Effects of L-cysteine on the oxidation chemistry of dopamine: new reaction pathways of potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Oxidation of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine (1) at physiological pH normally results in formation of black, insoluble melanin polymer. In this study, it is demonstrated that L-cysteine (CySH) can divert the melanin pathway by scavenging the proximate o-quinone oxidation product of 1 to give 5-S-cysteinyldopamine (8). This cysteinyl conjugate is further oxidized in the presence of free CySH to give 7-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H- 1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (11) and its 6-S-cysteinyl (12), 8-S-cysteinyl (14), and 6,8-di-S-cysteinyl (16) conjugates in addition to many other unidentified compounds. 5-S-Cysteinyldopamine (8) and dihydrobenzothiazines 11, 12, 14, and 16 are all more easily oxidized than 1. With increasing molar excesses of CySH, the formation of melanin is decreased and, ultimately, completely blocked. Preliminary experiments have revealed that when injected into the brains of laboratory mice, dihydrobenzothiazine 11 and its cysteinyl conjugates 12 and 14 are lethal and evoke profound behavioral responses including hyperactivity and tremor. On the basis of these results and other recent observations, a new hypothesis has been advanced which might help explain the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons which occurs in idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). This hypothesis proposes that in response to some form of chronic brain insult, the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is upregulated leading to an increased rate of translocation of glutathione (GSH) into the cytoplasm of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra (SN) para compacta. The results of this in vitro study predict that such an elevated translocation of GSH into heavily pigmented dopaminergic neurons would cause a diversion of the neuromelanin pathway with consequent depigmentation of these cells and formation of 8, all of which occur in the Parkinsonian SN. The further very facile oxidation of 8 which must occur under intraneuronal conditions where 1 is autoxidized, i.e., in neuromelanin-pigmented cells, would lead to dihydrobenzothiazine 11 and its cysteinyl conjugates which could be the endotoxins responsible for the selective degeneration of dopaminergic SN neurons in PD. The ease of autoxidation of 8 is suggested to account for the low levels of this conjugate found in the degenerating and Parkinsonian SN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Zhang
F
F
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019-0370.
Dryhurst
G
G
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
D008543:Melanins; D013481:Superoxides; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D004298:Dopamine