title: Increasing response rates in telephone surveys: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sampling frames and mode of contact and administration of questionnaires are important factors contributing to response rates and selection bias in population-based research. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether contact by mail before contact by telephone increases response rate, and to assess the concurrent validity of telephone surveys for collecting health research and service data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand households were randomly selected from electronic white pages. Half were randomly allocated to receive or not to receive an explanatory letter before telephone contact. Interviewers were blinded to whether a household received a letter. Respondents aged 18 years or over were randomly selected from within each household using a Kish grid and interviewed by telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 68 per cent [confidence interval (CI) 66-70]. The response rate of those who received the letter was 76 per cent (CI 73-79), and of those who did not receive the letter was 60 per cent (CI 56-63). Use of the Kish grid to select randomly a respondent decreased the response rate by less than 10 per cent. The internal validity of the data was as follows: in a 10 per cent sub-sample, the Kish grid had been correctly applied in 93 per cent of households, and in 99 per cent of households the exclusion criteria had been correctly adhered to. The external validity was as follows: comparisons with data obtained from the same reference population using similar instruments administered face-to-face revealed no meaningful or significant differences in population estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mail-out before telephone contact greatly increases response rates at low cost. Telephone surveys can yield valid, useful data for health research and service evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chey
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jalaludin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salkeld
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Capon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011177:Postal Service; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013689:Telephone