title: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, gold, antimalarials, and penicillamine.
abstract: Recently, there has been an interest in rethinking the classification of antirheumatic drugs. Emphasis continues to be on aggressive control of inflammation in the early phase of rheumatoid arthritis. The mistake of extrapolating short-term clinical trial results to long-term outcomes has been appreciated, pointing to the need for long-term studies. Interest in the role of cytokines and their receptors in the inflammatory process continues, as well as in the cellular mechanisms of action of the various disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Troublesome toxicity profiles continue to be reported, and a consideration of efficacy-toxicity trade-offs are important. Methotrexate still shows long-term efficacy, and low-dose folinic acid has been shown to reduce toxicity but not efficacy. New information on other DMARDs is presented, ie, sulfasalazine inhibition of signal transduction, the effects of hydroxychloroquine on cytokines and lipid metabolism, and the immunosuppressive effects of bucillamine, a penicillamine-related compound.
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Girgis
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Conaghan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003545:Cysteine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects; D006046:Gold / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D006046:Gold; D010396:Penicillamine; D003545:Cysteine; C026535:bucillamine; D008727:Methotrexate