title: An intrathecal fentanyl dose-response study in lower extremity revascularization procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal opioids routinely are administered to surgical patients to provide prolonged postoperative analgesia. This study evaluated the dose-response effects of intrathecal fentanyl in an elderly patient population undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical anesthesia was induced using a continuous spinal technique. No patient received perioperative antiemetics or opioids. Postoperatively, after complete regression of spinal anesthesia, patients received via the spinal catheter either 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 50 micrograms fentanyl. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and visual analog pain scores were recorded approximately every minute for 15 min after study drug administration. After this initial observation period, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation were recorded every 15 min for the next 2 h, then every 30 min thereafter. A verbal analog pain score, with 0 equivalent to no pain and 10 the worst pain imaginable, was obtained with each set of vital signs. The study was concluded when the verbal analog pain score was > or = 3, the patient was medicated, and the time was recorded. Any side effects, such as respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and pruritus, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal analgesia was derived from the 0-, 5-, and 10-micrograms doses. Beginning at 20 micrograms, patients experienced the onset of satisfactory analgesia (visual analog pain scores < 3) within 4 min. All patients in the 40- and 50-micrograms groups had excellent analgesia (visual analog pain scores < 1) within 10 min. No patient experienced respiratory depression (respiratory rate < 9 breaths/min), hypoxemia (oxyhemoglobin saturation < 90%), or any hemodynamic alterations (20% change greater or less than baseline heart rate or blood pressure). In the 50-micrograms group, five of ten patients complained of pruritus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that 40 micrograms intrathecal fentanyl provides satisfactory analgesia for approximately 5 h in an elderly patient population, with a low incidence of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Acute Pain Service, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Duprat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl