title: A system for testing the development and reversal of anticonvulsant tolerance to benzodiazepines in mice.
abstract: Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of benzodiazepines limits their use in epilepsy treatment. Animal models producing tolerance have been developed, but they require repetitive injections over several days or use silastic capsules which must be made for each drug and do not provide a constant infusion rate. Alzet 2001 osmotic pumps deliver at a constant rate (1 microliter/h) and dosage can be easily adjusted. Various solvents, PEG 400, propylene glycol, 2% Tween, 50% DMSO, saline, Molecusol, and 0.5% methyl cellulose, were tried and found unsuitable because benzodiazepines were not maintained in solution or proconvulsant activity was seen. Tetraglycol was chosen as it did not demonstrate these shortcomings. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by PTZ i.v. tail infusion using forelimb clonus as the endpoint. This study describes a simple method for testing the development of tolerance and its reversal with flumazenil or ZK 93426. At 72 h of pump infusion with diazepam or flunitrazepam, tolerance to anticonvulsant activity was evident. Acute treatment with flumazenil or ZK 93426 reversed this tolerance. When flumazenil or ZK 93426 was given to diazepam tolerant mice, this reversal was complete. In flunitrazepam tolerant mice reversal with flumazenil was partial, but significant. When flumazenil was chronically coinfused with diazepam or flunitrazepam, anticonvulsant activity was antagonized. Similarly, when ZK 93426 was coinfused with diazepam, anticonvulsant activity was antagonized. The method described is suitable for screening putative anticonvulsant drugs for development of tolerance and the reversal of tolerance by other compounds.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Torchin
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kapetanovic
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kupferberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012997:Solvents; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002243:Carbolines; D012997:Solvents; D005442:Flumazenil; D005445:Flunitrazepam; C042568:ZK 93426; D003975:Diazepam; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole