title: The effect of dam's strain on the intrauterine craniofacial growth of mouse fetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The maternal effect is one of the important factors in mammalian growth in conjunction with the genetic effect. The present study investigated the prenatal maternal effect of a dam on the intrauterine craniofacial growth of a mouse fetus using embryo transfer and cephalometry. DDD/Qdj strain mouse embryos were transferred to four strains of recipient female mice (DDD/Qdj, C3H/Qdj, C57BL/Qdj, and DBA/1J Sea). Just after parturition cephalometric observation of the newborn offspring, which developed in the uteri of the four strains of dams, was performed and then the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring was calculated on the lateral cephalogram. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the correlation between the dam's weight and the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring, to test the significance of the effect of the dam's strain on the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring, and to evaluate the interstrain difference of the intrauterine craniofacial growth of the mouse fetuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was disclosed that there were a direct relation between the dam's weight and the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring, a significant effect of the dam's strain on the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring, and a significant interstrain difference in the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring after eliminating the effects of litter size and gestation period on the craniofacial size of the newborn offspring (DDD/Qdj > C3H/Qdj = C57BL/Qdj > DBA/1J Sea).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, it could be concluded that the four strains of dams affected differently the intrauterine craniofacial growth of the DDD/Qdj strain fetuses through each uterine condition, indicating that the dam's weight played an important role as one of the prenatal maternal effects on the intrauterine craniofacial growth of mouse fetuses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yanagita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008098:Litter Size; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013480:Superovulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014599:Uterus