title: A valid experimental brain death organ donor model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to establish a validated canine brain death model. Ten consecutive dogs were studied to investigate the effects of brain death on hemodynamic, metabolic, and hormonal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain death was induced by inflation of a subdurally placed balloon and was validated neuropathologically. Functional data and blood samples were collected before and 15, 45, 90, 240, 360, and 420 minutes after the induction of brain death. No inotropic or vasoactive support was given. The results are expressed as mean +/- standard error of the mean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cushing reflex occurred in all animals and lasted 13.3 +/- 1.5 minutes. Raised catecholamine levels were documented at 15 minutes, whereas the pituitary gland hormones vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone decreased significantly after 15 and 45 minutes, respectively. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and glucagon decreased significantly from 0.58 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, 2.20 +/- 0.15 micrograms/dl, and 49.7 +/- 9.1 pg/ml to 0.34 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (p < 0.05 versus baseline; paired two-tailed t-test), 1.14 +/- 1.14 micrograms/dl (p < 0.05), and 6.9 +/- 1.4 pg/ml (p < 0.05). Insulin and lactate dehydrogenase showed a moderate increase after brain death. Diabetes insipidus occurred after 45 minutes in nine animals (urine output 13.5 +/- 1.8 ml/kg/hour). Left and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased significantly toward the end of all experiments. Cardiac output increased and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased, but heart rate remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simple, reproducible, moderately invasive, and reliable model of brain death in animals assesses donor organ function and preservation. Cushing reflex, hyperdynamic state, catecholamine storm, vasopressin and adrenocorticotropic hormone cessation, total cerebral necrosis, and diabetes insipidus were consistent findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Montine
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Trigt
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001926:Brain Death / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones