title: The helix-loop-helix protein Id-2 enhances cell proliferation and binds to the retinoblastoma protein.
abstract: Cell growth and differentiation are usually antagonistic. Proteins of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family bind DNA and play important roles in the differentiation of specific cell types. Id proteins heterodimerize with bHLH transcription factors, blocking their activation of lineage-specific gene expression and thereby inhibiting cellular differentiation. To examine the effect of Id-2 on cell proliferation, we overexpressed Id-2 in the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS. Id-2 expression in U2OS reduced the serum requirement for growth and stimulated cellular proliferation by shortening the doubling time and increasing the percentage of cells in S phase. We demonstrated that Id-2 expression was able to reverse the inhibition of cellular proliferation and the block in cell cycle progression mediated by the product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene pRB. This effect was not associated with changes in the state of pRb phosphorylation in transfected cells. In vitro, unphosphorylated pRb from cell lysates specifically bound Id-2 but was not able to bind a mutated form of Id-2 lacking the HLH domain that also did not antagonize the growth arrest by pRb. In vitro-synthesized pRb containing mutations within the E1A/large T-binding pocket did not bind Id-2. However, wild-type pRb was able to bind to a region of Id-2 corresponding to only the HLH domain. In vivo, a physical association between Id-2 and pRb was seen in cross-linked extracts from SAOS-2 cells transfected with Id-2 and pRb. Our data identify a role for Id-2 in the regulation of cellular proliferation and suggest that the interaction between Id-2 and pRB is a molecular pathway over which synchronous changes in growth and differentiation are mediated in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Preuss Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iavarone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lasorella
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Israel
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012516:Osteosarcoma; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; C497450:ID2 protein, human; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005982:Glutathione Transferase