title: Tepoxalin, a novel dual inhibitor of the prostaglandin-H synthase cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities.
abstract: Prostaglandin-H synthase-1, the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, has both cyclooxygenase (CO) and peroxidase (PO) activities. While most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit only the CO activity, we describe an inhibitor, tepoxalin, that inhibits both the CO (IC50 = 0.1 microM) and the PO (IC50 = 4 microM) activities. Unlike many NSAIDs which are competitive inhibitors of CO, tepoxalin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CO and its inhibitory effect on PO but not CO is reversed by excess heme. Moreover, inhibition of the PO activity by tepoxalin is not dependent on the enzymatic turnover of the CO activity. The hydroxamic acid of tepoxalin is responsible for the PO inhibition since a carboxylic acid derivative of tepoxalin retains full CO but not PO inhibition. We postulated that the hydroxamic group might confer the ability to inhibit PO on conventional CO inhibitors. This idea was supported by the observation that naproxen hydroxamic acid, but not naproxen showed PO inhibition. Furthermore, tepoxalin's carboxylic acid analogue and naproxen each competitively relieved PO inhibition by their respective hydroxamic acids. The intracellular activity of PO as monitored by the release of reactive oxygen species was also inhibited by both tepoxalin and naproxen hydroxamic acid. These observations suggest a strategy for design of novel compounds to inhibit prostaglandin synthase PO. The therapeutic implications of these novel PO inhibitors are discussed.
authors.affiliation: R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Munroe
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D011720:Pyrazoles; D010544:Peroxidases; C073135:tepoxalin