title: Spermatozoa selected by a discontinuous Percoll density gradient exhibit better motion characteristics, more hyperactivation, and longer survival than direct swim-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a discontinuous Percoll density gradient selects spermatozoa with different motion characteristics than direct swim-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled prospective study of the effect of two preparation techniques on spermatozoa from normal semen samples using computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Fertility laboratory, Queen Charlotte's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen male patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples were divided into two equal parts. The first part was prepared by a direct swim-up whereas the other half was subjected to a three-layer discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The separated samples were then examined at 30 minutes and 3, 6, and 24 hours by CASA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although swim-up selected a higher proportion of motile spermatozoa, Percoll produced a greater yield of motile cells. Straight line velocity was similar for both methods throughout study. In contrast, spermatozoa isolated by Percoll exhibited a significantly higher curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement, which lasted for > or = 6 hours. These changes were accompanied by a significant reduction in linearity of progression. The most dramatic effect of Percoll was to produce significantly greater numbers of spermatozoa expressing hyperactivation. After both swim-up and Percoll there was a decline in progressive motility over the 24 hours, although this was only significant for swim-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normal semen, a discontinuous Percoll density gradient selects spermatozoa with better motion characteristics, more hyperactivation, and improved longevity compared with direct swim-up. In view of the relationship between sperm motion characteristics and fertilizing ability, we conclude that the three-layer discontinuous Percoll density gradient be adopted as the preferred method for the preparation of spermatozoa for assisted reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moohan
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002470:Cell Survival; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors