title: Cranial fractures associated with facial fractures: a review of mechanism, type, and severity of injury.
abstract: A 100-month retrospective review was undertaken to identify the population characteristics of patients with both facial and cranial fractures and to establish the relationships between them. A 4.4% incidence of cranial fractures was found in the 882 patients with facial fractures. These patients tended to be males (85%) between the ages of 16 and 30 years (54%) who were involved in motor vehicle accidents (64%). Patients with midfacial fractures predominated (70%), and these injuries were most frequently associated with fractures of the frontal (38%), sphenoid (24%), or temporal (22%) bones. No relationship was noted between mandibular fractures and cranial fractures. Midfacial fractures were related to individual cranial bone fractures by sutural attachment. The presence of cranial fractures did not play a role in the development of complications associated with facial fractures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Likavec
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000453:epidemiology; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology