title: The impact of college prematriculation immunization requirements on risk for measles outbreaks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether prematriculation immunization requirements (PIRs) affect the number of measles cases on college campuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a stratified random sample of 880 colleges and universities to determine their immunization policies and practices and occurrence of measles outbreaks from 1988 through 1991. We merged national measles surveillance data with survey data by county to determine the risk for measles introduction on college campuses. We used logistic regression methods to estimate the effect of PIRs and assess risk factors for college measles outbreaks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3205 US colleges and universities listed in standard guides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of selected schools, 91 (11%) of the 796 responding schools reported one or more measles cases occurring from 1988 through 1991. Schools with a state-mandated PIR were significantly less likely to report measles outbreaks of two or more cases than other institutions (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 0.30; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.11 to 0.84). None of the 14 schools that reported outbreaks of 10 or more cases was subject to state regulation or had a PIR specifying two doses of measles vaccine in place. Of schools with introduction of measles, residential colleges were more likely to report extensive spread of measles (five or more cases) than nonresidential colleges (RR = 35.8; 95% Cl, 2.08 to 617.0). Of public schools, 4-year programs had a higher risk of a large outbreak (five or more cases) than 2-year programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly support current recommendations for requiring proof of vaccination of college students to decrease the risk for measles outbreaks on college campuses. State regulations mandating PIRs ensure the best protection against widespread measles transmission.
authors.affiliation: National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014495:Universities / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine