title: Transcriptional activation of the nitrogenase promoter in vitro: adenosine nucleotides are required for inhibition of NIFA activity by NIFL.
abstract: The enhancer-binding protein NIFA is required for transcriptional activation of nif promoters by the alternative holoenzyme form of RNA polymerase, which contains the sigma factor sigma 54 (sigma N). NIFA hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates to catalyze the isomerization of closed promoter complexes to transcriptionally competent open complexes. The activity of NIFA is antagonized by the regulatory protein NIFL in response to oxygen and fixed nitrogen in vivo. We have investigated the requirement for nucleotides in the formation and stability of open promoter complexes by NIFA and inhibition of its activity by NIFL at the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifH promoter. Open complexes formed by sigma 54-containing RNA polymerase are considerably more stable to heparin challenge in the presence of GTP than in the presence of ATP. This differential stability is most probably a consequence of GTP being the initiating nucleotide at this promoter. Adenosine nucleosides are specifically required for Azotobacter vinelandii NIFL to inhibit open complex formation by native NIFA, and the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of NIFA is strongly inhibited by NIFL under these conditions. We propose a model in which NIFL modulates the activity of NIFA via an adenosine nucleotide switch.
authors.affiliation: Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eydmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Söderbäck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D016948:Azotobacter vinelandii / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation / Q000235:genetics; D009591:Nitrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C061338:NifA protein, Bacteria; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C084296:nifL protein, Bacteria; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D009591:Nitrogenase; C029130:nitrogenase reductase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D012293:Rifampin