title: Laboratory and field evaluations of a repellent soap containing diethyl toluamide (DEET) and permethrin against phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
abstract: The repellency and insecticidal efficacy of Nopikex, a soap formulation containing 20% diethyl toluamide and 0.5% permethrin, was evaluated against a laboratory colony of phlebotomine sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis). The repellency of Nopikex soap was also compared with that of a placebo soap against another species (Lu. youngi) in a forest near Tulua, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. In laboratory trials of the soap, no reduction in repellency was seen 4 hr after application, but within 8 hr, repellency decreased significantly to 67.0% of the initial value (P < 0.05) based on calculations of the coefficient of protection (CP). Under field conditions, the soap gave up to 100% protection immediately after application, but within 4 hours its CP value had decreased to a median value of only 44.3%. The placebo soap was also found to be somewhat repellent when compared with no treatment, giving a median CP value of 67.7 immediately after application. No significant mortality was seen in sand flies within 24 hr of exposure to the soap in the laboratory, even in those that had fed on protected volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Fundacion Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cadena
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Usma
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rojas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003105:Colombia; D003671:DEET; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D026023:Permethrin; D011576:Psychodidae; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012915:Soaps; D013546:Sweating; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012915:Soaps; D003671:DEET; D026023:Permethrin