title: The utility of prophylactic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in transplant candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study addresses the impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy prior to kidney or pancreas transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1991 and July 1993, 551 patients were listed for transplant. Gallbladder ultrasound became part of the standard evaluation for all transplant candidates in October 1991. Pretransplant laparoscopic cholecystectomy was recommended for all patients found to have gallstones. To assess the benefit of this policy, patients transplanted prior to routine ultrasound (Group I; n = 88) were compared to those listed or transplanted after routine ultrasound (Group II; n = 406).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group I, 18% developed gallstone complications requiring surgery. Surgical morbidity occurred in 14% and mortality in 7% of these operations. Graft loss occurred in 20% having biliary complications versus 7% among other recipients. In Group II, gallstones were detected in 10%, and 9% subsequently had laparoscopic cholecystectomy with no morbidity or mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transplant recipients with unsuspected gallstones were found to have a high incidence of acute biliary complications. Urgent biliary surgery carried significant morbidity and mortality in these immunosuppressed patients and appeared to increase the risk of graft failure as well. A policy of screening gallbladder ultrasound and pretransplant laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems to reduce these concerns and is recommended for all transplant candidates.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore 21201.
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Graham
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Flowers
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Schweitzer
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Bartlett
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Imbembo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies