Differences in recent life events between alcoholic and depressive nonalcoholic suicides.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the main differences in recent life events preceding suicide between alcoholic and depressive nonalcoholic suicide victims, how much these differences were sex- and age-dependent, and how social support varied between these groups. Using the psychological autopsy method, retrospective best-estimate diagnoses by DSM-III-R criteria were assigned to a randomized 16.4% sample (n = 229) of suicide victims drawn from a 1-year total nationwide suicide population (n = 1,397) in Finland. Life events during the last 3 months (32 items) and social support (6 items) of 75 suicide victims with alcohol abuse/dependence diagnoses were compared with those of 69 nonalcoholic depressive victims. Among male suicides, the alcoholics had experienced more separations and family discord, financial trouble, and unemployment, whereas the depressives had experienced more somatic illness. Among females, adverse interpersonal events had been common in both alcoholic and depressive victims. Among the alcoholics, unlike the depressives, the number of adverse interpersonal life events had not diminished with increasing age. Living alone had been twice as common among the alcoholic suicides and, in these cases, recent separation, unemployment, and financial trouble were remarkably common, suggesting a concurrent stressor effect. Our results confirm and extend the earlier findings of excess interpersonal stressors among alcoholic suicides compared with depressive suicides. The findings suggest that multiple adverse life events and living alone need to be taken into account in clinical practice when assessing psychosocial stress and suicidal danger in alcoholism.
Department of Mental Health, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
M E
ME
Heikkinen
H M
HM
Aro
M M
MM
Henriksson
E T
ET
Isometsä
S J
SJ
Sarna
K I
KI
Kuoppasalmi
J K
JK
Lönnqvist
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data