Halothane selectively inhibits nonshivering thermogenesis. Possible implications for thermoregulation during anesthesia of infants.
BACKGROUND
During halothane anesthesia, infants fail to increase oxygen consumption in response to a cold stimulus in the form of an increase in temperature gradient between body and environment. Based on recent observations with isolated brown-fat cells, it seemed feasible that this inability to respond could be due to an inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis during halothane anesthesia.


METHODS
The rate of oxygen consumption was measured in cold-acclimated hamsters and rats. The rate evoked by norepinephrine injection in hamsters at an environmental temperature of approximately 24 degrees C was used as a measure of the capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis. Anesthesia was induced by 3% halothane and maintained by 1.5% halothane. One experimental series with spontaneously breathing hamsters and a second control series with spontaneously breathing rats and with rats whose lungs were mechanically ventilated were conducted.


RESULTS
Norepinephrine injection led to a fourfold increase in the rate of oxygen consumption in control hamsters; after this response had subsided, a second injection led to a similar effect. Halothane anesthesia caused an approximately 20% decrease in resting metabolic rate (P < 0.05) and a 70% inhibition of the thermogenic response to norepinephrine (P < 0.001). The halothane concentration yielding half-maximal inhibitory effect was estimated to be less than 1.0%. After the animals had recovered from halothane anesthesia, a completely restored thermogenic response to norepinephrine was observed. The inhibitory effect of halothane also was observed in hamsters maintained at normothermia and was therefore not secondary to the slight hypothermia that otherwise developed during anesthesia. In a series of control experiments, it was confirmed that rats also showed large thermogenic responses to norepinephrine injections, and it was found that, in spontaneously breathing halothane-anesthetized rats, the thermogenic response to norepinephrine was also much inhibited. Further, in halothane-anesthetized rats whose lungs were mechanically ventilated, and where blood gases were kept at virtually normal levels, the thermogenic response to norepinephrine was found to be similarly markedly inhibited.


CONCLUSIONS
A much diminished or abolished thermogenic response to injected norepinephrine was demonstrated in halothane-anesthetized animals. This implies that there would be a diminished ability to elicit nonshivering thermogenesis even when this process is physiologically induced. Such a diminished ability could in part explain the susceptibility of neonates and infants to hypothermia during halothane anesthesia.
Dicker
A
A
Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Ohlson
K B
KB
Johnson
L
L
Cannon
B
B
Lindahl
S G
SG
Nedergaard
J
J
D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006224:Cricetinae; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
D006221:Halothane; D009638:Norepinephrine