title: The effects of cigarette smoking on human gingival tissues (a histopathological study).
abstract: Gingival biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 smokers and 7 non-smokers during routine flap surgical procedure to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on gingival epithelium and connective tissue. Although no remarkable histopathological difference was noted between gingival tissues of smokers and non-smokers, but smokers revealed relatively more epithelial keratosis, inflammatory cells, blood vessels and collagen fibres in connective tissue. Congestion of the capillaries were also more prominent in the smoker's gingival tissues.
authors.affiliation: Ittefaq Hospital, de'Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore.
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000473:pathology