title: Transient electric birefringence of agarose gels. II. Reversing electric fields and comparison with other polymer gels.
abstract: The transient electric birefringence of low electroendosmosis (LE) agarose gels oriented by pulsed unidirectional electric fields was described in detail in Part I [J. Stellwagen and N. C. Stellwagen (1994), Biopolymers, Vol. 34, p. 187]. Here, the birefringence of LE agarose gels in rapidly reversing electric fields, similar in amplitude and duration to those used for field inversion gel electrophoresis, is reported. Symmetric reversing electric fields cause the sign of the birefringence of LE agarose gels, and hence the direction of orientation of the agarose fibers, to oscillate in phase with the applied electric field. Because of long-lasting memory effects, the alternating sign of the birefringence appears to be due to metastable changes in gel structure induced by the electric field. If the reversing field pulses are equal in amplitude but different in duration, the orientation behavior depends critically on the applied voltage. If E < 7 V/cm, the amplitude of the birefringence gradually decreases with increasing pulse number and becomes unmeasurably small. However, if E > 7 V/cm, the amplitude of the birefringence increases more than 10-fold after approximately 20 pulses have been applied to the gel, suggesting that a cooperative change in gel structure has occurred. Because there is no concomitant change in the relaxation times of the orienting particles, the large increase in the amplitude of the birefringence must be due to an increase in the number of agarose fibers and/or fiber bundles orienting in the electric field, which in turn indicates a cooperative breakdown of the noncovalent "junction zones" that cross-link the fibers into the gel matrix. The sign of the birefringence of LE agarose gels is always positive after extensive junction zone breakdown, indicating that the agarose fibers and fiber bundles preferentially orient parallel to the electric field when they are freed from the constraints of the gel matrix. Three other gel-forming polymers, high electroendosmosis (HEEO) agarose (a more highly charged agarose), beta-carrageenan (a stereoisomer of agarose), and polyacrylamide (a chemically cross-linked polymer) were also studied in unidirectional and rapidly reversing electric fields. The birefringence of HEEO agarose gels in reversing fields is very similar to that of LE agarose gels, suggesting that the orientation anomalies are not due to the occasional charged residues on the agarose backbone chain. The beta-carrageenan gels exhibit variable orientation behavior in reversing electric fields, suggesting that its internal gel structure is not as tightly interconnected as that of agarose gels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stellwagen
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stellwagen
mesh_terms: D001718:Birefringence; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel / Q000379:methods; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; D012685:Sepharose