title: Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparison of alfentanil-midazolam and meperidine-diazepam.
abstract: The authors studied the efficacy and cost of substituting sedation using midazolam and alfentanil for the existing regimen of diazepam and meperidine in patients requiring upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Sixty consenting subjects were randomized to receive either meperidine 50 mg with diazepam approximately 90 micrograms.kg-1 (Group D) or alfentanil 250 micrograms with midazolam approximately 50 micrograms.kg-1 (Group M). Endoscope insertion time, patient acceptance, apnoeic or desaturation episodes were noted by a physician observer. Pulse oximetry was used to monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) during endoscopy. Subjects performed four-choice reaction time (4CRT) tests before, 30 and 60 min after endoscopy, and were assessed for nausea or dizziness and their ability to stand and walk. During endoscopy, insertion time was shorter (84 +/- 45 sec vs 122 +/- 83 sec, P < 0.03) and fewer aversive movements occurred (0.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.7 +/- 2.4, P < 0.005) in Group M than Group D. No subject in either group suffered any apnoea or prolonged desaturation requiring supplemental oxygen. Irrespective of treatment group, greater decreases in SpO2 (6.1 +/- 3.4% vs 3.6 +/- 2.2% P < 0.001) occurred in subjects > 45 yr of age than in subjects < or = 45 yr. During recovery 4CRT values at 30 min after endoscopy were longer (723 +/- 226 msec vs 594 +/- 139 msec, P < 0.005) in Group M than in Group D but not after 60 min. It was concluded that the small differences in endoscopy conditions and greater sedation during the first 30 min of recovery did not justify the additional cost of using midazolam and alfentnil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D015760:Alfentanil; D008614:Meperidine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam