title: Basic fibroblast growth factor upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Synergistic interaction with hypoxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-inducible direct angiogenic factor. Upregulation of VEGF is thought to mediate many of the angiogenic effects of growth factors that are not direct endothelial cell mitogens. Like VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is considered to induce angiogenesis by a direct effect on endothelial cells. This study investigated the possibility that bFGF may also act indirectly by regulating VEGF expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of confluent and quiescent cultures of rabbit VSMCs with bFGF caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in steady-state levels of VEGF mRNA, as analyzed by Northern blot hybridization. Exposure of VSMCs to a threshold hypoxic stimulus (2.5% O2) caused a modest increase in VEGF mRNA levels. However, the combination of 2.5% O2 with bFGF had a marked synergistic effect. This effect was specific for VEGF as hypoxia did not enhance bFGF-induced expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc. Synergistic upregulation of VEGF mRNA expression also was observed between hypoxia and TGF-beta 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that bFGF may promote angiogenesis both by a direct effect on endothelial cells and also indirectly by the upregulation of VEGF in VSMCs. The synergy demonstrated between hypoxia and either bFGF or TGF-beta 1 suggests that multiple diverse stimuli may interact via the upregulation of VEGF expression in VSMCs to amplify the angiogenic response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Stavri
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Zachary
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Baskerville
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Erusalimsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2