title: Cytokine generation in stored, white cell-reduced, and bacterially contaminated units of red cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proinflammatory cytokines were measured in the supernatant portion of stored, bacterially contaminated, and/or white cell (WBC)-reduced units of red cells (RBCs). Previous studies from this laboratory and others have shown that cytokines are generated in platelet concentrates during storage. This earlier work has been expanded to the study of stored RBCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Units of AS-1 RBCs (n = 10 non-WBC-reduced; n = 10 WBC-reduced) were obtained from a regional blood center, and each was split on Day 3 of storage into three equal portions by sterile techniques. One portion was kept sterile (control), and the other two were inoculated with Yersinia enterocolitica and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, at 1 to 3 colony-forming units per mL. The RBCs were stored at 1 to 6 degrees C for 42 days. Sequential samples were taken during storage and assayed for interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin 6, WBC count, and bacteria count. For the WBC-reduced group (n = 10), WBC removal was done by filtration on Day 3 of storage, before bacterial inoculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-8 was detected in the supernatant portion of all 42-day-old, non-WBC-reduced (mean WBCs = 4760 +/- 3870/microL) units of AS-1 RBCs at levels ranging from 63 to 1610 pg per mL. By contrast, at 2 to 3 days of storage, lower levels of IL-8 (range, 0-280 pg/mL) were detected in the same units. IL-8 levels increased progressively during storage in most (7/10) units. The highest mean levels of IL-8 were reached by outdate at Day 42. Y. enterocolitica-contaminated units had statistically higher levels of IL-8, with a range of 170 to 2100 pg per mL, by 42 days of storage. S. aureus grew poorly in stored units of RBCs and failed to further stimulate cytokine production. No WBC-reduced unit (mean WBCs = 0.5 +/- 0.6/microL), even when contaminated with bacteria, had more than 260 pg per mL of IL-8. Although IL-1 beta was not detected in any unit of RBCs at 3 days of storage, it increased to low levels (5-13 pg/mL) in all units tested at 42 days. Interleukin 6 was not detected in any unit at any storage time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-8 and IL-1 beta accumulated in the supernatants of stored RBCs despite cold storage conditions. IL-8 reached levels > 1000 pg per mL in the supernatants of some RBC units. IL-1 beta increased to significant but low levels (< 13 pg/mL). WBC filtration early in storage prevented the accumulation of IL-8. The physiologic significance to transfusion recipients of IL-8 in RBC supernatants is currently unknown and deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baril
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Napychank
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D001793:Blood Preservation; D002469:Cell Separation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8