Compliance with long-term dietary salt restriction in hypertensive outpatients.
Eighty hypertensive outpatients were recruited for a dietary salt restriction program to examine long-term compliance. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected repeatedly (7.9 +/- 2.6 times, mean +/- s.d.) during a follow-up period of 6.4 +/- 1.7 years. After initial urine collection, nutritional education was carried out by dietitians to reduce dietary salt intake to 8 g/day or less. After every urine collection, the subjects were given advice by doctors on salt restriction, if necessary. The mean 24-hour urinary salt excretion (U-NaCl) and the mean urinary salt/creatinine ratio (U-NaCl/U-Cr) varied considerably both among and within individuals. U-NaCl/U-Cr, but not U-NaCl, in females was significantly higher than that in males, and in middle-aged subjects than in young subjects. U-NaCl and U-NaCl/U-Cr tended to decrease in the summer. In spite of the repeated educational effort, neither U-NaCl nor U-NaCl/U-Cr was different in the first control samples from that in the last samples. When 57 subjects were divided into three groups according to the urinary salt excretion level, U-NaCl was consistently higher during a follow-up period in the high-salt excretion group than in the mid-salt excretion group, while U-NaCl in the low-salt excretion group was initially lower than, but finally similar to, that in the mid-salt excretion group. These results suggest that: (1) multiple 24-hour urine samplings are required to assess urinary salt excretion in individuals; (2) the influence of age and sex should be taken into account in interpreting U-NaCl/U-Cr; and (3) it seems difficult to achieve long-term dietary salt restriction as a non-pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in an outpatient clinic.
Hashimoto
J
J
Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Imai
Y
Y
Minami
N
N
Munakata
M
M
Sakuma
H
H
Sekino
H
H
Imai
K
K
Sasaki
S
S
Yoshinaga
K
K
Abe
K
K
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012737:Sex Factors; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors
D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003404:Creatinine