title: Inhibition of astrocyte glutamine production by alpha-ketoisocaproic acid.
abstract: We have evaluated the effect of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), the ketoacid of leucine, on the production of glutamine by cultured astrocytes. We used 15NH4Cl as a metabolic tracer to measure the production of both [5-15N]glutamine, reflecting amidation of glutamate via glutamine synthetase, and [2-15N]glutamine, representing the reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate via glutamate dehydrogenase and subsequent conversion of [15N]glutamate to [2-15N]glutamine. Addition of KIC (1 mM) to the medium diminished the production of [5-15N]glutamine and stimulated the formation of [2-15N]glutamine with the overall result being a significant inhibition of net glutamine synthesis. An external KIC concentration as low as 0.06 mM inhibited synthesis of [5-15N]glutamine and a level as low as 0.13 mM enhanced labeling (atom% excess) of [2-15N]glutamine. Higher concentrations of KIC in the medium had correspondingly larger effects. The presence of KIC in the medium did not affect flux through glutaminase, which was measured using [2-15N]glutamine as a tracer. Nor did KIC inhibit the activity of glutamine synthetase that was purified from sheep brain. Addition of KIC to the medium caused no increased release of lactate dehydrogenase from the astrocytes, suggesting that the ketoacid was not toxic to the cells. KIC treatment was associated with an approximately twofold increase in the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glutamate, indicating that transamination of glutamate with KIC increases intraastrocytic alpha-ketoglutarate, which is oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. KIC inhibited glutamine synthesis more than any other ketoacid tested, with the exception of hydroxypyruvate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 19104.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yudkoff
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Daikhin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nissim
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pleasure
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nissim
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002208:Caproates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002208:Caproates; D007651:Keto Acids; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D005973:Glutamine; C013082:alpha-ketoisocaproic acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005972:Glutaminase; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase