title: New directions in research on involuntary outpatient commitment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Involuntary outpatient commitment has been used as a method of improving tenure in community programs for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. This paper reviews literature on research about involuntary outpatient commitment and suggests questions and methods for future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature describing research studies of involuntary outpatient commitment, located by searching MEDLINE and following up references cited in relevant articles, was reviewed with attention to patient characteristics and diagnostic, treatment, and outcomes measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Involuntary outpatient commitment appears to provide limited but improved outcomes in rates of rehospitalization and lengths of hospital stay. Variability in community treatment makes interpretation of other types of outcome difficult. Few studies specifically identify results among patients with severe and persistent mental illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No studies have examined the extent to which outpatient commitment affects compliance and treatment when essential community services such as case management are consistently and aggressively provided, nor have studies controlled for potentially confounding factors such as treatment and nontreatment effects, including informal coercion. A randomized trial of involuntary outpatient commitment should be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of this type of intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hiday
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome