title: Observations from intraatrial recordings on the termination of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The circulating wavelet hypothesis suggests that atrial fibrillation could terminate by either progressive fusion or simultaneous block of all wavelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraatrial recordings from the right atrial free wall were made during procainamide induced (n = 8) or spontaneous (n = 7) termination of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in 14 patients. Atrial rate, mean magnitude squared coherence, and direction of activation during sequential electrograms were measured. Rate and coherence were calculated from the earliest point within 5 minutes prior to termination as well as from the 4-second interval just prior to termination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Termination was directly to sinus rhythm (13 episodes) or to atrial flutter (2 episodes). For the eight procainamide induced terminations, rate decreased between the first measurement and the measurement just prior to termination, from 443 +/- 127 beats/min to 322 +/- 119 beats/min. For the seven spontaneous terminations, rate also decreased from 373 +/- 119 beats/min to 323 +/- 88 beats/min; however, a slight increase in atrial rate prior to termination was observed in three episodes. No specific patterns of atrial cycle lengths were seen during the final few seconds of fibrillation. No increase in coherence was observed. In seven episodes, recordings were made using orthogonal bipoles in the x, y, and z directions, allowing direction of activation of wavefronts to be measured. Three episodes showed multiple instances where direction of activation remained similar over several electrograms as we have previously reported for chronic fibrillation. However, no such instances precipitated termination in any of the seven episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial fibrillation usually terminates directly to sinus rhythm and does so abruptly and without forewarning. While we and others have previously reported that the rate of atrial fibrillation decreases with procainamide infusion, a decrease in the rate of atrial fibrillation is not required for the rhythm to terminate and consequently may not be a part of the termination process at all. Coherence does not demonstrate a progressive increase in the organization of atrial fibrillation prior to termination. Lack of stabilization in the direction of activation of wavefronts in the final few seconds also fails to support fusion of wavefronts as the mechanism of termination of atrial fibrillation. Simultaneous block of all wavelets is consistent with, but not proven by, our observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sih
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ropella
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swiryn
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sahakian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016280:Atrial Function, Right / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011342:Procainamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011342:Procainamide