title: Child anthropometry and mortality in Malawi: testing for effect modification by age and length of follow-up and confounding by socioeconomic factors.
abstract: As shown in a review of 28 studies, anthropometric measurements of preschool-aged children are consistently related to the risk of subsequent mortality in community-based studies from Asia and Africa (Pelletier 1994). Although the results are consistent at this general level, a number of important questions remain concerning the relationship. The purpose of this study is to address two of these questions using data from a similar study conducted in rural northern Malawi: 1) In relation to screening, are the anthropometry-mortality relationships affected by the child's age and the interval between measurement and death ("length of follow-up") and 2) In relation to policy implications, is the anthropometry-mortality relationship due to confounding by socioeconomic factors, especially when considering mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The results reveal that mortality prediction is significantly affected by child's age and length of follow-up, but the strength and direction of this effect modification varies across the four commonly used anthropometric indicators [weight-for-age (WA), height-for-age (HA), weight-for-height (WH) and arm circumference-for-age (ACA)]. An important result for public health practice is that there are no statistically significant differences in prediction across these four indicators when applied to young children (6-23 mo) and employing a 1-y follow-up period. As regards confounding, the results indicate that the anthropometry-mortality relationship is not due to confounding by socioeconomic factors when all grades of malnutrition are considered. When only mild-to-moderate malnutrition is considered, statistically controlling for confounders reduces most of the anthropometric predictors to nonsignificance (probability values to > 0.20), but the strength of the association (odds ratio) remains of the same order of magnitude. However, when effect modification by child's age and length of follow-up is taken into account, the effect of mild-to-moderate malnutrition (WA and WH) remains statistically significant for young children dying with 1 y of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Msukwa
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008295:Malawi; D009026:Mortality; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors