title: Vascular supply of the tendon of the equine deep digital flexor muscle within the digital sheath.
abstract: The vascular and microvascular anatomy of the equine deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) within the digital sheath was studied by injecting the vasculature with either colored latex or barium sulphate for radiographic, microangiographic, histologic, and computed tomographic (CT) evaluation. Consecutive 4-mm thick two-dimensional CT slice data were reconstructed to 3-dimensional volumetric images to enhance spatial evaluation of the blood supply. Gross dissection and angiographic studies identified three major vascular sources. Above the fetlock, the DDFT was supplied by either a branch of the medial palmar artery (Arteriae digitalis palmaris communis II) or a branch of the medial palmar digital artery (A. digitalis [palmaris propria III] medialis). Below the fetlock, the DDFT was supplied by branches from the lateral and medial palmar branches to the proximal phalanx (Ramus palmaris phalangis proximalis). The most distal aspect of the tendon received small branches from the medial and lateral palmar digital arteries. Using histology and microangigraphy we observed an extensive and uniform intratendinous vascular network above and below the fetlock, with a relatively avascular region of tendon palmar to the fetlock. The most distal 2.0 to 2.5 cm of the tendon within the sheath was heavily infiltrated with fibrocartilage along its dorsal aspect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tufts University, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kirker-Head
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jakowski
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Steckel
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016319:Corrosion Casting / Q000662:veterinary; D005552:Forelimb; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000098:blood supply; D008833:Microcirculation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary