title: Parenteral influenza vaccination induces a rapid systemic and local immune response.
abstract: The kinetics of the local immune response in the upper respiratory tract to parenterally administered inactivated split trivalent influenza vaccine were examined in 19 healthy subjects. Influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) could be detected as early as 2 days after vaccination in peripheral blood and tonsils, with a peak at approximately 1 week after vaccination and a decline to insignificant levels after 6 weeks. Circulating ASC produced IgG, IgA, and IgM, whereas ASC in tonsils produced mainly IgA and IgM. Influenza virus-specific antibodies were predominantly IgG and IgM in serum and IgA in oral fluid; they rose after 1 week and were elevated at 6 weeks. This may indicate a secretory involvement of the anti-influenza virus response in the upper respiratory tract. Parenteral influenza vaccination induced an immediate and significant immune response in both the upper respiratory tract and peripheral blood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brokstad
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Haaheim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D000921:Antibody-Producing Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000276:immunology; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007252:Influenza Vaccines