title: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor complementary DNA: a candidate for gene therapy in metastatic melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present, there is no highly effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Innovative approaches aimed at inducing a more effective immune response against tumors have shown promising results in animal models. One approach involves the genetic modification of tumor cells so that they produce cytokines that stimulate an immune response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cytokine gene therapy for metastatic melanoma in a murine melanoma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  B16F10 murine melanoma cells, which readily metastasize to the lungs, were transduced with a retroviral vector containing genes encoding neomycin resistance and human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The presence of M-CSF messenger RNA in transduced cells was examined by coupled reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. Concentrations of soluble M-CSF in cell culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A clonal cell line, designated N+/CSF+, that expressed and secreted M-CSF was identified. Another clonal cell line, designated N+/CSF-, did not secrete M-CSF at levels detectable by ELISA. B16F10, N+/CSF-, and N+/CSF+ cells, individually or in combination, were injected intravenously or subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice; we then evaluated the tumorigenicity and metastatic behavior of the cells, as well as the immune responses and survival of the mice. The immune responses assayed were the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) tumoricidal activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of B16F10 cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6 mice led to the establishment of lung metastases by week 2 and death by week 8. Injection of the N+/CSF+ or N+/CSF- cells led to the establishment of lung metastases that were detected at 2 and 3 weeks, respectively; however, these metastatic lesions were eliminated, and the animals had survival rates similar to those of the noninjected control mice. Injection of mice with a mixture of B16F10 and N+/CSF- cells resulted in the development of metastatic disease and 0% survival at 8 weeks, whereas mice that had been given an injection of a mixture of B16F10 and N+/CSF+ cells had an 80% survival rate at 8 weeks and survived at least two times longer (P = .007). The CTL and PEC tumoricidal activities in animals given an injection of N+/CSF+ cells suggested that monocytes and lymphocytes were responsible for the observed antitumor response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the expression of M-CSF by genetically modified melanoma cells caused an effective antitumor immune response in host C57BL/6 mice and, thus, prolonged survival over that observed in the control mice.
authors.affiliation: (Department of Dermatology), University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Glode
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010537:Peritoneum; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor