title: A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People who consume a diet high in vegetables and fruits have a lower risk of cancer of the large bowel. Antioxidant vitamins, which are present in vegetables and fruits, have been associated with a diminished risk of cancers at various anatomical sites. We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial to test the efficacy of beta carotene and vitamins C and E in preventing colorectal adenoma, a precursor of invasive cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 864 patients, using a two-by-two factorial design, to four treatment groups, which received placebo; beta carotene (25 mg daily); vitamin C (1 g daily) and vitamin E (400 mg daily); or the beta carotene plus vitamins C and E. In order to identify new adenomas, we performed complete colonoscopic examinations in the patients one year and four years after they entered the study. The primary end points for analyses were new adenomas identified after the first of these two follow-up examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients adhered well to the prescribed regimen, and 751 completed the four-year clinical trial. There was no evidence that either beta carotene or vitamins C and E reduced the incidence of adenomas; the relative risk for beta carotene was 1.01 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.20); for vitamins C and E, it was 1.08 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.29). Neither treatment appeared to be effective in any subgroup of patients or in the prevention of any subtype of polyp defined by size or location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of efficacy of these vitamins argues against the use of supplemental beta carotene and vitamins C and E to prevent colorectal cancer. Although our data do not prove definitively that these antioxidants have no anticancer effect, other dietary factors may make more important contributions to the reduction in the risk of cancer associated with a diet high in vegetables and fruits.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, N.H.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Colacchio
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coller
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Frankl
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Haile
mesh_terms: D018256:Adenomatous Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid