title: Immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokine production in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are the major parasitic diseases in which the immune system is implicated in pathogenesis. The in vitro production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), spontaneously and in response to stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD3, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide, was investigated to determine their importance in VL and CL. Highly enhanced production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF alpha was seen in VL. However, enhanced production of IL-4 and TNF alpha but almost normal production of IL-6 and IL-8 was seen in CL. The highly increased IL-4 production was the most characteristic and common feature of both VL and CL. Of interest, highly deficient GM-CSF production may be implicated in abnormalities in synthesis of hematopoietic lineage of cells in these diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, King Saud University, College of Medicine, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raziuddin
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: el-Awad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al-Janadi
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor