title: Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication and chronicity have complicated past attempts to characterize the neuropsychological performance of patients with schizophrenia. There have been inconsistencies regarding the pattern, selectivity, and sources of observed deficits. Our objective was to comprehensively examine neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia who had never been exposed to neuroleptic medication, and who were experiencing their first episode (FE) of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were consecutive recruitments that included 37 patients with FE schizophrenia who were never exposed to neuroleptics. These subjects were compared with 65 unmedicated, previously treated (PT) patients and 131 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients groups had nearly identical profiles showing generalized impairment, particularly in verbal memory and learning, attention-vigilance, and speeded visual-motor processing and attention. Verbal memory and learning accounted for most of the variance between patients and controls and removing this effect substantially attenuated all other differences. By contrast, both the FE group and PT group continued to show highly significant deficits in verbal memory and learning after controlling for attention, abstraction, and all other functions. Some functions not typically implicated in schizophrenia (spatial cognition, fine motor speed, and visual memory) were more impaired in the PT group than in the FE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verbal memory, as a primary neuropsychological deficit present early in the course of schizophrenia, implicates the left temporal-hippocampal system. Neuropsychological evaluations before treatment permit differentiation of primary deficits from changes secondary to medication or chronicity. This is essential for developing a neurobehavioral perspective on schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saykin
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Shtasel
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mozley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stafiniak
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D014706:Verbal Learning
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents