Sleep patterns in depression and anxiety: theory and pharmacological effects.
Sleep is invariably disrupted in patients who have depression and in patients with anxiety disorders. Depression and anxiety frequently coexist and are associated with disturbances in various neurotransmitters. The authors explore the relationship between sleep and the two disorders as well as the effects of antidepressants and anxiolytics on sleep architecture. The effects on sleep of various neurotransmitter systems implicated in depression and anxiety are outlined. Lastly, various theoretical models are proposed to account for the above mentioned phenomena and further directions for research are suggested.
Sandor
P
P
Department of Psychiatry, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
Shapiro
C M
CM
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000187:drug effects; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents