title: Role of the family in recovery and major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major depression is significantly influenced by the family environment of the depressed patient. In order to explore how family functioning relates to this illness, the authors examined changes in family functioning over a 1-year course of major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjective (Family Assessment Device) and objective (McMaster Clinical Rating Scale) assessments of family functioning were collected at hospitalization and 6 and 12 months after discharge for 45 inpatients diagnosed with major depression and their family members. Patterns of family functioning were examined by subjective and objective perspectives, initial levels of functioning, and reports of patients and other family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% of families with a depressed member perceived their own family functioning as unhealthy; clinicians rated 70% of the families as unhealthy. While family functioning improved significantly from hospitalization through 12 months after discharge, the improvement was not uniform across all areas of functioning. Further, patients with good family functioning at hospitalization generally maintained their healthy functioning and were more likely to recover by 12 months than patients with poor family functioning. Although steady improvement in family functioning characterized the subjective ratings, objective assessments of family functioning suggested initial improvement followed by a decline from month 6 to month 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show a clear association between family functioning and recovery from major depression. Different aspects of family life respond differently to the depressive illness; no one family dimension was uniquely related to outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, R.I., USA.
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Keitner
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome