title: Meal frequency influences circulating hormone levels but not lipogenesis rates in humans.
abstract: To determine whether human lipogenesis is influenced by the frequency of meal consumption, 12 subjects were divided into two groups and fed isocaloric nutritionally adequate liquid diets over 3 days, either as three larger diurnal (n = 6) or as six small, evenly spaced (n = 6) meals per day. On day 2 (08:00 h) of each diet period, 0.7 g deuterium (D) oxide/kg body water was administered and blood was collected every 4 hours over 48 hours for measurement of plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels. At each time point, the incorporation of D into plasma triglyceride fatty acid (TG-FA) was also determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry after TG-FA extraction and combustion/reduction. Insulin and GIP levels were elevated over daytime periods in subjects fed three versus six meals per day. Contribution of de novo synthesis to total TG-FA production was not significantly different for days 2 and 3 in subjects consuming three (6.56% +/- 1.32% and 6.64% +/- 2.08%, respectively) and six (7.67% +/- 2.29% and 7.88% +/- 1.46%, respectively) meals per day. Net TG-FA synthesis rates over days 2 and 3 were 1.47 +/- 0.33 and 1.55 +/- 0.53 g/d, respectively, for subjects fed three meals per day, and 1.64 +/- 0.47 and 1.69 +/- 0.30 g/d for subjects fed six meals per day. These findings suggest that consuming fewer but larger daily meals is not accompanied by increases in TG-FA synthesis, despite the observation of hormonal peaks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Namchuk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pederson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D017666:Deuterium Oxide