title: Glucocorticoids regulate intestinal glutamine synthetase gene expression in endotoxemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although glutamine is required to maintain gut mucosal metabolism and function, intestinal glutamine uptake from the gut lumen and from the bloodstream is decreased during sepsis. We hypothesized that endogenous mucosal glutamine biosynthesis is increased during endotoxemia, and we attempted to define the "stress" mediators that regulate the activity of small intestinal glutamine synthetase (GS), the principal enzyme of de novo glutamine biosynthesis in the gut.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rats received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (7.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), RU 38486 (a glucocorticoid antagonist; 10 mg/kg by gavage) 2 hours prior to LPS administration, antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) prior to LPS administration, or ketorolac tromethamine (a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor; 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) followed by LPS administration. Mucosal GS activity was assayed 12 hours after LPS administration. In a separate set of studies, cultured intestinal mucosal cells (Caco-2) were exposed to LPS, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma, prostaglandin E2, or dexamethasone. Twelve hours later, GS activity was assayed and messenger RNA was extracted. The GS transcripts were labeled with a GS complementary DNA probe radiolabeled with phosphorus 32, were quantitated by phosphoimaging, and were normalized to beta-actin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo LPS treatment increased mucosal GS activity by 250%. Pretreatment with antibody to TNF or ketorolac did not inhibit the LPS-induced increase in mucosal GS, whereas pretreatment with RU 38486 attenuated the increase in gut GS activity by 60%. Lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, gamma-interferon, and prostaglandin E2 did not increase GS activity in Caco-2 cells, whereas dexamethasone increased GS activity and messenger RNA 2.5-fold and threefold, respectively. These data indicate that cytokines and prostaglandins (prostaglandin E2) do not regulate mucosal GS expression during endotoxemia. Glucocorticoids, however, stimulate GS gene expression directly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This hormonally mediated response may support de novo mucosal GS during septic states when uptake of glutamine from the lumen and blood is decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarantos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abouhamze
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Souba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014115:Toxemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003907:Dexamethasone; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase