title: Esophageal hypomotility in primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: comparison of esophageal scintigraphy with manometry.
abstract: Esophageal motility was assessed by manometry and scintigraphy in 25 patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and 24 patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon as part of a connective tissue disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each scintigraphic study, transit time was evaluated after three separate swallows. Scintigraphy was abnormal if transit time was longer than 15 sec for two or three measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the case of primary Raynaud's phenomenon, manometry was normal in 24 of 25 patients. A similar ratio was found with scintigraphy. In the case of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon manometry was abnormal in 15 of 24 patients, while scintigraphy was abnormal in 13 of 24 patients. Considering manometry as gold standard, overall sensitivity of scintigraphy was 86%, specificity 89%, positive predictive value 75% and negative predictive value 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal dysfunction is common in patients with connective tissue disorders but rare in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Esophageal scintigraphy is a useful noninvasive initial screening test for esophageal dysfunction in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Limburg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beekhuis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Piers
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kleibeuker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*