title: Phospholipid prodrug inhibitors of the HIV protease. Antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics in rats.
abstract: The aspartyl protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important target for chemotherapeutic intervention because of its key role in cleaving the HIV gag-pol polyprotein during viral assembly and budding. Short peptides and peptidomimetics, which bind to the active site of the HIV aspartyl protease and inhibit processing of the polyprotein, have been synthesized. These compounds are active against HIV in vitro, but many face substantial development problems because of their rapid elimination from the body in bile and urine. Refinement of these agents appears to be necessary if they are to become useful clinically. Recently, we developed a novel chemical strategy for increasing plasma levels of HIV protease inhibitory peptides, which involves the attachment of a biodegradable phospholipid group to the C-terminus of a pentapeptide, iBOC-[L-Phe]-[D-beta-Nal]-Pip-[alpha-(OH)-Leu]-Val (7194). We coupled phosphatidylethanolamine to the C-terminal valine of 7194 to make a phospholipid prodrug (7196). In vitro assays in HT4-6C cells infected with HIV-1 showed that the antiviral activity of the C-terminal phospholipid prodrug, 7196, was equal to that of the free peptide, 7194. Similar results were obtained in vitro when a related pentapeptide (7140) was derivatized at the N-terminal with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine-succinic acid (7172). Tritium-labeled 7194 and 7196 were prepared and injected intravenously into rats at 3 mumol/kg; then the plasma was assayed for native compound and metabolites by HPLC radioactivity flow detection. The peak plasma level of the tritium-labeled lipid prodrug (7196) was 36 microM versus 1.6 microM for the free protease inhibitor pentapeptide (7194). The area under the curve of the phospholipid prodrug (7196) was 48-fold greater and its mean residence time was increased 43-fold versus the free peptide (7194). Phospholipid prodrugs appear to offer an alternative approach to optimizing in vivo performance of HIV protease inhibitors and other small peptides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Hostetler
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Forssen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Selk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basava
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basava
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006207:Half-Life; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D010743:Phospholipids; D011355:Prodrugs; C090075:pentapeptide 7194; C090076:phospholipid prodrug 7196