title: Comparison of twitch force and calcium handling in papillary muscles from right ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy in weanling and juvenile ferrets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to compare differences in peak twitch force occurring despite similar degrees of right ventricular hypertrophy in ferrets with pulmonary artery banding at either weanling or juvenile age.
  
  
  METHODS
  After inducing pressure overload hypertrophy by banding the pulmonary artery of weanling and juvenile age ferrets, mechanical function (that is, isometric twitch force and passive stiffness), intracellular [Ca2+] using the calcium indicator aequorin, markers of myocardial energy supply, and quantified connective tissue content were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was previously found that there was a reduced peak isometric twitch force despite normal [Ca2+]i in juvenile banded ferrets age 10-12 weeks with right ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy (POHj). In the present study we report findings in banded weanling ferrets (POHw) age 7 weeks. POHw animals showed a similar degree of hypertrophy to that found in the POHj. However, there was a greater peak twitch force in hypertrophied muscles at higher [Ca2+]o. There was no difference in peak [Ca2+]i: -3.1(SEM 0.1) v -3.1(0.3) (log fractional luminescence) at 16 mM [Ca2+]o for control and POHw, respectively. Connective tissue content for control animals was 10(1)% versus 10(2)% in POHw. Despite a lack of quantitative change in connective tissue content or resting [Ca2+]i in POHw, passive stiffness in papillary muscles was increased. Retrospective analysis of tissue from POHj revealed a connective tissue content of 24(6.8)% (P << 0.001). Thus the decreased peak twitch force reported in POHj might in part be due to an increase in fibrous connective tissue. In this study, lactate dehydrogenase was significantly higher (38%) in POHw animals. In contradistinction, total creatine kinase activity and total creatine content were significantly less (22%) in hearts from POHj animals, indicating differences in myocyte remodelling despite similar degrees and durations of hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of POHw and POHj showed that, when there is restructuring of the extracellular space in terms of increased fibrosis, there is also molecular remodelling in the myocyte, as demonstrated by a decrease in the creatine kinase system.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School Cardiovascular Diseases and Muscle Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gwathmey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ingwall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005289:Ferrets / Q000502:physiology*; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D002118:Calcium