title: TRAM flap breast reconstruction after radiation treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with and without radiation treatment before their breast reconstruction were compared to study the relationship of radiation to flap-related complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap for breast reconstruction involves a a vascular pedicle and recipient bed, both included in the radiated field of patients undergoing adjunctive therapy. Detailed reviews of flap-related complications in this subgroup of patients have been limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eight patients with radiation treatment who subsequently underwent a TRAM flap breast reconstruction were compared with 572 patients with no radiation treatment before similar reconstruction. Flap-related complications, radiation dosage, time, fields, relationships between risk factors, and complications were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall complication rates were comparable between the two groups. Only fat necrosis (> 10% of total reconstruction) was found to be statistically significant (17.6% vs. 10.1%, p = 0.03228). No difference was found for fat necrosis in unipedicled vs. bipedicled flaps controlled for radiation (17.7% vs. 17.4%). Obesity and radiation therapy were associated with fat necrosis and major infection in a logistic regression. Significant abdominal scarring was also associated with major infection (p = 0.0044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this, the largest reported series, radiation therapy was associated with increased fat necrosis and major infection. The use of the TRAM flap was not found to be prohibitive in radiated patients and should still be the first choice in this subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Joseph B. Whitehead Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bostwick
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bried
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benton
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005218:Fat Necrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods