title: Monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: a randomized comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of ceftazidime and imipenem monotherapy for fever and neutropenia, and to determine whether fewer antimicrobial modifications (additions or changes) are required by the broader-spectrum agent, imipenem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult and pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors, leukemias, or lymphomas were randomized to receive open-label ceftazidime or imipenem on presentation with fever and neutropenia. Success with or without modifications of the initial antibiotic was defined as survival through neutropenia; failure was death due to infection. Comparisons were based on numbers of modifications made to each monotherapy during the course of neutropenia, in patients stratified as having unexplained fever or a documented infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 204 ceftazidime and 195 imipenem recipients, the overall success rate with or without modification was more than 98%, regardless of initial antibiotic regimen. Modifications occurred in half of all episodes, primarily in patients with documented infections on either monotherapy. Antianaerobic agents were more frequently added to ceftazidime (P < .001), but addition of other antibiotics, including vancomycin and aminoglycosides, was similar between the two monotherapy groups. Imipenem therapy was associated with significantly greater toxicity, manifested by Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and by nausea and vomiting, which required discontinuation of imipenem in 10% of recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ceftazidime and imipenem are both effective in the management of fever and chemotherapy-related neutropenia, provided that modifications are made in response to clinical and microbiologic data that emerge during the course of neutropenia. Imipenem, despite its broader antimicrobial spectrum, does not significantly decrease the overall need for antibiotic modifications and is more often complicated by gastrointestinal toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Freifeld
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gress
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hathorn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarosinski
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014640:Vancomycin; D015378:Imipenem; D002442:Ceftazidime; D000212:Acyclovir