title: Predicting pain among children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) often report pain as a major symptom that affects their daily activities. Little is known about the factors that contribute to pain, however. Demographic, disease status, and social-psychologic variables were used to predict pain of JRA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 37 girls and 23 boys who were 7 to 17 years old. Measures included the Hopelessness Scale for Children, the Sadness Scale from the Differential Emotions Scale--IV, and the Social Support Questionnaire--Revised. A pain visual analogue scale served as the criterion measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported pain was modestly correlated with disease duration and age. A hierarchical regression indicated that the predictor variables accounted for a modest amount of variance in pain scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the factors contributing to pain in children with JRA are different from those in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Research is needed to identify the psychologic and socioenvironmental variables that influence pain among children with JRA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hagglund
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schopp
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Alberts
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors