Cost-effectiveness of levonorgestrel subdermal implants. Comparison with other contraceptive methods available in the United States.
The objective of this analysis was to evaluate and compare the cost-effectiveness of eight contraceptive methods: condoms, diaphragms, oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, medroxyprogesterone acetate suspension, levonorgestrel subdermal implants, tubal ligation and vasectomy. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature and various additional data sources, this analysis identified, measured and compared direct costs of the methods, physician visits, treatment of adverse effects and cost of failure (i.e., mean cost for all types of deliveries or first-trimester abortion). Medical benefits (if any) resulting from each contraceptive method were calculated and considered in the analysis as cost savings. The cost of method failure proved to be the greatest influence on cost-effectiveness. Sterilization was identified as the most cost-effective method overall. Of the reversible methods, the intrauterine device was found to be the most cost-effective, followed by levonorgestrel implants.
Ashraf
T
T
Emron, Inc., Warren Township, NJ 07059.
Arnold
S B
SB
Maxfield
M
M
D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D017280:Condoms / Q000191:economics; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003273:Contraceptive Devices / Q000191:economics*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000191:economics; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000191:economics; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000191:economics*; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000191:economics; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000191:economics
D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone