title: The additive effect of theophylline on a high-dose combination of inhaled salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in stable COPD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the additive effect of oral theophylline in patients with stable COPD who received both inhaled salbutamol, 400 micrograms, and ipratropium bromide, 80 micrograms, four times daily administered with a metered-dose inhaler.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four male patients with stable COPD (FEV1, 0.96 +/- 0.43 L; 36.8 +/- 17.0 percent predicted [% pred]) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with oral theophylline for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average serum theophylline level was 15.0 +/- 5.5 micrograms/mL during treatment. On the whole, without inhalation of bronchodilators, FEV1 was 0.93 +/- 0.42 L during the placebo period and 1.00 +/- 0.43 L (significantly different from placebo; p < 0.01) during the theophylline period. At 15 and 60 min after inhalation of salbutamol, 400 micrograms, and ipratropium, 80 micrograms, the FEV1 with placebo was 1.12 +/- 0.43 L and 1.14 +/- 0.46 L, respectively, and the FEV1 with theophylline was 1.18 +/- 0.45 L (p < 0.01) and 1.20 +/- 0.47 L (p < 0.01), respectively. Daily peak expiratory flow rate also improved. Daily symptom scores were not significantly different between theophylline and placebo periods. Nevertheless, eight patients reported a subjective benefit during the theophylline administration period, and they were thus considered subjective responders. While FEV1 after inhalation was significantly improved during the theophylline periods in subjective responders (change in FEV1 between theophylline and placebo treatment 15 min after inhalation, 3.1 %pred; 60 min, 3.5 %pred), postbronchodilator FEV1 was not significantly different between the placebo and theophylline periods in subjective nonresponders (15 min, 1.7 %pred; 60 min, 1.6 %pred).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the whole, theophylline has a small bronchodilating effect but does not improve the symptoms of patients with stable COPD. However, one third of patients with COPD may respond subjectively to theophylline. The additive bronchodilating effect of theophylline may be related to the symptomatic improvement in subjective responders.
authors.affiliation: Chest Disease Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakatsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013806:Theophylline; D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol