title: Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The specific brain regions involved in the normal emotional states of transient sadness or happiness are poorly understood. The authors therefore sought to determine if H2(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) might demonstrate changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) associated with transient sadness or happiness in healthy adult women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven healthy and never mentally ill adult women were scanned, by using PET and H2(15)O, during happy, sad, and neutral states induced by recalling affect-appropriate life events and looking at happy, sad, or neutral human faces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the neutral condition, transient sadness significantly activated bilateral limbic and paralimbic structures (cingulate, medial prefrontal, and mesial temporal cortex), as well as brainstem, thalamus, and caudate/putamen. In contrast, transient happiness had no areas of significantly increased activity but was associated with significant and widespread reductions in cortical rCBF, especially in the right prefrontal and bilateral temporal-parietal regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transient sadness and happiness in healthy volunteer women are accompanied by significant changes in regional brain activity in the limbic system, as well as other brain regions. Transient sadness and happiness affect different brain regions in divergent directions and are not merely opposite activity in identical brain regions. These findings have implications for understanding the neural substrates of both normal and pathological emotion.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ketter
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herscovitch
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes