title: Cardiorespiratory effects of glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-xylazine combination, with and without nasal administration of oxygen in dogs.
abstract: Cardiopulmonary consequences of IV administered glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg of body weight), followed in 11 +/- 2 minutes by butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg), were evaluated in 6 dogs, with and without nasal administration of oxygen (100 ml/kg/min). Glycopyrrolate caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and cardiac index and significant (P < 0.05) decreases in stroke index. Subsequent administration of butorphanol and xylazine was associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PaCO2, venous admixture, oxygen extraction ratio, and hemoglobin concentration. It caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in cardiac index, stroke index, breathing rate, minute volume index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption. Mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, tidal volume index, and minute volume index were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs were breathing room air. The arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2, and venous oxygen content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and the arterial and venous pH, and oxygen consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) lower when oxygen was administered. Pulsus alternans and S-T segment depression were observed in dogs of both groups. Ventricular premature contractions were observed in 1 dog breathing room air. All dogs were intubated briefly 15 minutes after administration of butorphanol and xylazine. Time to first spontaneous movement was 45 minutes. All dogs remained in lateral recumbency without physical restraint for 60 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D014991:Xylazine; D002077:Butorphanol; D010100:Oxygen; D006024:Glycopyrrolate