title: Lymphatic flow rates and first-aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate and define normal lymphatic transit times by lymphoscintigraphy and to evaluate the efficacy of the currently recommended first-aid measures for the management of snake or spider envenomation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nuclear medicine department of a major teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four subjects received either intradermal or subcutaneous injections of 99mtechnetium antimony sulfur colloid (0.1 mL) in both hands/forearms and feet/legs. This simulated a snake or spider bite. Fifteen of the subjects had first-aid in the form of firm bandages and splints applied to an upper and a lower limb immediately after injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The progress of the radiotracer was followed with a large field of view gamma camera. If no egress of radiotracer was seen in the bandaged limbs, the subject walked until radioactivity was detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SEM) periphery-to-systemic circulation transit time after subcutaneous injection was 58 (+/- 7) minutes. The first-aid was found to be very effective when applied with bandage pressures ranging from 40 to 70 mmHg (5.3-9.3 kPa) in the upper limb and 55 to 70 mmHg (7.3-9.3 kPa) in the lower limb. Lower and higher bandage pressures were ineffective. However, despite first-aid measures, egress of radiotracer, even in the upper limbs, was seen in all subjects who walked for 10 minutes or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Firm pressure bandaging is an effective means of restricting the lymphatic flow of toxins after envenomation, provided the bandage is applied within the defined pressure range. Strict limb immobilisation is necessary to minimise lymphatic flow, and walking after upper or lower limb envenomation will inevitably result in systemic envenomation despite first-aid measures.
authors: John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Howarth
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Southee
authors: I M
authors: IM
authors: Whyte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000965:Antimony / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001458:Bandages; D003102:Colloids; D005121:Extremities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008196:Lymph / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001098:Spider Bites / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D017556:Technetium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D017556:Technetium Compounds; C019096:technetium Tc 99m antimony sulfide; D000965:Antimony