title: Direct interaction and N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun by c-Mil/Raf.
abstract: c-Mil is the avian homologue of the mammalian serine/threonine kinase c-Raf-1. c-Mil/Raf is a mediator of signal transduction leading to gene expression via the c-Jun DNA-binding site, AP-1. Here we show that c-Mil immunopurified from MC29-virus-transformed quail fibroblasts phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro near its N terminus (Ser-63 and -73). Furthermore, the viral oncogene product Gag-Mil of the avian wild-type retrovirus MH2 phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro. A contribution by other known kinases phosphorylating c-Jun, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinases, was excluded by control reactions. c-Raf-1 and c-Jun directly interact in vitro as shown by various immobilized glutathione S-transferase-Raf fusion proteins which specify the cysteine-rich region of c-Mil/Raf as the major N-terminal binding site. An additional minor binding site is located in the C-terminal region. The biological relevance of these results is demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation of c-Jun and c-Mil from 32P-labeled MC29- and MH2-transformed fibroblasts as well as normal quail embryo fibroblasts, whereby c-Jun was identified by tryptic phosphopeptide analysis. The complexed c-Jun exhibits a decreased electrophoretic mobility corresponding to a more highly phosphorylated state. Cell fractionation analyses indicate that the c-Mil/c-Jun complex is located in the cytoplasm. The data demonstrate that c-Jun can be a direct target of the protein kinase c-Mil/Raf, suggesting an alternative pathway, which leads to c-Jun phosphorylation independent of the MAPKs and MAPK-related proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universität Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radziwill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niehof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rommel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moelling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D003370:Coturnix; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf