title: A new extrapolation method from animals to man: application to a metabolized compound, mofarotene.
abstract: Allometric scaling (a technique which uses data obtained in laboratory animals to predict human pharmacokinetics) works well for drugs that are cleared intact, but is less successful with extensively metabolised compounds. This paper describes a new method to improve the accuracy of such projections, by integrating metabolic data obtained in vitro (e.g. with liver microsomes or hepatocytes) into these calculations. The approach was used prospectively, to predict the clearance of mofarotene (Ro 40-8757) in humans from in vivo kinetic data obtained in mouse, rat and dog. This compound was selected to illustrate this approach because it is exclusively eliminated through metabolism. Without the metabolic correction or using empirical correcting factors, the values predicted for man were 2.7 and 0.6 ml/min/kg. This fell outside the range subsequently obtained in healthy volunteers dosed orally with 300 mg of mofarotene (7.5 +/- 4.0 ml/min/kg, n = 12). However, inclusion of the microsomal or hepatocyte data gave values of 5.1 and 4.2 ml/min/kg, respectively, illustrating that the integration of in vitro metabolic data improves the accuracy of kinetic extrapolations. In contrast to the existing empirical techniques, this approach offers a rational basis to predict clearance of metabolized compounds in human.
authors.affiliation: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lave
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schmitt-Hoffmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coassolo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valles
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ubeaud
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D012176:Retinoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D012176:Retinoids; C081137:mofarotene