title: Evidence for the stochastic acquisition of cytokine profile by CD4+ T cells activated in a T helper type 2-like response in vivo.
abstract: The diversity of cytokine production patterns displayed by T cells activated in vivo was investigated by analyzing short-term antigen-specific CD4+ T cell clones and single CD4+ T cells derived from draining lymph nodes of mice undergoing a T helper 2 (Th2)-like response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). On average, 2.7% of CD4+ lymph node cells gave rise to clones in the presence of the immunizing antigen and, of these, about 90% secreted interleukin-4 (IL-4) and 20% secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) when restimulated after 2 weeks in vitro. Almost all IFN-gamma-producing clones co-produced IL-4. The definition of clones as positive or negative for cytokine synthesis depended on assay sensitivity, however, since their titers were distributed continuously from the threshold of detection over at least a 1000-fold range. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of 59 clones revealed multiple patterns of co-expression of IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA. Although most clones contained detectable IL-4 and IL-6 mRNA and a minority contained IFN-gamma mRNA, only 1 clone expressed the canonical Th2 cytokine profile. The observed frequencies of mRNA co-expression for most of the six cytokines (including IL-4 with IFN-gamma), and the frequency of co-secretion of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, were not significantly different from those predicted for random association. Independent regulation of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression was confirmed at the single-cell level in a polyclonal population of KLH-primed CD4+ cells, among which co-expression of these cytokines again occurred at the frequency predicted for a random event. The data suggest that the polarization of this immune response towards a Th2 cytokine profile is achieved by altering the probabilities of expression of the IL-4, IFN-gamma and other cytokine genes at the population level, rather than by selective expansion of a distinct T cell subset.
authors.affiliation: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelso
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Troutt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018448:Models, Immunological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin