title: Reading research critically: threats to internal validity.
abstract: Internal validity refers to the extent to which it is possible to attribute the change in the dependent or outcome variable in a study to manipulation in the independent variable. This article will discuss the frequent threats to internal validity and how to recognize them.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Giuffre
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D006801:Humans; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results