title: The various clinical patterns of xanthoma disseminatum. Considerations on seven cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xanthoma disseminatum (XD) is a rare mucocutaneous xanthoma nowadays classified as a benign non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied 7 cases of XD with a long follow-up and reviewed the literature in order to compare and discuss previous reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied clinical manifestations, course, histopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings of 7 cases of XD followed for 1-20 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report our findings and compare our cases with those described in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  XD and Langerhans cell histiocytosis were distinguished by clinical differences, as well as ultrastructural and immunohistochemical methods. Three clinical patterns of XD appeared to emerge in our group of patients and in the cases reviewed from the literature.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, University of Milan, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veraldi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grimalt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tosti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varotti
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: de Kaminsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D015616:Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011379:Prognosis; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D017211:Treatment Failure