title: Artemia salina as a test organism for measuring superoxide-mediated toxicity.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of using Artemia salina as a test organism in the search for compounds having the ability to protect against superoxide-mediated toxicity. The basic procedure for the assay using Artemia salina was performed as described in previous literature, with minor modifications. We found that Artemia salina are extremely sensitive to menadione bisulfite, a compound whose toxicity is probably mediated by intracellular superoxide generation. Desferrioxamine (desferal), a compound with known protective effects, was shown to display dramatic protective activity in our system. We also observed that an inhibitor of endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased the toxicity of menadione toward Artemia salina. In conclusion, this simple, inexpensive, and convenient assay could be a valuable addition to a screening effort in the search for compounds that will be protective against damage by superoxide or other active oxygen species.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH 45239-8707, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000633:toxicity; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity; D011190:Potassium Cyanide / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000633:toxicity; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D024483:Vitamin K 3
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D014812:Vitamin K; D014451:Ubiquinone; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003676:Deferoxamine; D011190:Potassium Cyanide; D010269:Paraquat; C005134:juglone; C014758:plumbagin; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide