title: Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of long-term therapy with didanosine in children with HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Didanosine has demonstrated promising antiviral activity and a tolerable toxicity profile in short term studies. We describe a cohort of HIV-infected children who were treated for a prolonged period of time with didanosine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (6 months to 18 years of age) with symptomatic HIV infection or an absolute CD4 count < 0.5 x 10(9) cells/L, received oral didanosine at doses between 20 mg/m2 to 180 mg/m2 every 8 hours. Clinical, immunological, and virological parameters were assessed at least every 2 months. The pharmacokinetics of didanosine were evaluated in 85 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously untreated children (n = 51) and children who had received prior antiretroviral therapy (n = 52) were enrolled in the study (median time on study 22.6 months; range 2 to 48). The long-term administration of didanosine was well tolerated and no new toxicities were observed. The absolute CD4 count increased by > or = .05 x 10(9) cells/L in 28 of 87 (32%) of patients after 6 months of therapy. Responses were also sustained in 41% of these children after 3 years of therapy. Children entering the study with a CD4 count > 0.1 x 10(9) cells/L (n = 51) had a marked survival advantage (P = .00002) with an estimated survival probability after 3 years of 80% compared to 39% for children with lower CD4 counts. Although the area under the curve of didanosine increased proportionally with the dose, there was considerable interpatient variability at each dose level. There was no apparent relationship between surrogate markers of clinical outcome and plasma drug concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Didanosine was well tolerated with chronic administration, and toxicities were uncommon and usually reversible. In 41% of patients, the CD4 count increased and was maintained at the higher level even after years of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Branch, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Balis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarosinski
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Husson
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venzon
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pizzo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016049:Didanosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016049:Didanosine