title: Epiluminescence microscopy. A useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists.
abstract: METHODS
  Epiluminescence microscopy (ELM) is a noninvasive technique that, by employing the optical phenomenon of oil immersion, makes subsurface structures of the skin accessible for in vivo examination and thus provides additional criteria for the clinical diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. At present, almost all studies about the value and clinical importance of ELM are based on data derived from ELM experts (ie, dermatologists specifically trained in this technique). In the present study, we attempt to determine whether the clinical diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions is significantly improved using ELM and whether ELM-trained individuals and dermatologists not trained in this technique profit equally from this technique. Randomly selected histologically proven pigmented skin lesion specimens, photographed with (ELM) and without oil immersion (surface microscopy) were presented by slide projection to six ELM experts and 13 ELM nonexperts (ie, dermatologists not formally trained in ELM) for diagnosis. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ELM experts and nonexperts with and without the oil immersion technique (ie, ELM vs surface microscopy), the following parameters were obtained: intraobserver and interobserver agreement by kappa statistics and sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that by using the ELM technique the ELM experts reach a substantially better intraobserver agreement than nonexperts (median kappa, 0.56 vs 0.36). The interobserver agreement was markedly increased in the ELM experts group (average gain, 7%) but decreased in the ELM nonexperts group (average loss, 6%). The sensitivity of diagnosis was significantly increased in the ELM experts group (average gain, 10%), but decreased in the nonexperts group (average loss, 10%). Finally, the specificity of diagnosis was excellent in the ELM experts group, both with and without oil immersion (0.91) and was somewhat improved by ELM in the nonexperts group (0.77 vs 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the ELM technique increases sensitivity in formally trained dermatologists, but may decrease the diagnostic ability in dermatologists not formally trained in the ELM technique. Consequently, formal broad-based training in ELM should be offered to the dermatologic community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaider
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pehamberger
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003880:Dermatology / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D015588:Observer Variation; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*