title: Biliary tract complications after liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence, type, and treatment of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety consecutive adults who underwent 220 orthotopic liver transplantations with biliary reconstruction between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1993, with follow-up of all survivors to May 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence, type, and treatment of biliary complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biliary complications were identified in 65 of the 190 patients who underwent biliary reconstruction (49 of 147 with choledochocholedochostomy and 16 of 43 with Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy). The group with complications who had choledochocholedochostomy had 32 biliary leaks (22 T-tube related), 11 strictures or obstructions, and six cases of choledocholithiasis. Twelve percent of choledochocholedochostomies were converted to choledochojejunostomies, while 26 of 49 biliary complications in patients who had choledochocholedochostomies were treated nonoperatively. Elective removal of T tubes resulted in biliary leak in 15 of 89 patients, treated nonoperatively in 12. Leaks (unrelated to scheduled removal of the tube) occurred earlier than strictures (choledochocholedochostomy, mean +/- SEM 25.6 +/- 5.8 vs 184.7 +/- 61.0 days; choledochojejunostomy, 13.4 +/- 4.4 vs 521.0 +/- 142.0 days) and were more often treated operatively (choledochocholedochostomy, 14 of 17 vs three of seven; choledochojejunostomy, four of five vs three of eight). Three deaths were associated with early biliary leaks, all in patients with preexisting multiorgan dysfunction. There was no significant difference in the incidence of biliary complications by type of reconstruction, year of transplantation, age, UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) status, preservation time, or indication for transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biliary complications are common after orthotopic liver transplantation but are rarely an isolated cause of death. Stenting of the choledochocholedochostomy or choledochojejunostomy anastomosis does not prevent strictures, and T tubes are associated with a high incidence of biliary leakage on removal. Nonoperative interventions have an increasing role in the treatment of biliary complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000713:Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D002423:Cause of Death; D002768:Choledochostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000209:etiology; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate