Memory errors from a change of standard: a lack of awareness or of understanding?
Memory errors occur when the context standard that is used when judging target behaviors is different from the category norm standard that is available later when the behaviors are recalled. Is insufficient awareness the reason for this change-of-standard effect? Two kinds of awareness were maximized in each of two studies: (a) awareness of the relation between the judgment and the context--telling subjects to be sure to use the non-target persons for comparison when judging the target person (salience); and (b) awareness at recall of the earlier judgmental context--asking subjects to recall the non-target persons before recalling the target person (reinstatement). Context reinstatement reduced memory errors. But when context reinstatement and salience were combined, the memory errors reappeared. In Study 2, an attempt at debiasing failed. The change-of-standard effect is explained in terms of a "natural" tendency to use the current categorical meaning of a judgment to reconstruct the referent of its past contextualized meaning.
Higgins
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ET
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.
Liberman
A
A
D001364:Awareness; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011932:Reading