title: Beyond measurement: fourth-generation evaluation in nursing.
abstract: Whoever believes that the 'scientific' method should not be the sole approach to quality assurance and evaluation research may be attracted to fourth-generation evaluation. The first three generations of evaluation have been categorized as 'measurement-orientated', 'objective-orientated' and 'judgement-orientated', whereas fourth-generation evaluation is 'negotiation-orientated'. In the present paper the author embarks on a description of these generations and makes suggestions for the implementation of fourth-generation evaluation in the health care setting. The appeal of fourth-generation evaluation is that it argues for all 'stakeholders' to have a right to place their claims, concerns and issues on the negotiating table. The evaluator acts as a facilitator of the evaluation process. 'Stakeholders' refers to all people in the setting who are affected by the evaluation, including managers, evaluators, medical and nursing staff. Participation of patients/clients is central in the negotiation process.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D017008:Negotiating; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000379:methods*; D009736:Nursing Process; D010358:Patient Participation; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care