title: Does prenatal care improve birth outcomes? A critical review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate evidence that prenatal care improves birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE data base was searched for appropriate studies for the years 1966-1994; a review of published studies was also conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published observational and experimental studies of prenatal care that met specified criteria were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were graded based on the system used by the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Data were assessed using established criteria for the evaluation of prenatal interventions: temporal relationship, biologic plausibility, consistency, alternative explanations, dose-response, strength of association, and cessation effects. Current evidence did not satisfy the criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal care has not been demonstrated to improve birth outcomes conclusively. However, policymakers deciding on funding for prenatal care must consider these findings in the context of prenatal care's overall benefits and potential cost-effectiveness. Cost-effective reductions in low birth weight deliveries may be beyond the statistical powers of detection of current studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fiscella
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States