title: Paediatric cardiac catheterization: innovations.
abstract: In recent years interventional procedures have been introduced to the field of paediatric cardiac catheterization. These procedures continue to develop in complexity and increasingly are being applied to patients with reduced cardiovascular reserve, as an alternative to cardiac surgery or when cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is contraindicated. More frequently anaesthetists are being called upon to provide support in sedating, anaesthetizing or/and resuscitating these patients. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive update of the interventional procedures and to review the anaesthetic management techniques as they apply to the catheterization laboratory. We will discuss possible complications and management strategies from our own experience and the experience of others. We have observed that as more complicated procedures are performed the anaesthetist plays a pivotal role in the management of the patient from arrival to departure from the cardiac catheterization laboratory, and in preventing mortality and major morbidity. Although the economic consequences of interventional cardiological techniques remain unclear, the field continues to expand and more complex procedures are continually being introduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia (Division of Cardiac Anesthesia), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Javorski
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Burrows
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D012151:Resuscitation