title: The effect of velocity on the appearance of embolic signals studied in transcranial Doppler models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial Doppler ultrasound can be used to detect circulating cerebral emboli. Recent studies have demonstrated that embolus size is significantly related to both the relative intensity increase and duration of an embolic signal. This may allow information about embolus size to be obtained by analysis of Doppler embolic signals. However, theoretically duration will be inversely related to velocity, and therefore velocity may need to be accounted for if information on embolus size is to be derived from the duration of Doppler embolic signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relation between velocity and both relative intensity increase and duration of embolic signal was investigated in an in vitro flow model, a sheep carotid artery model, and in patients with prosthetic heart valves. The same standard transcranial Doppler ultrasound machine was used for all studies. Embolic signals resulting from 99 glass microspheres (size, 210 to 250 microns) were studied in the in vitro model, as were those from 64 glass microspheres (size, 105 to 150 microns) in the sheep model. Embolic signals recorded from the six middle cerebral arteries of three patients with prosthetic cardiac valves were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant (P < .001) inverse relation between velocity and duration of high-intensity signal (in vitro model, r = -.82; sheep model, r = -.43); the exact relations were described using best-fit equations. Correlation coefficients for this relation in patients varied between -.30 and -.55. There was also an unexpected significant positive relation between velocity and intensity in the sheep model (r = .44, P < .001) but not in the in vitro model (P > .05). This relation was also seen in some, but not all, patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the duration of embolic signals is used to provide information about the relative size of an embolus, the velocity of the embolic signal should be taken into account. A relation between velocity and relative intensity increase was found in the sheep model and in some patient recordings. It is suggested this relation may result from greater power being supplied to emboli traveling at higher velocities in the center of the vessel; this may occur under certain recording conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nassiri
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006801:Humans; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012756:Sheep; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial