title: Caffeine as a probe for CYP1A2 activity: potential influence of renal factors on urinary phenotypic trait measurements.
abstract: Two established caffeine-based urinary methods for measuring CYP1A2 activity were compared with each other, and also with the systemic clearance of caffeine which served as a standard of reference for such activity. Following a standardized dose, caffeine (137X) and its metabolites were measured in urine and plasma of 39 healthy subjects. The measurements allowed determinations of: (1) systemic caffeine clearance (CL(caff)); (2) the caffeine metabolite ratio (AFMU + 1X + 1U)/17U determined in an overnight-urine specimen and referred to as CMR, and (3) the ratio (17X + 17U)/137X measured in urine collected between 4 and 5 h after caffeine intake and referred to as PCUR for 'paraxanthine-caffeine urinary ratio'. The PCUR showed a bimodal distribution and a relatively wide variation, CL(caff) and CMR were both normally distributed. The correlation between CL(caff) and CMR was r = 0.77 (p < 0.001), between CLcaff and PCUR r = 0.46 (p < 0.01), and between CMR and PCUR r = 0.40 (p < 0.02). The difference between the correlation coefficients 0.77 and 0.46 was statistically significant (z-test; p < 0.05). The well established decrease of caffeine metabolism by oral contraceptive use was observed with both CL(caff) and CMR but not with PCUR. Examination of possible explanations for the differences between PCUR and CMR led to the finding of a correlation between PCUR and the renal clearance of caffeine (CLr) with r = -0.47 (p < 0.01). Further scrutiny demonstrated that a bimodal or non-normal frequency distribution as shown by PCUR was also shown by CLr and by urine flow rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kadar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kalow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001711:Biotransformation; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D015335:Molecular Probes; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D002110:Caffeine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2