title: Response of small-cell lung cancer xenografts to chemotherapy: multidrug resistance and direct clinical correlates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) initially respond to combination chemotherapy. Only a few benefit in terms of long-term survival because most relapse. Such outcome may be attributable to development of multidrug resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The response of SCLC to chemotherapy was examined in terms of (a) patient survival, (b) drug sensitivity of tumors in patients and of tumor xenografts in nude mice, and (c) expression of multidrug resistance gene MDR1 and GST-pi gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor samples obtained from seven untreated patients and from one patient both before and after chemotherapy were transplanted into nude mice. The patients were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide (C'), cisplatin (C), doxorubicin (A), and etoposide (V) (C'CAV) or C'AV and radiotherapy. Drug sensitivity of SCLCs was tested in nude mice that had received tumor xenografts from these seven patients. The expression of MDR1 and GST-pi genes was assessed in the mRNA extracted from xenografts by Northern blot analysis. P-glycoprotein was quantified by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' responses to C'CAV closely correlated with those of the corresponding xenografts. The tumors of the two patients who showed long-term survival after C'CAV completely regressed when they were transplanted into nude mice and subsequently treated with C'CAV. Despite initial complete response, the remaining five patients died during year 1. A high percentage of mice receiving the tumor grafts from these five patients showed only partial tumor regression after C'CAV treatment. The MDR1 transcript was detected in all five of these xenografts. Four of five xenografts were from untreated patients, and the fifth was from a treated patient. MDR1 mRNA expression was absent in the tumor of this fifth patient before chemotherapy, but both the mice receiving the corresponding xenograft and the patient showed expression of MDR1 after C'CAV treatment. MDR1 mRNA expression was absent in the tumor xenografts obtained from two patients with long-term survival. Expression of P-glycoprotein correlated with MDR1 mRNA expression. All xenografts except one expressed the GST-pi gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of MDR1 gene expression during chemotherapy for SCLC indicates a favorable prognosis, gene expression is often coincident with ineffective chemotherapy, and tumor xenografts can be appropriately used to predict response to chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure of chemotherapy to control SCLC seems to be related to an acquired multidrug resistance involving the MDR1-mediated mechanism. Therapeutic benefit could therefore be expected from chemotherapy combined with inhibitors of MDR1.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Associée 620 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poupon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arvelo
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Goguel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacrot
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanania
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arriagada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le Chevalier
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger