Detection of milk fat adulteration by linear discriminant analysis of fatty acid data.
Analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat (MF) by gas-liquid chromatography is widely used to detect adulteration with foreign fats. On the basis of the FA spectra of 352 genuine Austrian MF samples collected over a 4-year period, the effectiveness of concentration ranges of the major FA of MF and of certain FA ratios to identify non-MF/MF mixtures was tested. FA ratios proved useful for the detection of coconut fat in MF and admixture of vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid down to a level of 2%. This approach failed to identify non-MF/MF blends containing beef tallow, lard, olive oil, or palm oil at a level less than 10% commingling. Linear discriminant analysis applied to FA data was successful in distinguishing pure MF from adulterated MF. Computer-simulated data were used to derive the discriminant functions. Saturated and unsaturated FA with 18 C atoms were the most useful discriminating variables selected by a stepwise variable selection procedure. More than 95% of a data set composed of pure MF, and non-MF/MF blends containing 3% of either tallow, lard, olive oil, or palm oil were correctly classified. The validity of the classification rule was also tested by 206 gravimetrically prepared fat mixtures. Mixtures containing > 3% foreign fat were detected in all cases.
Ulberth
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Agricultural University, Department of Dairy Research and Bacteriology, Vienna, Austria.
D000818:Animals; D001317:Austria; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D000069463:Olive Oil; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis
D004041:Dietary Fats; D005223:Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; C013698:tallow; C029310:lard