title: Diarrheal disease among military personnel during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993.
abstract: The potential for widespread diarrheal disease was regarded as a substantial threat to U.S. troops participating in the early phases of Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Outpatient surveillance of 20,859 U.S. troops deployed during the first eight weeks, however, indicated that a mean of only 0.8% (range 0.5-1.2%) of personnel sought care for diarrhea each week, and in three epidemiologic surveys, < 3% of troops reported experiencing a diarrheal illness per week. Despite these low overall attack rates, diarrhea accounted for 16% of 381 hospital admissions and 20% of 245 patients admitted with a temperature > or = 38.5 degrees C. Sixty-one specimens were obtained from inpatients and 52 were obtained from outpatients. Shigella sp. were isolated from 33%, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from 16%, Giardia lamblia from 4%, and rotavirus from 1% of 113 stool samples obtained from inpatient (61) and outpatient (52) troops with diarrhea. Bacterial isolates obtained in Somalia were resistant to doxycycline (78%), ampicillin (54%), and sulfamethoxazole (49%), but uniformly sensitive to ciprofloxacin. With the exception of 10 Shigella sonnei isolates that were linked epidemiologically to one eating facility, bacterial pathogens occurred sporadically and demonstrated a wide variation of serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Additionally, three of 11 paired sera collected from persons with nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea demonstrated a four-fold or greater increase in titer to Norwalk virus antibody. These data indicate that large outbreaks of diarrheal disease did not occur; however, highly drug-resistant enteric bacteria, and to a lesser extent viral and parasitic pathogens, were important causes of morbidity among U.S. troops in Somalia.
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Defraites
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Batchelor
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rozmajzl
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Echeverria
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Kapikian
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D012307:Risk Factors; D012760:Shigella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012998:Somalia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States