title: Calcium gradients and light-evoked calcium changes outside rods in the intact cat retina.
abstract: We have studied light-evoked changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) in the intact cat eye using ion-sensitive double-barreled microelectrodes. Two prominent changes in Ca2+ concentration were observed that differed in retinal location. There was a light-evoked increase in [Ca2+]o, accompanied by brief ON and OFF transients, which was maximal in the inner plexiform layer and was not further studied. There was an unexpected sustained light-evoked decrease in [Ca2+]o, of relatively rapid onset and offset, which was maximal in the distalmost region of the subretinal space (SRS). [Ca2+]o in the SRS was 1.0 mM higher than in the vitreous humor during dark adaptation and this transretinal gradient disappeared during rod-saturating illumination. After correcting for the light-evoked increase in the volume of the SRS, an increase in the total Ca2+ content of the SRS during illumination was revealed, which presumably represents the Ca2+ released by rods. To explain the light-evoked [Ca2+]o changes, we used the diffusion model described in the accompanying paper (Li et al., 1994b), with the addition of light-dependent sources of Ca2+ at the retina/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) border and rod outer segments. We conclude that a drop in [Ca2+]o around photoreceptors, which persists during illumination and reduces a transretinal Ca2+ gradient, is the combined effect of the light-evoked SRS volume increase, Ca2+ release from photoreceptors, and an unidentified mechanism(s), which is presumably Ca2+ transport by the RPE. The relatively rapid onset and offset of the [Ca2+]o decrease remains unexplained. These steady-state shifts in [Ca2+]o should have significant effects on photoreceptor function, especially adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gallemore
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Govardovskii
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002415:Cats; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium