title: Diabetes mellitus, internal thoracic artery grafting, and risk of an elevated hemidiaphragm after coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: The elevated hemidiaphragm after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) that occurs in some patients is associated with internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting as well as with the use of topical cardiac hypothermia. An increased incidence of elevated hemidiaphragm after CABG surgery in diabetic patients was observed. To determine the incidence and risk factors of elevated hemidiaphragm after CABG surgery and the relationship to preoperative diabetes, 200 consecutive patients undergoing CABG were studied; 29 (14.5%) had hemidiaphragm elevation postoperatively (25 on the left, 1 on the right, 3 bilateral). In the remaining 171 there was no hemidiaphragm elevation. Factors analyzed were age, gender, preoperative diabetes, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamping, minimum esophageal temperature during CPB, and use of the ITA graft. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between elevated hemidiaphragm and diabetes (P < 0.05), left ITA grafting (P < 0.01), and age (P < 0.05). Right ITA was not used for any patient. Multivariate analysis ruled out age, whereas preoperative diabetes and the use of the ITA remained the independent factors associated with elevated hemidiaphragm (odds ratio, 3.41; 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 8.18, and 2.86; 1.01 to 8.06, respectively). The relative risk of an elevated hemidiaphragm was 9.75 in diabetic patients with the ITA graft, as compared with nondiabetic patients without this graft. All 3 patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis and a patient with a right hemidiaphragm elevation were diabetic. In conclusion, both diabetes and use of the ITA graft appear to be important risk factors for the development of elevated hemidiaphragm following CABG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe City General Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*