title: Late-onset post-concussion symptoms after mild brain injury: the role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors.
abstract: The present study investigated the possible role of a number of pre- peri-, and post-traumatic factors in the experience of post-concussion syndrome (PCS). These factors included: (1) history of premorbid risk factors, (2) severity of injury, and (3) post-morbid functioning and environmental factors. Subjects were 55 persons with mild brain injury. PCS was defined in terms of the severity and impact of 'late-onset' symptoms. Pre- and peri-traumatic factors were not associated with level of PCS symptom impact. Among post-traumatic factors, only level of psychological distress was strongly associated with impact level. The results suggest the importance of psychological factors in prolonged PCS.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San José, CA 95128.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karzmark
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010551:Personality; D012931:Social Environment; D014888:Wechsler Scales