Intestinal absorption of azetirelin, a new thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue. I. Possible factors for the low oral bioavailability in rats.
Absorption of azetirelin, a new thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was evaluated. The bioavailability of this compound after oral administration was considerably poor in rats. Studies were undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms for this low oral bioavailability of azetirelin. The plasma azetirelin levels following intravenous and hepatoportal vein injection were virtually identical over the dose range of 0.02-0.1 mg/kg, indicating a minor contribution of the hepatic first-pass metabolism of this drug. Azetirelin was stable against peptide hydrolases both in luminal fluid and intestinal mucosal homogenates, whereas its degradation occurred when incubated with cecal contents under an anaerobic condition. In addition, complete degradation of azetirelin during the GI transit was disclosed by analyzing the fecal sample collected after oral administration of [14C]azetirelin. These results suggested that gut bacteria may be responsible for the hydrolysis of azetirelin in the GI tract. The low intestinal permeability of azetirelin was revealed by a modified everted gut experiment in various segments of the rat intestine. The poor membrane transport characteristics of azetirelin may be due to its high hydrophilicity. From these results, it was suggested that the insufficient oral bioavailability of azetirelin may be mainly attributed to its low intestinal permeability due to a lack of lipophilicity, and also to the degradation of the peptide by intestinal microflora.
Sasaki
I
I
Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Fujita
T
T
Murakami
M
M
Yamamoto
A
A
Nakamura
E
E
Imasaki
H
H
Muranishi
S
S
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001384:Azetidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002432:Cecum / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
D001384:Azetidines; D004151:Dipeptides; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; C054995:azetirelin