title: Venous hemodynamic abnormalities in patients with leg ulceration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous ulceration in the leg has been predominantly associated with deep venous insufficiency, although a few reports have implicated the superficial veins. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of valvular incompetence in patients with active leg ulceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Color flow duplex imaging (CFDI) ultrasonography was used to evaluate the entire venous system--superficial, perforator and deep--from groin to ankle in 112 limbs of 94 patients with venous leg ulcers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy two limbs (64%) had multisystem incompetence and 36 (32%) had one system involved only, whereas in 4 limbs (4%) there was no venous incompetence. Deep venous reflux exclusively was present in 7 limbs (6%) and the perforator system alone was involved only in 3 limbs (3%). However, isolated superficial incompetence was seen in 26 extremities (23%) and combination of superficial with perforator system alone in 23 (21%). In addition, reflux overall in the superficial system (alone and in combination with perforator and deep systems) was seen in 94 limbs (84%). The most common pattern (28%) of abnormality was reflux in all systems, superficial, perforator, and deep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that variable combined patterns account for over two thirds of patients with ulceration. No comprehensive surgical policy for alleviating ulceration can be justified; we suggest that a complete evaluation of all venous systems from groin to ankle with CFDI ultrasonography in patients with venous ulceration is practical on a routine basis and will be particularly valuable before surgery in order to target intervention at specific incompetent sites.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Laboratory for Cardiovascular Investigation and Research, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geroulakos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volteas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*