title: Fast-neutron therapy in advanced head and neck cancer: a collaborative international randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of fast-neutron radiotherapy with that of conventionally fractionated photon therapy in the management of patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Stage III or IV disease were randomized to receive either 20.4 Gy/12 fractions/4 weeks of neutrons or 70 Gy/35 fractions/7 weeks of photons (control). Between April 1986 and March 1991, 178 patients were entered, 169 of whom were eligible for analysis. The treatment arms were balanced for age, stage, and performance status, but not for primary site of origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete response occurred in 70 and 52% with neutrons and photons, respectively (p = 0.006). Local regional failure at 3 years for all patients was 63% for neutrons and 68% for photons. Actuarial overall survival curves were virtually identical in both study arms, falling to 27% at 3 years. Acute toxicity was similar in the two arms, but late grade 3-5 toxicity was 40% with neutrons compared to 18% with photons (p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the initial response rate was higher with neutrons, permanent local control and survival were not improved, and the incidence of late normal tissue toxicity was increased. As a result, fast-neutron therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck can only be recommended for patients in whom the logistic benefit of treatment in 12 sessions over 4 weeks outweighs the increased risk of late toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Maor
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Errington
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: laramore
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burnison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stetz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005214:Fast Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis