title: Therapeutic effects of water and milk for acute alkali injury of the esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alkali ingestions cause progressive and devastating injury to the esophagus by liquefaction necrosis. However, the therapeutic efficacy of water or milk dilution for alkali-induced esophageal injury has not been determined. This study used our previously reported model of alkali-induced esophageal injury to evaluate the effectiveness of water and milk dilution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Early dilution with water or milk is efficacious in decreasing esophageal damage from alkali exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The esopgagi of 75 Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested, and each end was cannulated with a 20-gauge catheter. Specimens were maintained in an oxygenated saline solution (at 37 degrees C) during a 60-minute experimental period and then fixed immediately in 10% Formalin solution for histologic examination. Esophagi from six experimental groups (total of 60) were perfused with 50% NaOH solution at time 0. Water or milk dilution was performed immediately at 0 minutes, 5 minutes after injury, and 30 minutes after injury. Blinded pathologic examination was performed using a score of 0 (no injury), 1 (minimal), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe) for the following six histologic categories: epithelial viability, cornified epithelial cell differentiation, granular cell differentiation, epithelial cell nuclei, muscle cells, and muscle cell nuclei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive and negative controls showed expected outcomes. Significant progressions of injury over time were seen for every histologic category for both water and milk dilution. The injury scores for the milk-treated group at 0 minutes were less than or equal to the injury score for the water-treated group for all categories. However, these differences were significant only for the cornified epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early dilution therapy with water or milk reduces acute alkali injury of the esophagus and supports use of these forms of emergency treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Homan
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Thode
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sable
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000468:Alkalies / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008892:Milk; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D014867:Water; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide