title: Acute cholecystitis in an animal model: findings on color Doppler sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to evaluate the color Doppler findings of acute cholecystitis in a controlled canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen animals had a laparotomy: cystic duct ligation was done in eight, and incision with closure was performed in six control subjects. Animals were scanned in a blinded fashion preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and on postoperative days 1-5. On postoperative day 5, a hepatobiliary scan was done with 2 mCi (74 MBq) 99mTc-mebrofenin. Blinded histopathology was performed and correlated with imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow was seen in the wall of each gallbladder at some point during the postoperative course, demonstrating vascular patency. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy confirmed cystic duct status in 12 cases; two animals died before radionuclide imaging was complete. Color Doppler signal decreased in the gallbladder wall in ligated dogs from postoperative day 1 to postoperative day 3 (p = .03 versus controls at postoperative day 2) and increasingly returned by postoperative day 5. Hyperemia was seen in only two cases (both with severe necrotizing cholecystitis) and only at postoperative day 5. Although not statistically significant, a weak trend of increasing flow with more severe pathologic grades of cholecystitis was observed (p = .20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this animal model, loss of vascular signal (not hyperemia) at postoperative day 2 was the finding to diagnose early acute cholecystitis, although lack of flow can also be seen in some normal subjects. Flow tended to return by postoperative day 5, and it increased in some of the more severe cases of cholecystitis. Hyperemia was a somewhat useful sign of acute necrotizing cholecystitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison 53792-3252, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: DeLone
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Broghammer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color