title: Down-regulation of the IGF-1 system parallels the attenuation in the proliferative capacity of rat ventricular myocytes during postnatal development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and its ligand (IGF-1) have been implicated in the growth of several cell types, including ventricular myocytes. However, the growth-promoting effect of this pathway on myocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia has not been determined. During early postnatal development, myocyte cell volume increases nearly 25-fold, and myocyte proliferation is markedly attenuated, so a progressive decrease in this signaling mechanism will indicate that the IGF-1-IGF-1R system is mostly involved in cell proliferation. Conversely, a continuous increase in the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in myocytes with maturation will suggest its involvement in cellular hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocytes were isolated from fetal rats and from rats at 1, 5, 11, 21, 35, and 60 days of age. Total RNA was extracted from these cells, and the expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF-1R, and DNA polymerase alpha was measured by reverse transcriptase-PCR. IGF-1R mRNA levels were also determined by RNase protection assay, and the changes in IGF-1R protein were determined by the cross-linking technique. Finally, the expression of late growth-related genes was determined and compared with the fraction of muscle cells synthesizing DNA. These analyses were restricted to the left ventricular free wall and septum combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial development was characterized by a progressive decrease in the expression of late growth-related genes in myocytes, which was particularly evident at 21 days after birth and persisted up to 2 months of age. The expression of IGF-2 in these cells decreased at birth, whereas the attenuation in IGF-1 mRNA became apparent a few days later during postnatal development. The induction of IGF-1R at the message and protein levels decreased by 11 days, and this phenomenon was more evident at the subsequent age intervals. Moreover, DNA synthesis in myocytes was sharply reduced at 21 days after birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the decline in myocyte proliferation with cardiac development appears to be coupled with attenuation of the IGF-1-IGF-1R system, which may condition the changes in late growth-regulated genes, DNA replication, and cellular mitotic division in the myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kajstura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kowal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quaini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anversa
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004257:DNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D015335:Molecular Probes; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D004247:DNA; D004257:DNA Polymerase II