopsy was the most valuable diagnostic tool. In six patients, nodules resolved within 10 weeks (median, 8 weeks). Two patients, however, died of sepsis (P aeruginosa and S aureus and Aspergillus, respectively). The differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules after LTx primarily comprises PTLD and infection (bacterial or fungal). To improve the outcome, early, aggressive treatment is mandatory; therefore, serial CT scans are strongly recommended to be part of the diagnostic armamentarium in LTx recipients.
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Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
Helbich
T
T
Wisser
W
W
Dekan
G
G
Klepetko
W
W
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008169:Lung Abscess / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology