title: Antinociceptive effects of spinal cholinesterase inhibition and isobolographic analysis of the interaction with mu and alpha 2 receptor systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cholinergic receptors have been shown to have a potent antinociceptive action, an effect that can be mimicked by spinal cholinesterase inhibitors. We (1) characterized the cholinergic receptor system through which intrathecally applied cholinesterase inhibitors produce their antinociceptive effect and (2) examined their interaction with spinal mu opioid and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were prepared with chronic intrathecal catheters and the nociceptive threshold was assessed by the use of the radiant heat-evoked hind paw withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinal administration of neostigmine, edrophonium, carbachol, clonidine, and morphine produced a dose-dependent increase on the thermally evoked hind paw withdrawal latency. The order of potency (dose producing a 50% effect, in nanomoles) was morphine (1.1) = neostigmine (1.2) > clonidine (4.4) > carbachol (15) >> edrophonium (112). Spinal pretreatment with atropine (35 nmol) attenuated the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal carbachol (55 nmol), neostigmine (15 nmol), and edrophonium (500 nmol) but did not affect the potency of intrathecal morphine (15 nmol) or clonidine (435 nmol). In addition, intrathecal pretreatment with naloxone (31 nmol) and yohimbine (28 nmol) attenuated the effects of intrathecally administered morphine and clonidine, respectively, but did not significantly affect the potency of carbachol, neostigmine, or edrophonium. The nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (60 nmol) did not affect thermal nociception. Isobolographic analysis revealed a synergistic interaction after the coadministration of neostigmine-clonidine (P < 0.001), edrophonium-clonidine (P < 0.0001), and edrophonium-morphine (P < 0.01) mixtures. Neostigmine-morphine exhibited simple additivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that analgesia after spinal cholinesterase inhibition is mediated through muscarinic, but not nicotinic cholinergic, opioid, or alpha 2-adrenergic receptor systems, and that these spinal effects of cholinesterase inhibition interact synergistically with the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal mu and alpha 2 agonists.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego 92093-0818.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002217:Carbachol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004491:Edrophonium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D011292:Premedication; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D009388:Neostigmine; D008464:Mecamylamine; D004491:Edrophonium; D009020:Morphine; D001285:Atropine; D002217:Carbachol; D003000:Clonidine