title: Allelic variation in the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene does not predict response to clozapine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that interindividual differences in response to clozapine therapy might be attributable to the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) alleles they carry. Different alleles of the D4 dopamine receptor, coded by the DRD4 gene, differ in the affinity with which they bind the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in vitro. This may have physiologic implications. Clinical response to clozapine therapy varies among patients. The observation that, in vitro, clozapine binds the protein products of different DRD4 alleles with differing affinity characteristics suggested this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The region of the DRD4 gene that encodes the putative third cytoplasmic loop of the D4 receptor contains a 48-base pair sequence repeated a variable number of times. With use of polymerase chain reaction amplification, we assessed this variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in a series of schizophrenic and schizoaffective subjects who had been treated with clozapine, and related genotype with treatment response, to test the hypothesis that DRD4 alleles lead to varying response to clozapine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allelic variation at the DRD4 locus does not predict clinical response to clozapine relative to either fluphenazine hydrochloride or placebo in subjects with treatment-refractory schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DRD4 alleles do not predict therapeutic response to clozapine in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. There are implications from these data for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanism of clozapine's therapeutic effect are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, Conn Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pickar
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Gejman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gershon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010919:Placebos; D011336:Probability; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D010919:Placebos; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D003024:Clozapine