title: Heart transplantation in the United Kingdom: who waits longest and why.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to identify characteristics that increase the chance of death of potential cardiac transplant recipients before donor organs become available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1, 1988, and May 31, 1993, 332 patients were accepted for heart transplantation; 235 underwent surgery. Ninety-seven patients had not received transplants; of these, 71 died, 13 were transferred to other lists, and 13 were awaiting organs at the close of the study. Median waiting time for those patients who received organs was 109 days, whereas patients who did not receive organs spent a median of 94 days on the list. Recipients are matched to donor organs according to blood group, size (height), and, recently, preoperative transpulmonary pressure gradient. Recently cytomegalovirus antibody mismatches (positive donor to negative recipient) have been avoided where possible. These factors, together with age, gender, underlying diagnosis, previous heart surgery, and Toxoplasma antibody status were studied to assess their influence on waiting time and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No characteristics were found significantly to influence survival after acceptance, so that the chance of death while the patient was waiting for heart transplantation is mainly affected by the severity of disease and the length of time a patient waits. In multivariate analyses the following were independently significantly associated with shorter waiting times: small patients (< 1.7 m tall; p = 0.005), patients with blood types B and AB (p = 0.003), and patients with cardiomyopathy (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results can be used by cardiologists to help assess the time at which a patient should be referred for transplantation.
authors.affiliation: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sharples
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parameshwar
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallwork
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Large
mesh_terms: D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D001824:Body Constitution; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018579:Patient Selection; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014850:Waiting Lists