title: The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness.
abstract: John Dalton described his own color blindness in 1794. In common with his brother, he confused scarlet with green and pink with blue. Dalton supposed that his vitreous humor was tinted blue, selectively absorbing longer wavelengths. He instructed that his eyes should be examined after his death, but the examination revealed that the humors were perfectly clear. In experiments presented here, DNA extracted from his preserved eye tissue showed that Dalton was a deuteranope, lacking the middlewave photopigment of the retina. This diagnosis is shown to be compatible with the historical record of his phenotype, although it contradicts Thomas Young's belief that Dalton was a protanope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dulai
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bowmaker
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mollon
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002621:Chemistry / Q000266:history*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history*; D004739:England; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017299:Rod Opsins