title: Flexion relaxation during lifting: implications for torque production by muscle activity and tissue strain at the lumbo-sacral joint.
abstract: During the full flexion phase of the back lift movement the lumbar part of the erector spinae muscle exhibits a reduced activity level (flexion relaxation). This study addresses the question how the required extension torque in the lumbo-sacral joint (L5/S1 joint) is balanced during the period in which apparently the lumbar erector spinae ceases to take its share. Six subjects participated in the experiment in which they performed seven lifting tasks. The load, the range of movement, and the phase in which the load was handled (lifting or lowering) were varied. A dynamic linked segment model was applied to determine the momentary torques acting at the L5/S1 joint, while the EMGs of the lumbar and thoracic part of the erector spinae muscle were measured. Furthermore, the lengths between markers on the lumbar and thoracic part of the trunk were determined to reveal changes in length during the movement. The dynamic EMGs were normalized to trunk angle-dependent maximal levels. The L5/S1 joint torques were analysed and combined with the normalized EMG data and the kinematics of the trunk, which are assumed to indicate the elongation of passive tissues. Although in the normalization procedure the change of the length-force relationship of the erector spinae was taken into account, the dynamic lumbar EMG activity decreased to a low-activity level (the phenomenon of flexion relaxation). This coincided with a 25% increase in lumbar length suggesting that passive tissue strain provided part of the required extension torque. In the tasks where a barbell was handled a significant increase in EMG level of the thoracic part of the erector spinae occurred just before the flexion relaxation at the lumbar level. Apparently, the extensor function of the lumbar part is then taken over by the thoracic part of the erector spinae muscle. This suggests that an intricate coordinating mechanism is operative that apportions the load to be balanced over active--(lumbar and thoracic part of the erector spinae) and passive structures (post vertebral ligaments).
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: de Haas
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Looze
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Van Dieën
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kingma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D017770:Lifting; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012447:Sacrum / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical