title: Nonlinear relationship between circulating concentrations of reduced haloperidol and haloperidol: evaluation of possible mechanisms.
abstract: In patients taking haloperidol (HP), circulating concentrations of reduced haloperidol (RHP increase disproportionately to the dose or concentration of the parent drug. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the nonlinearity is due to preferential saturation of the reoxidation of RHP to HP, and two factors that could amplify the nonlinearity-concentration-dependent binding of RHP by plasma proteins, or by red blood cells. In 25 patients with schizophrenia who were taking HP, the unbound fraction of HP (0.085 +/- 0.016) and RHP (0.244 +/- 0.026) in plasma, and the blood:plasma ratio for each compound were independent of their concentration. Thus, saturable binding of RHP to plasma proteins or red blood cells can be excluded. HP reductase and RHP oxidase activity were measured in human liver cytosol and microsomal fractions, respectively. Because ketone reductase-catalysed formation of RHP is stereospecific, we examined each enantiomer of RHP separately. The Vmax for the oxidation of the S(-) and R(+) RHP enantiomers in four livers was 0.23 +/- 0.15 and 0.60 +/- 0.32 mumol/g protein per min (mean +/- SD), respectively. The Km was 110 +/- 40 and 70 +/- 10 microM, respectively. In contrast, HP reductase activity displayed greater capacity and was not saturable. The rate of production of RHP at a HP concentration of 122 microM (the limit of HP solubility) in the same livers was 2.6 +/- 0.7 mumol/g protein per min. Despite the observed nonlinearity between the enzymatic pathways in vitro, RHP concentrations in vivo are 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the Km for oxidation of each enantiomer of RHP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eyles
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Stedman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007658:Ketone Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011485:Protein Binding; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; C040692:4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol; D007658:Ketone Oxidoreductases; D006220:Haloperidol