title: Mechanisms of adenosine-mediated actions on cellular and clinical cardiac electrophysiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of adenosine-mediated cardiac cellular electrophysiology and how information about these mechanisms can be used to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to various clinical arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of (1) adenosine metabolism and receptors in the cardiac system, (2) adenosine-mediated signal transduction pathways in the regulation of cellular electrophysiology in various cardiac cell types, and (3) the clinical usefulness of adenosine in cardiac electrophysiology is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of adenosine on cardiac electrophysiologic properties are consequences of complex interactions among the specific cardiac target structures, the density and type of adenosine receptors, and the effector systems. The easy application of adenosine and its short half-life, favorable side-effects profile, and electrophysiologic properties make it an excellent diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the initial assessment of various tachyarrhythmias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct adenosine-activated KACh (potassium acetylcholine) channel signal transduction system explains the effects of adenosine on the sinus node, atrioventricular node, and atrial myocardium. The indirect adenosine-inhibited adenylate cyclase system accounts for its negative inotropic effects on the catecholamine-entrained contractility in atrial and ventricular myocardium. Because of the recent purification and cloning of adenosine receptors and subunits of G proteins, additional adenosine-mediated electrophysiologic mechanisms can be explored.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurachi
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D000241:Adenosine