Maintenance of high risk pregnancies: role of prostaglandins and other mediators.
The initiation of a complex cascade of events resulting in the delivery of a healthy newborn appears to involve the integrated actions of the fetus, mother and the placenta. Many putative factors have already been extensively reviewed. Instead of concentrating on the action of estrogen and progesterone, the role of regulators of myometrial activity such as prostaglandins as well as the fetal pituitary-adrenal system, oxytocin, corticosteroids, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, endotoxin and cytokines to name a few, will be discussed. Nevertheless, there is an increasing weight of evidence suggesting that many of the above agonists converge upon a final pathway of prostaglandin production which subsequently increases myometrial responsiveness. Prostaglandins are involved at levels of myometrial regulation such as myometrial gap junction formation, intracellular calcium flux modulation, synchronisation of myometrial contraction via interaction with oxytocin thus having stimulatory effects on uterine contractility, as well as cervical maturation (via PGE2). Importantly, there has been clinical benefit of a more thorough understanding of the physiology of myometrial regulation at the time of partuition. The approach to the treatment of preterm delivery has improved, eventhough the exact mechanism(s) and cause(s) of this phenomenon remain an enigma. Current tocolytic therapy is not generally prophylactic but commences after labour, contractions and cervical dilatation are underway. Key regulatory pathways have been pin-pointed that present opportunity for tocolysis including:-c-AMP inhibition of contraction by beta-mimetic agents, inhibition of calmodulin-calcium function, inhibition of calcium influx by calcium channel blockers, inhibition of prostaglandin production, modulation of myometrial function by peptide hormones or antagonists (e.g. relaxin, VIP and oxytocin antagonists).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney.
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D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007745:Labor Onset / Q000502:physiology; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000502:physiology*; D015145:Tocolysis / Q000379:methods
D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D015232:Dinoprostone