title: High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although well-documented in clinical and epidemiological studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the familial nature of the adult syndrome has not been well investigated. One approach to evaluate the familial nature of adult ADHD is through a high-risk design aimed at estimating the risk for the disorder in children of parents with child-hood-onset ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children at risk for ADHD were ascertained from the study group of 84 referred adults with clinical diagnoses of childhood onset of the disorder, confirmed by structured interviews. Diagnostic information on the disorder was derived from the ADHD module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children--Epidemiologic Version, supplemented with information regarding treatment for ADHD for the affected child and school history including repeated grades, placement in special classes, and tutoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 84 children at risk, 48 (57%) met criteria for ADHD. The rate of the disorder in children of adults with the disorder was significantly higher than the previously reported rate of ADHD among siblings of children with the disorder. Of the 48 ADHD children of parents with the disorder, 36 (75%) were treated for it. The rates of school failure were almost identical to those previously reported in a group of referred children and adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the validity of the adult diagnosis of ADHD and suggest that the adult form of this disorder may have stronger familial etiological risk factors than its pediatric form. If these results are confirmed, families selected through adult probands with ADHD might be especially useful for testing genetic hypotheses about the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mick
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guite
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ablon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D004519:Education, Special; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity