title: The prevalence of akathisia in patients receiving stable doses of clozapine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Akathisia is a common side effect of traditional neuroleptic drugs and is associated with medication refusal and impulsive behavior. While our previous experience indicates that clozapine is effective in treating persistent akathisia, two controlled studies indicate vastly different prevalence rates of akathisia (7% vs. 40%) in patients receiving clozapine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Barnes Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia to estimate the prevalence of akathisia in patients receiving stable doses of clozapine alone (N = 29) in a state hospital. Measurements were also made of manifest psychopathology (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) and tardive dyskinesia (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients (6.8%) receiving clozapine were rated as having akathisia. Only 4 (28.6%) of the 14 subjects with a history of moderate-to-severe tardive dyskinesia on traditional neuroleptic drugs continued to show current evidence of tardive dyskinesia, and in 10 patients (71.4%) there was no evidence of the syndrome (p < .002). In the 4 subjects with tardive dyskinesia there was amelioration to a milder form of the syndrome. There were no new cases of tardive dyskinesia among clozapine-treated subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the low prevalence of akathisia in patients receiving stable doses of clozapine monotherapy. There is further support that clozapine has an ameliorating effect on tardive dyskinesia associated with traditional neuroleptic drugs. These and other data indicate the need for a controlled trial of clozapine in patients experiencing persistent and disabling akathisia on traditional neuroleptic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Special Studies Center, Mayview State Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Chengappa
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delaney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine