title: Lead in inner-city soil and its possible contribution to children's blood lead.
abstract: This study was designed to assess distribution and sources of lead in inner-city soils in Washington, D.C. Duplicate soil samples were collected randomly from 239 unpaved front yards of homes in Washington, D.C. Soil samples were collected 1 m from the houses. Lead concentration in soil was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Presence of lead detected in soil was correlated and traced to the anticipated source of origin. A significantly high concentration of lead was present in inner-city soils. Areas of the city in which the highest lead concentrations were found (Wards 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were determined to contain a large number of residents who had attained lower education levels than most residents in the remaining wards. It was concluded that lead concentration in inner-city soil plays a significant role in the incidence of lead poisoning in children in the District of Columbia and that paint is the main source of soil lead. Demographic characteristics of the residents appeared to enhance the distribution of lead poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experimental Station, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elhelu
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hirpassa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead