title: Alcoholism in manic-depressive (bipolar) illness: familial illness, course of illness, and the primary-secondary distinction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This 5-year follow-up study was designed to explore the factors that might lead to alcoholism in patients with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied patients with bipolar illness (70 with alcoholism and 161 without), their relatives, and a comparison group composed of relatives' acquaintances. All were evaluated with versions of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, and diagnoses were made according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Thirty of the bipolar alcoholic patients whose affective disorder was primary were also compared with 34 whose alcoholism was primary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholism was more frequent in the bipolar patients than in the comparison subjects. There no significant differences between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic bipolar patients in family history of alcoholism or affective disorders, suggesting that bipolar illness with alcoholism is not explicable by a family history of alcoholism and that the alcoholism seen in bipolar illness is dissimilar to alcoholism as a primary disorder. Alcoholism associated with bipolar illness was more likely to remit than primary alcoholism. There was no significant difference in family history between the patients with primary alcoholism and those with primary bipolar disorder. The patients with primary alcoholism had significantly fewer episodes of affective disorder during followup, suggesting that their type of bipolar illness was less severe and may have needed the added insult of alcoholism to make it manifest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the idea that not all alcoholism is primary with a corresponding familial diathesis. Rather, alcoholism associated with bipolar disorder is often a secondary complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maser
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales