title: Pressure ulcer risk factors among hospitalized patients with activity limitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify specific demographic, medical, functional status, and nutritional characteristics that predict the development of stage 2 or greater pressure ulcers among patients whose activity is limited to bed or chair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective inception cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care, urban, university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 286 patients fulfilling the following criteria: admitted to the hospital within the previous 3 days, age 55 years or more, expected to be confined to bed or chair for at least 5 days or had a hip fracture, and without a stage 2 or greater pressure ulcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time to in-hospital development of a stage 2 or greater pressure ulcer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cumulative incidence of pressure ulcers was 12.9% (n = 37) after a median time of 9 days from admission to final skin examination. Age of 75 years or more, dry skin, nonblanchable erythema (a stage 1 pressure ulcer), previous pressure ulcer history, immobility, fecal incontinence, depleted triceps skinfold, lymphopenia (lymphocyte count < 1.50 x 10(9)/L), and decreased body weight (< 58 kg) were significantly associated with pressure ulcer development by univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analyses (P < .05 by log-rank test). Risk ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for predictors (P < or = .05) of pressure ulcer development after multivariable Cox regression analysis included the following: nonblanchable erythema, 7.52 (1.00 to 59.12); lymphopenia, 4.86 (1.70 to 13.89); immobility, 2.36 (1.14 to 4.85); dry skin, 2.31 (1.02 to 5.21); and decreased body weight, 2.18 (1.05 to 4.52). The 3-week cumulative incidence of pressure ulcers with none, one, two, or three or more of these characteristics was 0%, 11.4%, 39.6%, and 67.9%, respectively (P < .001 by log-rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that nonblanchable erythema, lymphopenia, immobility, dry skin, and decreased body weight are independent and significant risk factors for pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients whose activity is limited to bed or chair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2041.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Allman
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burst
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bartolucci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000407:Alabama; D001510:Bed Rest; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004890:Erythema; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008231:Lymphopenia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors