title: Cigarette smoking by socioeconomic group, sex, and age: effects of price, income, and health publicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess effects of price, income, and health publicity on cigarette smoking by age, sex, and socioeconomic group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Econometric multiple regression analysis of data on cigarette smoking from the British general household survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of adult population in Britain interviewed for biennial general household surveys 1972-90.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in cigarette consumption and prevalence of smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Price elasticities of demand for cigarettes (percentage change in cigarette consumption for a 1% change in price) were significant at -0.5 (95% confidence interval -0.8 to -0.1) for men and -0.6 (-0.9 to -0.3) for women, were highest in socioeconomic group V (-1.0 for men and -0.9 for women), and lowest (not significantly different from zero) in socioeconomic groups I and II. The gradient in price elasticities by socioeconomic group was significant for men (F = 5.6, P = 0.02) and for women (F = 6.1, P = 0.02). Price was a significant factor in cigarette consumption by age for women in every age group and for men aged 25-34. Cigarette consumption by young men aged 16-34 increased with income. There was a significant decrease in smoking over time by women in socioeconomic groups I and II and by men in all age and social groups except socioeconomic group V attributable to health publicity. Price significantly affected smoking prevalence in socioeconomic group V (-0.6 for men and -0.5 for women) and for all women (-0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men and women in lower socioeconomic groups are more responsive than are those in higher socioeconomic groups to changes in the price of cigarettes and less to health publicity. Women of all ages, including teenagers, appear to have been less responsive to health publicity than have men but more responsive to price. Response to health publicity decreased linearly with age. Real price increases in cigarettes could narrow differences between socioeconomic groups in smoking and the related inequalities in health, but specific measures would be necessary to ameliorate effects on the most deprived families that may include members who continue to smoke. The use of a policy to steadily increase cigarette tax is likely to help achieve the government's targets for smoking and smoking related diseases.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology and Medical Care Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology