title: Potential toxic effects of superselective injection of amobarbital sodium on microvasculature: a study in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether microvascular damage occurs from superselective intraarterial injection of amobarbital sodium using the swine endovascular embolization model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four swine underwent percutaneous femoral puncture for superselective catheterization of the proximal artery of the rete. Varying concentrations of amobarbital sodium were prepared (12.5 to 100 mg/mL solution) in either normal saline or sterile water (105 mOsm/L to 1138 mOsm/L) of which one concentration was infused slowly into one ipsilateral rete. Control infusions were also performed. Histopathologic changes were evaluated at 30 minutes and 10 days after infusion, using standard light and electron microscopy techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate vasospasm occurred only in three swine at 100 mg/mL amobarbital sodium in normal saline. Light microscopy showed no significant histologic changes in the retia at any of the tested concentrations of amobarbital sodium. Electron microscopy showed ultrastructural alterations in the intima only at the higher amobarbital sodium concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concerns for inducing significant damage to cerebral microvasculature by superselective injection of amobarbital sodium at the usually recommended concentrations and doses are probably not justified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Duckwiler
mesh_terms: D000654:Amobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005263:Femoral Artery; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000139:chemically induced; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010614:Pharynx / Q000098:blood supply; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000654:Amobarbital