title: Fetal dose estimates for radiotherapy of brain tumors during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinically the fetal dose from irradiation of brain tumors during pregnancy and to quantitate the components of fetal dose using phantom measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients received radiotherapy during pregnancy for malignant brain tumors. Case 1 was treated with opposed lateral blocked 10 x 15 cm fields and case 2 with 6 x 6 cm bicoronal wedged arcs, using 6 MV photons. Fetal dose was measured clinically and confirmed with phantom measurements using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Further phantom measurements quantitated the components of scattered dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For case 1, both clinical and phantom measurements estimated fetal dose to be 0.09% of the tumor dose, corresponding to a total fetal dose of 0.06 Gy for a tumor dose of 68.0 Gy. Phantom measurements estimated that internal scatter contributed 20% of the fetal dose, leakage 20%, collimator scatter 33%, and block scatter 27%. For case 2, clinical and phantom measurements estimated fetal dose to be 0.04% of the tumor dose, corresponding to a total fetal dose of 0.03 Gy for a tumor dose of 78.0 Gy. Leakage contributed 74% of the fetal dose, internal scatter 13%, collimator scatter 9%, and wedge scatter 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When indicated, brain tumors may be irradiated to high dose during pregnancy resulting in fetal exposure < 0.10 Gy, conferring an increased but acceptable risk of leukemia in the child, but no other deleterious effects to the fetus after the fourth week of gestation. For our particular field arrangements and linear accelerators, internal scatter contributed a small component of fetal dose compared to leakage and scatter from the collimators and blocks, and 18 MV photons resulted in a higher estimated fetal dose than 6 MV photons due to increased leakage and collimator scatter. These findings are not universal, but clinical and phantom TLD measurements estimate fetal dose accurately for energies < 10 MV and should be taken for each pregnant patient considered for treatment to confirm and document acceptable dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sneed
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wara
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prados
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001933:Brain Stem; D003390:Cranial Nerve Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage