title: Comparison of specialized and standard enteral formulas in trauma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare selected nutrition and immunologic markers and infection in trauma patients receiving a specialized enteral formula with those receiving standard enteral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 1 trauma center at a county government hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one consecutive patients with major trauma who required enteral nutrition support. Thirty-seven patients completed the study. Four patients (two in each group) were excluded, as additional operative procedures prevented initiation of enteral feedings within 7 days of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients fed the specialized enteral formula received supplemental arginine, linolenic acid, beta-carotene, and hydrolyzed protein for up to 10 days. Eighteen control patients received standard enteral nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After study entry, patients who received the specialized enteral formula had fewer infections than those receiving standard enteral nutrition (3/19 vs 10/18; p < 0.05). The change in nitrogen balance was significantly better (p < 0.05) from day 1 (-11.8 +/- 1.8 g/day) to day 5 (-5.9 +/- 2.0 g/day) for the group who received the specialized formula compared with the group who received standard enteral nutrition (-7.3 +/- 1.7 g/day to -7.4 +/- 2.8 g/day). Similarly, the change in C-reactive protein serum concentration was significantly better (p < 0.05) from day 1 (18.0 +/- 2.1 mg/dl) to day 5 (11.8 +/- 1.5 mg/dl) in the group who received the specialized formula compared with the group who received standard enteral nutrition (17.6 +/- 1.2 mg/dl to 14.4 +/- 1.7 mg/dl). The CD4:CD8 ratio increased more in the group who received the specialized formula, although this difference did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma patients who received the specialized enteral formula demonstrated a decreased incidence of infection and increased improvements in nitrogen balance and other indexes of stress. Additional clinical trials demonstrating positive patient outcomes are necessary before these specialized enteral formulas are used as the standard of practice in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mowatt-Larssen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wojtysiak
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Henningfield
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kudsk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006766:Hospitals, County; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013714:Tennessee; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D019207:beta Carotene; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D002338:Carotenoids; D001120:Arginine