title: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early enhancer/promoter specificity during embryogenesis defines target tissues of congenital HCMV infection.
abstract: Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a common cause of deafness and neurological disabilities. Many aspects of this prenatal infection, including which cell types are infected and how infection proceeds, are poorly understood. Transcription of HCMV immediate-early (IE) genes is required for expression of all other HCMV genes and is dependent on host cell transcription factors. Cell type-specific differences in levels of IE transcription are believed to underlie differences in infection permissivity. However, DNA transfection experiments have paradoxically suggested that the HCMV major IE enhancer/promoter is a broadly active transcriptional element with little cell type specificity. In contrast, we show here that expression of a lacZ gene driven by the HCMV major IE enhancer/promoter -524 to +13 segment is restricted in transgenic mouse embryos to sites that correlate with known sites of congenital HCMV infection in human fetuses. This finding suggests that the IE enhancer/promoter is a major determinant of HCMV infection sites in humans and that transcription factors responsible for its regulation are cell type-specifically conserved between humans and mice. The lacZ expression patterns of these transgenic embryos yield insight into congenital HCMV pathogenesis by providing a spatiotemporal map of the sets of vascular, neural, and epithelial cells that are likely targets of infection. These transgenic mice may constitute a useful model system for investigating IE enhancer/promoter regulation in vivo and for identifying factors that modulate active and latent HCMV infections in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Biology II, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koedood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fichtel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers