title: Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dengue is an acute, mosquito-transmitted viral disease characterized by fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. The worldwide incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) increased from the mid-1970s through 1992. Although dengue is not endemic to the 50 United States, it presents a risk to U.S. residents who visit dengue-endemic areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  1986-1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dengue surveillance in the 50 United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands relies on provider-initiated reports to state health departments. State health departments then submit clinical information and serum samples to CDC for diagnostic confirmation of disease among U.S. residents who become ill during or after travel to dengue-endemic areas and among residents of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In Puerto Rico, an active, laboratory-based surveillance program receives serum specimens from ambulatory and hospitalized patients throughout the island, clinical reports on hospitalized cases, and copies of death certificates that list dengue as a cause of death. Laboratory diagnosis relies on virus isolation or serologic diagnosis of disease (i.e., IgM or IgG antibodies against dengue viruses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1986, the first indigenous transmission of dengue in the United States in 6 years occurred in Texas; from the time of that incident through 1992, however, no further endemic transmission was reported. During 1986-1992, CDC processed serum samples from 788 residents of 47 states and the District of Columbia. Among these 788 residents, 157 (20%) cases of dengue were diagnosed serologically or virologically. Of the 157 patients, 71 (45%) had visited Latin America or the Caribbean; 63 (40%), Asia and the Pacific; seven (4%), Africa; and nine (6%), several continents. All four dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) were isolated from travelers to Asia and the Pacific; however, travelers to the Americas acquired infections with only DEN-1, DEN-2, or DEN-4. Even though the number of laboratory-diagnosed dengue infections among travelers was small, severe and fatal disease was documented. In the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, three serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, and DEN-4) circulated during 1986-1992. In Puerto Rico, disease transmission was characterized by a cyclical pattern, with peaks in incidence occurring during months with higher temperatures and humidity (usually from September through November). The highest incidence of laboratory-diagnosed disease (1.2 cases per 1,000 population) occurred among persons < 30 years of age; rates were similar for males and females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rigau-Pérez
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gubler
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Vorndam
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae; D003715:Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012698:Serologic Tests; D012703:Serotyping; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014767:United States Virgin Islands / Q000453:epidemiology