title: A practical approach to perimenopausal and postmenopausal urinary incontinence.
abstract: This article provides a logical approach to the evaluation and management of urinary incontinence in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal woman. The impact of the climacteric on normal anatomy and physiology of the female continence mechanism is addressed. Primary office evaluation and guidelines for referrals are provided. The surgical and nonsurgical treatments of incontinence are discussed with illustrative cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pingeton
mesh_terms: D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D016482:Urinalysis; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014563:Urodynamics