title: High risk of thromboemboli early after bioprosthetic cardiac valve replacement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the rate of thromboembolism in patients undergoing bioprosthetic replacement of the aortic or mitral valve, or both, at serial intervals after operation and the effects of anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment and risk factors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Thromboembolism appears to occur early after operation, but the incidence, timing and risk factors for thromboembolism and the role, timing, adequacy, effectiveness, duration and risk of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents are uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rate of thromboembolism was studied at three time intervals after operation (1 to 10, 11 to 90 and > 90 days) in 816 patients who underwent bioprosthetic replacement of the aortic or mitral valve, or both, at the Mayo Clinic from January 1975 to December 1982. The effect of antithrombotic therapy (warfarin, aspirin or dipyridamole, alone or in combination) was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up of surviving patients was 8.6 years. The rate of thromboembolism (%/year) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at each time interval after operation (1 to 10, 11 to 90 and > 90 days) for mitral valve replacement (55%, 10% and 2.4%/year, respectively) and over the first time interval for aortic valve replacement (41%, 3.6% and 1.9%/year, respectively). During the first 10 days, 52% to 70% of prothrombin time ratios were low (< 1.5 x control). Patients with mitral valve replacement who received anticoagulation had a lower rate of thromboembolism for the entire follow-up period (2.5%/year with vs. 3.9%/year without anticoagulation, p = 0.05). Of 112 patients with a first thromboembolic episode, permanent disability occurred in 38% and death in 4%. Risk factors for emboli were lack of anticoagulation, mitral valve location, history of thromboembolism and increasing age. Only 10% of aortic, 44% of mitral and 17% of double valve recipients had anticoagulation at the time of an event. Patients with bleeding episodes (2.3%/year) were older and usually underwent anticoagulation. Blood transfusions were required in 60 of 111 patients (1.2%/year), and 13 patients (0.3%/year) died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thromboembolic risk was especially high for aortic and mitral valve replacement for 90 days after operation, and overall was increased with lack of anticoagulation, mitral valve location, previous thromboembolism and increasing age. Anticoagulation reduced thromboemboli and appears to be indicated in all patients as early as possible for 3 months and thereafter in those with risk factors, but needs prospective testing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chesebro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuster
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Penny
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Orszulak
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pluth
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Puga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D004176:Dipyridamole; D001241:Aspirin