title: Adaptive function of depression: psychotherapeutic implications.
abstract: Using the frameworks of attachment and social hierarchy theories, strategies seen in depression and in normal life are better understood. A hierarchial encounter elicits the "Involuntary Subordinate Strategy" ("ISS") in the loser, which terminates the "ISS" and brings the encounter to an end. These are psychophysiological mechanisms deeply rooted in our phylogenetic ancestry. Loss of a love object also elicits ineffective anger or rage which may, in turn, trigger the ISS. A prolonged intense ISS manifests in depression. Factors are examined that prevent "acceptance" of losing, thereby contributing to an escalation of the ISS and culminating in depressive illness. Psychotherapeutic implications include cognitive restructuring to enable the patient to explore options that might turn off the ISS such as "acceptance" (without making negative self-evaluations), changing unrealistic ideals and aspirations, leaving the scene, or becoming more self-assertive. Case examples are given to illustrate these interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sloman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001242:Assertiveness; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy