title: The effect of personal protective equipment on high-and low-dental fear patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation was designed to examine both high- and low-dental-fear patients' perceptions about and anxiety responses to personal protective equipment (PPE) as presented in a videotaped, simulated interaction between oral healthcare worker and patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two individuals representing a convenience sample presented at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) Dental School and were screened for eligibility. The Dental Fears Survey was administered to participants to assess level of dental fear. Subjects were then matched according to fear level, gender, and age, and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Subjects viewed a videotaped vignette of a male dentist conducting a new patient interview. The control group viewed a tape in which the provider did not utilize PPE. The experimental group viewed the provider putting on PPE at completion of the interview. Subjects were instructed to complete a semantic differential scale at completion of the tape in order for the researchers to assess their attitude toward the scene. Paired adjectives in the semantic scale were scored from 1 to 7, with low scores reflecting negative evaluations and high scores reflecting positive evaluations. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured prior to and during the viewing of the videotapes by means of a photoplethysmograph and an electrodermograph, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-factor ANOVA found the main effect of fear to be significant (p < .05), with subjects exhibiting high levels of dental fear rating both videotapes (PPE & NO PPE) more negatively than subjects exhibiting low levels of dental fear. A repeated measure ANOVA was used for analysis of heart rate and skin conductance. The Dunn's Multiple Means Comparison Test showed that skin conductance increased significantly (p < .05) in both groups from baseline to presentation of the oral healthcare environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A videotaped presentation of the dental environment produced significantly more negative evaluations from patients with high fear than from patients with low fear. Both groups experienced a significant increase in skin conductance (perspiration) upon presentation of the oral healthcare environment. However, presence of PPE did not adversely affect patient perceptions of the oral healthcare provider.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Hygiene, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gadbury-Amyot
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Overman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glaros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012659:Semantic Differential