title: High resolution analysis of HIV-1 quasispecies in the brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize HIV-1 quasispecies at high resolution to determine the in vivo sequence heterogeneity of virus infecting the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1 kilobase region of the envelope gene, which includes the five hypervariable regions, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA obtained from brain tissue of an HIV-1-infected patient. PCR products were cloned and 50 clones sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine unique nucleotide sequences producing 35 protein variants were found. A consensus sequence was identified along with three distinct subtypes, each present at a level of 12%. The sequence variation from the consensus was 0.1-2.1% at the nucleotide level with hypermutation and recombination responsible for the highest diversity. Sequence heterogeneity resulted in both the creation and the elimination of N-linked glycosylation sites. Only nine clones differed from the consensus sequence in the V3 loop. No inactivating mutations were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1 proviruses found in the brain generally demonstrate a low level of genetic variability in env. However, genomes that vary considerably from the predominant species can be present at significant levels. This observation may be of importance for understanding viral pathogenesis in the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Monken
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001921:Brain / Q000821:virology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015752:Genes, env; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120