title: The GATA-4 transcription factor transactivates the cardiac muscle-specific troponin C promoter-enhancer in nonmuscle cells.
abstract: The unique contractile phenotype of cardiac myocytes is determined by the expression of a set of cardiac muscle-specific genes. By analogy to other mammalian developmental systems, it is likely that the coordinate expression of cardiac genes is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors that interact with promoter and enhancer elements in the transcriptional regulatory regions of these genes. Although previous reports have identified several cardiac muscle-specific transcriptional elements, relatively little is known about the lineage-specific transcription factors that regulate these elements. In this report, we demonstrate that the slow/cardiac muscle-specific troponin C (cTnC) enhancer contains a specific binding site for the lineage-restricted zinc finger transcription factor GATA-4. This GATA-4-binding site is required for enhancer activity in primary cardiac myocytes. Moreover, the cTnC enhancer can be transactivated by overexpression of GATA-4 in non-cardiac muscle cells such as NIH 3T3 cells. In situ hybridization studies demonstrate that GATA-4 and cTnC have overlapping patterns of expression in the hearts of postimplantation mouse embryos and that GATA-4 gene expression precedes cTnC expression. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals GATA-4 expression in cultured cardiac myocytes from neonatal rats. Taken together, these results are consistent with a model in which GATA-4 functions to direct tissue-specific gene expression during mammalian cardiac development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heikinheimo
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leiden
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Parmacek
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014336:Troponin / Q000235:genetics*; D019209:Troponin C
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014336:Troponin; D019209:Troponin C; D004247:DNA