title: Management of heart failure. II. Counseling, education, and lifestyle modifications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the role of counseling, education, dietary modifications, and exercise for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed studies published in English between 1966 and 1993 and referenced in MEDLINE or EMBASE. We used the search terms heart failure, congestive; congestive heart failure; heart failure; cardiac failure; and dilated cardiomyopathy in conjunction with terms for the specific areas of interest. Where data were lacking, we relied on opinions of panel members and peer reviewers. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies were reviewed to determine whether patients had heart failure due to systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction, < 0.35 to 0.40) and whether clinical outcomes were reported. Studies that reported only intermediate outcomes (eg, hemodynamics) were not reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counseling and education can improve patient outcomes and decrease unnecessary hospitalizations. Patients with mild to moderate heart failure should be restricted to 3 g/d of sodium initially. Those who are unresponsive to this dosage or who have more severe disease should be advised to consume 2 g/d or less. Patients should be strongly advised to drink no more than 30 mL/d of alcohol or, preferably, to abstain completely. Exercise training is safe and can improve exercise duration and symptoms. Adherence to the treatment plan should be stressed and monitored at each visit. Clinicians should inform patients of the seriousness of their disease and their prognosis, but they should emphasize that patients can continue to remain active and enjoy a reasonable quality of life.
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Nursing 90024-6918.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dacey
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Massie
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D015438:Health Behavior; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*