title: Endothelin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and GRB2 association of Shc in astrocytes.
abstract: While the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway coupled to receptor tyrosine kinases has been largely clarified, little is known about MAPK activation mediated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors. In a previous study, it has been shown that endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling through heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors stimulates MAPK activity in primary cultures of astrocytes (Cazaubon, S., Parker, P. J., Strosberg, A.D., and Couraud, P.O. (1993) Biochem. J. 293, 381-386). To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for this response, involvement of the adapter proteins, Shc and Grb2, has now been investigated. It is shown here that in these cells, ET-1 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, resulting in its stable association with Grb2 but not with Grb3-3, a Grb2 isoform with partially deleted SH2 domain. These results demonstrate that tyrosine-phosphorylated Shc specifically interacts with the SH2 domain of Grb2. This response was rapid and transient, showing a maximum at 10 min and declining at 60 min. Interestingly, direct activation of G proteins by fluoroaluminate mimics the ET-1 effect. In addition, a shift to a higher apparent molecular mass of Raf-1 kinase, likely reflecting its hyperphosphorylation, was also detected in ET-1-treated cells. These data strongly suggest that ET-1-induced MAPK activation is a G protein-coupled pathway that involves Shc, Grb2, and probably Raf-1. In conclusion, the Shc-Grb2 complex may be involved in the activation of the MAPK pathway, not only by several receptor tyrosine kinases but also by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, such as ET-1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immuno-Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR O415, Université Paris VII, France.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cazaubon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramos-Morales
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schweighoffer
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Strosberg
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Couraud
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016232:Endothelins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016232:Endothelins; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; C495949:Grb2 protein, mouse; C495950:Grb2 protein, rat; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins