title: Flunarizine for treatment of partial seizures: results of a concentration-controlled trial.
abstract: The National Institutes of Health sponsored a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of flunarizine (FNR) in epileptic patients receiving concomitant phenytoin (PHT) or carbamazepine (CBZ). Because of FNR's long half-life (up to 7 weeks), a parallel rather than crossover design was used. Each patient received an individualized loading dose and maintenance dosage targeted at a 60-ng/ml plasma FNR concentration. Of 93 patients randomized, 92 provided seizure data for the full 25-week treatment period; one placebo-treated patient dropped out for personal reasons. Fifty-four patients received CBZ only, nine received PHT only, and 30 received both CBZ and PHT. Eighty-seven patients had a history of complex partial seizures, and 60 had secondarily generalized seizures. Eight patients discontinued FNR prematurely, all because of adverse neurologic or psychiatric signs or symptoms; depression was the specific cause in three cases. Calculated maintenance dosages, based on single-dose pharmacokinetic profiles, ranged from 7 to 138 mg/day (mean, 40 mg/day). Plasma FNR concentrations generally exceeded the target, with the highest concentrations observed immediately after loading; excluding the first three treatment weeks and all concentrations after a FNR dosage change, the median plasma FNR concentration was 71.7 ng/ml. The percent reduction from baseline seizure rate was statistically greater (p = 0.002) in the FNR-treated group (mean, 24.4%) than in the placebo-treated group (mean, 5.7%).
authors.affiliation: NINDS Epilepsy Branch, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Pledger
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sackellares
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Treiman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pellock
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikati
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sahlroot
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D010672:Phenytoin; D005444:Flunarizine