title: Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prospective studies of alcohol and mortality in middle-aged men almost universally find a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of mortality. This review demonstrates the extent to which different studies lead to different risk estimates, analyses the putative influence of abstention as a risk factor and uses available data to produce point and interval estimates of the consumption level apparently associated with minimum risk from two studies in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a number of studies are analysed by means of logistic-linear modelling, taking account of the possible influence of abstention as a special risk factor. Separate analysis of British data is performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic-linear modelling demonstrates large and highly significant differences between the studies considered in the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. The results support the identification of abstention as a special risk factor for mortality, but do not indicate that this alone explains the apparent U-shaped relationship. Separate analysis of two British studies indicates minimum risk of mortality in this population at a consumption level of about 26 (8.5 g) units of alcohol per week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis supports the view that abstention may be a specific risk factor for all-cause mortality, but is not an adequate explanation of the apparent protective effect of alcohol consumption against all-cause mortality. Future analyses might better be performed on a case-by-case basis, using a change-point model to estimate the parameters of the relationship. The current misinterpretation of the sensible drinking level of 21 units per week for men in the UK as a limit is not justified, and the data suggest that alcohol consumption is a net preventive factor against premature death in this population.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001315:Australia; D002641:Chicago; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States