title: Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection.
abstract: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common AIDS-defining diagnoses. First-line therapy is cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), despite a high incidence of toxic effects, and a greater incidence of hypersensitivity reactions among HIV-positive patients compared with the seronegative population. Alternative agents such as intravenous pentamidine, or clindamycin with primaquine, and trimethoprim with dapsone, also have a wide range of serious adverse effects, but remain treatment options. Atovaquone appears promising for the treatment of both PCP and toxoplasmosis, and has a lower reported incidence of toxicity than the alternative agents. The most toxic antifungal drugs are reserved for serious infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis. Liposomal amphotericin B has less renal toxicity than standard formulations, and exemplifies that new formulations of existing drugs, although often expensive, may have a better adverse effect profile. There are 2 different drugs currently available for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, ganciclovir and foscarnet. Both have a high incidence of serious adverse effects; ganciclovir mainly causes bone marrow toxicity and foscarnet leads to renal toxicity. The drugs used for mycobacterial infection (including mycobacteria as well as tuberculosis) have a wide range of adverse effects, particularly skin rashes and drug-induced hepatitis. Some of these compounds are quite new, such as rifabutin and clarithromycin, and it is important to be ever vigilant for previously unreported adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Loveless
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Main
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents