title: Retinal hemorrhage in the young child: a review of etiology, predisposed conditions, and clinical implications.
abstract: Retinal hemorrhage is a frequent finding in child abuse, but may also be associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, accidental trauma, and a variety of illnesses such as blood dyscrasias and infections. Although it is imperative that child abuse be considered in all children who present with retinal hemorrhages, whether retinal hemorrhages can be attributed to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in suspected cases of abuse poses a dilemma. The etiologies of retinal hemorrhage as well as the literature presently available to support or refute the various diagnoses are discussed. Guidelines for funduscopic examination in the Emergency Department as well as a clinical classification of retinal hemorrhage are provided. In addition, guidelines are suggested for the appropriate clinical investigations in children with retinal hemorrhages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center/Jacksonville 32209, USA.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gayle
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kissoon
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hered
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harwood-Nuss
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*