title: Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during hypocapnic central apneas in awake nonsedated lambs.
abstract: In this study, we examined whether the glottis is open or closed during central apnea and the effect of arterial PO2 (PaO2) on this control. We hyperventilated nine 11- to 30-day-old awake nonsedated lambs via a tracheostomy for 1 min to induce central apnea. Four gas mixtures (8, 15, 21, and 30% O2) were used. At the end of the hyperventilation period, the lambs were allowed to breathe spontaneously through intact upper airways. Using a pneumotachograph attached to a face mask, we measured airflow, and we continuously recorded electromyographic (EMG) activity of the thyroarytenoid (TA), the main glottic adductor muscle. We also studied the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA, laryngeal adductor), the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA, laryngeal abductor), the cricothyroid muscle (CT), and the diaphragm. We found that hyperventilation consistently induced hypocapnic central apnea in all nine lambs in hyperoxic conditions [30% inspiratory fraction of O2 (FIO2)], in eight of nine lambs in normoxia or mild hypoxia (15 and 21% FIO2), and in four of seven lambs in hypoxia (8% FIO2). During baseline room air breathing, there was no glottic adductor muscle expiratory EMG activity or expiratory airflow braking. Continuous TA EMG activity began early during hyperventilation and continued throughout the central apnea, regardless of PaO2. The first subsequent breathing efforts were marked by expiratory flow braking and expiratory activity of the TA. The LCA and the TA demonstrated the same EMG activity pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kianicka
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Praud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005931:Glottis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012756:Sheep; D014139:Tracheostomy
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen