title: Validation of cutaneous stimulation interventions for pain management.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify and validate specific activities considered important in the implementation of selected cutaneous stimulation pain management interventions including heat and cold application, massage and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). A two-round Delphi survey was completed by nurses selected for their expertise in pain management. Data were analyzed using a modification of Fehring's diagnostic content validity method. Consistently high scores were obtained by the raters for each intervention and activity, with most activities perceived as critical to the intervention. From this process, a list of activities for each cutaneous stimulation intervention evolved that are applicable to education, clinical practice and clinical nursing research.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mobily
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004522:Educational Status; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D009720:Nurse Clinicians; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing; D059408:Pain Management; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data