title: Landmark identification error in posterior anterior cephalometrics.
abstract: This study was designed to quantify the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of 52 commonly used posterior anterior cephalometric landmarks. The horizontal and vertical identification errors were determined for a sample of 33 skulls and 25 patients. The results show that there is a considerable range in the magnitude of error with different horizontal and vertical values. Interexaminer landmark identification error was significantly larger than intraexaminer error for many landmarks. The identification error was different for the skull sample compared to the patient sample for a number of landmarks. The relevance of knowing the identification error for each landmark being considered in a particular application was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002680:Chin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008416:Mastoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015050:Zygoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging