title: Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in depolarized non-transformed bovine adrenal medullary cells: second messenger systems and promoter mechanisms.
abstract: Activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in the adrenal medulla during stress is mediated by trans-synaptic mechanisms and may involve cholinergic receptors. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in adrenal medullary cells induces cell depolarization, influx of Ca2+ ions and increases levels of cAMP. We have shown that both cAMP and membrane depolarization produce an increase in the expression of the TH gene in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells (BAMC). Others have proposed that transcriptional activation of the TH gene by cAMP is mediated through the sequence homologous to a cAMP responsive element (CRE) located in the proximal region of the TH gene promoter. In the present study we have examined the mechanisms by which membrane depolarization increases the TH gene activity. Treatment of serum-free BAMC cultures with the depolarizing agent, veratridine, increased the extracellular concentration of catecholamines, Met5-enkephalin, and the relative abundance of TH mRNA. Veratridine treatment also increased the levels of mRNAs for the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), and proenkephalin A (PEK). Treatment for longer than 3 h was required to increase TH mRNA levels. By contrast, our previous studies indicated that cAMP stimulation for 2 h produces a maximal increase in TH mRNA levels in BAMC. The effects of veratridine and forskolin on TH mRNA levels were additive, further indicating that depolarization and cAMP activate TH gene expression via different pathways. Calmidazolium, an antagonist of calmodulin, had no effect on the veratridine-induced increase in TH mRNA levels. Similarly sphingosine treatment or preincubation with PMA, which reduce protein kinase C (PKC) activity and attenuate the induction of TH mRNA by PMA or the hormone, angiotensin II, did not affect the induction by veratridine. To identify promoter mechanisms of TH gene activation in depolarized cells we transfected BAMC with a plasmid pTHgoodLuc and treated with veratridine for 24 h. pTHgoodLUC contains a luciferase reporter gene linked to a -428/+21 bp fragment of the bovine TH gene promoter (relative to the transcription start site). Veratridine increased the expression of luciferase from the TH promoter 2.5-fold. Deletion of the -194/-54 bp promoter region containing SP-1 and POU/Oct sites reduced veratridine stimulation by 40%. Additional deletion of the -269 to -190 bp promoter segment, including an AP-1 element, further reduced veratridine stimulation to a statistically non-significant level. In conclusion, activation of TH gene expression upon depolarization is not mediated by calmodulin and PKC. Promoter sequences involved in this activation are located upstream from the CRE. Depolarization may activate TH gene transcription by acting on more than one regulatory region.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stachowiak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goc
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poisner
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Stachowiak
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D004745:Enkephalins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C029992:proenkephalin; D005576:Colforsin; D014701:Veratridine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; D011493:Protein Kinase C