title: Ureteral stricture as a late complication of radiotherapy for stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ureteral stricture is a rare late complication of curative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. A retrospective study was performed to determine the incidence and latency of radiation-induced ureteral stricture, to investigate possible contributing factors, and to compare the time course and presenting characteristics of ureteral compromise caused by late radiation injury or tumor recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 1784 patients with FIGO stage IB carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1960 and 1989 were reviewed. The characteristics of patients who developed ureteral stricture as a first manifestation of recurrent disease or without evidence of pelvic recurrence were compared. The risk of ureteral compromise was calculated actuarially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 29 patients with severe radiation-induced ureteral stricture. The overall incidences of severe ureteral stenosis were 1.0, 1.2, 2.2, and 2.5% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively, reflecting a continuous actuarial risk increase of approximately 0.15% per year. Four patients died of complications from bilateral ureteral stricture. Patients who were treated with centrally blocked external fields or who received more than two transvaginal radiation treatments were at increased risk for developing ureteral stenosis. The risk was similar for patients treated with radiation alone or followed by extrafascial hysterectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the first 5 years after treatment, tumor recurrence is the most common cause of ureteral stricture in patients treated with radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. However, radiation injury to the ureter, although rare, may not become apparent for many years, necessitating continued vigilance throughout the lives of these patients.
authors: Division of Radiotherapy, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: McIntyre
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Eifel
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Levenback
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Oswald
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000150:complications; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*