title: Sleepiness and performance during three-day administration of cetirizine or diphenhydramine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sedative effects of cetirizine (10 mg once daily), diphenhydramine (50 mg three times daily), and placebo, each administered during a 3-day period, were compared with objective measures of sleepiness and performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve atopic subjects received each of the three treatments for 3 consecutive days in a double-blind Latin square design. Subjects received either cetirizine at 8:00 AM and placebo at 3:00 PM and 10:00 PM; diphenhydramine at 8:00 AM, 3:00 PM, and 10:00 PM; or placebo at all three times. Sleepiness was measured on days 1 and 3 with the multiple sleep latency test at 9:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 1:00 PM, 3:00 PM, and 5:00 PM. Performance was assessed with a 60-minute simulated assembly line task at 9:30 AM, 11:30 AM, 1:30 PM, and 3:30 PM. Nightly sleep duration was estimated with actigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo and cetirizine, diphenhydramine produced marked impairment only on the first day of drug administration. The multiple sleep latency test and the simulated assembly line task values remained stable across days with cetirizine and placebo but improved with diphenhydramine, resulting in no differences among the three conditions on the third day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike cetirizine, diphenhydramine produced acute impairment of alertness and performance. By the third day of administration, however, this impairment was no longer present, apparently because of development of tolerance to the sedative effects.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Medicine and Research Center, St. Luke's Hospital, Chesterfield, MO 63017.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Muehlbach
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017332:Cetirizine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004155:Diphenhydramine; D017332:Cetirizine