title: Relationship of the proinflammatory cytokines to myocardial ischemia and dysfunction after uncomplicated coronary revascularization.
abstract: The proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in mediating myocardial dysfunction associated with myocardial infarction, severe congestive heart failure, and sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that cytokine levels are elevated after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass grafting and associated with episodes of postoperative myocardial ischemia and dysfunction. Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed under general anesthesia with moderate systemic hypothermia and cold-blood potassium cardioplegic solution. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels were determined by bioassays, and interleukin-8 levels were measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myocardial function and ischemic episodes were assessed by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography and perioperative 12-channel Holter monitoring. A total of 22 patients were studied, with no deaths or complications. Arterial tumor necrosis factor-alpha rose in a bimodal distribution, peaking at 2 and 18 to 24 hours after the operation (at 20.2 +/- 6.4 pg/ml, [mean +/- standard error of the mean]) and 5.8 +/- 1.6 pg/ml, respectively; before cardiopulmonary bypass: 0.90 +/- 0.20 pg/ml, p < 0.001 for both peaks) then progressively declined to levels before bypass. Arterial interleukin-6 was maximally elevated immediately on termination of cardiopulmonary bypass and peaked again 12 to 18 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass (at 7520 +/- 2439 pg/ml and 6216 +/- 1928 pg/ml, respectively; before bypass: 746 +/- 187 pg/ml, p < 0.0001 for both peaks). Arterial interleukin-8 levels were more variable but followed a similar pattern, peaking in the early period after cardiopulmonary bypass and again at 16 to 18 hours after the operation (at 4110 +/- 1403 pg/ml and 1760 +/- 1145 pg/ml, respectively; before bypass: 461 +/- 158, p < 0.05 for both peaks). By multivariate analysis, the aortic crossclamp time was independently predictive of postoperative cytokine levels. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were associated with both interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels, worsening scores being associated with increasing levels (for interleukin-6, p = 0.003; for interleukin-8, p = 0.05). Postoperative myocardial ischemic episodes were associated with interleukin-6 levels, six of seven (85%) patients with episodes of myocardial ischemia after a peak in interleukin-6 concentrations (p < 0.01). We conclude that proinflammatory cytokines are elevated after uncomplicated coronary revascularization and may contribute to postoperative myocardial ischemia and segmental wall motion abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hennein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebba
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bronstein
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rankin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha