title: A 40-100 MHz B-scan ultrasound backscatter microscope for skin imaging.
abstract: There is a growing interest in high resolution, subsurface imaging of cutaneous tissues using higher frequency ultrasound, and several commercial systems have been developed recently which operate at 20 MHz. Some of the possible applications of higher frequency skin imaging include tumour staging, boundary definition, and studies of the response of tumours to therapy, investigations of inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, and basic studies of skin aging, sun damage and the effects of irritants. Investigation of these areas is quite new, and the role of ultrasound skin imaging is continuing to evolve. Lateral resolution in the 20 MHz imaging systems ranges from 200 to 300 microns, which limits imaging applications to cutaneous structures which are relatively large in size. In this paper, a real-time ultrasound backscatter microscope (UBM) for skin imaging is described which operates in the 40-100 MHz range, providing axial resolution between 17 and 30 microns and lateral resolution between 33 and 94 microns. This improvement in resolution over current skin ultrasound systems should prove useful in determining the margins of small skin lesions, and in obtaining more precise, in vivo skin thickness measurements to characterize nonmalignant skin disease. Example images of normal skin, seborrhoeic keratosis and malignant melanoma illustrate the imaging potential of this system.
authors.affiliation: Toronto-Bayview Regional Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Starkoski
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harasiewicz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: From
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Sauder
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015595:Skin Aging; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D011145:Polyvinyls; C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers; C074585:trifluoroethene