title: The effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food: 2. levamisole.
abstract: The heat stability of levamisole was investigated. Results obtained indicated that the drug was stable in boiling water at 100 degrees C, but unstable at 260 degrees C in cooking oil, with a half-life of about 5 minutes. The effect of cooking (microwaving, boiling, roasting, grilling and frying) on levamisole residues in a range of fortified and incurred tissue was studied. No evidence of instability was obtained in any of the cooking methods investigated. Most observed net changes fell within the limits of the precision of the method once allowance for weight loss during cooking was made to counter an apparent increase in concentration. Roasting was the only method of cooking where a net loss of levamisole was observed. Insufficient juices were produced to permit analysis in this instance. The net loss of levamisole in the cooked tissue was similar to that found with other cooking methods, where the levamisole lost was found in the cooking liquid or juices. An assessment of homogeneity of the incurred tissue used in the investigation was made. The pig muscle was found not to be homogeneous with larger differences seen between different areas of the animal than within the same muscle. The findings of this investigation showed that data obtained from measurements on raw tissue are suitable for use in consumer exposure estimates and dietary intake calculations.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Science Laboratory, Colney, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Argent
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Farrington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005504:Food Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007978:Levamisole / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009821:Oils; D013552:Swine; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D009821:Oils; D014867:Water; D007978:Levamisole