title: A specific defect in the retinoic acid response associated with human lung cancer cell lines.
abstract: The effects of retinoic acid (RA) are mainly mediated by its nuclear receptors, the RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that regulate target gene expression by binding to specific RA-response elements (RAREs). RAR beta is the best characterized RA-responsive gene. Due to the presence of a RARE (beta RARE) in its promoter, the expression of the RAR beta 2 is markedly increased in response to RA in most epithelial tissues, including lung. Recently, it was observed that the RAR beta gene is not expressed in a number of human lung cancer cell lines, suggesting a possible correlation between abnormal expression of the RAR beta gene and lung cancer development. In this study, we investigate the RA response in human lung cancer cell lines. Here we report that the expression of the RAR beta gene cannot be regulated by RA in the majority of human lung cancer cell lines examined, while the general response to RA is intact. The nonresponsiveness of the RAR beta gene results from different defects in the response mechanism. Interestingly, we find in some cell lines a differential responsiveness of the beta RARE such that the element is inactive in its natural promoter context but active when linked to the heterologous tk promoter. Importantly, we also observe that the presence of retinoid receptors is not sufficient for the induction of the RAR beta gene. This suggests that specific factors determine the RA responsiveness in the context of its natural promoter. Our observation that the RA nonresponsiveness of the RAR beta promoter is a common feature of human lung cancer cell lines suggests that balanced RAR beta expression is an essential feature for the maintenance of a normal state of lung tissue.
authors.affiliation: La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California 92037.
authors.forename: X K
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfahl
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase