title: Fetal and infant growth and cardiovascular risk factors in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether cardiovascular risk factors in women are related to fetal and infant growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow up study of women born 1923-30 whose birth weights and weights at one year were recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hertfordshire.
  
  
  METHODS
  297 women born and still living in East Hertfordshire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during a standard oral glucose tolerance test; fasting plasma proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin concentrations; blood pressure; fasting serum total, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein A I and B concentrations; and plasma fibrinogen and factor VII concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and 32-33 split proinsulin fell with increasing birth weight (P = 0.04, P = 0.002, and P = 0.0002 respectively, when current body mass index was allowed for). Glucose and insulin concentrations 120 minutes after an oral glucose load showed similar trends (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). Systolic blood pressure, waist:hip ratio, and serum triglyceride concentrations also fell with increasing birth weight (P = 0.08, P = 0.07, and P = 0.07 respectively), while serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations rose (P = 0.04). At each birth weight women who currently had a higher body mass index had higher levels of risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women, as in men, reduced fetal growth leads to insulin resistance and the associated disorders: raised blood pressure and high serum triglyceride and low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The highest values of these coronary risk factors occur in people who were small at birth and became obese. In contrast with men, low rates of infant growth did not predict levels of risk factors in women.
authors.affiliation: MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hales
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stirling
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Meade
mesh_terms: D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids