title: Fundus photographic and fluorescein angiographic characteristics of pseudoholes of the macula in eyes with epiretinal membranes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fluorescein angiographic characteristics in eyes with pseudoholes of the macula associated with epiretinal membranes have not been studied extensively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stereo photographs and fluorescein angiograms from 83 consecutive eyes of 80 patients with pseudoholes of the macula were evaluated by two independent graders for epiretinal membrane opacity, fluorescence in the base of the pseudohole, and late perifoveal pooling of dye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperfluorescence in synchrony with choroidal fluorescence appeared within the base of the pseudohole in 52 (63%) of the 83 eyes studied. The hyperfluorescence was smaller than the pseudohole in 37 (45%) eyes. Diffuse hyperfluorescence filled the pseudohole in 15 (18%) eyes. No fluorescence was seen in 20 (24%) eyes. Eleven (13%) eyes could not be graded due to coexistent macular disease or media opacity. Fluorescence within the area of pseudohole was less common in eyes with opaque epiretinal membranes than in eyes with visible or transparent epiretinal membranes (P = 0.002). Fluorescence within the area of the pseudohole was also less common in eyes with evidence of macular edema on fluorescein angiography (P < 0.001). The mean visual acuity was better for eyes with hyperfluorescence within the area of the pseudohole than for eyes without hyperfluorescence (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A common fluorescein angiographic characteristic associated with pseudoholes of the macula is early hyperfluorescence within the area of the pseudohole. This hyperfluorescence coincides with choroidal filling and appears to be a form of transmission defect rather than a blocking of surrounding choroidal fluorescence by the epiretinal membrane. This central hyperfluorescence may result in misdiagnosis of the macular pseudohole as a full-thickness macular hole.
authors.affiliation: Retina Institute of Maryland, Baltimore 21204, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hiner
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sjaarda
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D010781:Photography; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000473:pathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity