title: Transdermal nicotine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers. Having found previously that treatment with transdermal nicotine patches and mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) has a beneficial effect on active colitis, we examined the value of transdermal nicotine for the maintenance of remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 80 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission with either transdermal nicotine or placebo patches for six months in a randomized, double-blind study. Incremental doses of nicotine were given for the first three weeks to achieve a maintenance dose; most patients tolerated 15 mg for 16 hours daily. All patients were taking mesalamine preparations as maintenance treatment at entry into the study; this treatment was stopped once the maintenance dose of nicotine was achieved. Clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic assessments were made at the beginning and the end of the study, or at relapse. Side effects and serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations were monitored throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the number of relapses between the groups. Twenty-two patients in the nicotine group were prematurely withdrawn from the study, 14 because of relapse and 8 for other reasons, including side effects and protocol violations. In the placebo group, 20 patients were withdrawn prematurely, 17 because of relapse and 3 for other reasons. Among patients using 15-mg nicotine patches, serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations were lower than expected and may reflect poor compliance. Side effects were reported by 35 patients--21 in the nicotine group and 14 in the placebo group--the most common of which were nausea, lightheadedness, and itching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine alone was no better than placebo in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis, and premature withdrawal due to side effects was more common in the nicotine group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feyerabend
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine