title: 1992 National Clinical Pharmacy Services Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of hospital-based clinical pharmacy services in 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  National survey with trend comparison to 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 1597 United States acute care, general medical-surgical and pediatric hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds and one or more full-time pharmacists (43% of all U.S. hospitals).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen clinical pharmacy services, carefully defined to indicate pharmacist proactive or concurrent patient care provision, were assessed to determine pharmacists' specific patient care responsibilities. The percentage of hospitals offering each of the services increased from 1989 to 1992, with greatest growth in management of adverse drug reactions (22% increase), pharmacokinetic consultations (14%), and drug therapy protocols (12%). The mean percentage of patients actually receiving clinical pharmacy services ranged from 0.2% for pharmacist participation on the cardiac arrest team to 36.1% for daily monitoring of drug therapy. Pharmacists conducted clinical research in 13% of all hospitals, averaging 3.9 +/- 4.3 protocols per year with a total budget of $79,765 +/- $128,641.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical pharmacy services continue to expand; however, even the most common direct patient care service is provided to a small number of inpatients.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raehl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pitterle
mesh_terms: D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D004994:Ethics, Pharmacy; D006773:Hospitals, Municipal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006777:Hospitals, Proprietary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006788:Hospitals, Voluntary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010595:Pharmacists; D010605:Pharmacy Administration; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires