title: The urethral syndrome and its management.
abstract: The urethral syndrome and its management are reviewed. Urethral syndrome is defined as 'symptoms suggestive of a lower tract urinary infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen' with three provisos concerning symptomatology and the definition of significant bacteriuria and conventional pathogens. The urethral syndrome is a very common condition; about half the patients visiting their General Practitioner by reason of frequency and/or dysuria do not have significant bacteriuria. Both infective causes (such as lactobacilli and sexually-transmitted pathogens) and non-infective causes (such as trauma, allergies, anatomical features and co-existing medical conditions) have been suggested as causes and are discussed. Treatment options include antibiotics in the case of acute urethral syndrome, since it is not possible to distinguish between urinary infection and the urethral syndrome in the consulting room. For those with chronic urethral syndrome, treatment depends upon whether attacks are associated with bacteriuria or if urological investigations reveal any abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hamilton-Miller
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*