title: Painless needle insertion in regional anesthesia of the eye.
abstract: We examined a new technique of applying topical anesthetic with cotton tip sticks to the conjunctiva before needle insertion in regional anesthesia of the eye. Oxybuprocaine 0.4% and lidocaine 4% were compared with balanced salt solution (BSS) as topical anesthetics of the conjunctiva in Study 1. Ninety patients were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 30) to receive one of the three topical anesthetics in a double-blind manner. Pain of the needle insertions was measured with visual analog scale score (VAS) and quantitative surface electromography (qEMG). Both oxybuprocaine and lidocaine reduced pain significantly when compared to BSS. In Study 2, with healthy volunteers, we compared our previous practice of merely applying three consecutive drops of oxybuprocaine on the conjunctiva before needle insertions to the new technique of placing additional cotton tip sticks soaked in oxybuprocaine on the conjunctiva. We found the needle insertion virtually pain free when the cotton tip sticks were added to the topical anesthesia. The use of this simple method of topical anesthesia before the eye block increases patient comfort significantly.
authors.affiliation: Eye Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Vaalamo
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paloheimo
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Nikki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004576:Electromyography; D005123:Eye; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011343:Procaine; D008012:Lidocaine; C005298:benoxinate