title: Incidence and severity of transplant coronary artery disease early and up to 15 years after transplantation as detected by intravascular ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantify the severity of transplant coronary artery disease and to assess lesion characteristics early and up to 15 years after heart transplantation by using intracoronary ultrasound.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intravascular ultrasound has the ability to measure the components of the arterial wall and has been shown to be a sensitive method for detection of transplant coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 304 intracoronary ultrasound studies were performed in 174 heart transplant recipients at baseline and up to 15 (mean 3.3 +/- 0.2) years after transplantation. Mean intimal thickness and an intimal index were calculated, and lesion characteristics (eccentricity, calcification) were assessed for all coronary sites imaged (mean 3.0 +/- 0.1 sites/study). The Stanford classification was used to grade lesion severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with findings in patients studied at baseline (< 2 months after transplantation, n = 50), mean intimal thickness (0.09 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02 mm, p < 0.01), intimal index (0.07 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.02, p < 0.01) and mean severity class (1.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.2, p < 0.01) were significantly higher at year 1 (n = 52) after transplantation. Thereafter, all three variables further increased over time and reached highest values between years 5 and 15. Calcification of lesions was detected in 2% to 12% of studies up to 5 years after transplantation, with a significant increase to 24% at years 6 to 10 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity of transplant coronary artery disease appeared to progress with time after transplantation in this cross-sectional study. This characteristic was most prominent during the 1st 2 years after transplantation, whereas calcification of plaques occurred to a significant extent only later in the process. These data may serve as a reference for comparison of intravascular ultrasound findings in other studies of patients with transplant coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rickenbacher
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chenzbraun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Botas
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Valantine
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Popp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data