Comparison of in vivo and in vitro adjacent segment motion after lumbar fusion.
METHODS
For in vitro studies, there is no basis for choosing a "load control study" over a "displacement control" study. This study qualitatively compared results from in vitro and in vivo tests, allowing the authors to address the experimental assumptions that in vitro testing contributes to the understanding of the in vivo condition.


OBJECTIVE
To compare motion changes at segments adjacent to fusions for in vitro and in vivo tests.


BACKGROUND
Investigators have measured the effects of spinal fusions on the adjacent segment in a human cadaver model and found greater adjacent facet joint load after fusions. Others have found significant increases in motion and facet loads at segments adjacent to in vitro lumbosacral and long fusions, when the same range of motion was repeated before and after immobilization of lumbar segments.


METHODS
L2-L3 motion was measured in vitro by an instrumented spatial linkage under load and displacement control before and after immobilization of segments (L3-L7). In vivo, L2-L3 motion was measured while animals walked on a treadmill. L3-L7 was fused and the L2-L3 motion testing was repeated. The change in in vivo adjacent segment motion was qualitatively compared with the in vitro change under "load" and "displacement" control.


RESULTS
Under "load" control, in vitro facet motion did not significantly change after immobilization, whereas under "displacement" control, the facet motion significantly increased from 2.2 +/- 0.4 mm to 4.1 +/- 0.6 mm. Post-instrumentation, in vivo L2-L3 facet motion increased significantly. This change in vivo related better to the changes seen in the in vitro "displacement" control test than to the in vitro "load" control test.
Dekutoski
M B
MB
Twin Cities Scoliosis Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Schendel
M J
MJ
Ogilvie
J W
JW
Olsewski
J M
JM
Wallace
L J
LJ
Lewis
J L
JL
D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology