title: The effect of fluorine substitution on the physicochemical properties and the analgesic activity of paracetamol.
abstract: The physicochemical properties and analgesic action of six fluorinated analogues of 4-hydroxyacetanilide (paracetamol) have been investigated. Fluorine substitution adjacent to the hydroxyl group increased lipophilicity and oxidation potential whilst substitution adjacent to the amide had little effect on lipophilicity but led to a greater increase in oxidation potential. Lack of coplanarity and conjugation of the amide group and aromatic ring was also apparent with the analogues that had fluorine in the 2 and 6 positions. Introduction of fluorine into the amide group of paracetamol increased the lipophilicity 4-fold and also increased the oxidation potential of paracetamol. ED50 values for analgesic activity in the phenylquinone-induced abdominal constriction test on male Swiss White mice showed that ring substitution by fluorine reduced activity, especially at the 2,6-positions. Introduction of fluorine into the amide group enhanced activity significantly. Correlation of the analgesic activity with the physicochemical properties indicated that conjugation (and planarity) of the amide group with the aromatic ring is essential for activity and that ease of oxidation may also be an important factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Storr
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D017611:Fluorine Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D017611:Fluorine Compounds; D000082:Acetaminophen