title: American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trials of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments report the average response in multiple outcome measures for treated patients. It is more clinically relevant to test whether individual patients improve with treatment, and this identifies a single primary efficacy measure. Multiple definitions of improvement are currently in use in different trials. The goal of this study was to promulgate a single definition for use in RA trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) core set of outcome measures for RA trials, we tested 40 different definitions of improvement, using a 3-step process. First, we performed a survey of rheumatologists, using actual patient cases from trials, to evaluate which definitions corresponded best to rheumatologists' impressions of improvement, eliminating most candidate definitions of improvement. Second, we tested 20 remaining definitions to determine which maximally discriminated effective treatment from placebo treatment and also minimized placebo response rates. With 8 candidate definitions of improvement remaining, we tested to see which were easiest to use and were best in accord with rheumatologists' impressions of improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following definition of improvement was selected: 20% improvement in tender and swollen joint counts and 20% improvement in 3 of the 5 remaining ACR core set measures: patient and physician global assessments, pain, disability, and an acute-phase reactant. Additional validation of this definition was carried out in a comparative trial, and the results suggest that the definition is statistically powerful and does not identify a large percentage of placebo-treated patients as being improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a definition of improvement which we hope will be used widely in RA trials.
authors.affiliation: Boston University Arthritis Center, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furst
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000592:standards* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012955:Societies, Medical
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents