title: Federal and nationwide intensive care units and healthcare costs: 1986-1992.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish Department of Veterans Affairs' intensive care unit (ICU) costs from a database and to use this information to validate the Russell equation, the most commonly used method of calculating ICU costs. To compare and trend Department of Veterans Affairs' and nationwide (USA) ICU and healthcare costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database analysis of Department of Veterans Affairs' and nationwide ICUs over a 6-yr period (1986-1992), with biennial evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs and bed occupancies of Department of Veterans Affairs' and nationwide hospitals and ICUs, as well as United States national health expenditures and gross domestic product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent to Department of Veterans Affairs' ICU funds were used for nurse and physician salaries. Department of Veterans Affairs' ICU direct and indirect cost ratios have remained constant (2:1). The Russell equation is valid, providing that the "inpatient only" cost variable is used. ICU costs were consistently lower in the Department of Veterans Affairs' than nationwide, as compared by the Russell equation. A smaller fraction of the hospital budget was allocated to the ICU in the Department of Veterans Affairs than in nationwide institutions. Despite an increasing nationwide ICU patient workload, the percentage of ICU fund allocations has not increased. Health care in the United States increases at a rate greater than the increase in gross domestic product. Healthcare delivery costs are increasing at a greater rate nationwide than in the Department of Veterans Affairs. The percentage increase in ICU cost per day, both in the Department of Veterans Affairs and nationwide, was less than the increase in healthcare costs. The percent of the gross domestic product, national health expenditure, and hospital cost used by the ICU has increased minimally during the course of this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Department of Veterans Affairs has the only national ICU line item cost database available. For the Russell equation calculation to be accurate, inpatient only costs should be used. Until customized Health Care Financing Administration analyses become available, nationwide ICU costs are best determined by the Russell equation. Department of Veterans Affairs' ICUs have a consistent cost advantage over nationwide ICUs. Increases in United States healthcare delivery costs continue to exceed the increase in gross domestic product. Cost containment is already occurring in critical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bettes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenstein
mesh_terms: D001509:Bed Occupancy / Q000191:economics; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000191:economics; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000639:trends*; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000191:economics; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States