title: Adaptation and verification of the relocatable Gill-Thomas-Cosman frame in stereotactic radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) combines techniques of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with radiation therapy fractionation schemes. Fractionation in SRT necessitates a relocatable immobilization system to precisely reproduce the patient's position at each treatment. The Gill-Thomas-Cosman (GTC) head frame is such an immobilization device compatible with the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) stereotactic system. We describe this device, our modifications to the original design, the repeat position accuracy, and the daily verification procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original GTC frame was tested on volunteers. This testing led to an improved strapping system, the decision to construct the oral fixation appliance at our dental clinic, and the construction of a depth confirmation helmet to rapidly confirm the position of the frame on a daily basis. The GTC frame, at our institution, is not acceptable for children requiring anesthesia, and a new frame, the "Boston Childrens' Hospital" frame, was designed. This device uses the base ring of the GTC frame. Airway access is maintained through fixation on the nasal-glabellar region and the ear canal rather than the hard palate and upper gingiva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The modifications of the GTC frame and the verification protocol result in repeat positioning of the frame with respect to the patient anatomy, with a standard deviation of 0.4 mm for both the modified GTC frame and the Boston Childrens' Hospital frame. The relocatibility of the frames has been established in over 2,000 patient setups in over 60 patients to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GTC frame is a noninvasive and versatile fixation system that provides patient comfort, as well as accurate relocatibility for SRT. The frame is not appropriate for single fraction radiosurgery, as a large setup error (> 2 mm) for a single treatment cannot be excluded. The GTC frame is compatible with the BRW system, and treatment planning for SRT and SRS patients is identical. We currently treat 10-13 SRT patients per day with intracranial neoplasms on a dedicated stereotactic therapy unit. In addition, the Boston Childrens' Hospital frame allows the use of stereotactic therapy in the treatment of children under 6 years of age. This population will benefit especially from precise and highly focal cranial irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kooy
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tarbell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mannarino
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferarro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shusterman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellerive
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loeffler
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007223:Infant; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000532:radiotherapy