title: Effects of loading rate on strength of the proximal femur.
abstract: Results from previous quasi-static mechanical tests indicate that femurs from elderly subjects fail in vitro at forces 50% below those available in a fall from standing height. However, bone is a rate-dependent material, and it is not known whether this imbalance is present at rates of loading which occur in a fall. Based on recent data on time to peak force and body positions at impact during simulated falls, we designed a high rate test of the femur in a loading configuration meant to represent a fall on the hip. We used elderly (mean age 73.5 +/- 7.4 (SD) years) and younger adult (32.7 +/- 12.8 years) cadaveric femurs to investigate whether (1) the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of the femur increases under high rate loading conditions; (2) elderly femurs have reduced strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity compared with younger adult femurs at this loading rate; and (3) densitometric and geometric measures taken at the hip correlate with the measured fracture loads. Femurs were scanned using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and then tested to failure in a fall loading configuration at a displacement rate of 100 mm/second. The fracture load in elderly and younger adult femurs increased by about 20% with a 50-fold increase in displacement rate. However, energy absorption did not increase with displacement rate because of a twofold increase in stiffness at the higher loading rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wachtel
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016474:Weight-Bearing