title: Caffeine and nicotine improve visual tracking by rats: a comparison with amphetamine, cocaine and apomorphine.
abstract: Psychomotor stimulant drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine and cocaine, have been shown to improve vigilance in man under conditions of fatigue. Nicotine has also been shown to improve performance in some cognitive tests in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In rodents these drugs increase activity which may confound "performance enhancing effects" in rodent models. However, improvements have been found in a number of tests that do not seem to be directly dependent upon an enhancement of locomotor activation. In one example, Evenden and Robbins (1985) reported consistent improvements in a visual tracking test following amphetamine. The present study was undertaken to determine whether these performance enhancing effects of amphetamine could also be obtained with cocaine and apomorphine, which both have psychomotor stimulant effects through their actions as, respectively, indirect and direct dopamine agonists, and by caffeine and nicotine, which do not have a direct dopaminergic mechanism of action. The results of the study indicate that all five drugs improved tracking performance at one or more doses. The most consistent effects were obtained with amphetamine which, like cocaine and nicotine, improved tracking at a dose which did not produce other changes in behaviour. Taking into account previous studies (Evenden and Robbins 1983, 1985), these results were interpreted as indicating that psychomotor stimulant drugs produce a general activation of behaviour. At all but the highest doses of such drugs, the form of behaviour that is observed depends upon the environment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Merck Sharpe and Dohme Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Evenden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jennings
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine; D000661:Amphetamine; D003042:Cocaine; D001058:Apomorphine