Intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography and color flow Doppler imaging: a basic transesophageal single plane patient examination sequence.
Recent advances in technology have allowed application of transesophageal echocardiography to intraoperative care of critically ill patients. Early clinical application primarily involved evaluation of left ventricular regional wall motion. However, valid intraoperative use of transesophageal echocardiography should also encompass systematic assessment of the entire heart as well as the great vessels. This report describes a 10-step sequence of single plane, two-dimensional echocardiographic views which constitute a basic patient examination capable of being performed by a practitioner whose primary responsibility is the delivery of anesthesia care. A 5-step color flow Doppler examination sequence is also presented. These views complement the two-dimensional echocardiographic steps. Representations of methods for grading Doppler-defined valvular regurgitation complete the report.
Rafferty
T D
TD
Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Lippmann
H
H
D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans