title: Mechanical efficiency of stunned myocardium is modulated by increased afterload dependency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxygen consumption (MVO2) of stunned myocardium is relatively high compared to, and poorly correlated with, systolic contractile function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an increased afterload dependency, induced by the decreased contractility of the stunned myocardium, contributes to the large variability in the mechanical efficiency data.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 13 anaesthetised open thorax pigs undergoing two cycles of 10 min occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery and 30 min reperfusion, segment shortening, the slope of end systolic pressure segment length relationship (Ees), external work (EW, derived from the area inside the left ventricular pressure segment length loop), the efficiency of energy conversion (EET, = EW/PLA x 100%, where PLA = total pressure-segment length area), mechanical efficiency (EW/MVO2), and their dependency on left ventricular end systolic pressure (Pes) were determined before and after induction of stunning, and during subsequent inotropic stimulation with dobutamine (1 and 3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 over 15 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stunning protocol not only caused significant decreases in segment shortening, external work, energy conversion efficiency, and EW/MVO2 but also increased the afterload dependency of these variables. Before stunning an increase in Pes from 100 to 160 mm Hg decreased segment shortening from 18(SEM 1)% to 14(2)% (P > 0.05) and increased external work from 206(18) to 254(32) mm Hg.mm (P < 0.05). After induction of stunning the same increase in Pes caused a decrease in segment shortening from 9.5(1.8)% to -4.6(2.1)% (P < 0.05) and in external work from 149(21) to -11(10) mm Hg.mm (P < 0.05). The afterload dependency of the PLA was not altered by stunning, but the afterload dependency of energy conversion efficiency increased, since efficiency decreased from 67(3)% to 59(5)% as Pes was increased from 100 to 160 mm Hg before stunning, but from 57(5) to -7(5)% after induction of stunning (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the same increase in Pes resulted in an 8% decrease of EW/MVO2 before stunning and 107% after induction of stunning. Infusion of dobutamine not only restored segment shortening, external work, energy conversion efficiency, and EW/MVO2 of the stunned myocardium, but also attenuated their afterload dependency to pre-stunning levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial stunning increases the afterload dependency of segment shortening, external work, energy conversion efficiency, and mechanical efficiency, which can be attenuated by inotropic stimulation with dobutamine. However, the decrease in left ventricular end systolic pressure, which accompanies the induction of stunning, counteracts the decrease in these variables. These two mechanisms can explain most of the reported scatter in mechanical efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Soei
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sassen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krams
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Verdouw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D004280:Dobutamine