title: Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, prognosis and survival after the diagnosis of breast cancer is poorer among black patients and, to a lesser extent, among Hispanic patients, compared with white patients. Patients who are black or Hispanic have been reported to present with higher stage or more advanced disease. Even after adjusting for stage, however, survival rates are lower for blacks but not for Hispanics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to compare survival, age, tumor size, nodal status, estrogen-receptor (ER) and progesterone-receptor (PgR) status, histologic type, S-phase fraction, DNA ploidy status, HER-2/neu protein expression, and p53 protein status, along with systemic treatment, in a large group of white, black, and Hispanic U.S. women.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1970 to 1991, breast tumor specimens were submitted to The University of Texas Health Science Center from 31 contributing hospitals throughout the United States for ER and PgR assay. A total of 4885 white, 1016 black, and 777 Hispanic women were eligible for this study. Median follow-up was 57 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, white women were significantly more likely to be older and to have smaller tumors, have less lymph node involvement, have tumors with positive ER and PgR status, and have a lower S-phase fraction compared with Hispanic or black women. There were no clinically important differences in DNA ploidy, histologic type, HER-2/neu, and p53 expression among the three groups. Considering all stages, white women had the best overall survival (date of diagnosis to date of death) at 5 years--75% +/- 1% (means +/- SE), with a median survival of 166 months, but Hispanic women had an intermediate survival--70% +/- 2% (median survival, 156 months), and black women had the worst survival--65% +/- 2% (median survival, 117 months) (P < .0001). For node-negative patients, there was no significant difference in disease-free survival (date of diagnosis to date of first recurrence) or overall survival, although blacks tended to have a worse prognosis. For node-positive or locally advanced disease and for metastatic disease, blacks had significantly (P < .0001) worse disease-free and overall survival than did white or Hispanic women. Differences in the use of systemic therapy did not explain these outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of biologic factors associated with poor prognosis are found with a significantly increased frequency in breast tumors from Hispanic and, particularly, from black women. Tumors with a more aggressive biology could lead to a higher stage at diagnosis and a poorer survival for the group as a whole.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Division of Medical Oncology, San Antonio 78284-7884.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Elledge
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chamness
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D011003:Ploidies; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D016196:S Phase; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53