title: Assisted fertility using electroejaculation in men with spinal cord injury--a review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the effectiveness of rectal probe electroejaculation in terms of pregnancy in treatment of anejaculatory males due to spinal cord injury. The characteristics of electroejaculates also are examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English language studies reporting pregnancies as a result of electroejaculation from men with spinal cord injury and related publications on electroejaculation were identified through MEDLINE search and manual scanning of recent relevant journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electroejaculation has become an accepted mode of semen procurement in anejaculatory individuals, with a success rate of approximately 60% to 90% varying among different centers. In general these electroejaculates exhibit high sperm counts but low motility and poor sperm function. Retrograde ejaculation is also common. Pregnancies using electroejaculates have been documented since 1975 in the form of case reports and small series. Assisted reproductive technology recently has been used in conjunction with electroejaculation. Although results are encouraging, pregnancy rates, however, cannot be accurately estimated because of the lack of large series in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increasing number of spinal cord-injured patients desiring fertility can achieve pregnancy through combined use of electroejaculation and assisted reproductive techniques. Larger series are needed to establish an accurate pregnancy rate. Elucidation by further studies on etiology of sperm dysfunction of these individuals may improve their prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33606, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Yeko
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Maroulis
mesh_terms: D004542:Ejaculation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*