title: Identity of the cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee and its effects on liver function enzymes.
abstract: Boiled coffee contains an unidentified lipid that raises serum cholesterol. We studied the effects of the ingestion of coffee oil fractions of increasing purity in volunteers in order to identify the cholesterol-raising factor. In 15 volunteers who ingested 0.75 g/d of a non-triglyceride-fraction from coffee oil for 4 weeks, mean cholesterol increased by 48 mg/dl (1.2 mmol/l) relative to placebo. In contrast, a coffee oil stripped of the non-triglyceride lipids cafestol and kahweol had no effect. In three volunteers, purified cafestol (73 mg/d) plus kahweol (58 mg/d) increased cholesterol by 66 mg/dl (1.7 mmol/l) after 6 weeks. Oil from Robusta beans, which contains cafestol but negligible kahweol, also raised serum cholesterol. These findings show that cafestol is at least partly responsible for the cholesterol-raising effect of boiled coffee. Coffee oils and brews containing cafestol consistently increased serum triglycerides and alanine amino-transferase, and depressed serum creatinine and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT). After withdrawal GGT activity rose above baseline. Norwegians who habitually consumed 5-9 cups of boiled coffee per day had higher serum cholesterol levels and lower GGT but no higher alanine aminotransferase activity than controls. Thus, serum cholesterol is raised by cafestol and possibly also kahweol, both natural components of coffee beans. The mechanism of action is unknown but is accompanied by alterations in liver function enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Weusten-Van der Wouw
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Katan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viani
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huggett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liardon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liardon
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lund-Larsen
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Thelle
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D004224:Diterpenes; D008055:Lipids; D010168:Palmitates; D014280:Triglycerides; C053401:kahweol; D002784:Cholesterol; C053400:cafestol; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase