title: Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
abstract: In exploring the emotional climate of long-term marriages, this study used an observational coding system to identify specific emotional behaviors expressed by middle-aged and older spouses during discussions of a marital problem. One hundred and fifty-six couples differing in age and marital satisfaction were studied. Emotional behaviors expressed by couples differed as a function of age, gender, and marital satisfaction. In older couples, the resolution of conflict was less emotionally negative and more affectionate than in middle-aged marriages. Differences between husbands and wives and between happy and unhappy marriages were also found. Wives were more affectively negative than husbands, whereas husbands were more defensive than wives, and unhappy marriages involved greater exchange of negative affect than happy marriages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gottman
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Levenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D014705:Verbal Behavior