title: Amphibian development in the virtual absence of gravity.
abstract: To test whether gravity is required for normal amphibian development, Xenopus laevis females were induced to ovulate aboard the orbiting Space Shuttle. Eggs were fertilized in vitro, and although early embryonic stages showed some abnormalities, the embryos were able to regulate and produce nearly normal larvae. These results demonstrate that a vertebrate can ovulate in the virtual absence of gravity and that the eggs can develop to a free-living stage.
authors.affiliation: Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, CA 94035.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wassersug
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005775:Gastrula / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*