title: Endoscopic management of bladder calculi following augmentation cystoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and utility of an endoscopic approach to calculi that develop in the bladders of children following augmentation cystoplasty. In addition, we aimed to determine the indications for open vesicolithotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our experience between 1981 and 1993 with 26 children who formed bladder calculi following augmentation cystoplasty. Data were retrieved retrospectively with respect to management approach and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen cases were managed cystoscopically using simple extraction and/or electrohydraulic lithotripsy; 3 cases required open vesicolithotomy and four calculi passed spontaneously. Complete stone extraction was achieved after a single endoscopic treatment in every case approached in this fashion. Every patient resumed preoperative voiding patterns and there were no infections, strictures, or other complications. Calculi reformed in 4 patients and were successfully managed endoscopically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An endoscopic approach to bladder calculi is a safe and effective method of managing this increasingly prevalent problem in children following augmentation cystoplasty even in the presence of a reconstructed bladder neck. Open vesicolithotomy should be reserved for the very large stone burden.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Levitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*