title: N-terminally myristoylated Ras proteins require palmitoylation or a polybasic domain for plasma membrane localization.
abstract: Plasma membrane targeting of Ras requires CAAX motif modifications together with a second signal from an adjacent polybasic domain or nearby cysteine palmitoylation sites. N-terminal myristoylation is known to restore membrane binding to H-ras C186S (C-186 is changed to S), a mutant protein in which all CAAX processing is abolished. We show here that myristoylated H-ras C186S is a substrate for palmitoyltransferase, despite the absence of C-terminal farnesylation, and that palmitoylation is absolutely required for plasma membrane targeting of myristoylated H-ras. Similarly, the polybasic domain is required for specific plasma membrane targeting of myristoylated K-ras. In contrast, the combination of myristoylation plus farnesylation results in the mislocalization of Ras to numerous intracellular membranes. Ras that is only myristoylated does not bind with a high affinity to any membrane. The specific targeting of Ras to the plasma membrane is therefore critically dependent on signals that are contained in the hypervariable domain but can be supported by N-terminal myristoylation or C-terminal prenylation. Interestingly, oncogenic Ras G12V that is localized correctly to the plasma membrane leads to mitogen-activated protein kinase activation irrespective of the combination of targeting signals used for localization, whereas Ras G12V that is mislocalized to the cytosol or to other membranes activates mitogen-activated protein kinase only if the Ras protein is farnesylated.
authors.affiliation: ONYX Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California 94806.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cadwallader
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hancock
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003545:Cysteine; D017931:DNA Primers; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D019814:Myristic Acid; D009227:Myristic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012694:Serine; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009227:Myristic Acids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019814:Myristic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D012694:Serine; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D003545:Cysteine