title: Family costs associated with severe mental illness and substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study's aim was to document the economic assistance in the form of money, in-kind contributions, and time spent in care-giving by families of adults with both severe mental illness and substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 119 families of adults with dual disorders were compared with a similar group of 127 families whose adult children had no chronic illnesses. In telephone interviews, parents reported the amount of money, goods, and direct care family members gave to a designated adult child. Two methods were used to estimate the value of family time: opportunity costs, based on the average wage for production workers in the study area, and the cost of paid substitutes for the task being performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of adults with dual disorders reported that family members gave significantly more money and time to the adult child than did parents of adults with no chronic illnesses. The estimated value of family assistance in the dual disorder group was $9,703 using the opportunity-cost method and $13,891 using the substitution method, compared with costs of $2,421 and $3,547 for the group with no chronic illnesses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual disorders impose a significant economic burden on families. Direct support that families provide to adult children with dual disorders should be considered carefully in treatment planning and policy decisions.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009513:New Hampshire; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation