title: Heparan sulfate initiates signals in murine macrophages leading to divergent biologic outcomes.
abstract: We have previously shown that the interaction of heparan sulfate (HS), a constituent of cell surfaces and extracellular matrices, with murine macrophages causes activation of the macrophages leading to the production of cytokines and PGE2 and profound changes in the cellular immune responses triggered by the macrophages. Here we describe the molecular mechanisms that underlie these immunoregulatory changes. We demonstrate that HS delivers signals to macrophages through at least two pathways, one involving the activation of a tyrosine kinase and of nuclear factor-KB, and the other involving the activation of protein kinase C and the elevation of intracellular calcium. The former pathway is associated with the production of IL-6, and the latter pathway is associated with the production of PGE2. Our findings suggest a model in which components of the microenvironment, such as HS, may determine the functional state of an APC, thereby modifying immune responses.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
authors: L E
authors: LE
authors: Wrenshall
authors: F B
authors: FB
authors: Cerra
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Singh
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Platt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000502:physiology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases