title: Gas density does not affect pulmonary acoustic transmission in normal men.
abstract: Fremitus, the transmission of sound and vibration from the mouth to the chest wall, has long been used clinically to examine the pulmonary system. Recently, modern technology has become available to measure the acoustic transfer function (TF) and transit times (TT) of the pulmonary system. Because sound speed is inversely proportional to the square root of gas density in free gas, but not in porous media, we measured the effect of air and Heliox (80% He-20% O2) breathing on pulmonary sound transmission in six healthy subjects to investigate the mechanism of sound transmission. Wide-band noise (75-2,000 Hz) was "injected" into the mouth and picked up over the trachea and chest wall. The averaged power spectra, TF, phase, and coherence were calculated using a fast Fourier transform-based algorithm. The phase data were used to calculate TT as a function of frequency. TF was found to consist of a low-pass filter property with essentially flat transmitted energy to 300 Hz and exponential decline to 600 Hz at the anterior right upper lobe (CR) and flat transmission to 100 Hz with exponential decline to 150 Hz at the right posterior base (BR). TF was not affected by breathing Heliox. The average TT values, calculated from the slopes of the averaged phase, were 1.5 +/- 0.5 ms for trachea to CR and 5.2 +/- 0.5 ms for trachea to BR transmission during air breathing. During Heliox breathing, the values of TT were 1.5 +/- 0.5 ms and 4.9 +/- 0.5 ms from the trachea to CR and from the trachea to BR locations, respectively. These results suggest that sound transmission in the respiratory system is dominated by wave propagation through the parenchymal porous structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahagnah
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gavriely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012016:Reference Values; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000502:physiology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005740:Gases