title: The relation of socioeconomic factors to age-related cataract, maculopathy, and impaired vision. The Beaver Dam Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relations between socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of age-related cataract, maculopathy, and visual impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based sample of 4926 people 43 to 86 years of age was examined from 1988 to 1990. Education, income, employment status, marital status, nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract, age-related maculopathy, and impaired vision were all ascertained using standard protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While controlling for age, sex, diabetes status, multivitamin use, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking, less education was significantly associated with nuclear and cortical cataract, and lower income was significantly associated with cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract and impaired vision. There was a "U-shaped" relation between income and cataract surgery. Neither income nor education was related to age-related maculopathy. There was no relation of marital status to cataract status or age-related maculopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that education and income are associated with cataract, cataract surgery, and impaired vision. These relations were not explained by other risk factors measured in the study.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison 53705-2397.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cruickshanks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008266:Macula Lutea; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*