title: Diet and vitamin D status among pregnant Pakistani women in Oslo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study the diet and the nutritional status of pregnant Pakistani immigrant women have been compared with a group of Norwegian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of women in the 18th week of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women referred to routine ultrasound examination at Aker and Ullevål Hospitals in Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  All (58) healthy women of Pakistani origin referred from October of 1991 to January of 1992 were included, of whom 38 (66%) participated. Forty-five Norwegian women were randomly included in the same period and 38 (84%) of these women participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly lower in the Pakistanis compared with the Norwegians (median 19 nmol/l vs 55 nmol/l, P < 0.001) and 83% of the Pakistani women had 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels below the reference value (< 30 nmol/l). The Pakistanis had higher levels of serum parathyroid hormone (median 2.6 vs 1.6 pmol/l, P < 0.001). The Pakistanis also had a lower dietary intake of vitamin D than that of the Norwegians (median 2.2 vs 3.3 micrograms/day, P < 0.05), and a lower total intake, including supplements (median 2.9 vs 7.0 micrograms/day, P < 0.001). Among the Pakistanis a correlation was found between the dietary intake of margarine, the main source of vitamin D in the diet, and the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum, r = 0.48 (P = 0.01). In general, the Pakistanis avoided any direct sunshine exposure, and no relation between outdoor activity and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found. The Pakistani women had a lower intake of calcium than the Norwegians (median 793 vs 1134 mg/day, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that Pakistani women living in Oslo are at great risk of developing vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. The main reasons for this are avoidance of sun exposure, a low dietary intake of vitamin D, and no or little use of supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nutrition Research and Section for Dietary Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunvand
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoltenberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trygg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000378:metabolism*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012016:Reference Values; D013472:Sunlight; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014505:Urban Population; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D; D002112:Calcifediol