title: The extent, time course, and fraction size dependence of mouse spinal cord recovery from radiation injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment was designed to assess: (a) the influence of fraction size and time interval between fractions on the tolerance of the spinal cord to high cumulative doses of radiation; and (b) the influence of the long-term recovery process on the tolerance of the spinal cord to reirradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The T10-L2 level of the spinal cord of C3Hf mice was irradiated using a conventionally fractionated regimen of 2.0 Gy once daily, a prolonged fractionated regimen of 1.2 Gy once daily, a hyperfractionated regimen of 1.2 Gy twice daily, or a single dose of 12 Gy followed 0-190 days later by a second dose of 5-20 Gy. Mice in the multifractionated regimen groups were given a single 15 Gy top-up dose 24 h after reaching a cumulative fractionated dose of 24-70 Gy. Hind limb strength was measured weekly for 2 years after the completion of irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paralysis occurred in a bimodal time distribution, with peaks at 5-10 months and 15-23 months after the completion of irradiation. The cumulative radiation dose was directly associated with the incidence of paralysis in each radiation schedule (p < 0.0001) and inversely associated with the time to onset of paralysis in the 1.2 Gy b.i.d. (p = 0.0001) and 2.0 Gy q.d. schedules (p = 0.03). The median latency of paralysis in each group was inversely associated with the incidence of paralysis in that group (p < 0.001). Decreasing the fraction size from 2.0 to 1.2 Gy once daily markedly increased the radiation tolerance of the spinal cord (p < 0.0001), consistent with a very small alpha-beta value of -0.30 Gy (approximately 95% confidence interval -0.72, +0.18) in the linear-quadratic model. Decreasing the time interval from 24 h to alternating 8 and 16 h periods produced an offsetting diminuation in cord tolerance (p < 0.0001). The 1.2 Gy once daily schedule resulted in ED20 and ED50 values that were approximately double those of the 2.0 Gy once daily and the 1.2 Gy twice daily schedules and a relative risk of paralysis from a given dose that was 0.03 times the risk associated with the other two regimens (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the 2.0 Gy once daily and the 1.2 Gy twice daily dose-paralysis curves (p = 0.86). The residual from a single 12 Gy radiation dose was 17% after 190 days, leaving the retreatment ED50 only 10% below the ED50 of previously unirradiated spinal cord. The relative risk of paralysis after 12 Gy plus a second radiation dose decreased from 1.00 with no time interval between doses to 0.51-0.73 with a 0.25, 1 or 3 day interval, 0.32 with a 7 day interval, 0.11 with a 30 day interval, and 0.06 with a 190 day interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased radiation tolerance of the murine spinal cord produced by decreasing the fraction size from 2.0 to 1.2 Gy was offset by the diminished tolerance produced by decreasing the time interval between fractions from 24 to 8-16 h, resulting in no significant difference in the dose-paralysis curves of conventional and hyperfractionated radiation schedules. The rodent spinal cord eliminates the majority of the occult radiation injury produced by a radiation dose equal to half the ED50 during the months following irradiation. This permits retreatment of previously irradiated spinal cord to high doses without the induction of myelopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lavey
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tward
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors