Palmitoylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK6. Lipid modification diversity in the GRK family.
GRK6, a 66-kDa serine/threonine protein kinase, is a recently identified member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family. GRKs are involved in the phosphorylation of seven-transmembrane receptors, a process mediating desensitization of signal transduction. An important feature of these enzymes is their membrane-associated nature, which for some members is stimulus-dependent. The structural basis for this membrane association previously has been shown in different members of the GRK family to include isoprenylation, G protein beta gamma-binding domains, and basic regions to provide electrostatic interactions with phospholipids. We provide evidence that another mechanism includes fatty acid acylation. GRK6, but not other GRKs tested, incorporated tritium after incubation with [3H]palmitate in Sf9 and in COS-7 cells overexpressing the kinase. The incorporated radioactivity was released from the protein by neutral hydroxylamine, indicating the presence of a thioester bond, and was confirmed as palmitic acid by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Site-directed mutagenesis defined the region of palmitate attachment as a cluster of 3 cysteines (Cys561, Cys562, and Cys565) in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the kinase, consistent with the location of the membrane targeting domains of GRKs 1, 2, 3, and 5. Palmitoylation of GRK6 appears essential for membrane association, since palmitoylated kinase was found only in the membrane fraction. This lipid modification provides a structural basis for potential regulation of the subcellular distribution of GRK6 through acylation/deacylation cycles.
Stoffel
R H
RH
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
Randall
R R
RR
Premont
R T
RT
Lefkowitz
R J
RJ
Inglese
J
J
D000215:Acylation; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016367:Baculoviridae; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D018411:Spodoptera; D014162:Transfection
D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases; C089176:G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 6; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D003545:Cysteine