title: Smoking, alcohol, and neuromuscular and physical function of older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the associations of current and lifetime smoking and alcohol use with physical function in an older population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four clinic centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9704 community-dwelling, ambulatory white women 65 years or older recruited from four areas of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve performance tests of muscle strength, agility and coordination, gait and balance, and self-reported functional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women who never smoked, current smokers had significantly poorer function on all of the performance measures except grip strength after adjusting for age, history of stroke, body mass index, clinic site, physical activity, and alcohol use (P < .05). This decrease in function was 50% to 100% as great as that associated with a 5-year increase in age, and most measures worsened with increasing numbers of pack-years. Compared with current moderate drinkers, nondrinkers had significantly poorer function on all of the performance measures except tandem walk (P < .05). Evaluation of a dose effect with alcohol was limited by the small number of heavy drinkers in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, women who currently smoke are weaker and have poorer balance and poorer performance on measures of integrated physical function than nonsmokers. Smoking is associated with a decline in physical function. Current moderate drinkers have better physical function compared with nondrinkers, but associations of function with heavy drinkers could not be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nevitt
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*