title: Effects of iodinated x-ray contrast media on renal epithelial cells in culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cellular mechanisms that cause contrast media nephropathy, an in vitro system for proximal and distal tubular cells has been established to evaluate the influence of x-ray contrast media on tubular function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent cell cultures of the two renal cell lines, proximal tubule (LLC-PK1) and distal tubule (MDCK), were exposed for 20 hours to 0 to 100 mg iodine/mL of the ionic monomer metrizoate, the ionic dimer ioxaglate, and the non-ionic monomer iohexol. Toxicity was assessed by electron microscopy, cell viability, and biochemical assays of brush-border and lysosomal marker enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent toxic effect from the contrast media on cellular appearance consisting of an increased vacuolization and on the activity of brush-border and lysosomal marker enzymes in cells and in culture media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results, in which the nonionic x-ray contrast media iohexol appeared to be less toxic than the ionic x-ray contrast media investigated, demonstrated that defined renal cells in culture are valuable tools in studies regarding renal toxicity of x-ray contrast media.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Cell Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vik
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D020789:Cathepsin C; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004152:Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D007472:Iohexol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D007686:Kidney Tubules, Distal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008794:Metrizoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008871:Microvilli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D007472:Iohexol; D008794:Metrizoic Acid; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase; D004152:Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; D020789:Cathepsin C; D002401:Cathepsin B; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid