title: Optimal duration and temperature of prewarming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Core hypothermia developing immediately after induction of anesthesia results largely from an internal core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat. Although difficult to treat, redistribution can be prevented by prewarming. The benefits of prewarming may be limited by sweating, thermal discomfort, and efficacy of the warming device. Accordingly, the optimal heater temperature and minimum warming duration likely to substantially reduce redistribution hypothermia were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sweating, thermal comfort, and extremity heat content were evaluated in seven volunteers. They participated on two study days, each consisting of a 2-h control period followed by 2 h of forced-air warming with the heater set on "medium" (approximately 40 degrees C) or "high" (approximately 43 degrees C). Arm and leg tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular needle thermocouples, ten skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half the volunteers started sweating during the second hour of warming. None of the volunteers felt uncomfortably warm during the first hour of heating, but many subsequently did. With the heater set on "high," arm and leg heat content increased 69 kcal during the first 30 min of warming and 136 kcal during the first hour of warming, representing 38% and 75%, respectively, of the values observed after 2 h of warming. The increase was only slightly less when the heater was set to "medium."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither sweating nor thermal discomfort limited heat transfer during the first hour of warming. Thirty minutes of forced-air warming increased peripheral tissue heat content by more than the amount normally redistributed during the first hour of anesthesia. The large increase in arm and leg heat content during prewarming thus explains the observed efficacy of prewarming.
authors.affiliation: Thermoregulation Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Merrifield
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013997:Time Factors; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014664:Vasodilation