Neuronal substrates for SIV encephalopathy.
Prior to the onset of immunodeficiency disease, neurochemical and neuropathological events associated with motor and/or cognitive impairment can be identified in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These are astrocytosis, up-regulation of mRNA encoding the neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF) and an increased expression of MHC Class II antigen. End-stage immunodeficiency disease has been associated with robust viral expression in the CNS frequently observed as multinucleated giant cell formation. SIV encephalitis has not been observed in animals whose only clinical signs of SIV disease were motor and/or cognitive impairment. These data suggest that neuronal dysfunction discernable as altered neuropeptide expression in cortical neurons precedes frank structural damage to the CNS in SIV encephalopathy. This model is consistent with the mechanism of neuropathogenesis in human HIV encephalopathy that can be partially inferred from neurochemical and neuropathological examination of autopsy material in HIV disease.
da Cunha
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A
Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Eiden
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LE
Rausch
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DM
D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D018450:Disease Progression; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007375:Interleukin-1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013004:Somatostatin; D017378:Quinolinic Acid