title: Hockey helmets, face masks, and injurious behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To educate physicians about factors that contribute to injurious behaviors in ice hockey and to propose that the medical community play a role in advocating change within the sport.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of relevant literature on the topic was conducted, with information drawn from scientific journal publications, conference proceeding, theses, and newspaper publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The introduction of mandatory head and facial protection has been effective in virtually eliminating ocular, facial, and dental injuries in youth hockey, but it has also been problematically linked with an increase in catastrophic spinal injuries. Players adopt a false sense of security when donning the equipment, leading them to take excessive and unwarranted risks because of the protection they are supposedly afforded. The addition of these protective devices has also altered how officials perceive game situations, leading them to be more lenient in administering penalties. The net result has been an increase in illegal and injurious behaviors, such as checking from behind.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician advocacy may play an important role in effecting change within the sport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D010819:Physician's Role