title: Death from suicide and overdose among drug injectors after disclosure of first HIV test result.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether notifying injecting drug users (IDU) of their positive HIV serostatus contributes to suicide and overdose mortality risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of a cohort of IDU, recruited since December 1985, who first learned their HIV serostatus after study entry but before December 1992, were studied for incidence of deaths due to suicide and overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of mortality due to suicide/overdose was calculated from date of first HIV test result disclosure until the end of follow-up or diagnosis of AIDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six HIV-positive and 252 HIV-negative IDU were included with median follow-up times of 4.3 and 4.0 years, respectively. Seven suicides and 10 deaths from overdose were recorded. High suicide/overdose risk shortly after test result notification was not found among HIV-positive IDU. Only one out of eight HIV-positive IDU who died of suicide/overdose died within 6 months of first disclosure. The overall suicide/overdose mortality rate was higher for HIV-positive than HIV-negative IDU; the rate ratio being 2.46 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-6.39] or 2.04 (95% CI, 0.77-5.39) after control for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notifying IDU of their positive HIV serostatus does not appear to lead to a sudden and substantial rise in suicide/overdose deaths. Although death from suicide/overdose is more common among HIV-positive than HIV-negative IDU, this difference is likely to result from factors other than test result disclosure. Therefore, provided that appropriate counselling is offered, we see no reason to discourage voluntary HIV test result notification for fear of inducing suicide in HIV-infected IDU.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Haastrecht
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mientjes
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Hoek
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D013405:Suicide; D013997:Time Factors; D014342:Truth Disclosure