Exercise and training: influences on cytotoxicity, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and receptor structures.
Exercise responses are discussed with particular reference to the functional system involving interleukin-1, interleukin 2 and cytotoxicity. Prolonged endurance exercise causes an increase in plasma levels of interleukin-1, possibly as a response to muscle injuries, but plasma interleukin-2 levels generally fall. The latter change probably reflects stronger binding, consequent upon increased expression of p70-75 receptors for IL-2, and changes in the distribution or activity of target cells; IL-1 secretion may enhance the responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but prostaglandin secretion decreases their IL-2 production. Moderate exercise increases the cytolytic action of NK cells, but there is a prolonged fall of cytolytic activity after exhausting or psychologically stressful exercise; again these responses probably reflect altered IL-2 levels or receptor expression. Appropriately graded training reduces the adverse immune reactions associated with challenging exercise. Cross-sectional comparison and training experiments both show an increased expression of p70-75 IL-2 receptors on the NK cells of active individuals. Moreover, moderate training reduces the exercise-induced suppression of IL-2 production. However, training that is pursued to the level of staleness, nutrient deficiency or muscle damage has a negative impact upon both the production of interleukins and the leukocyte response. Coaches must thus gauge training programs to optimize not only physiological function but also immune responses.
Shephard
R J
RJ
School of Physical & Health Education, University of Toronto.
Rhind
S
S
Shek
P N
PN
D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000276:immunology
D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2