title: IL-9 production of naive CD4+ T cells depends on IL-2, is synergistically enhanced by a combination of TGF-beta and IL-4, and is inhibited by IFN-gamma.
abstract: Dense CD4+ T cells isolated from naive mice produce only trace amounts of IL-9 when stimulated by immobilized anti-CD3 in combination with anti-CD28 Abs. In this situation, IL-9 production is significantly stimulated by TGF-beta and further enhanced by the addition of IL-4, which, by itself, has only a minimal influence. IFN-gamma was found to inhibit the enhancing effect of IL-4. However, increasing amounts of IL-4 in the presence of a constant concentration of IFN-gamma could overcome the inhibitory activity of IFN-gamma. The application of CD4+ T cells isolated from IL-2 knockout mice unequivocally revealed that IL-2 is essential for the production of IL-9 by T cells. In addition, the use of T cells from IL-4 knockout mice elucidated that the basic (IL-2 + TGF-beta) mediated IL-9 production is independent of IL-4. Therefore, our results demonstrate that optimal IL-9 production of naive dense CD4+ T cells is positively regulated at different levels: 1) by IL-2, which is essential for IL-9 secretion; 2) followed by TGF-beta, which promotes a considerable increase in IL-9 production above the level induced by IL-2; and 3) finally, by IL-4, which requires the presence of IL-2 and TGF-beta to strongly enhance the production of IL-9. IFN-gamma inhibits the production of IL-9 mainly at the level of IL-4 by neutralizing the effect of this cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology, University of Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoehn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huels
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koelsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rüde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000502:physiology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000502:physiology; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016906:Interleukin-9; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma