title: Effects of procainamide and lidocaine on defibrillation energy requirements in patients receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In acute canine studies, lidocaine, but not procainamide, increases defibrillation energy requirements. We evaluated the effects of lidocaine or procainamide on defibrillation energy requirements in 27 patients undergoing intraoperative testing for implantable cardioverter defibrillator device placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were tested off antiarrhythmic drugs and again following either lidocaine (200 to 250 mg loading and 3 mg/min maintenance infusions) or procainamide (1 gm loading and 3 to 4 mg/min maintenance infusions). The defibrillation testing protocol consisted of initial testing at 15 J, followed by higher or lower energies to determine the lowest energy producing three consecutive successful defibrillations. Overall, the mean defibrillation energy increased from 14 +/- 5 J to 18 +/- 7 J during lidocaine (plasma concentration 5.1 +/- 1.6 micrograms/mL; P < 0.02) but were similar at baseline (12 +/- 5 J) and during procainamide infusion (13 +/- 6 J) (plasma concentration: procainamide 10.7 +/- 7.2 micrograms/mL; N-acetyl procainamide 1.0 +/- 0.4 micrograms/mL). A positive linear correlation was found between lidocaine plasma concentration and percent change in defibrillation energy (lidocaine: r = 0.61; P = 0.01). Procainamide raised the defibrillation energy in three patients, two with supratherapeutic plasma concentrations. The increase in defibrillation energy equaled or exceeded 25 J in four patients after lidocaine and in one patient after procainamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that at high plasma concentrations, lidocaine and procainamide adversely affect defibrillation energy requirements consistent with an adverse, concentration-dependent effect of sodium channel blockade on defibrillation energy requirements in patients.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors: D S
authors: DS
authors: Echt
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Gremillion
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Lee
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Roden
authors: K T
authors: KT
authors: Murray
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Borganelli
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Crawford
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Stewart
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Hammon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011342:Procainamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D011342:Procainamide