title: Analysis of the Ras p21/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in vitro and in Xenopus oocytes.
abstract: Ras p21 in the GTP-bound form was shown to act as an upstream activator for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MAPKK) and MAP kinase, and Raf-1 was reported to act as a MAPKK kinase. Further, physical association between Ras and Raf-1 was demonstrated. Here we have shown that incubation of Xenopus immature oocyte extracts with Ras enhances the ability of endogenous Raf-1 to activate MAPKK. Moreover, a dominant negative form of Raf-1 blocked the Ras-induced activation of MAPKK and MAP kinase in the extracts, but not the cyclin A-dependent activation of MAP kinase. When the extracts were depleted of 45-kDa MAPKK with polyclonal anti-MAPKK antibody, no activation of MAP kinase occurred even after incubation with Ras. These results suggest that Ras can activate the MAPKK kinase activity of Raf-1 in the extracts and that MAPKK is indispensable for the Ras-induced MAP kinase activation. It is well known that Ras can induce oocyte maturation when injected into immature Xenopus oocytes. Co-injection of Ras with an anti-MAPKK antibody that inhibits the MAPKK activity prevented the Ras-induced germinal vesicle breakdown, suggesting that MAPKK mediates, at least, one of cellular functions of Ras.
authors: Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fukuda
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Gotoh
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kosako
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hattori
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Nishida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)