title: Establishment of a microbiologically acceptable daily intake of antimicrobial drug residues.
abstract: A model is presented to calculate the microbiologically acceptable daily intake (ADIm) of antibiotic residues in food products. The ADIm calculation is based on MIC values for indicator bacteria Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium spp. and Eubacterium spp., established under gut-like conditions in an in vitro simulation model. The maximum residue level (MRL) for residues in food products can be derived from the ADIm. Four phases can be distinguished in this gastro-intestinal simulation model, namely: 1. In vitro determination of the MIC for each bacterial strain by a standard method. 2. Incorporation of the drug into food (meat, milk) followed by testing of the stability of the antibiotic under gut-like conditions. 3. Adjustment of the 'gastric' fluid to the duodenal situation, inoculation with the test bacteria and anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for at least 18 h. 4. MIC reading confirmed by counting bacteria growing on specific solidified media. In this study the method for calculation of ADIm and MRL is given for flumequine as model drug. On the basis of MIC50 values for E. coli strains, a MRL for flumequine of 1.0 microgram/g meat or 0.25 microgram/ml milk was calculated. It is suggested that, depending on the antibacterial spectrum of the antibiotic involved, the ADIm can be determined with selected indicator bacteria, incubated under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT-DLO, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nouws
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Klingeren
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kruyswijk
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000187:drug effects; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects; D004064:Digestive System / Q000382:microbiology; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D002149:Energy Intake; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000187:drug effects; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008461:Meat Products / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D008954:Models, Biological; D011807:Quinolizines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011807:Quinolizines; C012976:flumequine