title: Spondylolysis. Bending of the inferior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae during simulated spinal movements.
abstract: METHODS
  This was a cadaveric lumbar motion segment experiment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure bending about the pars interarticularis during simulated flexion and extension movements, with and without high compressive forces. This was designed to indicate which activities are most likely to cause spondylolysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The mechanical etiology of spondylolysis is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion segments were loaded to simulate: A, full flexion; B, full extension; C, high compression in flexed posture, and D, high compression in lordotic posture. Bending of the inferior articular processes about the pars was measured in the sagittal plane, using a two-dimensional "MacReflex" infrared motion analysis system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In full flexion, tension in the intervertebral ligaments bent the processes forward and down (by 3.25 degrees +/- 3.07 degrees), whereas in the loading conditions B, C, and D, inter-facet compressive forces caused the processes to bend backward and upward, by 2.24 +/- 2.48 degrees, 0.40 +/- 0.23 degrees, and 0.74 +/- 0.56 degrees respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activities that involve alternating flexion and extension movements cause large stress reversals in the pars and pose the greatest threat of spondylolysis. Compressive loading has little effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Allvey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013169:Spondylolysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology