title: Predicting axillary node positivity in patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast by using a combination of T category and palpability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of the development of numerous new tumor markers, axillary lymph node status continues to be the single most important prognostic variable regarding survival of patients with carcinoma of the breast. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not the combination of T category (TNM staging system) and palpability would be a better predictor of nodal positivity than T category alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and pathologic data were analyzed for 1,554 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection as part of their treatment for invasive carcinoma of the breast. Data were analyzed by the primary lesion's T category and whether or not the lesion was palpable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred fifty-one (35 percent) of 1,554 axillary node dissections contained metastases. The probability of nodal involvement was significantly higher and the average tumor diameter was slightly, but significantly, larger for palpable T1b, T1c, and T2 lesions when compared with nonpalpable lesions within the same T category (all p values less than or equal to 0.003). The probability of lymphatic tumor emboli or vascular invasion was generally higher for palpable lesions compared with nonpalpable lesions and increased as lesions got larger. The percentage of patients with low nuclear grade and favorable histology was generally lower for patients with palpable lesions compared with those having nonpalpable lesions and decreased as lesions got larger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nodal positivity was significantly higher for palpable T1b, T1c, and T2 carcinoma of the breast when compared with nonpalpable carcinoma of the breast within the same T category. The combination of T category and palpability was a more accurate predictor of nodal positivity than T category alone.
authors.affiliation: Breast Center, Van Nuys, CA 91405, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gierson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Waisman
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Colburn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gamagami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010173:Palpation; D011379:Prognosis