title: Modulation of respiratory rhythm by alpha 2-adrenoceptors in awake and anesthetized goats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the control of breathing with goats that were either awake (n = 7) or anesthetized and artificially ventilated (n = 11). Awake goats infused intravenously with either of the alpha 2-agonists clonidine (1.0-6.0 micrograms/kg) or guanabenz (15.0-63.0 micrograms/kg) exhibited two distinct ventilatory patterns. One pattern was characterized by tachypnea in which respiratory frequency and minute ventilation increased to approximately 50% above control values. A second ventilatory pattern consisted of slow breathing with reductions of respiratory frequency and minute ventilation and highly variable expiratory duration intervals. These two patterns were unaffected by bilateral carotid body denervation. In anesthetized goats, alpha 2-agonists also caused an arrhythmia in phrenic nerve activity that was similar to the slow breathing pattern seen in awake goats. Respiratory disturbances were abolished by the selective alpha 2-receptor antagonist SKF-86466 (100-500 micrograms/kg), indicating that the effects are mediated by alpha 2-receptors. The results suggest that stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors generally has an inhibitory effect on breathing in goats. The disruption of ventilation with clonidine or guanabenz suggests that alpha 2-adrenoceptors may play an important role in the control of central respiratory rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bisgard
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002344:Carotid Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006041:Goats; D006143:Guanabenz / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects*; D014628:Vagotomy
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D006143:Guanabenz; D003000:Clonidine; C039139:benalfocin