title: Randomised trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G, intravenous anti-D, and oral prednisone in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
abstract: The most serious complication of childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), intracranial haemorrhage, occurs in about 1% of children with platelet counts below 20 x 10(9)/L. We conducted a randomised study to explore three treatment options in this high-risk group. 146 children (> 6 months and < 18 years old) with typical acute ITP and platelet counts of 20 x 10(9)/L or lower were randomised to receive high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIgG) 1 g/kg on 2 consecutive days (n = 34), 0.8 g/kg once (n = 35), intravenous anti-D 25 micrograms/kg on 2 consecutive days (n = 38), or oral prednisone 4 mg/kg per day with tapering and discontinuation of prednisone by day 21 (n = 39). The rate of response as reflected by the number of days with platelet counts at 20 x 10(9)/L or lower and the time taken to achieve a platelet count 50 x 10(9)/L or more was significantly faster for both IVIgG groups than for the anti-D group (p < 0.05); the difference between prednisone and IVIgG was significant (p < 0.05) only for the IVIgG 0.8 g/kg group, and responses to the two IgG groups were similar. These differences in response rates were reflected in the percentages of children with platelet counts of 20 x 10(9)/L or lower at 72 hours following the start of treatment: 3% (IVIgG 0.8 g/kg x 1), 6% (IVIgG 1 g/kg x 2), 18% (anti-D), and 21% (oral prednisone 4 mg/kg/day). Treatment-associated toxicities included a fall in haemoglobin with anti-D (to less than 100 g/L in 24% of cases); weight gain with oral prednisone; and fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache with IVIgG. On the basis of these results, intravenous anti-D cannot be recommended as initial therapy for children with acute ITP and platelet counts of 20 x 10(9)/L or lower. A single dose of 0.8 g/kg IVIgG offers the fastest recovery for the least treatment; additional IgG or oral prednisone can be reserved for the one-third of children who continue to have platelet counts of 20 x 10(9)/L or less at 48-72 hours after the start of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010976:Platelet Count / Q000187:drug effects; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000628:therapy*; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007518:Isoantibodies; C061961:RHO(D) antibody; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin; D011241:Prednisone