title: Effect of route of administration and age on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered by the intravenous and intraosseous routes to 3 and 5-day-old foals.
abstract: The suitability of the intraosseous (i.o.) route for drug administration to equine neonates was evaluated in a study comparing the pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered by the i.o. and intravenous (i.v.) routes. Using a cross-over study design amikacin sulphate (7 mg/kg bwt) was administered i.o. or i.v. to 6 healthy foals at 3 and 5 days of age. Amikacin was instantaneously and completely absorbed after i.o. administration, achieving a mean +/- sd peak concentration (34.17 +/- 3.54 micrograms/ml) in the first sample collected 3 min after administration which was not significantly different from the mean +/- sd peak concentration (32.92 +/- 2.63 micrograms/ml) achieved after i.v. administration. The plasma amikacin concentration-time profiles for the i.o. and i.v. routes were not different and both were appropriately described by a 2-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. No significant differences attributable to route of administration were found in values for the major pharmacokinetic variables. The degree of inter-individual variation in values for indices of clearance was considerably greater than the degree of variation attributable to age. Despite this, values for body clearance (ClB) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and values for area under the plasma amikacin concentration-time curve (AUC) and concentration of amikacin in plasma at 8 h [Cp(8h)] were significantly lower in 5- than in 3-day-old foals, indicating that amikacin was more rapidly cleared by the older foals. Technical difficulties were not encountered during i.o. needle placement in the medial aspect of the proximal tibia. Mild diffuse soft tissue swelling which developed at the i.o. site resolved completely within 1-2 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, California.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Golenz
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Craychee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mihalyi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knox
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000583:Amikacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000662:veterinary; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D012984:Software; D013977:Tibia / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000583:Amikacin