title: Effusion criteria and clinical importance of glenohumeral joint fluid: MR imaging evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical importance of glenohumeral joint (GHJ) fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of GHJ fluid in 17 volunteers and 208 consecutive patients was graded at magnetic resonance imaging with T2-weighted fat-suppressed coronal oblique images by two blinded observers. Thorough historical data and physical examination results were available for 108 patients. Presence and grade of GHJ fluid were correlated with age, sex, presence of osteophytes activity scale, supraspinatus tenderness, clinical impingement, prior subacromial injections, rotator cuff tears (RCTs), joint tenderness, joint pain, and history of trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GHJ fluid was seen in 40% (n = 83) of patients and in only 6% (n = 1) of volunteers. The volume of fluid correlated with osteophytes (P = .04), increasing age (P = .0001), and RCTs (P = .005). No correlation was found with activity rating, focal tenderness, joint pain, diagnosis of impingement, impingement grade, supraspinatus insertional tenderness, subacromial injection, prior trauma, or sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of GHJ fluid appears to be abnormal and in most cases is related to RCTs and osteoarthritis. It seems to be unrelated to activity, tenderness, or impingement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Magbalon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fenlin
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Frieman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006833:Hydrarthrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D013582:Synovial Fluid; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis