title: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: head and neck manifestations in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon, poorly understood granulomatous disease, characterized by the idiopathic proliferation of Langerhan's cells or their marrow precursors. In 1985, the Philadelphia Work-shop adopted the term "Langerhans' cell histiocytosis" (LCH) to differentiate it from reactive and neoplastic causes of histiocytosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes 73 pediatric patients diagnosed with this condition in Dublin, Ireland, and Nottingham, England, during a 34-year period (1959 to 1993). These patients are reviewed with respect to clinical presentation, difficulty with making a histological diagnosis, their management, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 patients (67%) had head and neck involvement. Bony involvement was the most frequent sign, most frequently located in the skull. There were 11 deaths (15%) in this series, all associated with multisystem disease, and nine of these deaths were in children younger than 2 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of otolaryngologists is important in the early and accurate evaluation, staging, and diagnosis of LCH. It may mimic more common diseases, such as otitis externa, acute mastoiditis, skin rash, gingivitis, or cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients with multisystem disease may be so ill at presentation that the head and neck lesions may be overlooked. The current management of LCH has become increasingly conservative, and in the 1990s, fewer cases are given chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The prognosis is very good for single-system disease and poor for multisystem disseminated disease with early onset.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Blayney
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Breatnach
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome