title: Differential effects of chlorination of bacteria on their capacity to generate NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages.
abstract: Activated rodent macrophages produce high amounts of nitric oxide (NO). NO as a tumoricidal and defence molecule against intracellular parasites is commonly accepted. However, its role as an obligatory killing factor for extracellular bacteria is controversial. In the present study we stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages by heat-killed bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Escherichia coli). In some groups bacteria were pretreated with HOCl, to replace the chlorinating system in activated neutrophils that operates as a bactericidal system in vivo. High levels of NO, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected after stimulation by all non-chlorinated bacteria strains tested. However, after chlorination Gram-positive bacteria lost their ability to induce NO and TNF-alpha, whereas phagocytosis and IL-6 production were not affected by chlorination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcinkiewicz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Czajkowska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasprowicz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kociszewska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite