title: The frontal plane relationship of the forefoot to the rearfoot in an asymptomatic population.
abstract: Physical therapists use biochemical orthotics to treat symptoms attributed to structural abnormalities of the feet. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of forefoot varus, valgus, and neutral positions in a healthy population, and to compare forefoot positions between genders, legs, and age groups. Nonprobability sampling was used to obtain 120 healthy subjects. A repeated-measures, one-group design was used. A forefoot measuring device and a goniometer were used to measure the forefoot-rearfoot frontal plane relationship. Of the 234 measured feet, 86.67% had a varus, 8.75% had a valgus, and 4.58% had a neutral forefoot-rearfoot relationship. No significant difference in position was found between genders or legs within subjects. A certain amount of forefoot varus or valgus may be characteristic of a healthy population; however, future studies should include children and adolescents to determine if forefoot positions are acquired or congenital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garbalosa
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Catlin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wooden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000502:physiology