title: Conscious sedation for gastroscopy: patient tolerance and cardiorespiratory parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most patients receive conscious sedation for gastroscopy. However, the benefit of the most often used combination of low-dose intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine on patient tolerance remains poorly defined and has not been shown to outweigh cardiorespiratory risks. To respond to these issues, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred outpatients undergoing diagnostic gastroscopy were assigned to receive either (1) midazolam (35 micrograms/kg) and lidocaine spray (100 mg), (2) midazolam and placebo lidocaine, (3) placebo midazolam and lidocaine, or (4) placebo midazolam and placebo lidocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tolerance (visual analogue scale, 0-100 points; 0, excellent; 100, unbearable) improved as compared with placebo midazolam and placebo lidocaine by 23 points (95% confidence interval, 15-32) in group 1, 15 points (95% confidence interval, 7-24) in group 2, and 10 points (95% confidence interval, 2-18) in group 3. Increasing age (P < 0.001), low anxiety (P < 0.001), and male sex (P < 0.03), but not amnesia, were associated with better patient tolerance. Oxygen desaturation (< 1 minute) occurred in 8.2% and was not more frequent after midazolam treatment. Hypotension was rare (2.1%), and no adverse outcome occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both low-dose midazolam (35 micrograms/kg) and lidocaine spray have an additive beneficial effect on patients tolerance and rarely induce significant alterations in cardiorespiratory monitoring parameters, thus supporting the widespread use of conscious sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinique Médicale Universitaire/Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwizer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gonvers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D001158:Arteries; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D008012:Lidocaine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen