title: Pharmacodynamics of prolonged treatment with L,S-buthionine sulfoximine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop dosing criteria for the use of L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine (active diastereoisomer) as a glutathione depletor in the clinic, using a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in vitro-in vivo approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro: L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine uptake was determined in human glioblastoma cells (T98G) and NIH-3T3 cells using 35S-labeled drug. Dose response relationships were derived for inhibition of glutathione synthesis in CHO cells, and for depletion of glutathione in exponentially growing T98G and CHO cells, as a function of extracellular L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine concentration. Steady-state glutathione levels for CHO and NIH-3T3 cells were measured using an enzymatic assay, while glutathione synthesis rates in CHO cells were determined using a flow cytometric assay. In vivo: L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine biodistribution was determined in male nude mice carrying human glioblastomas (T98G) intracranially, using 35S-labeled drug infused subcutaneously by osmotic pump. Tissue glutathione levels were measured using an enzymatic assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed cellular uptake t1/2 of approximately 55 min, coupled with a previously reported, rapid in vivo clearance of buthionine sulfoximine, suggest that continuous infusion would be preferable to bolus dosing. Effective concentrations of L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine (24 h exposure), required to lower cellular glutathione content to 50% of control (EC50), were under 1 mM for both cell lines. The amount of L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine in tissues (estimated from 35S drug disposition) reached steady state within 8 h and was proportional to the rate of infusion. Brain tumors were depleted to approximately 50% of control glutathione by a infusion rate of 0.25 mumoles/h (25 g mice). At lower infusion rates an increase in glutathione content was noted in certain nude mouse tissues including brain tumor xenografts.
authors.affiliation: Mannitoba Cancer Foundation, Winnepeg, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malaker
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bump
authors.forename: O W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riese
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001918:Brachytherapy; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine; D017341:Etanidazole; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione