Effect of microwave pretreatment on heterocyclic aromatic amine mutagens/carcinogens in fried beef patties.
To investigate a method to reduce the amount of mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines formed during frying of ground beef, the mutagenic activity in Salmonella strain TA98 was assessed and the amount of known heterocyclic amines was determined by solid-phase extraction and HPLC. The beef patties received microwave treatment for various times before frying. Microwave pretreatment for 0, 1, 1.5, 2 or 3 min before frying at either 200 degrees C or 250 degrees C for 6 min per side reduced heterocyclic aromatic amine precursors (creatine, creatinine, amino acids, glucose), water, and fat up to 30%, in the patties and resulted in a decrease in mutagenic activity up to 95%. The sum of the four heterocyclic aromatic amines shown to be present--2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)--decreased three- to nine-fold compared with control, non-microwaved beef patties fried under identical conditions.
Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94551-990.
J S
JS
Felton
E
E
Fultz
F A
FA
Dolbeare
M G
MG
Knize
D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D005514:Food Irradiation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008872:Microwaves; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
D000588:Amines; D000596:Amino Acids; D002273:Carcinogens; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011804:Quinolines; D011810:Quinoxalines; C029216:2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C042052:2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D003404:Creatinine; D005947:Glucose; D003401:Creatine