Cigarette smoking, blood lipids, and baroreceptor-modulated nociception.
Activation of arterial blood pressure has been shown to influence higher central nervous activity. In animals, induction of sleep-like states and increases of seizure and pain thresholds in response to baroreceptor stimulation have been reported. In certain human groups, mechanical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors also increases pain thresholds. The present paper examines the hypothesis that smokers show baroreceptor dependent antinociception as compared to non-smokers. It is speculated that one effect which rewards smoking is the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase which leads to baroreceptor stimulation and dampens pain perception. One hundred and twenty subjects were investigated using a recently developed mechanical baroreceptor stimulation technique and an electrical pain stimulus. The group of heavy smokers showed the predicted effect: their pain thresholds were enhanced during conditions of increased baroreceptor activity as compared to the control condition. The group of medium, light and non-smokers, however, did not show this effect. Neither blood lipid levels nor diastolic or systolic blood pressure paralleled the group differences on baroreceptor dependent antinociception. In heavy smokers, the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increases might have baroreceptor dependent pain dampening effects, which might be among the reinforcing qualities of smoking.
University of Tübingen, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, Federal Republic of Germany.
H
H
Rau
R
R
Schweizer
P
P
Zhuang
P
P
Pauli
S
S
Brody
W
W
Larbig
H
H
Heinle
M
M
Müller
T
T
Elbert
B
B
Dworkin
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*
D003069:Coffee; D008055:Lipids; D002784:Cholesterol