title: Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The impact on recurrence and survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva who present with multiple positive groin lymph nodes have poor survival. Growth of cancer through the capsule of the groin lymph nodes recently has been identified as an important prognostic factor for survival in that patient group. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of several clinicopathologic parameters on the pattern of recurrence and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of 71 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and positive lymph nodes was performed to assess the independent prognostic value of a number of variables for survival. Variables analyzed included tumor size, stage, number of positive lymph nodes, extracapsular growth of lymph node metastasis, the greatest dimension of tumor in the lymph nodes, the percentage of replacement of the lymph nodes by tumor, clinical lymph node status, and laterality of positive lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the Mantel-Cox test, extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases (P = 0.00), two or more positive lymph nodes (P = 0.02), and greater than 50% replacement of lymph nodes by tumor (P = 0.03) were predictors of poor survival. No difference was found between the groups with two positive lymph nodes and those with three or more. Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases was the most significant independent predictor for survival. Distant metastases occurred in 7 of 15 patients (48%) who had a combination of extranodal spread, lymph node replacement greater than 50%, and three or more positive lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases in the groin is the most important predictor for poor survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Because of the predominant distant failure pattern in a subgroup of patients who have a combination of extranodal spread, multiple positive lymph nodes, and lymph nodes replaced by tumor greater than 50%, a future study of the effectiveness of systemic therapy for vulvar cancer must include these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Lindert
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lammes
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: ten Kate
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sie-Go
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oosting
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Heintz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*