title: Dose-effect relations for local functional and structural changes of the lung after irradiation for malignant lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the dose-effect relations for local functional (ventilation and perfusion) and structural (density) changes of the lung, 3-4 months after irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with malignant lymphoma were irradiated with a (modified) mantle field to an average dose of 38 Gy, given in 21 fractions. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) scans, and CT scans were performed before and 3-4 months after radiation treatment. The three-dimensional dose distribution was calculated using the CT data. After correlation of SPECT and CT data sets, the average post-treatment value of V, Q and lung density per voxel was calculated relative to the pre-treatment value, per dose interval of 4 Gy. Subsequently, the dose-effect relations in each patient were normalized to the average value per voxel in the dose interval of 0-12 Gy. In addition, in each dose interval of 4 Gy the fraction of patients with changes larger than 20% was calculated for all three parameters. The dose-effect relations for perfusion and ventilation normalized to the low-dose regions, and the dose-incidence curves for the fraction of patients with changes larger than 20% were fitted for all three parameters, using a logistic model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked changes in the distribution of V and Q were found after irradiation. Prior to normalization to the low-dose regions, a change in V and Q was found in most patients in the dose interval of 0-12 Gy, varying from an increase of 37% to a decrease of 10%, which was followed by a decreasing trend at higher doses. The increase in the low-dose regions indicated a redistribution phenomenon, the magnitude of which was dependent of the irradiated volume. The logistic fit of the dose-effect relations for Q and V, normalized to the low-dose regions, resulted in values for D50 of 51 Gy and 54 Gy (given in 21 fractions on average), respectively, and for the steepness parameter k of 4.2 and 4.0, respectively. The logistic fit for the dose-incidence curves for Q, V and lung density resulted in values for D50 and k of 38 Gy, 37 Gy, 44 Gy and 10.3, 7.8 and 9.4, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the combined use of SPECT and CT scans, we have obtained dose-effect relations for local functional and structural damage in the lung, 3-4 months after irradiation.
authors: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhøek Huis, Amsterdam.
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Boersma
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Damen
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: de Boer
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Muller
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Roos
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Valdés Olmos
authors: N
authors: N
authors: van Zandwijk
authors: J V
authors: JV
authors: Lebesque
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012119:Respiration / Q000528:radiation effects; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed