title: Evidence of serological cross-reactivities with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II in sera of pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies have indicated that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) groups of retroviruses are endemic among various populations in Nigeria. These viruses are antigenically distinct and antibodies to HIV and HTLV do not cross-react, so we studied the prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in sera of pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 364 sera were screened using three different enzyme immunoassays, including those that distinguished HIV-1 antibodies from HIV-2, and HTLV-I antibodies from HTLV-II. All repeatedly reactive sera were confirmed by Western blots and synthetic peptide assays for the respective viruses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 71 sera (19.5%) had antibodies to HIV, HTLV or both groups of retroviruses. Most (95.8%) of the reactive samples were from women 20-29 years old. Two of five sera from individuals < 20 years old reacted for HIV antibodies while one serum from a 40 year old woman was reactive for HTLV-I antibodies. Of the 71 reactive sera, 29 (8%) had antibodies to HIV (HIV-1 = 14, HIV-2 = 9, HIV-1/2 = 6) and 42 samples (11.5%) showed antibodies to HTLV (HTLV-I = 20, HTLV-II = 14, HTLV-I/II = 8). Seven of 71 seropositive samples (9.8%) reacted for both HIV and HTLV antibodies in various combinations, including one serum that showed antibody reactivities to all four retroviruses (i.e. HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I and HTLV-II).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of antibodies to subtypes of the two entirely distinct retrovirus groups in young women has important implications for defining epidemiological patterns of diseases associated with co-infections with two or more retroviruses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Oncology and AIDS Research, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90032-3626, USA.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Olaleye
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ekweozor
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasheed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003429:Cross Reactions; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral