title: The influence of earthquake-induced stress on human facial clefting and its simulation in mice.
abstract: A large earthquake (8-9 on the Richter scale) and a series of aftershocks took place on 2 March 1985 in Santiago, Chile. The characteristics of over 22,000 births registered in three public hospitals in the same year were reviewed. A significant increase in the rate of facial clefts was found; 2.01 per 1000 births in contrast to 1.6 per 1000 births in previous years. The increase was greater in those born in September: 3.8 per 1000 births. This increase in clefting could be related to the effects of stress in mothers induced by the earthquake, and to test this hypothesis 13.5-day-old embryos from two inbred mouse strains, A/Sn and C57BL/10, were subjected to a similar stress using a vibrator cage to imitate the main shock and the first five replicas of the earthquake. The same intensity and duration of shock as in the original earthquake were applied. The results were 19.8% cleft palates in stressed A/Sn mice and no clefting in C57BL/10. This was highly significant in A/Sn mice (chi 2 = 19.9; P < 0.001) but not in C57BL/10. No clefting was found in controls in both strains. A surprising finding was the proportion of resorbed embryos in the stressed groups, which increased from 8.3 to 49.3% in A/Sn and from 5.8 to 48.3% in C57BL/10. It is known that A/Sn mice are genetically sensitive to cleft palate induction by cortisone, while C57BL/10 are not. These findings in mice support the stress hypothesis for the increase in cleft palate observed in humans. The increase in resorbed embryos in both strains also suggests an effect on stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palomino
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Palomino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002677:Chile; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology*; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*