title: Spread of bloodborne viruses among Australian prison entrants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess spread of bloodborne viruses among prison entrants in Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voluntary confidential testing of all prison entrants for markers of exposure to bloodborne viruses with collection of minimal data on demography and risk factors over 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Her Majesty's Prisons, Pentridge and Fairlea, Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  3429 male and 198 female prison entrants (> 99% of all prison entrants); 344 entered prison and were tested more than once.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and incidence of antibodies to HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses, and minimal data on risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1562 (46%) gave a history of use of injected drugs, 1171 (33%) had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 1418 (39%) were anti-hepatitis C positive including 914 (64%) of the men who injected drugs, 91 (2.5%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, and 17 (0.47%) were positive for antibody to HIV. Incidence rates for infection with hepatitis B and C virus were 12.6 and 18.3 per 100 person years, respectively; in men who injected drugs and were aged less than 30 years (29% of all prison entrants) these were 21 and 41 per 100 person years. Seroconversion to hepatitis B or C was associated with young age and shorter stay in prison. Only 5% of those who were not immune to hepatitis B reported hepatitis B immunisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatitis B and C are spreading rapidly through some populations of injecting drug users in Victoria, particularly among men aged less than 30 years at risk of imprisonment in whom rates of spread are extreme; this group constitutes a sizeable at risk population for spread of HIV. This spread is occurring in a context of integrated harm reduction measures outside prisons for prevention of viral spread but few programmes within or on transition from prisons; it poses an urgent challenge to these programmes.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and International Health Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre of Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crofts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hearne
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Breshkin
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Locarnini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens