title: Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes. I: A community survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We consider how far it is possible to predict a chronic course of a depressive disorder from psychosocial and clinical material available at the point of onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population survey found 404 working-class mothers living in an inner-city area of London. The majority were interviewed three times over a 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronicity (more than 12 months' duration) was strongly related to both childhood adversity (parental indifference, family violence or any sexual abuse) and current adult interpersonal difficulties. The lack of positive events during the course of the episode was also independently related to chronicity, but to a lesser degree. Clinical characteristics were relatively unimportant compared with psychosocial factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The childhood risk factors were particularly important (judged by a path analysis), and a challenge for future research will be to establish the intervening processes involved with this distal link.
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Brown
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Moran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D016015:Logistic Models; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014754:Violence