Molecular-neurobehavioral associations in females with the fragile X full mutation.
In this study, young females with the fragile X [fra(X)] full mutation (fM) were assessed using quantitative measures of mutation amplification size (Amp) as well as the ratio of active normal X chromosome to total normal X chromosome (activation ratio-AR). Neurobehavioral assessments of females with the fM were performed and included specific and general measures of cognitive and behavioral/developmental functioning. To investigate molecular-behavioral associations, Amp and AR were used as independent variables, while cognitive and behavioral scores were used as dependent variables. Significant correlations were observed between both molecular variables (Amp and AR) and measures of cognitive functioning, with AR showing the most consistent and robust correlations. As AR increased, overall IQ and specific subtest and area scores from the cognitive tests increased. Conversely, as Amp increased, the overall IQ and specific subtest and area cognitive scores decreased. No significant associations were observed between AR or Amp and measures of behavior or development. The molecular-cognitive associations were generally consistent with the cognitive profile previously described in studies comparing females with fra(X) to age-matched controls. Amp and AR were not associated with one another, nor were they associated with the same cluster of cognitive measures. Though this report does not conclusively show that AR and Amp can be used to clinically assess the risk of a female with the fM for cognitive disability, the evidence presented does suggest that these molecular variables, especially AR, reflect important underlying genetic factors contributing to the fra(X) phenotype.
Abrams
M T
MT
Department of Behavioral Neurogenetics and Neuroimaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
Reiss
A L
AL
Freund
L S
LS
Baumgardner
T L
TL
Chase
G A
GA
Denckla
M B
MB
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008745:Methylation; D009154:Mutation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics
D004247:DNA; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; C015772:CpG dinucleotide