title: Endoscopic appearances of colonic lymphoid nodules: new faces of an old histopathological entity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colonic lymphoid nodules, also known as focal colonic lymphoid hyperplasia, have been previously described either as an indication of disease or as a normal variant in adults, with current opinion favoring the latter. The finding of isolated or confluent colonic lymphoid nodules on colonoscopy may nevertheless cause confusion with other endoscopic diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we describe new endoscopic features of colonic lymphoid nodules, and we correlate them with other clinical and histopathological characteristics. Our experience is based on thorough evaluation of 13 cases of colonic lymphoid nodules that were consecutively observed during colonoscopy over the past 2 yr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colonic lymphoid nodules may appear as red macules, as circumferential target lesions (halo sign), or as raised papules; they occur in both men and women, predominantly affect the rectum, and appear to be of no clinical significance. Histologically, colonic lymphoid nodules may involve the mucosa or the submucosa, in the form of either lymphoid aggregates or lymphatic nodules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the widespread use of video colonoscopy, the macular or papular endoscopic characteristics of colonic lymphoid nodules should be increasingly recognized, confirmed histologically, and distinguished from other pathological lesions. Improved endoscopic recognition will allow the potential association of colonic lymphoid nodules with other colonic pathology to be eventually elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bharadhwaj
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triadafilopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged