title: Expressed emotion, perceived criticism, and relapse in depression: a replication in an Egyptian community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine the value of families' expressed emotion and patients' perception of family criticism in predicting relapse in Egyptian depressed patients and to evaluate transcultural differences in assessment of these measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 32 consecutive depressed patients from psychiatric clinics in Cairo and Ismailia, Egypt, who fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for major depression or bipolar disorder. An Arabic version of the Camberwell Family Interview was administered to key relatives of the depressed patients. Rating of expressed emotion was performed blindly by a qualified rater to assess levels of criticism, hostility, emotional overinvolvement, warmth, and positive remarks. Patient perception of family criticism (perceived criticism) was also assessed. All patients were followed up for 9 months to assess relapse and compliance with treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relation of family criticism to relapse was statistically significant. Although this result replicates previous findings, the criticism level that best differentiated relapsers and nonrelapsers was a score of 7, which is much higher than previously reported in Western studies. This relation was not observed for other expressed emotion components. Also, no association between perceived criticism and relapse was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expressed emotion is a prognostic factor that should be assessed with consideration of the specific culture and intrafamilial patterns. The use of perceived criticism in the prediction of relapse in depression is questionable. There is a need for a simplified, less time-consuming assessment tool that takes cross-cultural differences and specificities into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okasha
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: el Akabawi
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: el Dawla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004534:Egypt; D004644:Emotions; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013060:Speech