title: Molecular genetic evidence of bacterial colonization of cholesterol gallstones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholesterol gallstone formation is believed to be unrelated to the presence of bacteria because attempts to culture potentially causative bacteria from surgically removed cholesterol stones have failed. However, the formation of gallbladder gallstones takes years. Embedded bacteria may be damaged or killed. The aim of this study was to search for bacterial DNA sequences in cholesterol stones with negative bacterial culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial gene fragments were amplified in vitro from DNA extracted from cholesterol gallbladder stones. Comparative 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis was used for identification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallstones with cholesterol content between 70% to 90% harbored bacterial DNA (16 of 17 patients). No bacterial DNA was found in the gallstones with cholesterol content of > 90% (3 patients). Three bacterial groups typical for gallstone colonization were identified. Propionibacteria-related DNA was found in the stones of 9 patients (45%). Enterobacterial type sequences were obtained in 5 patients (25%). A more heterogenous sequence collection was retrieved from 7 patients (35%) and could be assigned to the major bacterial line of gram-positive bacteria with a low DNA guanine and cytosine content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most cholesterol gallstones harbor bacterial DNA. It is important to determine the actual role of these microorganisms in gallstone formation.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swidsinski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pahlig
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Priem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008967:Molecular Biology; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015335:Molecular Probes; D006147:Guanine; D003596:Cytosine; D002784:Cholesterol