title: Subclinical avian malaria infections in African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and induction of parasite recrudescence.
abstract: The subclinical and clinical Plasmodium elongatum and Plasmodium relictum infections of captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) were evaluated in nine adult and 29 juvenile penguins in the Baltimore Zoo (Maryland, USA) during summer 1988 and winter 1989. Two diagnostic methods were used: Giemsa-stained thin blood films, and subinoculation of penguin blood into 1-day-old Peking ducklings. Chloroquine and primaquine treatment was applied to all parasitemic juvenile penguins. Twenty-nine parasite-free, juvenile penguins were monitored for parasitemia by Giemsa-stained thin blood films every two weeks for 26 weeks of their first outdoor exposure. Eighteen of 29 penguins experienced naturally acquired malaria; 14 were infected with P. elongatum, three with P. relictum, and one bird had a mixed P. relictum and P. elongatum infection. Eleven of 18 juveniles became parasitemic again after chloroquine and primaquine treatments. Based on Giemsa-stained thin blood smears and subinoculation of penguin blood into 1-day-old ducklings, performed in a mosquito-free environment in winter, nine adult penguins had no evidence of Plasmodium spp. infection. After dexmethasone-induced immunosuppression, four of six of these nonparasitemic adult penguins were found to be infected with P. relictum by the blood inoculation method.
authors.affiliation: Baltimore Zoo, Maryland 21217.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cranfield
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Graczyk
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ialeggio
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Skjoldager
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D001717:Birds; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004372:Ducks; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008289:Malaria, Avian / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011319:Primaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D002738:Chloroquine; D011319:Primaquine