title: Extracellular brain glutamate during acute liver failure and during acute hyperammonemia simulating acute liver failure: an experimental study based on in vivo brain dialysis.
abstract: Hyperammonemia is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. However, the mechanism leading to ammonia toxicity is still not known. Since the metabolism of the most important excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, is closely linked to that of ammonia, it has been postulated that hyperammonemia lowers the availability of the neurotransmitter glutamate. To study this hypothesis, we used brain dialysis to measure glutamate levels in extracellular cerebral fluid from rabbits with acute ischemic liver failure or acute hyperammonemia. The basal glutamate concentration was found to be increased during both acute liver failure (start of experiments 4.9 +/- 1.7 mumol/l; end of experiments 9.5 +/- 2.1 mumol/l, n = 6, difference p < 0.05) and acute hyperammonemia (start of experiments 4.4 +/- 1.2 mumol/l; end of experiments 7.3 +/- 1.8 mumol/l, n = 7, difference p > 0.05) (mean +/- SEM). Both the veratridine- and the potassium-evoked glutamate release were increased during acute liver failure but appeared normal during hyperammonemia. We conclude that during acute liver failure and acute hyperammonemia in the rabbit there is no decreased glutamate availability in the extracellular space of the cortical brain; on the contrary, we found evidence for increased extracellular glutamate concentrations in the cortical brain, which were more pronounced in acute liver failure. Experimental hepatic encephalopathy is thus not due to cerebral glutamate deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II and Hepatogastroenterology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Knegt
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Schalm
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van der Rijt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fekkes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dalm
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hekking-Weyma
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D014701:Veratridine; D000641:Ammonia; D011188:Potassium