title: High thoracic epidural anesthesia does not alter airway resistance and attenuates the response to an inhalational provocation test in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The functional relevance of an intact pulmonary sympathetic innervation for airway resistance is unknown. We therefore evaluated whether or not pulmonary sympathetic denervation by thoracic epidural anesthesia decreases the threshold of an inhalational provocation with acetylcholine in 20 patients with documented bronchial hyperreactivity scheduled for elective upper abdominal or thoracic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline inhalational provocation with acetylcholine was performed 2-4 days before surgery. The acetylcholine threshold concentration for a hyperreactivity response (i.e., for a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s and a 100% increase in total respiratory resistance by oscillometry) was determined. On the day of surgery a second inhalative provocation with acetylcholine was performed 45 min after the patients had received 6-8 ml epidural bupivacaine 0.75% (n = 10), intravenous bupivacaine (1.2 mg.min-1, n = 6), or 6-8 ml epidural saline (n = 4). The acetylcholine threshold concentration for a hyperreactive response was again determined. We also measured vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s as a percentage of vital capacity, spread of sensory blockade (pin prick), skin temperature on hand and foot (telethermography).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During thoracic epidural anesthesia, C4-T8 skin temperature increased significantly on hand and foot indicating widespread sympathetic blockade including the lungs. Compared to values obtained immediately before pulmonary sympathetic blockade, forced expiratory volume in 1 s as a percentage of vital capacity, and total respiratory resistance by oscillometry remained unchanged, while vital capacity decreased. Compared to baseline the acetylcholine threshold concentration for the hyperreactive response increased threefold after epidural as well as after intravenous bupivacaine. Epidural saline evoked no directional changes in the acetylcholine threshold concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity 1. blockade of pulmonary sympathetic innervation seems to be of no relevance for airway resistance and 2. both epidural and intravenous bupivacaine substantially attenuate the response to an inhalational provocation with acetylcholine.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groeben
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwalen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irsfeld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipfert
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Hopf
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000109:Acetylcholine; D002045:Bupivacaine