title: Sequence polymorphism in kringle IV 37 in linkage disequilibrium with the apolipoprotein (a) size polymorphism.
abstract: Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] contains a variable number of identical (K-IV A/B) or nearly identical (K-IV 1, K-IV 30-37) kringle repeats that are homologous to K-IV from plasminogen. The sizes of 414 apo(a) alleles were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of KpnI-digested DNA. Furthermore, sequence variation in the apo(a) K-IV 30-37 domain was analysed. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) cloning of human liver poly A+ RNA followed by sequencing revealed a single nucleotide exchange in the ultimate K-IV (K-IV 37) of apo(a) (codon 4168); this results in an ATG (Met) to ACG (Thr) substitution. A PCR-based restriction assay of genomic DNA demonstrated that this substitution represents a common polymorphism. In 231 unrelated Tyroleans, the frequencies for the K-IV 37 Thr and K-IV 37 Met alleles were 0.66 and 0.34, respectively. The phase between the K-IV 37 Met/Thr and the KpnI size polymorphism was determined for 224 alleles. A significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between the sequence and size polymorphisms of apo(a). K-IV 37 Met was significantly associated with KpnI allele no. 18 (DAB = 0.0267 +/- 0.0101; chi 2 = 10.09, df = 1). The Met/Thr polymorphism was further used to test whether deletions or duplications of K-IV 37 occur frequently in the apo(a) gene. Some 40 apo(a) alleles, 22 of which were from subjects that appeared to be double heterozygotes for K-IV repeat number and the Met/Thr variation were separated by PFGE and analysed for the 4168 Met/Thr polymorphism. The Met and Thr sequences were always present on different size alleles and no evidence for a duplication or deletion of K-IV 37 was obtained. This suggests that the copy number of K-IV 37 is invariable, in contrast to the highly variable K-IV A/B domain of the gene. The 4168 Met/Thr polymorphism had no effect on Lp(a) concentration, neither did it influence the lysine-binding property of the Lp(a) particle.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Biologie und Humangenetik, Universität Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haibach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lingenhel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trommsdorff
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Utermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017931:DNA Primers; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013912:Threonine / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013912:Threonine; D008715:Methionine