title: Kinking of internal carotid artery: is it a risk factor for cerebro-vascular damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery?
abstract: The incidence of carotid artery kinking is reported from 4% to 25% in different studies. During cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) in cardiac surgery the hemodynamic effects related to the kinking could produce hypoperfusion especially if associated with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries. We report our experience of 653 patients (538 males, 115 females, mean age 58.3 years) studied by coronaroangiography and internal carotid artery duplex scanning during the period January 1991-December 1992. Thirty-seven patients (22 males, 15 females, mean age 64.9 years), revealed anomalies of the internal carotid artery classificated as tortuosity (9 patients; 24.4%), and kinking (28 patients; 75.6%). All but 4 patients underwent cardiac surgery isolated or associated with carotid thrombo-endarterectomy (TEA) with Dacron patch arterioplasty. Three patients died (8.1%), one of them from cerebrovascular accident. He was a patient who had thromboembolism from the ascending aorta but without associated atherosclerotic lesions of carotid arteries. Asymptomatic isolated internal carotid artery kinking does not seem to be a risk factor for neurological complications during CPB. If carotid kinking is symptomatic and associated with atherosclerotic plaque producing internal carotid artery stenosis greater than 75%, we strongly suggest surgical treatment before cardiac operation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery University of Rome Tor Vergata European Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Actis Dato
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pierri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caprara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiariello
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017131:Thrombectomy