Congenital malformations related to occupational reproductive hazards.
Occupational and environmental agents are the suspected cause of at least some of the approximately 60% of birth defects whose etiology is unknown. The author discusses studies of birth defects published since 1988. Studies that examine associations between congenital malformations and both maternal and paternal exposures are included.
Health Risk Assessment Department, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Seattle, Washington 98105-5428.
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D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014931:Women, Working