title: Role of intracellular pH during cytoprotection of proximal tubule cells by glycine or acidosis.
abstract: Lowering extracellular pH to less than 7.0 strongly protects isolated proximal tubules against ATP depletion and Ca(2+)-induced injury, but there is little information about alterations of intracellular pH (pHi) in renal tubules during either injury or its modification by decreasing medium pHi or other potent protective factors such as glycine. pHi was assessed with 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-carboxyfluorescein during proximal tubule injury produced by simple ATP depletion with the electron transport inhibitor antimycin or by large increases of cytosolic free Ca2+ induced by treatment with the calcium ionophore ionomycin, alone and in combination with antimycin. Freshly isolated rabbit proximal tubules studied under superfusion conditions in the presence of probenecid were suitable for monitoring pHi during relatively prolonged and severe injury states. Probenecid, used to promote the retention of intracellular fluorophores, only minimally modified the injury response by transiently delaying lactate dehydrogenase release during antimycin treatment. The tubules did not exhibit spontaneous decreases of pHi during simple ATP depletion, but pHi fully equilibrated with cytoprotective decreases of medium pH. Irrespective of the presence of antimycin, ionomycin induced intracellular alkalinization in Ca(2+)-replete medium, which may have further enhanced the severity of injury. When medium Ca2+ was buffered to 100 nM, ionomycin induced intracellular acidification, which likely resulted from a combination of Ca2+/H+ exchange activity of the ionophore and H+ uptake during Ca(2+)-ATPase-mediated extrusion of Ca2+ released by ionomycin from intracellular pools. Alterations of pHi did not contribute to glycine cytoprotection because glycine did not affect the behavior of pHi during treatment with antimycin, ionomycin, or both agents in combination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Roeser
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Venkatachalam
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000968:Antimycin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002118:Calcium / Q000009:adverse effects; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005452:Fluoresceins; D016257:Fura-2; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015759:Ionomycin; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005452:Fluoresceins; C032456:antimycin; D015759:Ionomycin; D000968:Antimycin A; C043829:2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium; D005998:Glycine; D016257:Fura-2