title: A computer assisted toolholder to guide surgery in stereotactic space.
abstract: A computer assisted toolholder, integrated with an anatomical graphic 3-D rendering programme, is presented. Stereotactic neuroanatomical images are acquired, and the same reference system is employed to represent the position of the toolholder on the monitor. The surgeon can check the orientation of different approach trajectories, moving the toolholder in a situation of virtual reality. Angular values expressed by high precision encoders on the five joints of the toolholder modify "on line" the representation of the configuration of the toolholder within the three dimensional representation of the patient's anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pluchino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luzzara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ongania
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Casolino
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005103:Expert Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation