title: Nicotine, negative affect, and depression.
abstract: Depression, whether conceptualized as a trait, symptom, or as a diagnosable disorder, is overrepresented among smokers. Depressed smokers appear to experience more withdrawal symptoms on quitting, are less likely to be successful at quitting, and are more likely to relapse. This article documents these relationships and explores several potential links between smoking and depression. The potential efficacy of antidepressant therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and nicotine replacement therapy for smokers with depressive disorders or traits is discussed. Clinical implications and the role of patient treatment matching are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Reus
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sees
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009538:Nicotine