title: Visually discernible myocardial echocardiographic contrast after intravenous injection of sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles containing high molecular weight, less soluble gases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The central hypothesis of this study was that microbubble survival, and subsequent left ventricular and myocardial ultrasound contrast, could be improved by altering microbubble gas to consist of a higher molecular weight (less diffusible) and less soluble gas.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Microbubble survival after intravenous injection is shortened because of rapid diffusion of blood-soluble room air gases (nitrogen and oxygen) across the permeable bubble membrane into blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen open chest dogs received intravenous injections of a constant dose of sonicated dextrose albumin that was incubated with either room air or 100% nitrogen, 100% helium or 100% sulfur hexafluoride. Nitrogen (100%) is less blood soluble than room air, whereas helium and sulfur hexafluoride are the least soluble. Sulfur hexafluoride has the slowest diffusion rate. To further decrease the diffusion rate, each sample was administered during inhalation of room air and again during brief inhalation of the same gas with which it had been incubated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest peak videointensity in the left ventricular cavity was produced by the sonicated dextrose albumin incubated with sulfur hexafluoride, the gas having lowest blood solubility and diffusion rate, while sulfur hexafluoride was briefly inhaled during the period of intravenous injection (peak videointensity 139 +/- 10 vs. 54 +/- 11 for room air-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin, p < 0.001). Myocardial contrast was visually evident in > 80% of the intravenous injections of sulfur hexafluoride-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin when the agent was given as an 8-fold concentrated sample during brief inhalation of sulfur hexafluoride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual myocardial echocardiographic contrast is possible after intravenous injection of sonicated dextrose albumin if the microbubbles contain a gas with low blood solubility and diffusivity.
authors: Section of Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-2265.
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Porter
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D005947:Glucose; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006371:Helium; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009584:Nitrogen; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013010:Sonication; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; D006371:Helium; D005947:Glucose; D009584:Nitrogen; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride