title: Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess incidence and preventability of adverse drug events (ADEs) and potential ADEs. To analyze preventable events to develop prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 4031 adult admissions to a stratified random sample of 11 medical and surgical units in two tertiary care hospitals over a 6-month period. Units included two medical and three surgical intensive care units and four medical and two surgical general care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adverse drug events and potential ADEs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidents were detected by stimulated self-report by nurses and pharmacists and by daily review of all charts by nurse investigators. Incidents were subsequently classified by two independent reviewers as to whether they represented ADEs or potential ADEs and as to severity and preventability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 6 months, 247 ADEs and 194 potential ADEs were identified. Extrapolated event rates were 6.5 ADEs and 5.5 potential ADEs per 100 nonobstetrical admissions, for mean numbers per hospital per year of approximately 1900 ADEs and 1600 potential ADEs. Of all ADEs, 1% were fatal (none preventable), 12% life-threatening, 30% serious, and 57% significant. Twenty-eight percent were judged preventable. Of the life-threatening and serious ADEs, 42% were preventable, compared with 18% of significant ADEs. Errors resulting in preventable ADEs occurred most often at the stages of ordering (56%) and administration (34%); transcription (6%) and dispensing errors (4%) were less common. Errors were much more likely to be intercepted if the error occurred earlier in the process: 48% at the ordering stage vs 0% at the administration stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse drug events were common and often preventable; serious ADEs were more likely to be preventable. Most resulted from errors at the ordering stage, but many also occurred at the administration stage. Prevention strategies should target both stages of the drug delivery process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Servi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laffel
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sweitzer
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hallisey
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012308:Risk Management