title: The discussion about advance directives. Patient and physician opinions regarding when and how it should be conducted. End of Life Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Widely publicized court cases have focused national attention on the importance of advance directives. In spite of initiatives such as the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1991, fewer than 10% of Americans have prepared advance directives. One way to increase the preparation of advance directives may be to increase the frequency and quality of discussions about them between individual patients and their physicians. We performed a multicenter observational study to assess the opinions of primary care patients and physicians regarding these discussions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey of randomly selected primary care patients and physicians in eight primary care internal medicine clinics in the eastern and midwestern United States. Quantitative questionnaires were used to elicit subjects' demographic characteristics, and their opinions regarding the timing, content, and location of discussions about advance directives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 883 subjects included 329 adult outpatients, 282 resident physicians, and 272 practicing physicians. Physician and patient response rates were 75% and 76%, respectively. Patients felt that the discussion should occur earlier than did the physicians: at an earlier age, earlier in the natural history of disease, and earlier in the patient-physician relationship. Most subjects agreed it was the physician's responsibility to initiate the discussion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We defined a discrepancy between the preferences of primary care patients and physicians regarding the timing of the discussion about advance directives. We propose physician education regarding patient preferences as the most effective way to accomplish the goal of improving the frequency and quality of discussions about advance directives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNutt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001290:Attitude; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians