title: Educational attainment in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of treatment on scholastic performance in the first cohort of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are old enough to have completed their educational experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three institutions in the Childrens Cancer Group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 593 adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 409 sibling controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrollment in special programs, grades during high school, graduation from high school, college admission, and college graduation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After diagnosis, survivors were more likely than their sibling controls to enter a special education (relative risk [RR] = 3.4; P < .01) or a learning disabled (RR = 3.6; P < .01) program, while just as likely to enter gifted and talented programs (RR = 1.0). The risk associated with special education and learning disabled programs increased with increasing dose of cranial radiotherapy. Despite these problems, survivors generally had the same probability as their siblings of finishing high school, entering college, and earning a bachelor's degree. However, survivors treated with 24 Gy and those diagnosed before 6 years of age were less likely to enter college (RR = 0.67 and 0.6, respectively; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large study demonstrates that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors have a greater likelihood of being placed in special education or learning disabled programs than their siblings, but that most are able to overcome these problems. Dose of cranial radiotherapy and age at diagnosis are the most important education-related risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fears
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Zeltzer
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D008727:Methotrexate