title: Increased prevalence of coronary ectasia in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although coronary atherosclerosis most commonly produces clinical effects as a result of stenosis, aneurysmal disease also occurs. We have found an increased prevalence of ectasia and aneurysmal disease in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) suggesting a link between plasma lipoproteins and coronary aneurysms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 197 asymptomatic subjects with FH, we examined the prevalence of ectasia and its association with coronary risk factors. An ectatic segment was defined as one with a luminal diameter > 1.5 times that of the adjacent normal segment, excluding poststenotic dilation. Among subjects with FH, 15% had ectasia compared with 2.5% of an age- and sex-matched control group of 198 subjects without FH presenting for coronary angiography (P < .001). These control patients had significantly more severe coronary atherosclerosis than patients with FH. Ectasia was 3 times more common in men than women (P < .025). Neither age nor hypertension was predictive. Although in part reflecting the striking sex differential, ectasia was strongly associated with a lower HDL cholesterol level (P = .003), a higher LDL/HDL ratio (P = .003), and to a lesser extent, a higher LDL cholesterol level (P = .07). No association was found with plasma triglycerides or very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Among FH patients, ectasia was strongly associated with an overall index of occlusive atherosclerotic disease, based on quantitative angiography (P = .004). Intracoronary ultrasound interrogation of aneurysmal segments revealed circumferential intimal thickening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary ectasia is more prevalent in patients with FH than in other patients with coronary atherosclerosis and shows a strong inverse association with HDL cholesterol levels. This suggests that disordered lipoprotein metabolism in FH may predispose patients to aneurysmal coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sudhir
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ports
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Amidon
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhushan
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yock
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Malloy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003323:Coronary Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL