title: Holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser for endoscopic lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser for endoscopic lithotripsy on patients diagnosed with urinary tract calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight procedures utilizing transurethral ureterolithotripsy or percutaneous nephroureteral lithotripsy were evaluated: 5 renal calculi, 31 ureteral calculi (most in the upper ureter), 1 ureteropelvic junction calculus, and 1 bladder calculus. These were mainly in cases that, after being treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL), were contraindicated for further ESWL. Laser parameters included energy of 0.5 to 1.0 J/pulse and pulse rate of 5 to 10 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Composition of calculi was determined in 26 procedures. The Ho:YAG laser was effective for fragmenting all types of calculi. Patient outcome evaluated at 6 weeks after treatment showed that 33 of 38 procedures (87%) were effective. Residual calculi in 4 of the 5 unsuccessful procedures were less than 5 mm in size and judged to be able to pass spontaneously. In the remaining procedure, the calculus was passed spontaneously 3 months after treatment. No severe damage to tissues or adverse effects to the body were observed due to the Ho:YAG laser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these results, we determine that this wavelength is effective for lithotripsy in addition to its previously reported usefulness for soft tissue applications, and, thus, is a cost-effective and highly useful clinical device.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakanami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*