title: Cerebral microembolism in patients with Sneddon's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of Sneddon's syndrome is unclear. This study addresses the question whether cerebral thromboembolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of the neurologic complications of the disorder. The study consisted of 13 patients with Sneddon's syndrome defined by both generalized livedo reticularis and a history of one or more cerebrovascular ischemic events; none had clinical or Doppler ultrasonographic evidence of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial Doppler microembolic monitoring of the middle cerebral artery; blood screening for antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients (38%) showed clinically silent microembolism at transcranial Doppler monitoring, with individual microembolic event rates of the middle cerebral artery between 2 per hour and 33 per hour. In this group, the time since the last ischemic symptom was significantly shorter than in the eight patients without microemboli. Antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in three patients (23%), all of whom belonged to the microemboli-positive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the detectability of both clinically silent cerebral microembolism and antiphospholipid antibodies may provide paraclinical evidence of active disease in patients with Sneddon's syndrome. The results support the notion that an immune-mediated prothrombotic state facilitating the formation of arterial thrombi with subsequent cerebral embolization, and/or triggering in situ thrombosis of cerebral vessels, plays a pathogenetic role in the neurologic manifestations of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitzer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Söhngen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siebler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Specker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rademacher
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aulich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid