title: Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of primary dysmenorrhea.
abstract: We analyzed the relation between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of dysmenorrhea using data from a case-control study in Milan, Italy. With never-smokers as the reference category, the relative risk (RR) of dysmenorrhea was 1.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-4.4] for women smoking 10-30 cigarettes per day. The risk of dysmenorrhea increased with duration of smoking in women who smoked for less than 10 years (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.6-2.6) and in those who smoked for 10-20 years (RR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3-6.2). In comparison with teetotalers, the age-adjusted RR of dysmenorrhea was 0.8 (95% CI = 0.4-1.5) for alcohol drinkers.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mezzopane
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luchini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fedele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*