title: Exercise-related dissection of craniocervical arteries: CT, MR, and angiographic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to demonstrate the spectrum of neuroradiologic (CT, MR, and angiographic) findings in craniocervical arterial dissection (CAD) related to exercise or sporting activities and compare the diagnostic utility of CT, MRI, and MR angiography (MRA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The neuroradiologic examinations of 11 patients with CAD was performed: CT was performed in 10 patients, cranial MRI in 9, cranial and cervical MRA in 4, and contrast angiography in 10. The CT examinations were assessed for the presence of an infarction or a hyperdense artery (consistent with intraluminal thrombus), MRI examinations for the presence of infarction or abnormal periarterial signal, and contrast angiograms for arterial stenosis or occlusion, luminal irregularity, pseudoaneurysm, intimal flap, or distal branch occlusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computed tomography demonstrated infarction in four patients. At contrast angiography, a dissection was found in the artery supplying the region of infarction in all cases. A hyperdense artery was found by CT in two patients, which correlated with dissection of the artery or its parent artery on contrast angiography. Cranial MRI findings were seen in six patients (infarction in five, periarterial signal abnormality in five). Dissection was confirmed in all four patients with abnormal periarterial signal who underwent contrast angiography. Two patients with abnormal intracranial periarterial signal had corresponding abnormalities on MRA. False-negative cranial and cervical MRI and MRA studies were performed in one patient because the imaging volumes used for the cervical and intracranial MR examinations did not overlap. Four patients with normal intracranial arterial signal had dissection in the neck demonstrated by contrast angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroradiologic findings of CAD can include infarction, a hyperdense artery on CT, abnormal periarterial signal on MRI, and a narrowed arterial signal column on MRA. Computed tomography is an insensitive screening examination. Proper use of MRI and MRA involves examination of both the head and the neck with overlapping imaging volumes of the two regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Provenzale
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Barboriak
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taveras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014711:Vertebral Artery