title: Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical consequences associated with the lifetime occurrence of comorbid psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community sample of 1,507 older adolescents (aged 14 through 18 years), subjects with "pure" and comorbid forms of four major psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use, and disruptive behavior) were compared on six clinical outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of comorbidity was strongest for academic problems, mental health treatment utilization, and past suicide attempts; intermediate on measures of role functioning and conflict with parents; and nonsignificant on physical symptoms. The greatest incremental impact of comorbidity was on anxiety disorders; the least was on substance use disorders. Although some patterns of comorbidity were much more common in boys (e.g., substance use and disruptive behavior disorder) or in girls (e.g., depression and anxiety), the impact of specific comorbid disorders on the clinical measures was not different for females and males. The effect of comorbidity was not due to current psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of comorbidity differs across specific comorbid disorders and across outcome measures, with some comorbid disorders being much more detrimental, and some outcome measures much more affected, than others.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene 97403-1983, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lewinsohn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Seeley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome