title: Quantifying HIV-1 proviral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and blood of seropositive individuals with and without neurologic abnormalities.
abstract: To quantify the number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral copies per 1,000 CD4+ cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood in relationship to stage of infection and HIV-1 neurologic disease (HND), 87 HIV-1 seropositive men without CNS opportunistic infections, tumors, or neurosyphilis, 9 high-risk, and 14 not-at-risk seronegative controls underwent a structured interview, and physical and neurologic examination followed by blood and CSF collection. A custom-designed, fully automated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system performed amplification with use of two HIV-1 gag primer pairs, Southern blotting, and hybridization with product-specific probes. Image analysis was used to quantify band intensities relative to a dilution series. Eighty-one of 87 (93%) seropositive patients, 1 of 9 high-risk patients, (11%) and none of 14 seronegative controls had PCR-detectable HIV-1 in their blood. Fifty-seven of 63 (90%) seropositive patients, 2 of 5 (40%) high-risk seronegative patients, and none of 14 controls had HIV-1 in their CSF. The proviral load in seropositive patients, all stages, was significantly greater in CSF than blood [median 25 vs. 0.6 copies/1,000 CD4+ cells (p = 0.0001)]. The median proviral load in blood was 0.09 copies/1,000 CD4+ cells in seropositive, asymptomatic subjects, 10.7 in patients with AIDS, and 1.4 in patients with AIDS-related complex (p = 0.0281). CSF proviral load was greater in seropositive patients with HND than those without HND, median 43.5 vs. 17.6 copies/1,000 CD4+ cells (p = 0.0614). Proviral load was greater in the blood and CSF of subjects with more advanced systemic disease and HND. There was a substantial penetration of HIV-1 into the CNS/CSF in both systemically and neurologically asymptomatic HIV-1 disease.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Service, DVA Medical Center West Los Angeles, Wadsworth Division, California.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syndulko
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Handley
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fahy-Chandon
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Tourtellotte
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000382:microbiology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral