title: Depressive symptoms as predictors of medical outcomes in HIV infection. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether depressive symptoms as determined by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) predict accelerated mortality and worse medical outcomes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-year cohort study with semiannual follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1809 HIV-seropositive homosexual men without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who entered the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in 1984 or 1985. Eight-year follow-up data were available on 75% of eligible participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Times to AIDS, death, and prophylactic treatment, and slopes describing the decline in CD4 count for each individual participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a conventional definition of depression (CES-D > or = 16 at the first study visit), 21.3% of participants were classified as depressed. Depressed participants had lower CD4 counts and reported more AIDS-related symptoms. There were no significant differences between depressed and nondepressed participants on any of the outcome measures (P > .05 in all cases). In contrast, men reporting AIDS-related symptoms had shorter times to AIDS and to death even after adjusting for CD4 counts (P < .01). The analyses were repeated, with similar results, using different definitions of depression based on the CES-D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find no evidence that depressive symptoms independently prognosticate worse outcomes in HIV infection. Because of associations of depression with symptom reports, CD4 counts, and indicators of socioeconomic status, future studies of the relationship between depression and HIV outcome should consider these variables as confounders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guccione
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Senterfitt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dew
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wesch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: VanRaden
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Treisman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate