title: A no-touch technique protocol to diminish cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts become infected primarily by bacterial organisms indigenous to the patient's skin flora, but bacteria from the operating room environment, hospital, or no obvious source may also infect a shunt. To decrease the incidence of shunt infection, a no-touch technique protocol was developed and utilized in a prospective manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  A before-after trial analysis was performed to compare the infection rates between patients who had CSF shunts placed using the no-touch technique protocol versus patients who had surgery without the protocol. Patients were stratified by age, etiology of hydrocephalus, type of shunt surgery, and presence of a contaminated skin wound, namely, tracheostomy, gastrostomy-jejunostomy, colostomy, or halo. The differences in infection rates were analyzed with the Fisher exact test with midpoint value correction, and standard statistical methods were used to calculate the 90% confidence interval odds ratio and number to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The no-touch technique protocol resulted in a clinically significant threefold decrease in shunt infection rate from 9.1% to 2.9% (p = 0.058 at 0.10 level, odds ratio 0.305, confidence interval 0.084-1.11), and a near threefold decrease in the infection rate per patient from 11.3% to 3.9% (p = 0.032 at 0.10 level, odds ratio 0.243, confidence interval 0.065-0.906).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The no-touch technique protocol as described herein is a useful method to decrease shunt infection. A larger prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial is encouraged to stringently assess the efficacy of the protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville 32209, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Faillace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001207:Asepsis / Q000379:methods*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome