title: Radioactive materials in recycled metals.
abstract: In recent years, the metal recycling industry has become increasingly aware of an unwanted component in metal scrap--radioactive material. Worldwide, there have been 35 instances where radioactive sources were unintentionally smelted in the course of recycling metal scrap. In some cases contaminated metal consumer products were distributed internationally. In at least one case, serious radiation exposures of workers and the public occurred. Radioactive material appearing in metal scrap includes sources subject to licensing under the Atomic Energy Act and also naturally occurring radioactive material. U.S. mills that have smelted a radioactive source face costs resulting from decontamination, waste disposal, and lost profits that range from 7 to 23 million U.S. dollars for each event. To solve the problem, industry and the government have jointly undertaken initiatives to increase awareness of the problem within the metal recycling industry. Radiation monitoring of recycled metal scrap is being performed increasingly by mills and, to a lesser extent, by scrap processors. The monitoring does not, however, provide 100% protection. Improvements in regulatory oversight by the government could stimulate improved accounting and control of licensed sources. However, additional government effort in this area must be reconciled with competing priorities in radiation safety and budgetary constraints. The threat of radioactive material in recycled metal scrap will continue for the foreseeable future and, thus, poses regulatory policy challenges for both developed and developing nations.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lubenau
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yusko
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D001938:Brazil; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D009678:Nuclear Energy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D011868:Radioisotopes