title: Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) in the human brain, to compare them with those of cocaine, and to evaluate whether cocaine and methylphenidate compete for the same binding sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used positron emission tomography to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of carbon 11 (11C)-labeled methylphenidate. These results were compared with those obtained previously for [11C]cocaine. Eight healthy male subjects, 20 to 51 years of age, were scanned with [11C]methylphenidate. Three were tested twice to assess test-retest variability, four were tested at baseline and after administration of methylphenidate, and one was tested with [11C]methylphenidate and [11C]cocaine. Two baboons were scanned to evaluate whether there was competition between cocaine and methylphenidate for the same binding sites in the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uptake of [11C]methylphenidate in the brain was high (mean +/- SD, 7.5% +/- 1.5%), and the maximal concentration occurred in striatum. Pretreatment with methylphenidate decreased binding only in striatum (40%). Although the regional distribution of [11C]methylphenidate, was identical to that of [11C]cocaine and they competed with each other for the same binding sites, these two drugs differed markedly in their pharmacokinetics. Clearance of [11C]methylphenidate from striatum (90 minutes) was significantly slower than that of [11C]cocaine (20 minutes). For both drugs, their fast uptake in striatum paralleled the experience of the "high." For methylphenidate, the high decreased very rapidly despite significant binding of the drug in the brain. In contrast, for cocaine, the decline in the high paralleled its fast rate of clearance from the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We speculate that because the experience of the high is associated with the fast uptake of cocaine and methylphenidate in the brain, the slow clearance of methylphenidate from the brain may serve as a limiting factor in promoting its frequent self-administration.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gatley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebermann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010215:Papio; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D008774:Methylphenidate; D003042:Cocaine