From top dog to bottom half: social comparison strategies in response to poor performance.
Although the hypothesis that people will alter comparison behavior in response to threat is consistent with the formulation of social comparison theory, the empirical evidence for the natural occurrence of such shifts is weak. Two studies were conducted to examine this hypothesis. In the first study, adolescents' perceptions were assessed before, during, and 6 months after their participation in an academic program for gifted students. Male students who performed poorly, and also worse than they had expected in the program, demonstrated self-protective "strategies" by lowering the amount and level of academic comparison they reported engaging in and by lowering their perception of the importance of academics. Female students, who generally performed as well as expected, reported relatively little change. By follow-up, most of the male students' perceptions had returned to baseline. A second study found that both male and female college students who thought they had performed poorly academically also demonstrated these shifts in comparison. Motivations behind the strategies are discussed.
Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Gibbons
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Benbow
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Gerrard
D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001076:Aptitude; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004522:Educational Status; D004532:Ego; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012938:Social Perception; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors