title: The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education.
abstract: The authors raise questions regarding the wide-spread calls emanating from lay and medical audiences alike to intensify the formal teaching of ethics within the medical school curriculum. In particular, they challenge a prevailing belief within the culture of medicine that while it may be possible to teach information about ethics (e.g., skills in recognizing the presence of common ethical problems, skills in ethical reasoning, or improved understanding of the language and concepts of ethics), course material or even an entire curriculum can in no way decisively influence a student's personality or ensure ethical conduct. To this end, several issues are explored, including whether medical ethics is best framed as a body of knowledge and skills or as part of one's professional identity. The authors argue that most of the critical determinants of physician identity operate not within the formal curriculum but in a more subtle, less officially recognized "hidden curriculum." The overall process of medical education is presented as a form of moral training of which formal instruction in ethics constitutes only one small piece. Finally, the authors maintain that any attempt to develop a comprehensive ethics curriculum must acknowledge the broader cultural milieu within which that curriculum must function. In conclusion, they offer recommendations on how an ethics curriculum might be more fruitfully structured to become a seamless part of the training process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth School of Medicine 55812-2487.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hafferty
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franks
mesh_terms: D026688:Bioethical Issues; D003469:Culture; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D028663:Ethical Theory; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D035863:Moral Development; D028662:Principle-Based Ethics; D011361:Professional Competence; D012931:Social Environment; D012945:Social Values; D013663:Teaching; D028722:Virtues