Confounding and effect-modification. 1974.
Confounding and effect-modification--both very central to epidemiologic thinking and research on causality--are closely related but distinctly separate concepts and phenomena. Both of them involve considerable subleties, with implications for problem conceptualization, study design, data analysis and inference. Some of these subtleties and their implications may warrant greater appreciation in the practice of epidemiologic research, while others require further conceptual development.
Miettinen
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Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D012107:Research Design