title: Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography alone can adequately define preoperative anatomy and hemodynamic status before repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in infants < 1 year old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the ability of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography alone, without cardiac catheterization, to evaluate infants < 1 year of age for complete open heart repair of complete balanced atrioventricular (AV) septal defect.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Two-dimensional echocardiographic-Doppler examinations provide accurate anatomic detail in patients with AV septal defect. Lung biopsy data have shown that patients rarely develop significant inoperable pulmonary vascular disease before 7 months of age. Although calculated pulmonary arteriolar resistance is often elevated in young infants with this heart defect, this elevation rarely reflects significant pulmonary vascular changes in infants < 7 to 12 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of 34 patients who underwent complete repair of AV septal defect at our institution between January 1, 1988 and September 1, 1992. Some patients had both catheterization and echocardiographic-Doppler studies (group I, n = 16); others had only echocardiographic-Doppler studies (group II, n = 18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were comparable with regard to age at echocardiography and operation, days in the hospital, days with ventilatory and inotropic support and occurrence of postoperative pulmonary hypertension. One child (2.9%) died during the early postoperative period, and one child in each group (5.8%) died within the 1st year of life. Preoperative echocardiography allowed better detailing of anatomy, valve commitment and regurgitation than was possible with catheterization alone. Knowledge of preoperative pulmonary resistance did not alter the surgical decision or predict postoperative pulmonary hypertension. There was no apparent difference in mortality between the two groups (0 vs. 5.5%), but the small number of patients in each group provides for a very low power (beta = 0.04) calculation. This mortality rate is not different from that reported in recent studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AV septal defect can safely undergo surgical correction of this defect on the basis of echocardiographic-Doppler data alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Zellers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zehr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nikaidoh
mesh_terms: D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies