title: Absence of symmetry in superior articular facets on the first cervical vertebra in humans: implications for diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little attention has been given to the craniovertebral articulations. Specifically, gross observations of variations of the superior articular facets on the atlas have not been described with respect to static and motion palpation findings. This study describes the anatomical variations of these facets and the clinical implications associated with asymmetrical structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The superior articular facets of thirty human first cervical vertebrae were chosen for this study because the atlas constitutes the middle of the upper cervical complex and the atlanto-occipital joint contributes greatly to head movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The basic science research department of Logan College of Chiropractic, St. Louis, Missouri. SPECIMEN POPULATION: All available previously dissected anatomy laboratory and library specimens (30) were used in this study. All of the specimens were dry with intact facet surfaces and no regard was given to age, gender, or race.
  
  
  METHODS
  The atlases were studied out of situ and all soft tissue was removed so that the bony articular surfaces could be clearly viewed and photographed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Palpation and unaided visual examination were performed on 30 atlases. The shape, size, angle, texture, border, and number of superior articular facets on each atlas were recorded to determine symmetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The classically described kidney-shaped facet was in fact an infrequent finding. Upon comparison of right and left sides, none (0%) of the facets were mirror images of symmetry, while 19 of the atlases (63%) had grossly asymmetrical facets, and 11 of 30 atlases (37%) had facets which were only slightly asymmetrical in regard to shape, border, depth and angle. Furthermore, 7 of the 19 grossly asymmetrical atlases (37%) had three or four separate superior articular facets. Three atlases had two facets on the left and one on the right, while two atlases had two facets on the right with a single facet on the left, and two atlases had four superior facets (two on each side).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The validity of vertebral joint assessment based on the assumption of facet symmetry is challenged, impugning certain chiropractic theories and/or techniques which rely on symmetry as being "normal." To achieve symmetrical function, the anatomical structure must be symmetrical. Since true structural symmetry does not exist, true symmetry of segmental movement may not be possible.
authors.affiliation: Logan College of Chiropractic, Basic Science Research Department, Chesterfield, MO 63006-1065.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000002:abnormalities; D001269:Atlanto-Occipital Joint / Q000002:abnormalities; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002684:Chiropractic / Q000379:methods; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results