title: Dysphagia therapy following stroke: a controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of graded levels of intervention by a dysphagia therapist on the occurrence of pneumonia, dehydration, calorie-nitrogen deficit, recurrent upper airway obstruction, and death following stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized control trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients met the following eligibility criteria: (1) stroke defined by clinical history and neurologic examination with compatible CT or MRI, (2) ages 20 to 90 years inclusive, (3) no known history of significant oral or pharyngeal anomaly, (4) laboratory values below end point criteria, (5) failure on the Burke Dysphagia Screening Test, and (6) modified barium swallow evaluation evidence of dysphagia (patients who aspirated > or = 50% of all consistencies presented, even using compensatory swallowing techniques, were excluded). Of 123 eligible patients, eight refused study participation. One hundred fifteen patients were randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three graded levels of dysphagia therapist control of diet consistency and reinforcement of compensatory swallowing techniques were provided during the inpatient rehabilitation stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pneumonia, dehydration, calorie-nitrogen deficit, recurrent upper airway obstruction, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The log rank statistic showed no significant difference between the three treatment groups for the distribution of time until end point during the inpatient stay or to 1 year post-stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited patient and family instruction regarding use of diet modification and compensatory swallowing techniques during inpatient rehabilitation is as effective as therapist control of diet consistency and daily rehearsal of compensatory swallowing techniques for the prevention of medical complications associated with dysphagia following stroke.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University Medical College, Burke Rehabilitation Hospital, White Plains, NY.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: DePippo
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Holas
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reding
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lesser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000172:deficiency; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen