title: Physical examinations and laboratory tests in antenatal care visits in Denmark. Do reported practice and current official guidelines concord with results of literature reviews? A nationwide study of the public scheme of shared antenatal care in general practice, centres of midwifery and hospital outpatients' clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse physical examinations and laboratory tests reported in antenatal care visits in relation to official guidelines and reviews of appropriateness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide cross sectional study based on questionnaires completed by general practitioners (GPs), midwives, and hospital doctors. Physical examinations and laboratory tests in connection with one specific visit were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaires were completed by 722 GPs (61% of eligible from a random sample), 584 midwives (86% of eligible), 250 hospital doctors who made health examinations in pregnancy, week 16-18 (63% of eligible), and 181 hospital doctors who saw women with at-risk pregnancies (55% of eligible).
  
  
  RESULTS
  General practice: weight, blood pressure (BP) measurement, and test for proteinuria were reported in more than 90% of visits. Urine culture was reported in 46%, and cervical smear in 41% of first visits. Rubella antibody test at the first visit was only reported in 23% of nulliparae. Vaginal examination was reported in 95% of first visits. Fewer were reported in second (27%) and third (48%) routine visits during pregnancy. Midwives: checks of BP, oedema, and proteinuria were reported in more than 95% of visits irrespective of week of gestation. Vaginal examination was reported in about a third of checkups. Hospitals: vaginal examination was reported in 66% of checkups in at-risk pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surplus of resources were spent on (repeat) examinations and tests with little or no documented benefit. Cervical cytology was grossly overused. Urine culture and rubella serology were not sufficiently applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Denmark.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006300:Health Services Misuse; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008880:Midwifery; D010808:Physical Examination; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011295:Prenatal Care