title: Results of the international study of the implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator. A comparison of epicardial and endocardial lead systems. The Pacemaker-Cardioverter-Defibrillator Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present report was to document clinical experience derived from the implantation of 2834 epicardial and endocardial cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in 2807 patients who were followed for almost 1 year and to compare the results obtained with the two systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the two groups had similar clinical characteristics. More than half of the patients had a total of almost 50,000 spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias that were terminated with equal success (approximately 98%) by epicardial and endocardial ICDs. Lead dislodgement and pocket infection occurred more often with the endocardial than with the epicardial ICD, whereas perioperative mortality was higher with the epicardial ICD than with the endocardial ICD. Mortality from sudden cardiac death was 1.4% in the epicardial ICD group and 0.6% in the endocardial ICD group at 1 year (P = .069). Overall mortality at 1 year was 12.2% and 6.9% for the epicardial and endocardial groups, respectively (P < .001), reflecting the higher surgical mortality for the epicardial system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endocardial ICD is as effective as the epicardial ICD but incurs lower perioperative mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Zipes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy