title: Management of variceal bleeding in the 1990s.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variceal bleeding is a common and serious problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the current management of patients with variceal bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic options now include pharmacologic reduction of portal hypertension, endoscopic obliteration of varices, placement of decompressive shunts (both surgical and percutaneous), and liver transplantation. Each of these options may be required in different settings. A nonselective beta blocker can prophylactically reduce the risk of an initial bleed. Acute variceal bleeding is best managed by endoscopic sclerosis. Selection of therapy to prevent recurrent bleeding should be based on a full evaluation of the risk of bleeding and of liver failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful management requires a multidisciplinary team, full patient evaluation, and selection of appropriate therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Zelch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blake
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000465:Algorithms; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011170:Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013156:Splenectomy; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014667:Vasopressins; D013004:Somatostatin; D005996:Nitroglycerin