title: A comparison of transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography with contrast medium for detection of patent foramen ovale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patent foramen ovale as a possible stroke risk factor can be diagnosed with transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) by detecting intravenous contrast medium crossing from the right to the left atrium. The present study evaluates the reliability of this method.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed TCD and transesophageal echocardiography simultaneously in 50 patients using galactose microbubbles. We observed bubble signals passing the middle cerebral artery in 7 patients less than 20 seconds after injection; we found positive TCD tests in 14 patients using the Valsalva maneuver. With transesophageal echocardiography patent foramen ovale could be detected in 15 patients (sensitivity, 0.93; specificity, 1; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCD with echo contrast is a reliable screening tool for patent foramen ovale. A standardized procedure including the Valsalva maneuver is essential to prevent false-negative results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaps
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keberle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haberbosch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dorndorf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005690:Galactose