title: Comparison of calf housing types and tympanic temperature rhythms in Holstein calves.
abstract: During fall, 30 Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three housing treatments from birth to weaning: conventional wooden hutches, enclosed molded polyethylene domes, and thermomolded opaque polymer hutches with ridge-top ventilation systems. The wooden and polymer hutches had outdoor pens. Fifteen calves, 5 in each housing type, were fitted with portable data loggers to record ambient (calf microclimate) and tympanic temperatures. Additional data collected included weekly girth, BW, and feed intake; blood samples were collected within 24 h of birth and at weaning (8 wk); and behavioral observations were made at 1, 4, and 7 wk of age. Polyethylene domes had the warmest microclimate, followed by wooden and polymer hutches. Feed intake, growth measurements, blood physiology, and behavior were unaffected by housing type. Diurnal tympanic temperature rhythms of neonatal dairy calves in this study were monophasic: maximums were at 1200 to 1700 h, and minimums were at 0600 to 0900 h. Computed fractal dimensions of tympanic temperature by week indicated a gradual diminishing of stress as the calves became older and acclimated to their environment. This objective characterization provides a basis for further evaluation of physiological stress and a means of improving environmental management.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-1066, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Sisson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004432:Ear, Middle; D006799:Housing, Animal; D012621:Seasons; D014886:Weaning