title: Microflora modulates endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal peptides and biogenic monoamines participate in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the microflora on the distribution of endocrine cells and on the release of gastrointestinal peptides.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quantitative morphological study using stereological methods was performed in gastrointestinal sections of conventional and germ-free rats. Tissue and plasma concentrations of peptides were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total volumes of gastrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased in the gastric mucosa of germfree rats (P < 0.05), as well as the total volumes of serotonin- and motilin-immunoreactive cells in the ileum (P < 0.05) and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). The tissue concentration of somatostatin was significantly higher in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and lower in the ileum of germfree rats than in controls (P < 0.05). Plasma glucagon was significantly increased in germfree rats (P < 0.05). The total volume of the fundic mucosa was enlarged in germfree rats (P < 0.05), whereas the total volume, the mucosal thickness, and the number of crypt cells of the colonic mucosa were significantly reduced in these rats compared with controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the intraluminal microflora influences the release of biologically active peptides and that it participates in the regulation of gastrointestinal endocrine cells and the epithelial structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Midtvedt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodorsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003106:Colon; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005755:Gastrins / Q000378:metabolism; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D005934:Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D007082:Ileum; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007583:Jejunum; D008297:Male; D009037:Motilin / Q000378:metabolism; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D012701:Serotonin; D013004:Somatostatin; D009037:Motilin; D005934:Glucagon