title: Measurement of glass transition temperatures in freeze concentrated solutions of non-electrolytes by electrical thermal analysis.
abstract: The electrical resistance (R) of frozen aqueous solutions was measured as a function of temperature in order to determine whether this technique can be applied for determination of glass transition temperatures of maximally freeze concentrated solutions (Tg') of non-electrolytes which do not crystallize during freezing. Electrical thermal analysis (ETA) thermograms of frozen solutions containing the solute alone show a gradual change in slope over the temperature range of interest, with no inflection point  which corresponds to Tg'. However, addition of low levels (about 0.1%) of electrolyte changes the shape of the thermogram into a biexponential function where the intersection of the two linear portions of the log (R) vs. T plot corresponds to the glass transition region. The total change in log (R) over the temperature range studied increases as the ionic radius of the reporter ion increases. The sharpest inflection points in the log (R) vs T curves, and the best correlation with DSC results, were obtained with ammonium salts. Tg' values measured by ETA were compared with values measured by DSC. DSC thermograms of solutes with and without electrolyte (0.1%) show that the electrolyte decreases Tg' by about 0.5 to 1.0 degrees C. However, Tg' values measured by ETA are somewhat higher than those measured by DSC, and difference between the two methods seems to increase as Tg' decreases. Tg' as measured by ETA is less heating rate dependent than DSC analysis, and ETA is a more sensitive method than DSC at low solute concentrations and at low heating rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Her
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Jefferis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gatlin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braxton
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nail
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004573:Electrolytes; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D012492:Salts; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D012492:Salts; D012996:Solutions