title: Improved control of invasive cervical cancer in Sweden over six decades by earlier clinical detection and better treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer of the cervix uteri can be controlled by cytologic screening for the detection of precursor lesions, but such intervention remains unrealistic in many countries in which this cancer is common. The possibility of reducing mortality by earlier clinical detection, followed by basic therapy, has never been properly assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compiled records of incident cases of invasive cancer of the cervix diagnosed in a defined area of Sweden from 1930 through 1990. In a cohort of 6,044 women, we analyzed temporal trends in incidence and survival by clinical stage and age at diagnosis. Generalized proportional hazards models were used to study several factors simultaneously and quantify the overall reduction in mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each successive stage at diagnosis, the overall risk of dying increased 2.5-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4 to 2.7). From 1930, a marked improvement in stage distribution was accompanied by increasing survival rates in stages I and II disease. These changes largely took place before the introduction of screening and external-beam radiation. The 10-year relative survival rate increased from 33% in the 1930s to approximately 55% in the 1950s and thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in public and professional awareness of cervical cancer resulted in diagnoses at earlier clinical stages. The rate of cure in early stages improved when basic local treatment was introduced, but only little of the progress was attributable to the introduction of more advanced treatment technologies. These findings offer considerable hope for a substantial reduction in the mortality of cervical cancer without cytologic screening, even in countries with limited resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sparén
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pontén
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy