title: Ocular effects of exposure to triethylamine in the sand core cold box of a foundry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acute and chronic ophthalmological effects of triethylamine exposure among foundry workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular effects on people currently, previously, and never exposed to triethylamine in a foundry cold box were studied at two points in time. The initial phase included an ocular examination with a slit lamp to assess corneal health, a visual acuity test, and a questionnaire to assess vision symptoms. The follow up included measurements of corneal thickness with an ultrasonic pachymeter and the vision symptoms questionnaire before and after the shift and at the beginning and end of the week. Personal air measurements for triethylamine were also obtained during the follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vision symptoms of blurriness, halos around lights, and blue hazy vision occurred more often in currently exposed workers than those previously or never exposed to triethylamine. Air concentrations of triethylamine ranged from < 0.33 mg/m3 to 20.3 mg/m3. Among currently exposed workers, symptoms were more common among those with exposure to > 10 mg/m3 of triethylamine (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.35-25.6). No differences in corneal thickness were found in currently or previously exposed workers and those never exposed. No increase in corneal thickness was found after v before the shift.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite low concentrations of triethylamine and no corneal oedema, workers exposed to triethylamine reported vision symptoms. Possible explanations for these symptoms without corneal oedema are that triethylamine affects ciliary muscle function or that the corneal oedema was transient and not present when corneal thickness measurements were taken. No chronic effects were found in previously exposed workers. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism for the reported vision symptoms, which occurred below the current United States eight hour time weighted standard of 100 mg/m3 and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended value at the time of our study of 40 mg/m3. We recommend that air concentrations be maintained to meet the current recommended ACGIH threshold of 4.1 mg/m3.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Medicine, East Lansing 48824-1316, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rosenman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005021:Ethylamines; C016162:triethylamine