title: Regulation of proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation in fetal human retinal cell cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether fetal human retinal cells can be maintained in vitro over long time periods and to determine whether exogenous growth factors can be used to generate large numbers of photoreceptors within these cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal human retinas (6 to 13 weeks after conception) were dissected, dissociated, and plated into culture wells. Specific growth factors and steroid/thyroid hormones, which have been shown to influence retinal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in rats, were added to the culture medium to determine whether any of these factors had similar effects on human retinal cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal human retinal cells survived and continued to proliferate for up to 300 days in vitro. Under control conditions, 15 million cells were generated from an initial plating of 100,000 cells; however, the addition of either epidermal growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor stimulated proliferation and resulted in the generation of more than 100 million cells. A percentage of these cells was induced to differentiate as photoreceptors by adding either retinoic acid or triiodo-thyronine to the culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal human retinal cells can be maintained and expanded in vitro, indicating that this technique may be useful for generating large numbers of retinal cells. The number and types of cells generated can be influenced by adding exogenous factors to the culture medium. The response of human retinal cells to growth factors and hormones is similar to the response of rodent retinal cells to the same factors, suggesting that the effects of these factors are conserved across species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Reh
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D014212:Tretinoin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor