title: Cardiac function in smokers and nonsmokers: the CARDIA study. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed clinical and echocardiographic measures of cardiac function at rest in smokers and nonsmokers to determine the associations of cigarette smoking with various measures of left and right ventricular performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Whereas the immediate cardiovascular effects of cigarette smoking have been well described, the long-term effects in an otherwise healthy cohort have not. Of particular interest were associations with heart rate, left ventricular end-systolic stress and left ventricular mass because higher levels of these measures would suggest increased myocardial oxygen consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  In year 5 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 3,366 smokers and nonsmokers (ex-smokers were excluded) underwent echocardiography as well as assessment of heart rate, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure. Participants ranged in age from 23 to 35 years and were equally distributed by race and gender. Echocardiographic measures included pulsed Doppler pulmonary artery acceleration time (a decrease suggests increased pulmonary artery pressure), left ventricular mass, left ventricular end-systolic stress and left ventricular fractional shortening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All comparisons were between smokers and nonsmokers. Heart rate at rest was significantly higher in smokers by 1.5 to 5 beats/min in all race/gender groups except black men. In men who smoked, pulmonary artery acceleration time was significantly lower by 4 to 8 ms. Except for black male smokers, there was a trend toward increased left ventricular mass (3 to 8 g) in all race/gender groups, significant in black women. Left ventricular end-systolic stress was significantly higher in women who smoked (4 to 6 dynes/cm2). There were no differences for systolic blood pressure or left ventricular fractional shortening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an assessment of cardiovascular function at rest in young adults, quantifiable differences between smokers and nonsmokers that predict increased rest myocardial oxygen consumption in smokers were found. Some of these differences were gender specific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manolio
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gardin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016276:Ventricular Function