title: Pharmacology and structure-activity relationships for KATP modulators: tissue-selective KATP openers.
abstract: KATP openers are recognized as having a therapeutic potential for the treatment of various cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases. However, the first-generation agents open KATP in a variety of tissues that limit their potential clinical utility. This review describes our studies aimed at the identification of a common pharmacophore among structurally diverse KATP openers and the discovery of tissue-selective agents that may offer advantages over the first-generation agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Compounds (e.g., BMS-182264) combining the structural features of KATP openers cromakalim and pinacidil, show smooth-muscle relaxing and antihypertensive activities comparable to their predecessors, indicating cromakalim and pinacidil may express their biologic effects through similar structural requirements. The hypothesis about common features is further supported by radioligand-binding studies showing cromakalim, pinacidil, and the combination compound BMS-182264 bind to a similar receptor site in rat aortic smooth-muscle cells. Regardless of having a pharmacologic profile similar to cromakalim and pinacidil in vascular smooth muscle, BMS-182264 had no effect on action potential duration in guinea pig papillary muscle, indicating smooth-muscle selectivity for BMS-182264. We demonstrate that no correlation exists between anti-ischemic and smooth-muscle relaxing potencies for a variety of structurally different KATP openers. Efforts to find KATP openers selective for the ischemic myocardium led to the identification of BMS-180448 which, despite having similar anti-ischemic potency to cromakalim, was significantly less active as a smooth-muscle relaxant. This compound was shown to be efficacious as an anti-ischemic agent in vivo without affecting hemodynamic variables, a potential liability of first-generation compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Atwal
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D019806:Cromakalim; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006146:Guanidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008914:Minoxidil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020108:Nicorandil; D010847:Picolines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020110:Pinacidil; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011714:Pyrans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001578:Benzopyrans; D006146:Guanidines; D010847:Picolines; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011714:Pyrans; D011758:Pyrroles; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019806:Cromakalim; C092714:BMS 182264; D009536:Niacinamide; D020108:Nicorandil; C039516:minoxidil sulfate ester; C061043:aprikalim; D008914:Minoxidil; D020110:Pinacidil; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C084684:BMS 180448; D003981:Diazoxide