title: The postpartum llama: fertility after parturition.
abstract: Fertility was evaluated at various times during the postpartum period in the llama. Fifty-six parous female llamas chosen at random were bred at 10, 20, and 30 days postpartum with six intact males. Half of the females copulated only once and the other half twice within an interval of 24 h. Ovarian activity was monitored by ultrasonography and analysis of urinary estrone sulfate and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG). At the time of copulation, all females had developed ovulatory-size follicles. Ovulation was confirmed by the presence of a CL at 8 days after breeding and PdG concentrations > 1 ng/mg creatinine (Cr). Conception was defined as PdG concentrations > 1 ng/mg Cr at 15 days after breeding and the presence of a CL. Pregnancy was defined as the presence of a CL, PdG concentrations > 1 ng/mg Cr and an embryonic vesicle 20 days postbreeding. There were no significant differences in the proportion of females ovulating after breeding at different times postpartum; however, conception and pregnancy were significantly greater in females bred at Day 20 or 30. Ovarian follicle size was significantly larger at 30 days (9.1 mm) than at 10 and 20 days (7.9 and 8.8 mm, respectively) of breeding, with no difference in concentrations of estrone sulfate. The proportion of females conceiving as a result of breeding at 10 days postpartum (6 out of 10) was significantly less than for females bred at 20 (13 out of 15) or 30 days (16 out of 18).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lasley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D011897:Random Allocation; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: C078917:pregnanediol-3 delta-glucuronide; D004970:Estrone; D011276:Pregnanediol; C017296:estrone sulfate