Effect of calcium supplement preparation containing small amounts of citrate on the absorption of aluminium in normal subjects and in renal failure patients.
It is well known that Al absorption is markedly enhanced by citrate. The aim of the study was to document whether low-dose citrate ingestion (4 g/day) contained in a well-known effervescent calcium supplement was sufficient to increase Al absorption in 16 normal volunteers and 15 subjects with stable chronic renal failure under conditions of either Ca carbonate or Al hydroxide supplementation. Serum and urine Al levels were measured using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry as previously described. After Ca carbonate plus Ca citrate ingestion, there was no rise over baseline (Ca Carbonate alone) serum or urine Al levels in either group. Ca carbonate and Al hydroxide taken together produced a significant rise in serum and urine Al levels in both groups. Maintaing Al hydroxide but substituting Ca citrate for the carbonate (same dose of elemental Ca) produced a further significant increment in serum Al (0.47 +/- 0.28-1.15 +/- 0.8 mumol/l; p < 0.001) and in urine Al(1.37 +/- 0.46-5.77 +/- 5.21 mumol/l; p < 0.001) in the chronic renal failure group as well as in serum Al (0.42 +/- 0.2-0.76 +/- 0.48 mumol/l; p < 0.001) and urine Al (2.70 +/- 1.24-8.24 +/- 3.96 mumol/l; p < 0.001 in the normal volunteer group. Due to decreased urine excretion, the increment in serum Al in the CRF group was significantly greater than in the normal subjects (p < 0.02). Thus small quantities of citrate present in effervescing Ca supplements can significantly enhance intestinal Al absorption even in normal subjects. All citrate-containing preparations are totally contra-indicated in chronic renal failure patients ingesting Al-containing compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
A W
AW
Nestel
A M
AM
Meyers
J
J
Paiker
H B
HB
Rollin
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000535:Aluminum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019343:Citric Acid; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002951:Citrates; D019343:Citric Acid; D000535:Aluminum