title: Characterization of the enhanced transport of L- and D-lactate into human red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum suggests the presence of a novel saturable lactate proton cotransporter.
abstract: Human erythrocytes parasitized with the malarial protozoan Plasmodium falciparum showed rates of L-lactate, D-lactate, and pyruvate uptake many fold greater than control cells. Thus it was necessary to work at 0 degrees C to resolve true initial rates of transport. Studies on the dependence of the rate of transport on substrate concentration implied the presence in parasitized cells of both a saturable mechanism blocked by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) and a nonsaturable mechanism insensitive to CHC. The former was dominant at physiological substrate concentrations with Km values for pyruvate and D-lactate of 2.3 and 5.2 mM, respectively, with no stereoselectivity for L- over D-lactate. CHC was significantly less effective as an inhibitor of lactate transport in parasitized erythrocytes than in uninfected cells, whereas p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate, a potent inhibitor in control cells, gave little or no inhibition of lactate transport into parasitized erythrocytes. Inhibition of transport into infected cells was also observed with phloretin, furosemide, niflumic acid, stilbenedisulfonate derivatives, and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid at concentrations similar to those that inhibit the lactate carrier of control erythrocytes. These compounds were more effective inhibitors of the rapid transport of chloride into infected cells than of lactate transport, whereas CHC was more effective against lactate transport. This implies that different pathways are involved in the parasite-induced transport pathways for lactate and chloride. The transport of L-lactate into infected erythrocytes was also inhibited by D-lactate, pyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, and 2-hydroxybutyrate. The intracellular accumulation of L-lactate at equilibrium was dependent on the transmembrane pH gradient, suggesting a protogenic transport mechanism. Our data are consistent with lactate and pyruvate having direct access to the malarial parasite, perhaps via the proposed parasitophorous duct or some close contact between the host cell and parasite plasma membranes, with transport across the latter by both a proton-linked carrier (CHC-sensitive, saturable, and the major route) and free diffusion of the undissociated acid (CHC-insensitive, unsaturable, and a minor route).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cranmer
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Conant
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gutteridge
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Halestrap
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood; D027501:Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007773:Lactates; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D027501:Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters; D011773:Pyruvates; D019344:Lactic Acid