title: Family environment and glycemic control: a four-year prospective study of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: An onset cohort of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their parents were studied. Aspects of family environment were evaluated at study inception, and their influence on the initial level of, and change in, glycemic control over 4 years was examined. Family measures of expressiveness, cohesiveness, and conflict were linked to differences in the longitudinal pattern of glycemic control. In particular, the encouragement to act openly and express feelings directly (expressiveness) seemed to ameliorate deterioration of glycemic control over time in both boys and girls. Boys were especially sensitive to variations in family cohesiveness and conflict; those from more cohesive and less conflicted families showed less deterioration in glycemic control. This study demonstrated the important influence of family psychosocial factors present at diabetes onset on glycemic control in children and adolescents over the first 4 years of IDDM.
authors: Mental Health Department, Joslin Diabetes Center, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston 02215.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Jacobson
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Hauser
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lavori
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Willett
authors: C F
authors: CF
authors: Cole
authors: J I
authors: JI
authors: Wolfsdorf
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Dumont
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Wertlieb
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012803:Sick Role; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin