title: Effects of alkaline buffers on cytoplasmic pH in lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study experimentally possible adverse effects of bicarbonate on cytoplasmic pH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open, randomized control trial of white blood cells from human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory in a large university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocytes prepared from human blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fluorescent intracellular probe 2',7'-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) was used to study the influence on cytoplasmic pH after the addition of different alkaline buffers to lymphocytes with normal as well as decreased initial intracellular pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal lymphocytes, sodium bicarbonate caused a marked, dose-dependent acidification of the cytoplasm followed by a slow, often unpredictable increase. Ringer's acetate solution decreased the intracellular pH dose-dependently this acidification effect continued throughout the measurements. In contrast, trometamol (tris) and Carbicarb both caused a pronounced dose-dependent and lasting alkalinization of the cytoplasm. Tris buffer mixture (Tribonate) produced a slight initial dose-dependent acidification, followed by a slow increase in cytoplasmic pH to values above those recorded during control measurements. Lymphocytes that were preincubated in acetate showed similar results after addition of tris buffer mixture or sodium bicarbonate. Lymphocytes with intracellular acidosis due to preincubation in an acid buffer demonstrated a more pronounced and dose-dependent decrease of cytoplasmic pH immediately after addition of the bicarbonate-containing buffers (sodium bicarbonate and tris buffer mixture). The decrease was only partly compensated for over the next 10 mins. Only the buffers that were not producing CO2 could fully compensate for the severe extra- and intracellular acidosis imposed on the lymphocytes by preincubation in an acid medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of bicarbonate-containing buffers often results in an initial decrease of cytoplasmic pH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjerneroth
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sammeli
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiklund
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D002254:Carbonates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002254:Carbonates; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005452:Fluoresceins; C046283:sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate drug combination; D014325:Tromethamine; C057433:2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate