title: Comparison of single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics using clinical bioequivalence data and Monte Carlo simulations.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative performance and usefulness of single dose (SD) and multiple dose (MD) regimens for bioequivalence (BE) determination. Drugs such as indomethacin, procainamide, erythromycin, quinidine, nifedipine were tested for BE under SD and MD dose regimens. Drugs characterized by low accumulation indices (AI) showed virtually no change in the 90% confidence interval (CI) of AUC and CMAX upon multiple dosing. On the other hand, drugs with higher AI appeared to have smaller CI at steady-state. For example, the CI range of AUC and CMAX of quinidine (AI of 1.54) decreased from 26 to 12 and from 22 to 12, respectively, upon multiple dosing. A Monte Carlo simulation study of SD and MD bioequivalence trials was performed. The probability of failing the bioequivalence test was evaluated for several situations defined by different levels of variability and correlation in ka constants, presence or absence of inter- and/or intra-individual variability in clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V), and different degrees of accumulation. All the possible combinations of these factors were tested with SD and MD study designs. All simulations used 1000 data sets with 30 subjects in each data set for a total of 144 unique designs (total of 144,000 simulations of bioequivalence trials). Upon multiple dosing, narrowing of CI ranges was observed for drugs simulated to have high AI high variability and a large difference in absorption constants (ka) between test and reference formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20857.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: el-Tahtawy
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Jackson
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Ludden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011342:Procainamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011802:Quinidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D004917:Erythromycin; D009543:Nifedipine; D011802:Quinidine; D011342:Procainamide; D007213:Indomethacin