title: [How accurate is video refraction measurement in infants in comparison with skiascopy? How much do the values change within a half a year?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isotropic photorefraction (Atkinson et al., 1981) is a method used to screen the refraction in infants. The aim of this study is to analyze its limitations as a measuring instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  215 children aged between 5 and 12 months were examined in cycloplegia. The results were subsequently compared (1) to the results of streak retinoscopy also performed at the same time and (2) to photorefraction performed a second time, 6 months later (with 145 children).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spherical refraction: The mean spherical values differed by 0.70 dpt through photorefraction methods, compared to retinoscopy. The standard deviation (SD) was 0.67 dpt. The values of the photorefraction differed therefore in 95% of the children within a range of 2.7 dpt (or +/- 2 SD). Compared to the second photorefractive measurement 6 months later, the average refraction showed a small myopic shift (-0.45 dpt). Astigmatism: The errors of measurement were more pronounced here. Extreme differences of up to 9 dpt were found in single cases. The mean difference, compared to retinoscopy, was 0.73 dpt. The standard deviation (SD) was 0.90 dpt. In 95% of the children, the values of photo-refraction differed therefore by a range of 3.6 dpt (or +/- 2 SD). Compared to the second photorefractive measurement 6 months later, the average refraction showed a mean change of 0.73 dpt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our photorefractive measurements showed errors in the range of 1-2 dpt for the spherical refraction, and in the range of 2-3 dpt for astigmatism. In 5% of the children examined, even greater aberrations were found. As long as the aim of photorefraction is restricted to disclosing high refractive errors, this method is judged suitable for the refractive screening of infants. For more precise refraction, and for the prescription of spectacles, we believe that is should be supplemented by a second examination technique, such as retinoscopy or automated refractometry.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Augenkrankheiten, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Althaus
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D015351:Vision Screening
vernacular_title: Wie genau ist die Videorefraktionsmessung beim Kleinkind im Vergleich zur Skiaskopie? Wie ändern sich die Werte innerhalb eines halben Jahres?