title: Pastes: what do they contain? How do they work?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pastes are semisolid stiff preparations containing a high proportion of finely powdered material. Powders such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, starch, kaolin or talc are incorporated in high concentrations into a preferably lipophilic, greasy vehicle. A clinically distinctive feature which is generally attributed to pastes is the quality to absorb exudates by nature of the powder or other absorptive components. Reviewing the various pharmacopoeias serious doubts arise from the various formulas of pastes and their absorptive features. The zinc oxide pastes of the USP XXII, the DAB 10 and BP 88 (US, German and British pharmacopoeias). are composed of petrolatum, zinc oxide and starch. Petrolatum, a highly lipophilic, water-immiscible vehicle surrounds the powder particles preventing any absorption of water or exudates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of our investigation was to test a simple experimental setting to characterize the clinically important absorptive feature of powders and pastes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The absorptive features of the powders were determined by the method of Enslin. The absorptive features of the paste preparations were calculated from the weight difference between the paste preparation before and after incubation with water using a simple standardized procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absorptive features of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, kaolin, corn starch and methylcellulose powder in pharmacopoeia quality were determined. Zinc oxide and kaolin powder showed the highest absorption of 1,000 mg water/g powder (100%). The water absorption of corn starch and titanium dioxide was 700 and 450 mg/g powder, respectively. The absorptive features of a series of paste preparations were studied in a simple experimental setting. The data show that two-phase pastes consisting of two immiscible components, one (the dispersed or inner phase; powder) being suspended in the other (the continuous or outer phase; lipophilic vehicle), have no absorptive features. In contrast, three-phase pastes consisting of a hydrophilic two-phase emulsion with high concentrations of incorporated powder (cream pastes) show considerable water uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the classical two-phase pastes such as the zinc oxide pastes have no absorptive features. On the contrary, these formulations are highly occlusive. Therefore lipophilic pastes are only indicated when protection of intact skin against aggressive body exudates and humidity is required. The hydrophilic three-phase pastes or cream pastes show considerable water uptake and fulfil common expectations of pastes to dry the skin.
authors.affiliation: Spirig AG, Pharmazeutische Präparate, Egerkingen, Schweiz.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Juch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rufli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Surber
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D007616:Kaolin / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D009824:Ointments / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D019301:Oleic Acid; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000074241:Peanut Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011208:Powders / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012841:Simethicone / Q000737:chemistry; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D013535:Suspensions / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids; D009824:Ointments; D009829:Oleic Acids; D000074241:Peanut Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D011208:Powders; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water; C009495:titanium dioxide; D007616:Kaolin; D019301:Oleic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D008899:Mineral Oil; D012841:Simethicone; D008747:Methylcellulose; C009314:polyethylene glycol monostearate; D013213:Starch; D014025:Titanium; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide