title: Epidemic gonococcal conjunctivitis in central Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an epidemic of gonococcal conjunctivitis in central Australian Aboriginal children, the responsible phenotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, factors facilitating spread and treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of patients with laboratory confirmed or clinical gonococcal conjunctivitis diagnosed from January to July 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Alice Springs and Barkly Tablelands Health Districts of the Northern Territory, the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands of South Australia and the Ngaanyatjarra Homelands of Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were identified from surveillance data and laboratory notifications, and by active case finding. A community survey explored risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-specific attack rates, auxotype/serovar characterisation of isolates, and clinical response to single dose treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 432 cases. The highest attack rate was in the 0-4 year age group (86 per 1000), and the risk of conjunctivitis decreased with age. The odds ratio of secondary infection in household compared with community contacts was 14.5 (P < 0.002; 95% CI, 1.8-120.0). Disease was less common in children with clean faces and hands. The outbreak occurred after unseasonable rains and large community gatherings. Isolates were predominantly IA serovars, less common among central Australian serovars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trigger for nonsexually transmitted gonococcal conjunctivitis epidemics remains obscure. Age is a significant risk factor and social and ecological factors may also contribute. Active case finding within affected households and treatment with a suitable penicillin is effective in stopping transmission.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merianos
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Condon
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tapsall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayathissa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rouse
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003234:Conjunctivitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping