title: Failures of endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer: an analysis of risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of therapeutic endoscopy in bleeding peptic ulcer is well documented. Nevertheless, failures of endoscopic therapy occur, and such patients could be put at an increased risk of death by delays in definitive surgery. The aim of this study was to define factors associated with failed endoscopic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic intervention was attempted in 326 consecutive patients presenting with bleeding peptic ulcer using injection or heater probe therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic therapy was possible in 308 (94%) patients, and permanent hemostasis was achieved in 269 (82.5%) of these. Fifty-seven (17.5%) patients continued to bleed or rebled in hospital. Patients who presented with active hemorrhage, shock on admission, and the lowest hemoglobin concentration did less well than those without these risk factors (p < 0.001). A history of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or aspirin usage, coagulopathy, previous peptic ulceration, and concomitant cardiorespiratory disease did not predict outcome of endoscopic therapy. Age of the patient was not an independent risk factor for outcome of therapy. The position of a gastric ulcer did not affect outcome, but a posterior duodenal ulcer was significantly more often associated with failed endoscopic therapy than was the case with an anterior ulcer (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic interventional treatment should be offered to all high-risk bleeding ulcer patients; no subgroup of patients unlikely to benefit from therapy could be identified.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Choudari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rajgopal
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Elton
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D009829:Oleic Acids; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; C033343:ethanolamine oleate; D004837:Epinephrine