HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator.
The HIV-1 matrix (MA) protein contains two subcellular localization signals with opposing effects. A myristoylated N-terminus governs particle assembly at the plasma membrane, and a nucleophilic motif facilitates import of the viral preintegration complex into the nucleus of nondividing cells. Here, we show that myristoylation acts as the MA dominant targeting signal in HIV-1 producer cells. During virus assembly, a subset of MA is phosphorylated on the C-terminal tyrosine by a virion-associated cellular protein kinase. Tyrosine-phosphorylated MA is then preferentially transported to the nucleus of target cells. An MA tyrosine mutant virus grows normally in dividing cells, but is blocked for nuclear import in terminally differentiated macrophages. MA tyrosine phosphorylation thus reveals the karyophilic properties of this protein within the HIV-1 preintegration complex, thereby playing a critical role for infection of nondividing cells.
Gallay
P
P
Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037.
Swingler
S
S
Aiken
C
C
Trono
D
D
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000378:metabolism*; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019814:Myristic Acid; D009227:Myristic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015488:HIV Antigens; D009227:Myristic Acids; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C054858:p17 protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1; D019814:Myristic Acid; D014443:Tyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases