title: The effect of hypercapnia and hypoxemia on the cardiovascular responses to isoproterenol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reason for the increased risk of death with fenoterol and isoproterenol in asthma is unknown but may relate to their cardiovascular effects. Deaths from asthma usually occur outside hospital where hypoxemia, with or without hypercapnia, may exist. Both of these states can influence the cardiovascular system. We investigated whether different gas mixtures modified the cardiovascular effects of isoproterenol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy men were randomly assigned to receive each of three gas mixtures to achieve (1) normoxia-normocapnia, (2) hypercapnia (end-tidal PaCO2, 50 mm Hg), (3) hypoxemia-hypercapnia (arterial oxygen saturation, 90%; PaCO2, 50 mm Hg). Isoproterenol was administered with each of the gas mixtures. Cardiovascular measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, electromechanical systole, and the QTc interval were made before administration of the gases, as well as before and 5 minutes after isoproterenol administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The changes after hypercapnia were not significantly different from those after normoxia-normocapnia. Hypoxemia-hypercapnia increased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, QTc interval, cardiac index, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. Isoproterenol increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure, QTc interval, cardiac index, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening while the subjects breathed the normoxia-normocapnia gas mixture. It caused similar changes with the other gas mixtures. The changes were additive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoproterenol and hypoxemia-hypercapnia will increase myocardial oxygen demand and could prove to be detrimental in severe asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McHaffie
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galletly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buckly
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Purdie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007545:Isoproterenol; D010100:Oxygen