title: Infections after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: observations in 335 patients over 10 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of infection after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator and the management of this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  335 consecutive patients who had a cardioverter-defibrillator implanted between January 1984 and December 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of infection within the first month after implantation (early infection) and after the first month (late infection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infections associated with cardioverter-defibrillator devices occurred in 13 patients (3.9%) during a mean follow up of 22 (11) months. All patients had general signs of inflammation, fever (> 37.5 degrees C), and leucocytosis (> 10,000/ml) with or without purulent drainage. Five patients (38%) had infections during the first implantation, whereas eight patients (62%) had infections after replacement of the pulse generator. Early infection was observed in four patients (31%) and late infection in nine (69%). Incidence of infection was higher in patients who underwent epicardial cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (12/207 patients, 5.8%) than in those who received nonthoracotomy lead systems (1/125 patients, 0.8%) (P < 0.05). Infections were caused by staphyloccocus in 10 patients, pseudomonas in two patients, and streptococcus in one patient. The whole device had to be removed in all patients. During a mean follow up of 39 (29) months seven patients died: six of congestive heart failure and one of myocardial reinfarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection, one of the most serious complications after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. When infection occurs the system must be removed to avoid a fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pfitzner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wenzlaff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents