title: Masseter muscle rigidity and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in pediatric patients. An update on management and diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists regarding the definition of masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) and anesthetic management after MMR. This study reports current anesthetic management after MMR, estimates the incidence of clinical malignant hyperthermia (MH) in patients with MMR, and is the first to evaluate the coincidence of MMR with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) according to the 1987 North American Malignant Hyperthermia Group protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Practicing anesthesiologists referred pediatric patients for biopsy between 1986 and 1991 based on evidence of MMR after succinylcholine (1975-1991). The clinical scenario was described as MMR alone or MMR followed by signs of MH, including arterial CO2 tension > 50 mmHg, arterial pH < or = 7.25, and base deficit > 8. Patients had caffeine-halothane muscle contracture testing to determine MHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy patients (50 boys and 20 girls) were evaluated. Eighty-three percent (58 of 70) of anesthetics were halothane-succinylcholine. In 68% (48 of 70) of cases, the anesthetic was discontinued, whereas anesthesia was continued with nontriggering agents in 11% (8 of 70) and with triggering agents in 13% (9 of 70). Fifty-nine percent (41 of 70) of patients were diagnosed as MHS by muscle biopsy. In 7% (5 of 70) of patients, clinical MH developed within 10 min of MMR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, by using the current North American Malignant Hyperthermia Group protocol, reaffirms the high incidence (59%, 41 of 70) of MHS associated with MMR as confirmed by muscle biopsy. Of the MHS patients, 5 developed signs of clinical MH. Most anesthesiologists in this study, when confronted with MMR, discontinued anesthesia. Because of the potential lethality of MH and the > 50% concordance between MMR and MHS, the most conservative course of action after MMR is to discontinue the anesthetic and observe the patient for clinical evidence of MH. An acceptable alternative, depending on the urgency of the surgery, would be to continue anesthesia with nontriggering agents for MH, with appropriate monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: O'Flynn
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Shutack
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002110:Caffeine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008305:Malignant Hyperthermia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000473:pathology; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D006221:Halothane