title: Stimulation of growth by intravenous injection of copper in weanling pigs.
abstract: This study was conducted to examine whether Cu could exert its growth-promoting effect when injected, rather than being fed, and thus bypass the gastrointestinal tract. In two 18-d experiments, pigs were injected every 2 d with a Cu histidinate or histidine solution. Amounts of Cu injected were calculated to simulate varying absorption rates in pigs fed 250 ppm of dietary Cu. In Exp. 1, 44 pigs were randomly assigned to four groups of 11 pigs each. Pigs were injected with four levels of Cu histidinate (0, 5, 10, and 15% estimated apparent absorption coefficients based on calculated feed intake). Average daily gain responded quadratically (P < .05) to levels of Cu histidinate; maximum growth was seen in the 5% group. At d 6, serum mitogenic activity also exhibited a similar quadratic response (P < .05). In Exp. 2, estimated Cu absorptions of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% were tested. Forty-five pigs were randomly assigned to five groups of nine pigs each and injected as in Exp. 1. Both ADG and serum mitogenic activity displayed a quadratic response (P < .05); the maximum response was seen in the 4% group. Liver Cu content, superoxide dismutase activity, and serum Cu concentrations were linearly increased (P < .05) with increasing dosage of Cu in both Exp. 1 and 2. Also, brain Cu content linearly increased (P < .05) with increasing dosage of Cu in both Exp. 1 and 2. Also, brain Cu hormone mRNA concentrations in Exp. 2 were not significantly influenced by treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kornegay
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swinkels
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Welten
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011897:Random Allocation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003300:Copper; D013006:Growth Hormone; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase