title: Interrelationship of smoking and alcohol dependence, use and urges to use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between tobacco dependence and alcohol dependence has received little empirical scrutiny. The present study of alcoholics in treatment for alcoholism investigated pretreatment tobacco and alcohol history and dependence, as well as subjective responsivity to alcohol cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three male alcoholics underwent a questionnaire assessment of smoking and drinking pretreatment followed by a laboratory assessment of reactivity to alcohol cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses demonstrate that (1) pretreatment tobacco dependence and pretreatment alcohol dependence are related, (2) alcohol dependence predicts urges to smoke during alcohol treatment, (3) exposure to alcohol cues results in increased urge to smoke, (4) smoking when ill predicts urge to drink during alcohol cue exposure and (5) urge to smoke is positively correlated with urge to drink.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data, collected in a population of alcoholics not currently receiving smoking interventions, indicate that smoking may be a factor to address during alcohol treatment. The clinical importance of these data is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gulliver
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rohsenow
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*