title: Deformed protein binding sites and cofactor binding sites are required for the function of a small segment-specific regulatory element in Drosophila embryos.
abstract: How each of the homeotic selector proteins can regulate distinct sets of DNA target elements in embryos is not understood. Here we describe a detailed functional dissection of a small element that is specifically regulated by the Deformed homeotic protein. This 120 bp element (module E) is part of a larger 2.7 kb autoregulatory enhancer that maintains Deformed (Dfd) transcription in the epidermis of the maxillary and mandibular segments of Drosophila embryos. In vitro binding assays show that module E contains only one Dfd protein binding site. Mutations in the Dfd binding site that increase or decrease its in vitro affinity for Dfd protein generate parallel changes in the regulatory activity of module E in transgenic embryos, strong evidence that the in vitro-defined binding site is a direct target of Dfd protein in embryos. However, a monomer or multimer of the Dfd binding region alone is not sufficient to supply Dfd-dependent, segment-specific reporter gene expression. An analysis of a systematic series of clustered point mutations in module E revealed that an additional region containing an imperfect inverted repeat sequence is also required for the function of this homeotic protein response element. The Dfd binding site and the putative cofactor binding site(s) in the region of the inverted repeat are both necessary and in combination sufficient for the function of module E.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinsonneault
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gellon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McGinnis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C066676:Dfd protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones