title: Upward bias in estimates of pacemaker reliability: effect of unreported patient mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to determine the effect of unreported patient deaths on estimates of pacemaker reliability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The reliability of pacemakers is usually reported with reference to implant registration data and returned product analysis without censoring when follow-up data are missing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 73 patients (mean [+/- SD] age 77 +/- 8 years) undergoing implantation of a ventricular-inhibited (VVI) pacemaker who were subsequently found to be at increased risk of experiencing premature pacemaker failure. Survival curves for patients and pacemakers were constructed by the Kaplan-Meier method with appropriate censoring at the time of unrelated death or elective explantation of a normal device. To examine the effect of unreported loss of follow-up data, patient mortality was then ignored, and follow-up for pacemakers without known failure was assumed to continue to the date of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 13 device failures, with a median pacemaker survival time of 37 months. Twenty-three patients died, all of causes unrelated to the pacemaker system; median patient survival time was only 44 months. Ignoring this attrition inflated follow-up time from 122 to 188 patient-years and reduced the apparent pacemaker failures at 30 months by almost half, from 37% to only 20%. Modeling the process shows that when the patient mortality rate is more than half the pacemaker failure rate, ignoring censoring inflates the device survival estimate by > or = 10% from the median survival onward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When medical device survival curves are generated by implant registration data and returned product analysis, they should be adjusted for unreported loss of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dear
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curteis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015996:Survival Rate