title: Effect of hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion on the respiratory quotient in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiratory quotient, the ratio of CO2 production to oxygen consumption (VO2), is principally affected by the fuel source used for aerobic metabolism. Since the respiratory quotient, VO2, and CO2 production cannot be directly measured easily, indirect calorimetry is commonly used to determine the value of these variables at the airway level (i.e., airway respiratory quotient, airway VO2, and airway CO2 production). However, under nonsteady-state conditions, a variety of phenomena can alter the relationship between true metabolic activity and measurements determined by indirect calorimetry. During exercise, for example, airway respiratory quotient increases as anaerobic threshold is reached because of the disproportionate increase in airway CO2 production that results from the CO2 liberated through the buffering of excess hydrogen ions by bicarbonate. We hypothesized that hemorrhage and reinfusion might change airway respiratory quotient in a consistent manner as shock is produced and reversed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pigs (25 +/- 2 [SD] kg), anesthetized with fentanyl and relaxed with pancuronium bromide, and mechanically ventilated on room air.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were sequentially hemorrhaged and then autotransfused while metabolic and hemodynamic measurements were obtained, using continuous indirect calorimetry and continuous applications of the Fick principle. Hemoglobin, arterial lactate concentration, and blood gases for calibration were measured serially. Analysis of variance was used to compare various periods in time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between baseline and peak hemorrhage, and between peak hemorrhage and postreinfusion, all of the following variables changed significantly (p < .05): airway VO2 (baseline 6.4 +/- 0.9 mL/min/kg, peak hemorrhage 3.9 +/- 0.6 mL/min/kg, postreinfusion 7.0 +/- 1.4 mL/min/kg); airway CO2 production (baseline 5.5 +/- 0.9 mL/min/kg, peak hemorrhage 4.5 +/- 0.9 mL/min/kg, postreinfusion 6.0 +/- 1.4 mL/min/kg); airway respiratory quotient (baseline 0.87 +/- 0.07, peak hemorrhage 1.16 +/- 0.07, postreinfusion 0.87 +/- 0.05); lactate concentration (baseline 2.4 +/- 1.2 mmol/L, peak hemorrhage 6.7 +/- 1.9 mmol/L, postreinfusion 5.1 +/- 2.0 mmol/L); and delta PCO2 (venous PCO2-PaCO2) (baseline 4.5 +/- 3.6 torr [0.6 +/- 0.5 kPa], peak hemorrhage 12.1 +/- 5.3 torr [1.6 +/- 0.7 kPa], postreinfusion 2.7 +/- 2.7 torr [0.4 +/- 0.4 kPa]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Airway respiratory quotient increases in hemorrhagic shock and decreases again as shock is reversed during reinfusion. This phenomenon appears related to the buffering of excess of hydrogen ion during hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo.
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Feustel
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002151:Calorimetry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015424:Reperfusion; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007773:Lactates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide