title: The neglected half of Alzheimer disease: cognitive and functional concomitants of severe dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional mental status and psychometric assessments bottom out in the late stages of Alzheimer disease (AD). A method adapted from cognitive testing in infants, the Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development was modified (M-OSPD) and applied to a severely demented population. The concurrent validity of this method was tested in comparison with Functional Assessment Staging (FAST). Internal consistency as a measure for reliability was also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were generally evaluated in their residence, usually a nursing home or a private home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severely cognitively impaired subjects who fulfilled criteria for probable AD were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation consisted of clinical global, mental status, functional, and cognitive assessments including the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy patients were evaluated. Traditional mental status assessments (eg, the MMSE) manifested virtually uniform bottom scores in all GDS stage 7 subjects (n = 46), and GDS stage 6 subjects had MMSE scores within one standard deviation unit of zero. In contrast, the M-OSPD scale continued to show results in the last stages of the disease. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the M-OSPD total score and the 11 FAST substages represented in this sample was -0.77 (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that patients who are functionally more impaired also show continuing increments in cognitive loss. These cognitive and functional assessments for measuring the magnitude of deterioration in AD can be applied to the estimated half-million nursing home residents presently labeled "untestable" with the goal of optimization of care and residual capacities.
authors.affiliation: Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sclan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yaffee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reisberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index