title: An arbovirus cline across the northern hemisphere.
abstract: The mode and tempo of arbovirus evolution and dispersal can help to explain the dynamics of pandemics, viral outbreaks, and emerging viruses. By comparing nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of their envelope proteins, we describe the continuous distribution of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex viruses, the most important flaviviruses in Europe, across major geographical areas and the conditions under which mutations occur. The analyses reveal a correlation between the geographical and genetic distances of these viruses. The arthropod host appears to be a key factor for the formation and maintenance of this cline by constraining TBE dispersal and evolution. This is also illustrated by comparisons with mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
authors.affiliation: NERC Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zanotto
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gritsun
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001103:Arboviruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003062:Codon; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011336:Probability; D013987:Ticks / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D003062:Codon