title: Management of childhood lead poisoning: clinical impact and cost-effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No consensus exists regarding the preferred treatment of childhood lead poisoning. The authors used decision analysis to compare the clinical impacts and cost-effectiveness of four management strategies for childhood lead poisoning, and to investigate how effective chelation therapy must be in reducing neuropsychologic sequelae to warrant its use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model was based on a 2-year-old child with moderate lead poisoning [blood lead level 1.21 to 1.88 mumol/L (25 to 39 micrograms/dL)]. The following strategies were compared: 1) no treatment; 2) EDTA provocation testing, followed by chelation if testing is positive (PROV); 3) penicillamine chelation with crossover to EDTA provocation testing if toxicity occurs (PCA); 4) EDTA provocation testing with crossover to penicillamine chelation if testing is negative (EDTA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EDTA and PCA strategies prevented 22.5% of the cases of reading disability and resulted in an increase of 1.02 quality-adjusted life years compared with no treatment. When the costs of outpatient EDTA testing and chelation are considered, the EDTA strategy is more cost-effective than the PCA strategy; when inpatient costs are considered, the PCA strategy becomes more cost-effective. When costs of remedial education are considered, all strategies are cost-saving compared with no treatment if chelation reduces the risk of lead-induced reading disability by more than 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment strategies for childhood lead poisoning vary in clinical impact, cost, and cost-effectiveness. Chelation of the 1.4% of United States preschoolers whose blood lead levels are 2.21 mumol/L (25 micrograms/dL) or higher could prevent more than 45,000 cases of reading disability, and save more than $900 million per year in overall costs when the costs of remedial education are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston City Hospital, MA 02118.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Glotzer
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freedberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bauchner
mesh_terms: D015913:Chelation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003663:Decision Trees; D004411:Dyslexia, Acquired / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004493:Education / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D018803:Models, Economic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D004492:Edetic Acid; D010396:Penicillamine