Assessment of endothelial function during oral contraception in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The effects of contraceptive steroids on the expression of endothelial homeostasis were examined by direct and indirect measures in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in a prospective nonrandomized controlled study. Study subjects were 13 women with uncomplicated IDDM treated with a monophasic combination of 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 75 micrograms gestodene for 12 consecutive cycles and 13 women of comparable diabetic status as control. During the study period, none of the participants developed increased renal albumin excretion, which was used as a direct measure of endothelial function. In the indirect assessment of endothelial function, we found a proportionate increase in plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes and D-dimer during treatment. Hormonal intake was followed by decreased antigen concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (type 1 [PAI-1]), whereas the activities of t-PA and PAI-1 were unchanged. Plasma levels of plasminogen and histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) increased and decreased, respectively, whereas an increase in von Willebrand factor was observed in the treatment group. No significant changes in direct or indirect measures were observed in the control group during the observation period of 12 months. In conclusion, no adverse effect on endothelial function was demonstrated by direct measures, but our findings suggest that a procoagulant state, compensated by enhanced activity of the fibrinolytic system, is induced by hormonal treatment. Clinical and metabolic monitoring is recommended if the use of oral contraceptives in women with IDDM is extended.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
K R
KR
Petersen
S O
SO
Skouby
J
J
Sidelmann
J
J
Jespersen
D000328:Adult; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000009:adverse effects; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000032:analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein
D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D009652:Norpregnenes; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011506:Proteins; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C033273:Gestodene; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D010958:Plasminogen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator