title: Malignant islet cell tumor associated with hypercalcemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three cases of islet cell tumors of the pancreas with hypercalcemia were studied, and 16 similar cases have been found in a 25-year review of the English-language literature. The purpose of the study was to review the cause of the hypercalcemia and the clinical characteristics of the tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor tissue retrieved from paraffin-embedded blocks was studied immunohistochemically for both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP). PTH was measured in the serum in each patient and the serum PTHrP was measured by immunoassay in one patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of our patients had a fatal serum calcium level of 26.4 mg/dl. PTHrP stains were positive in two of our tumors, and one patient had an elevated PTHrP serum level. Serum PTH levels were normal or low in each patient. All three tumors were malignant and extremely vascular. The total group of 19 patients have in common hypercalcemia associated with a normal or low serum PTH level. Although the cause of hypercalcemia has not been proved, the tumors apparently produce PTHrP, because seven of eight tumors stained positive for PTHrP and each of the four patients tested had an elevated PTHrP serum titer. The tumors are extremely vascular, are usually malignant (17 of 18), and become large, but they are compatible with a relatively long patient survival time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These neuroendocrine tumors associated with hypercalcemia share several characteristics, but a claim that they represent another type of "functioning islet cell tumor" should await a clearer delineation of the cause of the hypercalcemia.
authors: Department of Surgery, Toledo Hospital, Ohio.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mao
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Carter
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Schaefer
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Zhu
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Dominguez
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Hanson
authors: H E
authors: HE
authors: Appert
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kim
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D007516:Adenoma, Islet Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C470121:PTHLH protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D011506:Proteins