title: Therapeutic controversies in the treatment of asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce readers to the current controversial topics in the area of asthma therapy. Background is provided such that clinicians are aware of these issues and can make rational decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent articles were individually identified and reviewed from each journal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies, determined by topic and other specific criteria, e.g., testing methodology, were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Further investigation is required in the areas discussed. Systemic effects, specifically growth suppression (in children), adrenal suppression, and osteoporosis, have been demonstrated with high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids; however, the clinical relevance of such intravenous glucocorticoid formulations via nebulizer have not been demonstrated. Likewise, data on the equivalence of the inhaled glucocorticoids, with regard to efficacy and potential systemic effects, and the differences between metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers, with regard to aerosol characteristics and drug delivery, are unclear. Theophylline, when used with inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists and systemic glucocorticoids for the treatment of acute asthma, as not been shown to provide clear benefit and may result in increased adverse effects. The use of regular (vs. "as needed" or prn) inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, although shown in two studies to be detrimental to the control of asthma and result in an increased risk of death or near death caused by asthma, has not been conclusively demonstrated to be harmful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring for adverse effects and the use of techniques to minimize systemic absorption (spacers and mouth rinsing) are recommended when high-dose inhaled glucocorticoid therapy is used. Intranasal and intravenous glucocorticoid products are not recommended for administration via nebulizer because of safety concerns. Until further data are available, inhaled glucocorticoids are thought to be equivalent on a microgram-per-microgram basis rather than an actuation-per-actuation basis. Theophylline is no longer recommended for treatment of acute exacerbations in nonhospitalized patients not already receiving the medication, and the link between deterioration of asthma control (and the risk for death) and regular inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists appears weak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kamada
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects; D007223:Infant; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects; D013806:Theophylline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D015675:Osteocalcin; D013806:Theophylline