title: Endotoxaemia and inflammatory mediators in febrile patients with haematological disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the pattern of plasma levels of endotoxin, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in febrile neutropenic patients and to assess the potential diagnostic value of these analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated at the haematology ward at Danderyd Hospital, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four patients with fever and haematological disease entered the study (male/female: 59/35) with 176 febrile episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were drawn at days 0, 1, 2 and 6 after onset of fever for analysis of, endotoxin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infectious aetiology was established in 62.5% of the febrile episodes. Blood cultures showed significant growth in 71/176 (40.3%) febrile episodes. Nonbacteraemic bacterial infections were diagnosed in 34/176 (19.3%) episodes. Endotoxin was detected in plasma in 40% of febrile episodes regardless of aetiology. TNF-alpha was detected in 61% and IL-6 in 94% of all febrile episodes. The initial TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia than in patients with other causes of fever (P < 0.001). In episodes evaluated as successful after empirical antibiotic treatment, a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in CRP concentrations were found on day 6 after onset of fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sustained, low-grade endotoxaemia and persistently elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 found in febrile patients may reflect a failing mucosal barrier that allows endogenous bacterial products to reach the circulation. The diagnostic value of endotoxin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP to discriminate between bacteraemic and nonbacteraemic febrile episodes was very limited. The study supports the present policy of broad, empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with haematological disease and fever.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Sweden.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Günther
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Gårdlund
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hast
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Kimby
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nordin
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Wretlind
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein