title: Hepatocellular carcinoma in western Sydney. Aetiology, changes in incidence, and opportunities for better outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in western Sydney over the last 14 years, to assess risk factors for the disease among ethnic groups of Australian residents, and to consider the opportunities for improving its usually poor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-record review of clinical features in all (122) patients discharged from a 900-bed tertiary-referral teaching hospital with a diagnosis of HCC from January 1979 to March 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual number of new cases; risk factors according to birthplace; surgical resectability of tumours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New cases admitted each year at least doubled between 1979-1985 and 1986-1992. This apparent increase involved individuals born in Australia (50% of all patients) as well as immigrants. Cirrhosis was found in 93% at liver biopsy or autopsy. Excessive alcohol intake was an associated risk factor for 46% of Australian-born patients and for 13% of those born overseas. Among the latter, HCC was associated with markers of hepatitis B virus infection in 64%. Since hepatitis C virus (HCV) tests became available in 1990, five of nine patients tested were anti-HCV positive. Surveillance screening of patients known to have cirrhosis detected eight cases of early HCC. Seven of these had surgical resection and all are alive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New diagnoses of HCC have increased recently, irrespective of country of birth. In Australian-born patients alcoholic liver disease remains a major aetiological factor but the role of HCV requires further evaluation. Among immigrants, cirrhosis from chronic viral hepatitis accounts for most cases. We propose that prevention of cirrhosis caused by chronic viral hepatitis should have the greatest long-term impact on prevention of HCC in Australia. The role of surveillance of people with cirrhosis to detect small and potentially resectable tumours should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Brotodihardjo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weltman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liddle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Farrell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors