title: Cost and outcome of intensive care for patients with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the costs and outcomes associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and severe respiratory failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival and cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large municipal teaching hospital serving an indigent population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients intubated and mechanically ventilated for AIDS, PCP, and respiratory failure from 1981 through 1991 (n = 113). The cohort was separated into three groups for analysis: patients admitted to the ICU in 1981 through 1985 (era I, n = 43), those admitted in 1986 through 1988 (era II, n = 33), and those admitted in 1989 through 1991 (era III, n = 37).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital charges and survival time; cost per year of life saved, using a zero-cost, zero-life assumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight (25%) of the 113 patients mechanically ventilated for PCP and respiratory failure survived to hospital discharge: six (14%) of 43 in era I, 13 (39%) of 33 in era II, and nine (24%) of 37 in era III (P = .04). Post-ICU admission charges averaged $57,874 for the entire cohort, remaining relatively stable across the three eras. Cost of care for survivors was significantly more expensive than for those dying before discharge. The cost of ICU admission and subsequent hospitalization averaged $174,781 per year of life saved; $305,795 in era I, $94,528 in era II, and $215,233 in era III. Improved survival rates and shorter lengths of ICU stay led to the improved cost-effectiveness in era II, while the opposite trends resulted in worsening cost-effectiveness in recent years. The strongest predictors of hospital mortality in era III were low CD4 cell counts on hospital admission and the development of pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost-effectiveness of intensive care for patients with PCP and severe respiratory failure improved during the first 8 years of the AIDS epidemic but fell in recent years such that it is now below that of many accepted medical interventions.
authors: Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Wachter
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Luce
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Safrin
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Berrios
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Charlebois
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Scitovsky
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000191:economics; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012495:San Francisco; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D026712:Value of Life