title: Comparison of renal toxicity after long-term oral administration of cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein in rats.
abstract: There is a clear lack of information on the toxicological risk of dietary intake of cadmium-metallothionein (CdMt). The present study aimed at establishing dose-dependent cadmium (Cd) disposition and to investigate differences in renal toxicity after long-term dietary exposure to CdMt or cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed diets containing 0.3, 3, 30, or 90 mg Cd/kg either as CdMt or as CdCl2 for 10 months. In rats fed 30 and 90 mg/kg Cd as CdCl2 the Cd concentrations in intestine, liver, and kidneys were all higher than in rats fed the same doses in the form of CdMt. The kidney/liver Cd concentration ratio was higher with CdMt than with CdCl2. At the lower Cd concentrations (0.3 and 3 mg/kg), no differences in Cd accumulation between CdMt and CdCl2 groups were observed and the kidney/liver Cd ratio was also similar. When based on the amount of CdMt per milligram Cd in the tissue, rats fed CdMt and those fed CdCl2 had a similar relative CdMt concentration in liver and kidney. First signs of renal injury, indicated by an increase of urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, were seen 4 months after exposure to 90 mg/kg Cd as CdCl2. After 8 and 10 months the renal effect of 90 mg/kg Cd as CdCl2 became more pronounced and urinary enzyme activities of LDH, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase were all elevated. The only clinical effect of CdMt at the dose level of 90 mg/kg was a slight increase in urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity at 8 and 10 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Toxicology, TNO Toxicology and Nutrition Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Groten
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koeman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Nesselrooij
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Luten
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fentener van Vlissingen
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stenhuis
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van Bladeren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019256:Cadmium Chloride; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004032:Diet; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; C004203:cadmium-binding protein; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D019256:Cadmium Chloride