title: Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if first-trimester exposure to sex hormones, and oral contraceptives (OCs) specifically, is associated with an increased risk of external fetal genital malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Science Citation Index data bases were searched for the years 1966-1992 for relevant English-language articles on first-trimester sex-hormone exposure and fetal genital changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-six articles were identified initially. Inclusion criteria were cohort or case-control studies, first-trimester sex-hormone exposure, and live infants or full-term stillborn infants with external genital malformations. Exclusion criteria were diethylstilbestrol exposure, spontaneous abortions, and teratogen exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Methods section of each study was reviewed independently by two authors and two outside reviewers, using the above criteria. Fourteen studies, seven cohort and seven case-control, involving 65,567 women, met the criteria for meta-analysis. Extracted data were entered into 2 x 2 tables. The overall summary odds ratio (OR) was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-1.32); subanalysis of OC exposure identified an OR of 0.98 (95% CI 0.24-3.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association between first-trimester exposure to sex hormones generally (or to OCs specifically) and external genital malformations. Thus, women exposed to sex hormones after conception may be assured there is no increased risk of fetal sexual malformation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raman-Wilms
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wighardt
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones