title: Predictive testing for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) based on the detection of mutations in the RET protooncogene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of inherited mutations in the RET protooncogene (RET) associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) has enabled the development of a genetic test to identify asymptomatic carriers of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted from 96 members of an MEN 2A kindred. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the RET exon known to contain the associated mutation. The mutation results in a new restriction endonuclease site and is detected by digestion with the appropriate enzyme. Inheritance of the mutation was verified with a previously developed genetic linkage test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that (1) mutations vary among kindreds but are consistently inherited within kindreds, (2) invariable correlation exists between mutation and disease (43 mutations in 43 affected individuals), (3) determination of the genetic status by linkage-based testing was precluded by recombination events and the informativeness of genetic markers, and (4) mutation analysis presymptomatically identified two genetically affected individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct genetic analysis for mutations in RET circumvents the limitations of linkage-based genetic testing and current biochemical screening assays. This method will be the diagnostic test of choice for the identification of asymptomatic individuals at risk for MEN 2A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toshima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Donis-Keller
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009377:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila