title: Endotoxin "priming" potentiates lung vascular abnormalities in response to Escherichia coli hemolysin: an example of synergism between endo- and exotoxin.
abstract: The pore-forming hemolysin of Escherichia coli (HlyA), an important virulence factor in extraintestinal E. coli infections, causes thromboxane generation and related vasoconstriction in perfused rabbit lungs (Seeger, W., H. Walter, N. Suttorp, M. Muhly, and S. Bhakdi. 1989. J. Clin. Invest. 84:220). We investigated the influence of pulmonary vascular "priming" with endotoxin on the responsiveness of the lung to a low-dose HlyA challenge. Rabbit lungs were perfused with Krebs Henseleit buffer containing 0.1-100 ng/ml Salmonella abortus equii lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 60-180 min. This treatment caused protracted release of tumor necrosis factor into the recirculating medium, but did not induce significant alterations of pulmonary hemodynamics and fluid balance. At a dose of 1 ng/ml, HlyA elicited only moderate thromboxane release (< 200 pg/ml) and pulmonary artery pressure increase (< or = 6 mmHg) in control lungs. Acceleration and potentiation of both the metabolic and vasoconstrictor response occurred in lungs primed with LPS. This priming effect displayed dose (threshold integral of 0.1-1 ng/ml LPS) and time dependencies (threshold integral of 60-90 min LPS incubation). Maximum thromboxane release and pulmonary artery pressure increase surpassed the responses to HlyA in nonprimed lungs by more than 15-fold. Cyclooxygenase inhibition and thromboxane-receptor antagonism blocked these effects. These data demonstrate that LPS priming synergizes with HlyA challenge to provoke vascular abnormalities that are possibly relevant to the pathogenesis of organ failure in severe local and systemic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walmrath
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ghofrani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosseau
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schütte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaddus
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grimminger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhakdi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology; D011817:Rabbits; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C036507:Hlya protein, E coli; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D011188:Potassium