title: Psychopathology in male and female intravenous drug users with and without HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report on results of systematic clinical assessment of psychopathology among HIV-positive and HIV-negative intravenous drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a multidisciplinary baseline assessment, 147 male (85 HIV-positive and 62 HIV-negative) and 76 female (39 HIV-positive and 37 HIV-negative) intravenous drug users were evaluated with the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and measures of psychiatric symptom severity, global functioning, and stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of a diagnosis of current depression (26%) and severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects were greater than in the general community, but not greater than in other studies of intravenous drug users. HIV-positive men had a higher prevalence of depressive disorders than HIV-negative men (33% and 16%, respectively), although this pattern was not found among women (26% and 30%). Diagnosis of depressive disorders and severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with a symptom-based measure of HIV illness stage, but not with indices of immune functioning (CD4+ cell count and CD4+ cell percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite selective associations between HIV illness variables and depression, high rates of depression across HIV status in this cohort suggest that intravenous drug use and associated factors are more salient than HIV illness factors in understanding psychopathology in this population.
authors.affiliation: HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Remien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: el Sadr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorrell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*