title: The influence of anulotomy selection on disc competence. A radiographic, biomechanical, and histologic analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  This study analyzed the radiographic, biomechanical, and histologic attributes of three commonly used anulotomy techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study defined the propensity of the anulus fibrosus to heal after discectomy and correlated biomechanical differences between subgroups of the motion segments studied.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No previous report that compares the influence of anulotomy selection on disc competence exists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anulotomies were performed on the anterolateral aspects of the lumbar discs of 54 adult goats. The goats were randomly assigned to one of three subgroups containing 18 animals. In subgroup A, a full-thickness anular window was excised. In subgroup B, a full-thickness cruciate anulotomy was accomplished. In subgroup C, a full-thickness anulotomy was developed by inserting a trocar, 2.5 mm in diameter, into the disc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic analysis revealed that primary anular healing did not occur in any specimen. The anulotomy tracts in subgroup C (trocar) were consistently narrower than those of subgroups A and B. Discography demonstrated the presence of severe and early disc degeneration with subgroup A (anular window), a finding not observed within the trocar anulotomy group. Biomechanical testing demonstrated increased resistance to pull out by the trocar anulotomy group at 4 weeks, as well as increased torsional stiffness of the motion segment when compared to both window and cruciate anulotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that attempts should be made to minimize injury to the anulus fibrosus during the performance of discectomy.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, Texas.
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Ethier
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Cain
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Yaszemski
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Glover
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Klucznik
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Pyka
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Lauerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006041:Goats; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014945:Wound Healing