title: Nickel release from metals, and a case of allergic contact dermatitis from stainless steel.
abstract: The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by nickel is increasing. The probable cause is the increased use of nickel-containing metals in intimate contact with the skin. The critical factor is the amount of nickel released from these metals (bioavailable nickel) onto the skin. In the present study, we determined, with flame atomic absorbtion spectrometry, the amount of nickel released into synthetic sweat from metal samples. The results of this method were compared with the results of the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test, which is considered to be a reliable means of identifying whether nickel-containing metals may cause allergy symptoms in sensitive individuals. Out of 10 samples studied, only small amounts (< 0.5 microgram/cm2/week) were released from 2 samples, and the DMG test was negative. From 5 samples, more than 0.5 microgram/cm2/week was released, and the DMG test was positive. For 3 samples, however, the DMG test was negative, though the flame atomic absorption spectrometry test showed considerable release of nickel. Therefore, although the DMG test can be used as a first line test for determining nickel release, some DMG-negative metal materials probably induce nickel sensitization, and should by no means be advertised as safe in this respect. We also report a nickel-allergic patient who developed ACD from stainless steel, indicating that some types of stainless steel release enough nickel to elicit allergic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kanerva
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sipiläinen-Malm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Estlander
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zitting
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jolanki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tarvainen
mesh_terms: D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010091:Oximes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010091:Oximes; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013501:dimethylglyoxime; D009532:Nickel