title: Treatment of verapamil overdose with glucagon in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glucagon as a treatment for the hemodynamic effects of verapamil overdose in a canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in a nonblinded, controlled animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pentobarbital-anesthetized and instrumented dogs were maintained and observed for 60 minutes or until death. All animals were overdosed with 15 mg/kg i.v. verapamil over 30 minutes. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, ECG, and cardiac output were monitored. The experimental group received a 2.5 mg glucagon i.v. bolus followed by a glucagon drip at 2.5 mg/hr. The control group received an equal volume of i.v. normal saline solution in the same fashion. Analysis was performed with the Dunnett and Tukey-Kramer methods, with alpha set at .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were eight experimental and seven control animals, with mortality rates of 0% and 29%, respectively. The experimental group had increases in cardiac output and heart rate that were statistically significant at 45 and 60 minutes compared with those of the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference in heart rate at 30 minutes. No difference was noted between the groups for mean arterial pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucagon appears to reverse both the bradycardia and the depressed cardiac output associated with verapamil overdose in a canine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005934:Glucagon / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014700:Verapamil / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D005934:Glucagon; D014700:Verapamil