Acute stress or corticosterone administration reduces responsiveness to nicotine: implications for a mechanism of conditioned tolerance.
We have shown that conditioned tolerance develops to some of the behavioral and endocrine effects of nicotine in rats. Other investigators have suggested that tolerance to multiple nicotine injections in mice may be due, in part, to elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, since repeated nicotine injections are associated with elevated CORT, chronically elevated CORT reduces nicotine responsiveness and adrenalectomy disrupts nicotine tolerance. Three experiments tested the feasibility of this hypothesis, as a mechanism for conditioned nicotine tolerance in rats, by determining whether acute administration of CORT or manipulations that increase adrenocortical activity reduce nicotine responsiveness. In experiment 1, male rats were injected IP with CORT (1 mg/kg), vehicle (ETOH + distilled water) or no injection 10 min before nicotine (0.75 mg/kg, SC) and tested for nicotine-induced analgesia every other day for 10 days. A significant reduction in withdrawal latencies was obtained for CORT pretreated rats compared to animals given only nicotine. A similar reduction was produced by the vehicle pretreatment, which itself induced an elevation of endogenous CORT. Experiments 2 and 3 established that similar effects could be produced by doses of CORT as low as 0.125 mg/kg or by exposure to a novel environment which also elevated CORT levels. Results also suggest that a conditioned release of endogenous CORT was triggered by stimuli associated with nicotine delivery. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a conditioned release of CORT could contribute to the development of tolerance to some of nicotine's effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Caggiula
A R
AR
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
Epstein
L H
LH
Antelman
S M
SM
Saylor
S
S
Knopf
S
S
Perkins
K A
KA
Stiller
R
R
D000818:Animals; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
D009538:Nicotine; D003345:Corticosterone