title: Immunocytochemical analysis of axonal outgrowth in synaptotagmin mutations.
abstract: Synaptotagmin is a synaptic vesicle specific protein that binds calcium and phospholipids in vitro and is required for calcium-regulated fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. We have examined the possible requirement for synaptotagmin in axonal outgrowth by following neuronal development in Drosophila embryos deficient for the synaptotagmin gene. We find that synaptotagmin is expressed abundantly in axons and growth cones before synapse formation in wild-type embryos. Using antibodies to the intravesicular domain of synaptotagmin to label live embryos, we demonstrate that vesicle populations containing synaptotagmin actively undergo exocytosis during axonogenesis. We have used immunocytochemical techniques to examine the distribution of the axonal protein Fasciclin II, the presynaptic membrane protein syntaxin, and the synaptic vesicle protein cysteine string protein, in synaptotagmin null mutations. The distribution of these proteins is similar in wild-type and synaptotagmin mutant embryos, suggesting that synaptotagmin is not required for axonogenesis in the CNS or PNS. Based on these findings, we suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying vesicular-mediated membrane expansion during axonal outgrowth are distinct from those required for synaptic vesicle fusion during neurotransmitter release.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Littleton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kania
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; D050857:Synaptotagmins
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; C088460:cysteine string protein; D050857:Synaptotagmins