title: Bladder cancer: the molecular progression to invasive disease.
abstract: Recent investigations have given a clearer insight into the genetic progression of bladder cancer. In this review we identify the clinical courses of bladder cancer, review the basic concepts of carcinogenesis, and focus on the specific cytogenetic and molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer. Progression models to superficial and invasive disease are discussed.
authors.affiliation: USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90033-0800.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Simoneau
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008967:Molecular Biology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005819:Genetic Markers; D066246:ErbB Receptors