title: Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is very sensitive. The aim of the study was to reevaluate viral replication in hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection by PCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  HDV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were detected by PCR in 185 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The acute hepatitis group had the highest detection rate of HDV RNA compared with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and remission groups (63 of 64 vs. 35 of 47, 17 of 23, 19 of 30, and 7 of 21) and the highest alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (mean, 1741 U/L vs. 266 to 27 U/L; P < 0.05). The detection rate of HBV DNA was the lowest in the acute group (41%) compared with 66%, 70%, 80%, and 57% in the remaining groups (P < 0.02). At the chronic stage, 13%-25% of cases had HDV RNA, and 30%-48% of cases had HBV DNA detected by PCR but not by traditional method. HDV RNA was associated with ALT levels in horizontal and longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDV superinfection may be divided into the following three phases: acute phase, active HDV replication and suppression of HBV with high ALT levels; chronic phase, decreasing HDV and reactivating HBV with moderate ALT levels; and late phase, development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma caused by replication of either virus or remission resulting from marked reduction of both viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical College, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000276:immunology; D035923:Hepatitis delta Antigens; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D015163:Superinfection / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014766:Viremia / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D035923:Hepatitis delta Antigens; D012367:RNA, Viral; C442244:hepatitis delta virus large antigen; D000410:Alanine Transaminase