title: Gender differences in the phenotypic expression of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21).
abstract: Twenty-eight individuals with typical Down's syndrome (DS) phenotype (17 males and 11 females; age range: 10-74 years) were investigated for gender differences in the phenotypic expression of Alzheimer-type pathology (ATP). Quantitative neuropathology was performed in the 4 neocortical lobes of the right hemisphere, by counting senile plaques (SP), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). ATP was present in 25 middle-aged (> 40 years) individuals (16 males and 9 females). Females had significantly higher (p = 0.03) mean neocortical NFT densities (36.6 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 6.6) than males (17.9 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 4.7). None of the females had NFT densities below 10 per mm2, compared with 6 males in whom NFT were either absent or seen in very low densities (< 4 per mm2). Assessment of SP densities in the same cortical regions showed non-significant differences in females (42.4 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 5.1) compared with males (33.6 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 2.1). There was clinical evidence of dementia in all the female (8/8) individuals who were prospectively assessed, compared with only 54% (7/13) of males. The male individuals without clinical dementia had absent or low neocortical NFT densities regardless of high SP densities. Female DS cases (mean age: 48.8 years; s.e.m. +/- 1.9) had an earlier onset of dementia than males (mean age: 53.6 years; s.e.m. +/- 1.3; p = 0.05). Female middle-aged DS individuals have an earlier onset, and a more severe form of AD which correlates with higher neocortical NFT rather than SP density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropathology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khin-Nu
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tyrer
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate