title: A novel pathway for retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells that is distinct from receptor-mediated trans-activation.
abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) has striking effects on vertebrate development and induces differentiation of several lines of cells including embryonal carcinoma F9 cells. It is generally accepted that the actions of RA are mediated by nuclear receptors for RA. However, we now provide evidence that F9 cells can differentiate in response to RA without trans-activation by nuclear receptors. Irreversible differentiation of F9 cells was induced by 18 h of exposure to RA with subsequent incubation in the absence of RA. This induction of differentiation was not blocked after inhibition of protein synthesis and mRNA synthesis during the 18-h treatment with RA, but the endogenous RA receptors failed to activate transcription from their target genes that contain the receptor-binding sequences. During the commitment to RA-induced differentiation, at least five sets of four phosphorylated proteins underwent changes in the absence of protein synthesis de novo. These results suggest that there is a novel pathway for the action of RA that is independent of nuclear receptor-mediated trans-activation.
authors.affiliation: Tsukuba Life Science Center, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kitabayashi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umesono
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gachelin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016758:Genes, jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019311:Staurosporine; D018243:Teratocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D007546:Isoquinolines; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010879:Piperazines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D019311:Staurosporine