title: Non-traditional mothers: single heterosexual/lesbian women and lesbian couples electing motherhood via donor insemination.
abstract: The purpose of the project was to explore the motivation, reproductive and postdelivery experiences, and future concerns of single heterosexual and lesbian women and lesbian couples who attempted conception via donor insemination (DI). All women who had completed at least one cycle of DI between 1987 and 1992 at a large medical school infertility program were mailed a comprehensive 'Motherhood' questionnaire. Forty-five women completed the survey (response rate = 88%) of whom 14 were lesbians, 28 were heterosexuals, two were bisexual and one was celibate. The only major differences between the heterosexual women and the lesbian women were that the heterosexual women were older and had started DI attempts at an older age than the lesbian women. The majority of women reported that four major considerations prompted their decision to initiate DI when they did: feeling secure in their employment, the sense that time was running out, feeling that they had 'worked through' concerns about parenting, and that they had sufficient social support. Three characteristics were deemed moderately or very important in their selection of sperm donors: ethnicity, education and height. After achieving a pregnancy, most women wished to know more detailed information about their donor. Unlike heterosexual couples, all single and lesbian women planned to disclose the fact of DI to their offspring but were uncertain of when or how to accomplish this. The greatest worry reported by respondents was how their child would deal with the absence of a known designated father. Overall, the women were gratified with their experience of DI, and the majority would 'absolutely' recommend it to a friend.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Piscataway 08854, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Leiblum
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology*; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014342:Truth Disclosure