title: Kinematic analysis of wing and leg movements for type I motility in E9 chick embryos.
abstract: Based on studies using direct observation methods, type I motility, the first motility pattern to emerge in chick embryos, is characterized as random, uncoordinated movement. Yet, electromyographic (EMG) studies indicate that leg muscles are recruited in orderly patterns of alternating flexor and extensor activity during type I motility. It has been suggested that this apparent paradox may be attributable to perturbations arising during movement in ovo under buoyant conditions. It is also possible that direct observation methods are insufficient to detect the extent of coordination between body parts during type I motility. To address the apparent discrepancy between random features reported in observational studies and reliable features reported in EMG studies, embryos were video recorded continuously for 60 min at embryonic day 9 and criteria were established to obtain homogeneous samples of motility for kinematic analysis of synchronous wing and leg movements. Limited to a single camera attached to a stereomicroscope, methods were developed to correct for out-of-plane movements of the ipsilateral wing and leg. Also, amniotic fluid was extracted from the egg in some recordings to test the possibility that movement under buoyant conditions may mask coordinated movement. Extended sequences of activity were digitized and analyzed. Results indicated that within a limb (wing or leg), direction and timing of excursions at adjacent joints co-varied and limb excursions were characterized by reliable patterns of alternating flexion and extension consistent with EMG studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Orosz
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D007866:Leg / Q000196:embryology*; D009068:Movement; D013997:Time Factors; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000196:embryology*