title: Thoracoscopic cervicodorsal sympathectomy: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of thoracoscopic cervicodorsal sympathectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1990 to December 1993, we performed 21 thoracoscopic sympathectomies in 19 patients. There were 13 women and six men; age 17 to 64 years, mean 37 years. Thirteen procedures were performed on the left side and eight on the right. Indications for surgery were causalgia/reflex sympathetic dystrophy in nine patients, Raynaud's/vasculitis in six, hyperhidrosis in five, and medically refractory cardiac arrhythmia in one.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The T1-4 sympathetic ganglia were readily identified, dissected free, and resected thoracoscopically in 19 cases, and the T3-7 ganglia were resected with thoracoscopy in one case. One case required conversion to an open thoracotomy because of dense scar from a previous first rib resection, which obscured the anatomy. Histologic confirmation of ganglia were obtained in all 21 cases. Operative duration ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 hours. Estimated blood loss was 5 to 300 cc, mean 42 cc, median 10 cc. No patient required transfusion. All 21 patients had an excellent immediate sympathectomy response. Transient Horner's syndrome developed in two patients. Postoperative residual pneumothorax (< 10%) occurred in three cases and resolved spontaneously without further treatment. In one patient pleural effusion and pneumothorax developed, which were treated with the reinsertion of the chest tube. Postoperative pain was well controlled with oral analgesics. Hospital stay was 1 to 4 days, mean 2 days, median 1 day. Follow-up at 1 to 42 months, mean 11 months, median 6 months, showed continued evidence of sympathectomy effect in all patients, except one who died of her underlying disease 1 month after operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that thoracoscopic sympathectomy is feasible, safe, and effective. Further studies are indicated to confirm its long-term benefits and to determine optimal thoracoscopic techniques.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Center for the Health Sciences.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Machleder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000601:surgery*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015171:Ganglionectomy; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000601:surgery; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy; D013997:Time Factors