title: The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children: prediction of outcome in a developmental context.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the third report from a chart review of 763 cases of child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at the Anna Freud Centre. This paper examines the way in which the age of a child or adolescent at the time of treatment in psychoanalytic psychotherapy relates to the outcome of that treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-seven children were selected from each of three age bands (younger than 6 years, 6 to 12 years, and adolescents); they were matched on broad diagnostic grouping, gender, socioeconomic status, global adaptation (Children's Global Assessment Scale), and frequency of sessions. Outcome was indicated by diagnostic change and clinically significant change in adaptation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Younger children were more likely to show significant improvement. Children younger than 12 benefited from intensive (four or five times weekly) treatment more than from nonintensive (one or two times weekly) treatment; this was not true of adolescents. There were interactions between certain diagnostic categories, age, and outcome. Predictors of good and poor outcome were different for the three age groups, further highlighting the importance of a developmental perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of a retrospective design, this study suggests that in psychodynamic treatment, younger age is an advantage and developmental factors considerably affect the outcome of this form of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Anna Freud Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Target
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fonagy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome