Gender differences in prospectively versus retrospectively assessed smoking withdrawal symptoms.
Investigations of gender differences in the frequency and/or intensity of smoking withdrawal symptomatology have yielded conflicting findings. Several studies using measures collected both before abstinence and at the peak of symptomatology have failed to find gender differences. Yet, when asked to rate symptomatology experienced during past quit attempts, women have repeatedly been shown to endorse significantly more symptomatology than men. A possible explanation is that, although men and women show no differences when rating symptoms prospectively, women remember their past withdrawal symptoms as being more severe than do men, either because women exaggerate the difficulties they experience or because men downplay them. To test this hypothesis, and to determine whether men or women were more accurate in their recollections, we combined data from two studies in which subjects were asked to assess symptoms prospectively following 2 days of abstinence, and also to rate withdrawal during past quit attempts. As predicted, we found the effects of abstinence to be similar when assessed prospectively but different when assessed retrospectively, with women reporting more symptomatology than men. Men whose retrospective and prospective responses were discordant consistently underestimated the likelihood of experiencing symptomatology; women showed no consistent trends. The total number of symptoms reported retrospectively by women was similar to the total number reported prospectively, whereas men significantly underestimated the number of symptoms that they actually experienced. These findings may suggest ways in which treatment strategies can be tailored to the differences between male and female styles in recalling past experiences with abstinence from smoking.
Pomerleau
C S
CS
University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor 48108, USA.
Tate
J C
JC
Lumley
M A
MA
Pomerleau
O F
OF
D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*
D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine