title: Bread as a source of salt: an international comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The salt (NaCl) content of bread, obtained from Belgium and 25 other regions or countries worldwide, was analyzed to evaluate the importance of bread as a source of dietary salt in a population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1166 dried bread samples were analyzed using a hot HCl extraction technique followed by flame photometry and performed by the same laboratory technician in Leuven (Belgium); 534 samples from Leuven were analyzed over 10 time periods from 1967-73 to 1992 together with 562 samples from 11 other European countries, 44 from the United States and Peru, and 26 from Asia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average mean salt content of fresh bread (= dried bread times 0.6) in European countries was 12.4 +/- 1.7 g/kg for white and 13 +/- 1.0 g/kg for brown bread. In Japan and Korea it was about 8.5 g/kg and in Pakistan, Thailand, Nepal, and Laos about 5 g/kg. The mean sodium/potassium ratio with Na and K in mmol was 8.0 for white and 4.5 for brown bread, much higher than the recommended value of 1.0. Bread with a very low salt content was found in certain areas of Peru, Spain, and Italy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall salt content of bread in Western countries is excessive, and a gradual reduction is highly desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Joossens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kesteloot
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001530:Belgium; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D010568:Peru; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013030:Spain; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride