title: Maternal volume homeostasis in early pregnancy in relation to fetal growth restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that volume adaptation in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) is already abnormal very early in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In six pregnancies later complicated by FGR, volume homeostasis in the first 8 weeks was compared to that in ten normal pregnancies. Creatinine clearance, volume-dependent hormones, hemodilution-related variables, and ultrasonic cardiovascular dimensions were measured weekly between weeks 5 and 10, in the second and third trimesters, and postpartum. Differences between the two groups were analyzed by nonparametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very early in pregnancy, pregnancies complicated by FGR differed from normal pregnancies in the following ways: smaller left atrial diameter, smaller collapsible part of the inferior vena cava, lower serum sodium concentration, and smaller fall in serum creatinine and urea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal growth restriction is preceded by defective volume adaptation very early in pregnancy. It appears that the maternal compensation mechanisms are unable to resolve the transient state of vascular underfill seen in this period in normal gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Duvekot
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cheriex
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Menheere
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Peeters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D014463:Ultrasonography