title: Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells.
abstract: Naive CD4+ T cells when stimulated produce IL-2 as their major lymphokine. Upon priming, these cells develop into cells that produce either IFN gamma, TNF beta, and IL-2 or IL-4 and its congeners. The former cells are designated TH1-like, and the latter TH2-like. Here we review the regulation of the differentiation of naive CD4 cells into IFN gamma- or IL-4-producers. The dominant factors that determine such differentiation are lymphokines and other cytokines. IL-2 itself appears to be required for naive cells to develop into TH1- or TH2-like cells but is not deterministic of their differentiation fate. If IL-4 is also present during the priming period, the resultant CD4+ T cells produce IL-4 upon restimulation; the development of IFN gamma-producing cells is strikingly inhibited by IL-4. In the absence of IL-4, priming for IFN gamma-production occurs, but this is markedly enhanced by IL-12. The role of IFN gamma in enhancing priming for IFN gamma-production is not fully resolved. In some in vitro systems, it appears to act together with IL-12 to enhance such production. Anti-IFN gamma diminishes priming for IFN gamma production in vivo. Lymphokines also exert a "cross-regulatory" or inhibitory effect. As noted above, IL-4 strikingly diminishes priming for IFN gamma production, although this inhibitory effect is blunted in the presence of IL-12. IFN gamma similarly diminishes priming for IL-4 production; this effect is principally observed when low concentrations of IL-4 are used in the priming culture. Although other factors may play a role in the determination of lymphokine-producing phenotype, such as antigen dose, type of antigen-presenting cell, and expression of accessory molecules and hormones, these effects appear to be secondary to the dominant role of the lymphokines and cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Seder
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D008222:Lymphokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma