title: Control of DNA replication by protein phosphorylation.
abstract: Protein phosphorylation is a versatile posttranslational modification and the most eminent molecular mechanism that can regulate enzymatic activities, emergence of cells from quiescence, DNA replication and onset of mitosis, gene expression, nuclear import, development, and memory. The cell cycle is mainly regulated by p34cdc2 in association with cyclins B at G2/M and by Cdk2 in association with cyclins A, D1, and E at G1/S checkpoints. MAP kinases might link the G0 to G1 transition with the regulation of the cell cycle whereas phosphorylation of replication protein factors, c-Myc, AP-1, Oct-1, T-antigen, retinoblastoma, and p53 might link the G1 to S transition with the control of DNA synthesis. These transcription regulators can up- or downregulate DNA replication and their DNA binding activities or transacting properties are controlled by phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medical Sciences, Palo Alto, California 94306.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boulikas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / Q000378:metabolism; D051716:Replication Protein A; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497167:RPA1 protein, human; D051716:Replication Protein A; D014157:Transcription Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases