title: Interobserver variability in the interpretation of chest roentgenograms of patients with possible pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have found considerable interobserver variability in the roentgenographic diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study we determined the impact of experience on interobserver variability in the interpretation of chest roentgenograms of patients with pneumonia and defined the characteristics of chest roentgenograms interpreted as pneumonia by all groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chest roentgenograms of 15 consecutive patients with a clinical and roentgenographic diagnosis of pneumonia were read by a convenience sample of 10 first-year and 20 fourth-year medical students, 21 medical residents, and 21 staff physicians from the department of medicine. Three board-certified radiologists served as the gold standard. The majority rule decision and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze agreement among the various groups of observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agreement with the majority decisions of the gold-standard radiologists on the presence or absence of pneumonia for all observations of the various groups were as follows: original radiologist, 87%; first-year medical students, 59%; fourth-year medical students, 54%; medical residents, 66%; and attending staff, 72%. Chest roentgenograms with dense lobar or segmental opacities were generally interpreted as pneumonia by all observers. Patchy opacities caused major disagreements and were usually read as not being due to pneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was not diagnosed by any of the observers. Air bronchograms, atelectasis, and chronic obstructive lung disease were usually not recognized by the nonradiologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is considerable interobserver variability in the roentgenographic diagnosis of pneumonia. This variability does not improve with increasing experience. Dense lobar or segmental opacities are uniformly recognized as pneumonia while patchy opacities result in a variety of interpretations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Marrie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011859:Radiography