title: Hypoglycemia unawareness in IDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the characteristics of patients with hypoglycemia unawareness (development of neuroglycopenia without appropriate prior autonomic warning symptoms) and its predisposing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 43 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients who were objectively categorized as having or not having hypoglycemia using the stepped hypoglycemic clamp technique in which plasma glucose was clamped at plateaus of 4.3, 3.6, 3.0, and 2.3 mmol/l and a statistical criterion (onset of autonomic warning symptoms at a plasma glucose concentration 2 SD below normal) and examined their clinical characteristics and hormonal, symptomatic, and cognitive responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven (26%) of the patients were classified as having hypoglycemia unawareness. Compared with the other patients, unaware patients had a lower HbA1c level (P < 0.01), a longer duration of diabetes (P < 0.01), and a history of more severe hypoglycemia (P < 0.003). During experimental hypoglycemia, counterregulatory hormone responses, neuroglycopenic symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction all began at lower plasma glucose concentrations in unaware patients (P < 0.01, 0.03, and 0.01, respectively). Moreover, although the magnitudes of their plasma catecholamine responses and autonomic symptoms were reduced (both, P < 0.01), the plasma catecholamine levels at which autonomic symptoms began was not altered. Finally, as seen from glucose infusion rates necessary to maintain identical plasma glucose levels, patients with hypoglycemia unawareness had increased sensitivity to insulin (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm an association between hypoglycemia unawareness and duration of diabetes, glycemic control, and occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, and in addition provide evidence that both autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms are affected and that insulin sensitivity is increased, but beta-adrenergic sensitivity is not diminished.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mokan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitrakou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veneman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korytkowski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cryer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D003071:Cognition; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002395:Catecholamines; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon