title: Retinoid modulation of biomarkers in oral leukoplakia/dysplasia.
abstract: Among the tissue, cellular, and molecular changes which take place during the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract, only a limited number can be used as surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) in cancer chemoprevention trials. Molecular SEBs will be genes or gene products which can be measured accurately and reliably, are altered in intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia), correlate strongly with the true outcome (invasive cancer), and are modulated by a chemoprevention agent(s). To identify and modulate molecular SEBs in intraepithelial neoplasia of the upper aerodigestive tract, we studied expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and HER-2/neu genes in oral leukoplakia before, during, and after treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative. Four of nine patients treated for 3 months with 1 mg/kg/day of 13-cis-retinoic acid had complete resolution of their leukoplakia. Biopsies were taken of leukoplakia and adjacent normal-appearing mucosa before, during, and after treatment. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the BioGenex Super Sensitive Biotin-Streptavidin horseradish peroxidase detection system. Pretreatment expression of EGFR, TGF-alpha, and HER-2/neu in leukoplakia was increased when compared to normal-appearing mucosa. TGF-alpha expression decreased during treatment in leukoplakia, but not in normal-appearing mucosa, suggesting that TGF-alpha may serve as an intermediate endpoint in cancer chemoprevention trials.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294.
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Beenken
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Huang
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sellers
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Peters
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Listinsky
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Stockard
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hubbard
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wheeler
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Grizzle
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013997:Time Factors; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D015474:Isotretinoin; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha