title: The nutcracker syndrome: new methods of diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the pathophysiology of the nutcracker syndrome and to describe a new method of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized tomography (CT) was used to compare the anatomical relations of the left renal vein with the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery in three patients with the nutcracker syndrome and in a control group of 12 healthy kidney donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal branching of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta was identified as the cause of the nutcracker syndrome. Two patients were treated by autotransplantation of the left kidney, while the third refused surgery. In the treated patients haematuria ceased 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Postoperative excretory urography and repeated isotopic studies revealed perfect configuration and function of the autotransplanted kidneys. The patients remain asymptomatic 6 and 12 months after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with haematuria from the left kidney, angiographic CT must be considered before phlebography and pressure measurement of the left renal vein. If the diagnosis of the nutcracker syndrome is established, autotransplantation of the left kidney is a treatment alternative.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shokeir
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: el-Diasty
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghoneim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000473:pathology