title: Performance of case-finding tools for depression in the nursing home: influence of clinical and functional characteristics and selection of optimal threshold scores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare case-finding tools for depression in the nursing home setting and to evaluate effects of subject function, cognition, and disease number on test performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  One academic and four community homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-four randomly selected, mildly cognitively impaired, functionally dependent residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Short Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Brief Carrol Depression Rating Scale (BCDRS) were administered. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R diagnoses was administered independently,. Operating characteristics and the effects of subject characteristics on test performance were evaluated using McNemar's test and logistic regression. Selection of "optimal" threshold scores was guided by Kraemer's quality indices and clinical judgment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five subjects (26%) had major depression. No differences were found among the instruments in sensitivity (range 0.74-0.89), specificity (range 0.62-0.77), or area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) (range 0.85-0.91). Resident characteristics did not affect test performance. Quality indices showed the GDS and BCDRS met criteria for moderate to substantial agreement with the criterion standard, whereas the SGDS and the CES-D achieved only fair agreement. No change in threshold scores was warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GDS and BCDRS performed well in the nursing home. As the GDS can serve as a both a case-finding and severity instrument, it is preferred. Use of brief, interviewer-administered tools may improve detection of depression in the nursing home.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Affairs Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78284.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gerety
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kadri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000592:standards*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011594:Psychometrics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013781:Texas