title: Measurement of prostate movement over the course of routine radiotherapy using implanted markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the range and frequency of occurrence of intertreatment movement of the prostate gland over the course of radiotherapy, and to demonstrate that the prostate may move independently of the surrounding bones of the pelvis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients underwent implantation of radiopaque markers around the prostate. Orthogonal portal films were taken at multiple stages during the course of treatment and digitized. An image registration tool was used to solve for film detector placement and, subsequently, to determine positional changes between structures on a reference portal image pair and all subsequent pairs for each patient. Transformations describing prostate movement were measured independently of those describing setup variations of the pelvic girdle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Translation and/or rotation of the prostate was detected in 70% of the treatments for which films were taken. The maximum measured displacement was 7.5 mm along a major axis. Typical translations of the prostate were between 0-4 mm. The translation and rotation had a predominant direction, suggesting a natural axis for prostate movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant prostate displacement can occur between treatments, the typical range of movement seen along a major axis was less than 5 mm. Proper treatment planning should consider the movement of the target independent of surrounding bony anatomy. Advances in online portal imaging, image registration, and dynamic field shaping may permit shaped fields that encompass the prostate gland in its position at the time of treatment, allowing for the use of smaller fields while ensuring proper target coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balter
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bree
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lichter
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: ten Haken
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*