title: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: sonographic findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the value of sonography of the upper abdomen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study of 23 patients with PSC we performed upper abdominal sonography. Sonographic findings of the bile ducts were correlated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiographic (ERC) findings. Signs of advanced disease and complications were also sought.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major limitation of ultrasound was its inability to exclude intrahepatic duct disease. In six patients with multiple strictures and pruning but without dilatations on ERC, sonography showed no intrahepatic duct abnormalities. Extrapheptic duct disease was adequately demonstrated on ultrasound. Mural thickening of the common bile duct (CBD), the hallmark of PSC in the appropriate clinical setting, was demonstrated in 17 of 18 cases with a stenosis on ERC. Ultrasound confirmed advanced disease manifested by signs of portal hypertension in seven patients. Marked nonsegmental intrahepatic duct dilation and the presence of a mass lesion occurred in two of three cases in which complicating cholangiocarcinoma was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite its inability to exclude intrahepatic duct disease, sonography is useful in diagnosing and following PSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Phoa
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Reeders
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014463:Ultrasonography