title: Cutaneous findings in HIV-1-positive patients: a 42-month prospective study. Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral Research (MMCARR).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous disease is common in patients infected with HIV-1.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to identify cutaneous markers associated with HIV-1 infection and disease progression as measured by Walter Reed (WR) stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 42 months we have observed 912 HIV-1-positive patients in all WR stages. All patients had an extensive past and present medical history taken as well as a complete physical examination, periodic visits, and appropriate diagnostic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing dryness of the skin and seborrheic dermatitis are early findings in a large percentage of patients in WR stage 1; the occurrence and severity of both conditions increase with disease progression. Tinea infections, condylomata acuminata, and verrucae are seen early, but with disease progression, although there is no clear increase in occurrence, these infections become more diffuse and resistant to treatment. Flares in acne vulgaris and folliculitis show a peak occurrence in early and mid-stage disease with a decreased occurrence in late-stage disease. Herpes simplex infections, oral candidiasis, molluscum contagiosum, Staphylococcus aureus infections, and oral hairy leukoplakia show a marked increase in occurrence with advanced disease. Conditions that have a statistically significant association with disease progression as measured by a change in a stage include drug eruptions, seborrheic dermatitis, oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, herpes zoster, and hyperpigmentation (nail, oral, skin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most frequent and persistent cutaneous disorders were asteatosis (with or without asteatotic eczema) and seborrheic dermatitis. Conditions that were associated with a change in WR stage include drug eruptions, seborrheic dermatitis, oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, herpes zoster, and hyperpigmentation. In addition to Kaposi's sarcoma, patients with HIV-1 disease have an increased potential for the development of both cutaneous epithelial and probably melanocytic malignancies. Epithelial tumors were seen in patients in all stages of disease.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ledsky
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Turiansky
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turianski
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014005:Tinea / Q000473:pathology; D014008:Tinea Pedis / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People