title: Perceived and actual risks of driving in patients with arrhythmia control devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We surveyed patient attitudes about driving and about driving restrictions for patients with automatic defibrillators and pacemakers, and we assessed risk of arrhythmias occurring during driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred two patients responded to a questionnaire (57 patients with defibrillators and 45 patients with pacemakers) about driving habits and opinions on restriction of patients who have devices and want to drive. In addition, the literature was reviewed for approximate incidences of sudden death and syncopal or nonsyncopal device therapy to estimate risk while driving of having a defibrillator discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients with defibrillators (56%) and 28 patients with pacemakers (62%) currently drove an average of 196 and 161 km/wk, respectively. Most patients felt that driving was a right and 75% felt that restriction imposed a hardship on them. Respondents felt that common sense, limited distances, or physician input should set driving limitations. A minority felt that no restrictions should be placed on these drivers or that they should not drive at all. The risks of sudden death and syncopal and nonsyncopal defibrillator discharge were estimated at 0.0009%, 0.0011%, and 0.0015% per kilometer driven, respectively, based on weekly kilometers and published occurrences of these phenomena.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients perceive that driving is their right and that there is a low risk of an arrhythmic event behind the wheel. The estimated risk and published accounts of sudden death support this. However, concurrent medical problems and stresses imposed by driving may increase risk. The physician must make reasonable recommendations to ensure patient and public safety, keeping in mind both state and federal driving regulations and reporting requirements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beauregard
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Waxman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003376:Counseling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010819:Physician's Role; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States