title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with epidural fentanyl infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cause of unexplained postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of postoperative ARDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care unit (ICU) of a Veterans Affairs hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six postoperative patients recovering from uncomplicated vascular or cardiothoracic surgery developed unexplained ARDS. Controls were 17 patients having similar procedures without the development of ARDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infusion of fentanyl with a tamper-proof device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of ARDS. ARDS began 1 to 4 days after surgery, was characterized by maximum alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient that ranged from 232 to 544 torr (30.9 to 72.5 kPa), and was associated with death of two patients. We observed no association with patient location before ARDS onset, nonanalgesic medication administered, staff assignment, or mode of respiratory therapy. All six patients who developed unexplained ARDS had received epidural fentanyl compared with none of 17 control patients without ARDS (p = .0002). We instituted a tamper-proof mode of parenteral fentanyl administration, and subsequently observed one case of ARDS in 26 consecutive surgical patients (p = .000014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, as well as a prior history of fentanyl theft at our institution, we conclude that tampering with fentanyl infusate was responsible for the ARDS epidemic that we observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlichtig
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Muder
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Diven
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Prior
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003415:Crime; D003422:Critical Care; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl