title: Effect of insulin resistance, apoE2 allele, and smoking on combined hyperlipidemia.
abstract: Combined hyperlipidemia may result from the interaction of several metabolic and environmental factors. We explored to what extent fasting insulin concentration, apolipoprotein (apo) E2 frequency, and cigarette smoking explained the serum levels of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Forty-nine untreated patients with combined hyperlipidemia were compared with 49 hypercholesterolemic patients who were matched for gender, age, and body mass index. All laboratory values were obtained after 9 weeks of standardized dietary intake and after an overnight fast. The patients with combined hyperlipidemia had a significantly higher (33 pmol/L, 50%) mean insulin concentration than matched hypercholesterolemic control subjects, indicating that the combined hyperlipidemic patients were more insulin resistant. However, the differences in the fasting insulin and triglyceride concentrations within the pairs were only slightly correlated (adjusted r = .29). The combined hyperlipidemic patients were also characterized by a higher frequency of apoE2 alleles (25% versus 6%) and smokers (41% versus 16%). In a matched multiple linear regression model, the differences in insulin concentration, apoE2 allele frequency, and smoking explained 12%, 8%, and 9%, respectively, of the mean paired difference in triglyceride concentration. The differences in insulin concentration or apoE2 allele frequency did not significantly explain the mean paired difference in HDL-C concentration, whereas smoking explained 17% of the difference. In conclusion, fasting insulin concentration, the presence of the apoE2 allele, and smoking may explain 30% of the hypertriglyceridemia and the low levels of HDL-C in nonobese patients with combined hyperlipidemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Leiden University, Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sijbrands
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hoffer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Havekes
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Frants
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meinders
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frölich
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Smelt
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006950:Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins