title: Ethical issues in transplantation.
abstract: The transplantation of gastrointestinal organs has relied on cadaver donors for its successful development. The fact that success has been achieved is largely due to the certainty with which brain death can be diagnosed, and the acceptance of these criteria as signifying actual death by doctors, in particular, intensivists. If continuing goodwill leads to further co-operative effort, cadaveric liver, pancreas and eventually, small bowel transplants, should become more frequent. At present the numbers of recipients requiring these operations are considerably less than those in need of kidneys. There are grounds for believing therefore that the pressure to subvert good ethical standards in acquiring these organs (that pressure imposed by long waiting lists and a high death rate on those waiting lists) should be avoidable. The solution to the problem of deficits in cadaveric liver and pancreatic grafts will be achieved only by better education of nurses and doctors, professionalization and expansion of co-ordinator organizations, legal reform, and cultural change. Only by such progress, achieved at medical, governmental, and societal levels can we avoid the insidious tendency to commercialism which we have witnessed with disquiet in renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Mersey Regional Transplant Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sells
mesh_terms: D000533:Altruism; D001926:Brain Death; D002102:Cadaver; D002203:Capital Punishment; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D014019:Tissue Donors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence