title: Effect of pleasant odors on mood of males at midlife: comparison of African-American and European-American men.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if daily use of colognes could elevate mood in middle-aged men. Sixty men ranging in age from 40 to 55 years participated in the study. Half were European-American and half were African-American. Mood ratings were obtained twice daily for 12 days using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS). The first 2 days of the experiment were used as baseline information to establish each man's mood prior to the administration of the colognes. The following 10 days of the study consisted of two conditions of 5 days each, the fragrance condition and the placebo condition. Main effects of condition (baseline, fragrance, placebo) were found for all POMS factors including tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion, as well as for the Total Mood Disturbance score (TMD). The scores for the fragrance condition were significantly better than those for the baseline condition for tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion factors, as well as for the TMD. Also, the scores for the fragrance condition were significantly better than those for the placebo condition for all factors and the TMD. There was a main effect for race, with European-American subjects having significantly worse scores for tension and fatigue and significantly better scores for depression than African-American subjects. An interaction was present between race and condition for the depression, vigor, and confusion factors. The main conclusion of this study was that use of pleasant odors improved the mood of males at midlife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Suggs
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sattely-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American