title: Nonpharmacologic management of patient distress during mechanical ventilation.
abstract: Patients on mechanical ventilators experience distress related to the endotracheal tube, the critical care environment, and the critical illness. The strategies suggested here to limit distress--therapeutic relationship building and communication, cognitive-behavioral therapies, and contracted family visiting--all can be implemented by critical care providers. A growing research base documents the success of these interventions in intubated patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Fontaine
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000523:psychology; D009147:Music Therapy; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D014789:Visitors to Patients