Factors influencing early and late outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.
Between January 1983 and January 1992, 470 patients underwent an arterial switch operation at our institution. An intact (or virtually intact) ventricular septum was present in 278 of 470 (59%); a ventricular septal defect was closed in the remaining 192. Survivals at 1 month and 1, 5, and 8 years among the 470 patients were 93%, 92%, 91%, and 91%, respectively. The hazard function for death (at any time) had a rapidly declining single phase that approached zero by one year after the operation. Risk factors for death included coronary artery patterns with a retropulmonary course of the left coronary artery (two types) and a pattern in which the right coronary artery and left anterior descending arose from the anterior sinus with a posterior course of the circumflex coronary. The only procedural risk factor identified was augmentation of the aortic arch; longer duration of circulatory arrest was also a risk factor for death. Earlier date of operation was a risk factor for death, but only in the case of the senior surgeon. Reinterventions were performed to relieve right ventricular and/or pulmonary artery stenoses alone in 28 patients. The hazard function for reintervention for pulmonary artery or valve stenosis revealed an early phase that peaked at 9 months after the operation and a constant phase for the duration of follow-up. Incremental risk factors for the early phase included multiple ventricular septal defects, the rapid two-stage arterial switch, and a coronary pattern with a single ostium supplying the right coronary and left anterior descending, with a retropulmonary course of the circumflex. The need for reintervention has decreased with time. The arterial switch operation can currently be performed early in life with a low mortality risk (< 5%) and a low incidence of reintervention (< 10%) for supravalvular pulmonary stenosis. The analyses indicate that both the mortality and reintervention risks are lower in patients with less complex anatomy.
Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
G
G
Wernovsky
J E
JE
Mayer
R A
RA
Jonas
F L
FL
Hanley
E H
EH
Blackstone
J W
JW
Kirklin
A R
AR
Castañeda
D002675:Child, Preschool; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome