title: A 50-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors took advantage of a 50-year prospective study of World War II veterans to examine the predictors and correlates of combat exposure, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and trait neuroticism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 107 veterans who had been extensively studied before and immediately after serving overseas in World War II. All served as members of the study until the present time, and 91 completed questionnaires of both PTSD symptoms and neuroticism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study group, variables associated with positive psychosocial health in adolescence and at age 65 predicted combat exposure. Combat exposure and number of physiological symptoms during combat stress--but not during civilian stress--predicted symptoms of PTSD in 1946 and 1988. Combat exposure also predicted early death and study attrition. Psychosocial vulnerability in adolescence and at age 65 and physiological symptoms during civilian stress--but not during combat stress--predicted trait neuroticism at age 65.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combat exposure predicted symptoms of PTSD but not nonspecific measures of psychopathology. Premorbid vulnerability predicted subsequent psychopathology but not symptoms of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Torrey
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Elder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare