title: A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serious bacterial infections are common in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Studies performed before zidovudine became standard therapy found that intravenous immune globulin decreases the number of serious bacterial infections in these children. We designed a multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immune globulin in children with advanced HIV infection who were receiving zidovudine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind trial 255 children between 3 months and 12 years of age who had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous immune globulin (400 mg per kilogram of body weight) (n = 129) or placebo (0.1 percent albumin) (n = 126) every 28 days. All children received 180 mg of zidovudine per square meter of body-surface area orally four times daily. Treatment assignment was stratified according to whether the patients had a history of one or more serious bacterial infections, had previously been treated with zidovudine, or were currently receiving prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The median length of follow-up was 30.6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated two-year rates of serious bacterial infections with confirmed pathogens were 16.9 percent for the immune globulin group and 24.3 percent for the placebo group (relative risk, 0.60; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.35 to 1.04; P = 0.07). The treatment effect was seen primarily among the 174 children who were not receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis at entry; the estimated two-year rates of infection were 11.3 percent for the immune globulin group and 26.8 percent for the placebo group (relative risk, 0.45; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.91; P = 0.03). For the 81 children who were receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis initially, the rates were 27.7 percent in the immune globulin group and 17.7 percent in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.26; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.44 to 3.66; P = 0.67). The two-year survival was similar in the two groups: 79.2 percent among immune globulin recipients and 75.4 percent among placebo recipients (P = 0.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with advanced HIV disease who are receiving zidovudine, intravenous immune globulin decreases the risk of serious bacterial infections. However, this benefit is apparent only in children who are not receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0672.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barzilai
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Bryson
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Dankner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000386:AIDS-Related Complex / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D015215:Zidovudine