title: Therapeutic embolization in the treatment of intractable epistaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of therapeutic embolization in the treatment of intractable epistaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive referred sample of 57 patients with intractable epistaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous transfemoral catheterization and angiography of the internal maxillary arteries. Embolization of the most distal branches with 0.1- to 0.9- cm3 medium-sized polyvinyl alcohol particles on the suspected side of bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome was successful if no further interventional treatment was required for epistaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anatomical abnormalities precluded embolization in three patients. Three of the remaining 54 patients required supplementry embolization. Including these three patients, 52 (96%) of 54 patients had successful control epistaxis. The major neurologic complication rate was 6% (three of 54 patients), with no permanent deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic embolization is an effective and safe technique and should be considered as the primary treatment modality in severe epistaxis.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Elahi
authors: L S
authors: LS
authors: Parnes
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Fox
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Pelz
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol