title: Determination of the anaerobic threshold by gas exchange: biochemical considerations, methodology and physiological effects.
abstract: This paper explains the physiological and biochemical basis of the anaerobic threshold (AT), achieved during physical exercise. The lactate concentration is approximately the same at rest in relatively fit adults, in normal sedentary subjects in adult patients with heart disease. But during exercise, the increase of lactate is inversely related to the physical fitness of the individual. During incremental work, the lactate concentration increases initially very little until a distinct metabolic rate (VO2 AT) is reached at which lactate starts to increase steeply (anaerobic threshold/AT; VO2 AT). Above the anaerobic threshold, accelerated glycolysis increases muscle lactic acidosis. This acidosis is buffered primarily by bicarbonate. The bicarbonate-derived CO2 causes an increased alveolar CO2 output relative to O2 uptake. Oxygen uptake is increased virtually linearly with work rate in healthy subjects with a slope of approximately 10 ml O2/min/Watt. VCO2 starts to increase more steeply in the mid-work-rate range after an initial linear behavior. This steepening is caused by an increased CO2 production from the HCO3-buffering of lactic acid for the range of work rates above the AT. Below the AT, the slope of increase in VCO2 is 1 or slightly less, averaging 0.95. Above the AT, it is greater than 1. The submaximal exercise protocol for the determination of AT includes a period of 2-3 min of unloaded cycling, a ramp program with x Watt increase/minute and a recovery period of 2 min. X is the rate of work rate increase per min, so that the incremental period of the exercise test lasts 8-10 min, stressing the patient for only a short time. The anaerobic threshold can be determined during the ramp program using the following four parameters: 1) steeper increase of VCO2 as compared to VO2 (V-slope-method); 2) respiratory exchange ratio = 0.95; 3) PETO2 increase; 4) VE/VO2 increase. The V-slope-method can be successfully applied, not only in healthy volunteers, but also in patients suffering from cardiac and/or pulmonary (breathing abnormalities) diseases. The so far published data show that the anaerobic threshold in healthy people and patients is a highly reproducible, accurately measurable, securely achievable parameter for the non-invasive evaluation of the individual cardiopulmonary exercise capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casaburi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology; D000140:Acidosis, Lactic / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000097:blood; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D007773:Lactates; D011773:Pyruvates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D010100:Oxygen