title: The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of HSV-1 induced chorioretinitis in BALB/c mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of modification of immune effector cells, including macrophages, in the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus retinitis in BALB/c mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two intravitreal injections (2 microliters each) of anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody (mAb) [13 micrograms/microliters] were administered to the contralateral eyes of 10 BALB/c mice on days 6 and 8 after HSV inoculation into the right anterior chamber (AC) with HSV-1. A control group consisted of mice injected with anti-HLA-DR mAb in the same fashion. Specific macrophage depletion was performed in an additional group of 12 BALB/c mice by intravenous (i.v.) injection of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP)-liposomes 7 days before AC HSV-1 inoculation into the eye. Control group consisted of mice receiving i.v. PBS-liposomes. Mice were clinically observed for 14 days postinfection, and the incidence of chorioretinal disease was confirmed by histopathologic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravitreal injections of anti-CD11b mAb produced a dramatic suppression of the contralateral retinal necrosis (2 of 10 mice) compared to 9 of 10 controls receiving an irrelevant antibody therapy (P < 0.05). Mice treated with i.v. Cl2MDP-liposomes also showed a significant inhibition of the development of contralateral chorioretinitis, with only 3 of 12 mice developing retinal disease compared to 9 of 12 mice from the control group (P < 0.05). FACS analysis performed on peripheral blood and spleen cells showed a significant depletion of Mac-1+ cells of Cl2MDP-liposome-treated but not of PBS-liposome-treated mice (controls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal anti-CD11b mAb therapy, a broadly directed depletion strategy against many effector cells (macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and even cytotoxic T-cells) was most efficient in suppressing the HSV-1 induced contralateral disease. A more specific technique (i.v. Cl2MDP-liposome therapy) to deplete macrophages also produced a significant inhibition of HSV-1 induced contralateral chorioretinitis. These findings suggest that macrophages are important participants in the effector phase of the destructive inflammatory immune response induced by HSV-1 in the eye.
authors.affiliation: Hilles Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heiligenhaus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pazos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Rooijen
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018845:CD11 Antigens; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004002:Clodronic Acid; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018845:CD11 Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D004002:Clodronic Acid