title: Medical management of patients with difficult-to-treat inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: Initial standard medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) compound (oral, local or combined) and corticosteroids (oral, local or combined). In both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease 5-ASA has proved effective in the acute phase of the disease. As maintenance treatment, it is effective in ulcerative colitis and in some instances also in Crohn's disease. Steroids can be used in active IBD, but their effectiveness as maintenance treatment has never been proven, although in practice low-dose steroids are used for chronic treatment. When the above-mentioned preparations are unsuccessful, other medications could be tried. Flagyl could be used when the colon is involved in Crohn's disease or when anal fistulation develops, but it often fails to maintain its effect after only a few weeks. For refractory IBD more potent immunomodulators are needed. 6-Mercaptopurine and azathioprine have been shown to be effective in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease with a response rate between 60 and 70%. Their optimal effect is only reached after 3-4 months. These drugs are therefore not of value for treatment in the acute phase of the disease. 6-Mercaptopurine or azathioprine can be used best in combination with steroids in situations where dose reduction of the latter drug repeatedly leads to relapse. They have therefore a steroid-sparing effect and initiate cessation of the long-term severe side-effects of steroids. Another possibility is the use of methotrexate in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: van Hogezand
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000636:Aminosalicylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019804:Mesalamine; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000636:Aminosalicylic Acids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008795:Metronidazole; D019804:Mesalamine; D016572:Cyclosporine; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D001379:Azathioprine; D008727:Methotrexate