title: Predictors of mortality in hospitalized patients with secondary upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical, laboratory and endoscopic features of prognostic implication in patients who suffer an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage whilst hospitalized for other causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective longitudinal study of 125 consecutive cases (89 males, 36 females) seen during 1988-1991 in a tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude and adjusted relative risk of mortality associated with each of the various clinical, laboratory and endoscopic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of endoscopic haemostasis, persistent or recurrent bleeding and surgery to control bleeding were 48, 37 and 12%, respectively; the overall mortality was 28%. A significantly increased risk of mortality was associated with shock prior to onset of bleeding, sepsis, renal failure, cirrhosis, encephalopathy, presence of red blood in the nasogastric aspirate or per rectum, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminaemia, elevation of serum bilirubin, aminotransferases or urea levels, endoscopic evidence of active bleeding, the application of endoscopic haemostasis, rebleeding, transfusion of > or = 6 units of blood, surgical treatment or any subsequent complication. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (27%) was associated with a decreased mortality risk (odds ratio 0.2; P = 0.03). A multivariate analysis showed that the features at presentation which were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality were: a history of cirrhosis, sepsis, shock prior to onset of bleeding, hypo-albuminaemia and elevated serum aminotransferases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis of secondary upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage depends on the underlying diseases and on the general condition of the patient, rather than on the actual cause of bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meroz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsvang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siguencia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D006396:Hematemesis / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008551:Melena / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors