title: A small peptide inhibitor of DNA replication defines the site of interaction between the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p21WAF1 is a potent inhibitor of the cell-cycle regulatory cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). It acts on Cdks in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, and also binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), blocking DNA replication in vitro. Transcription of p21WAF1 can be induced by the human tumour suppressor protein p53, suggesting that the action of p21WAF1 may be important in cancer prevention. We have investigated the interaction between p21WAF1 and PCNA using a genetic two-hybrid screen and with arrays of synthetic peptides derived from the p21WAF1 protein sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have established that the carboxy-terminal region of p21WAF1 interacts with PCNA in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Interaction with p21WAF1 involves the central loop of PCNA, which connects the two domains of the PCNA monomer. The interaction was finely mapped using peptides derived from the entire sequence of the p21WAF1 protein, and the critical residues were found to be QTSMTDFY (amino acids 144-151 of p21WAF1). Remarkably, a 20-residue peptide containing this sequence inhibited replication of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA in vitro and could capture PCNA from whole cell extracts, demonstrating that small molecules can retain the biological activity characteristic of the whole protein. Sequential alanine-scan mutations of the peptide demonstrated that its ability to block replication correlates with its affinity for binding PCNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that PCNA and the cell-cycle regulator p21WAF1 interact in vivo, and that this interaction requires the central loop of PCNA and an eight amino-acid motif from the carboxyl terminus of p21WAF1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Warbrick
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases