title: In-hospital mortality for surgical repair of congenital heart defects: preliminary observations of variation by hospital caseload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of hospital caseload on in-hospital mortality for pediatric congenital heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute care hospitals in California and Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, identified by the presence of procedure codes indicating surgical repair of a congenital heart defect in computerized statewide hospital discharge abstract databases. Cases were grouped into four categories based on the complexity of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for in-hospital death were estimated using generalized estimating equations that account for the intra-institutional correlation among patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2833 cases at 37 centers were identified. Compared with centers performing > 300 cases per year, after controlling for patient characteristics, centers performing < 10 cases per year had an OR for in-hospital death of 7.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.6-37.8]); 10 to 100 cases, OR = 2.9 (95% CI [1.6-5.3]); 101 to 300 cases, OR = 3.0 (95% CI [1.8-4.9]). Independent risk factors for mortality included procedure complexity category (P < .0001), use of cardiopulmonary bypass (P < .0001), young age at surgery (P = .001), and transfer from another acute care hospital (P < .0001). Few differences were found by hospital caseload in length of stay or total hospital charges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For children with a congenital heart defect who underwent surgery in California in 1988 or Massachusetts in 1989, the risk of dying in-hospital was much lower if the surgery was performed at an institution performing > 300 cases annually. This study was limited by the absence of clinical detail in discharge abstract databases. If these findings are corroborated by other studies, health care delivery strategies that direct children requiring surgical correction of congenital heart defects to high-volume centers may substantially reduce overall mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Newburger
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Iezzoni
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016507:Cardiology Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*