Long-term functional results after pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap.
For recovery to be deemed adequate, the laryngectomized patient requires restoration of both the ability to swallow and to speak. Immediate results and long-term functional recovery after pharyngoesophageal (PE) reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap were studied in 22 consecutive patients who had undergone primary (n = 3) or secondary (n = 19) reconstructions after total laryngectomy. Circumferential reconstructions were done in 13 patients (mean length 10 cm, range 6 to 16) and patch reconstructions in 9 patients (defect size range 4 x 4 cm to 8 x 7 cm). Flap leakage was evaluated for all patients, and postoperative diet and ability to swallow were evaluated for 16 patients with an intact tongue base. Voice was evaluated for 6 patients with circumferential reconstructions who had later undergone tracheoesophageal puncture with placement of a Blom-Singer voice prosthesis, and the results compared with those of a control group of 5 voice-restored patients who had undergone laryngectomy with primary closure of the pharyngoesophagus. All 22 flaps survived and none of the patients died. Although 7 (32%) reconstructions leaked, all but 1 closed spontaneously. Fourteen (88%) of the patients with an intact tongue base have no dysphagia and are on a regular diet, and 2 remain on an oral liquid diet. Compared with controls, patients with a radial free-flap reconstruction had similar loudness with soft speech (43 dB for controls versus 52 dB for radial patients) and loud speech (61 dB versus 63 dB), comparable fundamental frequencies (136 Hz versus 125 Hz), and increased jitter (2% versus 5%). Speech intelligibility was judged by untrained listeners as excellent for 4 of the patients with radial flaps and good for the other 2. The radial free flap offers the advantages of rapid harvest, high flap reliability, and minimal donor-site and patient morbidity. Leakage rate and deglutition restoration were similar to those of other reconstructions, including the free jejunal flap. Speech rehabilitation in patients secondarily reconstructed with the radial free flap was nearly equivalent to that of total laryngectomy patients who have primary closure of the pharynx and was superior to that reported with other popular PE reconstructions, including the gastric pull-up and the free jejunal flap.
Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco 94143-0932.
J P
JP
Anthony
M I
MI
Singer
D G
DG
Deschler
E T
ET
Dougherty
C G
CG
Reed
M J
MJ
Kaplan
D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007825:Laryngectomy; D007831:Larynx, Artificial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome