title: Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia: the role of bronchoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the two diagnostic procedures used most frequently to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions during bronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the contributing risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the recent studies that have assessed the usefulness of the protected specimen brush (PSB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the nonimmunocompromised host.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A prompt, accurate diagnosis of VAP, including specific identification of the bacterial pathogen, remains a common challenge in the intensive-care unit. Standard clinical criteria are of suboptimal specificity for making decisions, including selecting antibiotic therapy. Bronchoscopic techniques of lung secretion sampling can be used in the intensive-care unit in an effort to overcome the effects of oropharyngeal contamination. The PSB and BAL, used appropriately, can help intensive-care clinicians formulate specific antimicrobial therapy. Evaluation of intracellular bacteria obtained by BAL has been reported to be useful in guiding empiric antibiotic therapy while the final results of cultures obtained with the PSB are pending. Prior antibiotic therapy, however, may confound the interpretation and clinical utility of results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, for a patient taking antibiotic therapy, no reliable technique nor quantitative culture threshold exists to help in diagnosing suspected VAP or in guiding antibiotic therapy. If the clinical situation allows, antibiotic therapy should be discontinued for 48 hours; then, the PSB, BAL, protected BAL, or endobronchial aspiration should be used. These contemporary modalities, however, necessitate further clinical trials before widespread use is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Limper
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001980:Bronchi / Q000382:microbiology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents