title: Does ECT alter brain structure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ECT causes structural brain damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature review covered the following areas: cognitive side effects, structural brain imaging, autopsies of patients who had received ECT, post-mortem studies of epileptic subjects, animal studies of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and epilepsy, and the neuropathological effects of the passage of electricity, heat generation, and blood-brain barrier disruption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECT-induced cognitive deficits are transient, although spotty memory loss may persist for events immediately surrounding the ECT course. Prospective computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies show no evidence of ECT-induced structural changes. Some early human autopsy case reports from the unmodified ECT era reported cerebrovascular lesions that were due to agonal changes or undiagnosed disease. In animal ECS studies that used a stimulus intensity and frequency comparable to human ECT, no neuronal loss was seen when appropriate control animals, blind ratings, and perfusion fixation techniques were employed. Controlled studies using quantitative cell counts have failed to show neuronal loss even after prolonged courses of ECS. Several well-controlled studies have demonstrated that neuronal loss occurs only after 1.5 to 2 hours of continuous seizure activity in primates, and adequate muscle paralysis and oxygenation further delay these changes. These conditions are not approached during ECT. Other findings indicate that the passage of electricity, thermal effects, and the transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier during ECS do not result in structural brain damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no credible evidence that ECT causes structural brain damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dwork
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bolwig
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D002452:Cell Count; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000882:Haplorhini; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D051381:Rats; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy