title: Bleeding injuries in professional football: estimating the risk for HIV transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk for bleeding injuries in professional football and to estimate the risk for transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through such injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Professional football players from 11 teams of the National Football League were observed during 155 regular season games from September through December 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequencies of bleeding injuries were calculated in association with environmental and athletic factors. Using this information, HIV prevalence, and data on transmission of HIV in other circumstances, the risk for transmission of HIV during football games was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  575 bleeding injuries (average, 3.7 per game for each team) involving 538 players (average, 3.5 players on each team per game) were observed. Approximately 88% of the bleeding injuries were abrasions; the remainder were lacerations. Bleeding injuries were markedly more frequent during games played on artificial surfaces, during games played in domed stadiums, and on teams with a final win/loss percentage of 0.500 or lower. Using data on the prevalence of HIV among college men and rates of HIV transmission in the health care setting, the risk for HIV transmission to each player was estimated to be less than 1 per 85 million game contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although injuries occur in professional football competitions, bleeding injuries, especially lacerations, occur infrequently. We estimate that the risk for HIV transmission during such competition is extremely remote. The role of artificial playing surfaces on the incidence or severity of bleeding injuries should be investigated.
authors: Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation, Brooklyn, New York.
authors: L S
authors: LS
authors: Brown
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Drotman
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Chu
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Brown
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Knowlan
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology