title: Optimization of enzyme ratios in a coimmobilized enzyme reactor for the analysis of D-xylose and D-xylulose in a flow system.
abstract: A coupled enzyme system for the detection of D-xylose and D-xylulose is presented. The system is based on three consecutive enzymatic steps. The enzymes xylose isomerase (XI), mutarotase (MT), and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) are coimmobilized on controlled pore glass and packed in a bed reactor. The relative amount of enzymes, i.e., enzyme ratio, plays a critical role in driving the overall reaction, resulting in a system with linear response characteristics and an operational range of several orders of magnitude. Three different enzyme ratios are assayed to achieve maximum conversion efficiencies for xylose and xylulose. The highest enzyme unit ratio assayed, 13.4 of GDH to XI, gave the highest apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant showing the importance of the last enzymatic reaction in the coupled system to make the overall reaction thermodynamically favorable. A pH of 7.0 was found to be an optimum compromise for the multienzyme system. Sensitivity was dependent on NAD+ concentration. The study was carried out in a flow injection system. The optimized reactor has been applied for the catalytic detection of pentoses in flow injection analysis (FIA) and liquid chromatography (LC).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marko-Varga
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hahn-Hägerdal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gorton
mesh_terms: D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; D000818:Animals; D001410:Bacillus megaterium / Q000201:enzymology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002238:Carbohydrate Epimerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism*; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; D005948:Glucose Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D007700:Kinetics; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000201:enzymology; D013552:Swine; D014994:Xylose / Q000032:analysis*; D014996:Xylulose / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D014996:Xylulose; D014994:Xylose; D005948:Glucose Dehydrogenases; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; D002238:Carbohydrate Epimerases; C019646:aldose 1-epimerase; D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; C023298:xylose isomerase