title: Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to determine the effect of the once-daily calcium channel blocking agent amlodipine (half-life 35 to 50 h) on the circadian pattern of myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Myocardial ischemia during normal daily life, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and the circadian pattern parallels that for myocardial infarction and sudden death.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE) was a large, 10-week international (63 sites), double-blind, parallel study. After a 2-week, single-blind placebo phase, during which stable doses of antianginal treatment were maintained (beta-adrenergic blocking agents in 65% of patients), patients with chronic stable angina with at least three attacks of angina per week, with at least four ischemic episodes or > or = 20 min of ST segment depression in 48 h of Holter monitoring, were randomized to receive treatment with either 5 mg/day of amlodipine or placebo (2:1 randomization). The dose was increased to 10 mg/day after 4 weeks. During week 7 of treatment, 48-h ambulatory ECG monitoring was repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred fifteen of 1,160 patients screened were eligible, and 250 had complete evaluable data. Compared with placebo, amlodipine significantly reduced both the frequency of ST segment depression episodes (60% for amlodipine vs. 44% for placebo, p = 0.025) and total integrated ST ischemic area (62% mm-min vs. 50% mm-min, p = 0.042). Amlodipine reduced ischemia over the 24 h with the intrinsic circadian pattern maintained. In addition, diary data showed a significant reduction in angina (70% for amlodipine vs. 44% for placebo, p = 0.0001) and in nitroglycerin consumption (67% vs. 22%, respectively, p = 0.0006). Amlodipine and placebo demonstrated similar safety profiles (adverse events 17.3% for amlodipine and 13.3% for placebo; discontinuation rates due to adverse events were 2% vs. 4.4%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once-daily amlodipine, when added to background treatment, significantly reduced both symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemic events over 24 h in patients with chronic stable angina.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deanfield
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Detry
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lichtlen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sellier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thaulow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000187:drug effects; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017311:Amlodipine; D005996:Nitroglycerin