title: Different ARF domains are required for the activation of cholera toxin and phospholipase D.
abstract: ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), initially described as activators of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, regulate intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking and stimulate a phospholipase D (PLD) isoform. ARF-like (ARL) proteins are structurally related to ARFs but do not activate cholera toxin and have relatively little effect on PLD. A new human ARL gene termed hARL1, which shares 57% amino acid identity with hARF1, was identified using a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning method. To determine whether different structural elements are responsible for the activation structural elements are responsible for the activation of the A subunit of cholera toxin and PLD, chimeric proteins were constructed by switching the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 and ARL1. The recombinant rL73/F protein, in which the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARL1 replaced those of ARF1, activated the A subunit of cholera toxin, whereas the rF73/L protein, in which the NH2-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 replaced those of ARL1, was inactive. The two chimeric proteins had quite opposite effects on PLD activity. rF73/L activated PLD as effectively as rARF1, whereas rL73/F protein activated PLD only slightly. It appears that the amino-terminal region of ARF1 is not critical for its action as a GTP-dependent activator of cholera toxin, whereas it is necessary for activation of the putative effector enzyme, PLD.
authors: Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors: G F
authors: GF
authors: Zhang
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Patton
authors: F J
authors: FJ
authors: Lee
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Liyanage
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Han
authors: S G
authors: SG
authors: Rhee
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Moss
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D010739:Phospholipase D; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors