title: Dynamic epidermal cooling during pulsed laser treatment of port-wine stain. A new methodology with preliminary clinical evaluation.
abstract: METHODS
  The clinical objective in the treatment of a patient with port-wine stain (PWS) undergoing laser therapy is to maximize thermal damage to the PWS, while at the same time minimizing nonspecific injury to the normal overlying epidermis. With dynamic cooling, the epidermis can be cooled selectively. When a cryogen spurt is applied to the skin surface for an appropriately short period of time (on the order of tens of milliseconds), the cooling remains localized in the epidermis, while leaving the temperature of the deeper PWS vessels unchanged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparative measurements obtained by a fast infrared imaging detector demonstrated that the surface temperature prior to laser exposure could be reduced by as much as 40 degrees C using the dynamic cooling technique. No skin surface textural changes were noted on PWS test sites cooled with a 20- to 80-millisecond cryogen spurt after flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser (FLPPDL) exposure (lambda = 585 nm; tau p = 450 microseconds) at the maximum light dosage possible (10 J/cm2). In contrast, epidermal necrosis occurred on the uncooled sites after such exposure. Six months after laser exposure, clinically significant blanching on the cooled sites indicates laser photothermolysis of PWS blood vessels did occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experiments demonstrate the feasibility of selectively cooling the normal overlying epidermis without affecting the temperature of the deeper PWS vessels. Furthermore, protection of the epidermis from thermal injury, produced by melanin light absorption at clinically relevant wavelengths, can be achieved effectively. An additional advantage of dynamic epidermal cooling is reduction of patient discomfort associated with FLPPDL therapy. Further studies are under way to determine an optimum strategy for applying this dynamic cooling technique during pulsed laser treatment of patients with PWS and others with selected dermatoses (dermal melanocytic lesions and tattoos).
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvin, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anvari
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Tanenbaum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimel
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Svaasand
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jacques
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008543:Melanins / Q000528:radiation effects; D009336:Necrosis; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013817:Thermography
chemical_list: D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D008543:Melanins