title: Confocal image analysis of spatial variations in immunocytochemically identified calmodulin during pollen hydration, germination and pollen tube tip growth in Nicotiana tabacum L.
abstract: Using monoclonal anti-calmodulin antibodies in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy we have analysed the spatial variations in the distribution pattern of calmodulin (CaM) during the sequential events of pollen hydration, germination and tube growth in Nicotiana tabacum. These immunocytochemical observations have been complemented by immunochemical studies wherein the anti-calmodulin antibody raised against pea CaM recognises a polypeptide of c. 18 kDa in the pollen extracts. Digitisation of confocally acquired optical sections of immunofluorescence images reveals that in hydrated pollen a high level of CaM is consistently present in the region of the germinal apertures. Subsequently, with the onset of germination a high CaM concentration was found associated with the plasma membrane of the germination bubble and in the cytoplasm in its vicinity, while in the vegetative cytoplasm a weak diffuse and intense punctate signal was registered. CaM immunostain was also detected in association with the plasma membrane of the tube tips in both short and long pollen tubes. Furthermore, the cytosol of the tubes invariably manifested an apically focused CaM gradient. We were, however, unable to detect any vacuolar association of CaM in the older regions of the pollen tubes. Although punctate immunostain was obvious across the pollen tube numerous punctate structures were invariably present in the extreme tip. The possible implications of these findings in development of cell polarity, polarised growth, maintenance of calcium homeostasis and CaM interactions with other mechanochemical motor proteins in effecting propulsion of organelles during pollen hydration, germination and pollen tube growth are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Tirlapur
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moscatelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Casino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiezzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cresti
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018525:Germination; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011058:Pollen; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D014867:Water