title: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia.
abstract: We developed a new instrument, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), to assess 10 behavioral disturbances occurring in dementia patients: delusions, hallucinations, dysphoria, anxiety, agitation/aggression, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability/lability, apathy, and aberrant motor activity. The NPI uses a screening strategy to minimize administration time, examining and scoring only those behavioral domains with positive responses to screening questions. Both the frequency and the severity of each behavior are determined. Information for the NPI is obtained from a caregiver familiar with the patient's behavior. Studies reported here demonstrate the content and concurrent validity as well as between-rater, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability; the instrument is both valid and reliable. The NPI has the advantages of evaluating a wider range of psychopathology than existing instruments, soliciting information that may distinguish among different etiologies of dementia, differentiating between severity and frequency of behavioral changes, and minimizing administration time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mega
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenberg-Thompson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carusi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gornbein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity