title: Low-dose oral chloroquine in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and low-moderate iron overload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to assess the efficacy, tolerance and determinants for relapse in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda treated with low-dose oral chloroquine.
  
  
  METHODS
  open trial with a median follow-up of 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  outpatient referral unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  53 patients with low-moderate iron overload or intolerance to phlebotomies.
  
  
  METHODS
  250 mg twice weekly oral chloroquine diphosphate until remission or failure to respond.
  
  
  METHODS
  porphyrin excretion, biochemical changes and development of side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  after administration of a median dose of 23.5 g of chloroquine (limits 12.6-56 g) during a median time of 8 months (limits: 1-26 months), 50 patients (94%) reached a metabolic remission (urinary uroporphyrin excretion < 100 micrograms/l). In 14 of these patients (28%), porphyrin excretion further decreased after finishing chloroquine therapy. Metabolic remission persisted during 24 months (limits 6-97 months). Side-effects (severe pruritus) appeared only in one patient. Twenty-two patients relapsed, the relapses being associated with greater basal values of serum AST, ALT, gammaglobulin, urinary uroporphyrin and to the time needed to achieve remission. One year and three years after finishing therapy the probabilities of relapse were 12% (95% C.I.: 5-27%) and 49% (95% C.I.: 34-67%), respectively. Time to achieve remission was the only independent predictor of relapse (hazard ratio: 1.2, 95% C.I.: 1.05-1.21, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  low-dose oral chloroquine is a safe therapy that promotes a high proportion of remission and sustained control of porphyria cutanea tarda associated with low-moderate iron overload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valls
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ena
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enríquez-De-Salamanca
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017119:Porphyria Cutanea Tarda / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002738:Chloroquine; D007501:Iron