Five-year results of a phase II study with low-dose bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy in high-risk superficial bladder cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Numerous studies have shown bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to be an effective prophylactic and therapeutic agent for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The high-grade T1 lesion treated by transurethral resection alone is reported to progress to muscle invasion in 30% to 50% of the patients. Until now, optimal treatment schedule and optimal dose have not been defined. As suggested by Pagano's group, we used BCG in a lower dose than hitherto usual in our high-risk cancer patients.


METHODS
Five years ago, we treated 32 Stage T1 cancer patients who were described as at high risk based on the criteria of histologic grade 3 in 21 patients, grade 2, but multiple in 11 patients, and with carcinoma in situ in 17 patients. Follow-up ranged from 51 to 63 months, with a mean of 57 months. We used BCG strain Pasteur Paris 75 mg weekly for 6 weeks and then maintenance therapy monthly for the first year and every 3 months for the second year. Complete remission was defined as negative cystoscopy, biopsy, and cytology.


RESULTS
After a single 6-week course of BCG, 25 patients had negative cytology and biopsy findings after 3 months; 2 other patients needed a second 6-week cycle of BCG, for an overall response rate of 80%. Five patients underwent cystectomy because of multiple recurrences and tumor progression. After 2 years of follow-up, but under continuing maintenance therapy, 3 additional patients had tumor recurrences and also underwent cystectomy. Now, after 5 years' follow-up, the overall progression rate to cystectomy was 25% (8 of 32 patients), but none of the patients had progression to metastasis. Treatment-related toxicity did not appear to be lower at a lower dose of BCG.


CONCLUSIONS
Low-dose BCG therapy is also an effective treatment in high-risk T1 bladder cancer (especially with maintenance therapy and short-term evaluations of the patients always by the same controlling physician) to prevent progression and recurrence and to preserve bladder function.
Mack
D
D
Department of Urology, Salzburg General Hospital, Austria.
Frick
J
J
D000368:Aged; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012074:Remission Induction; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
D001500:BCG Vaccine