title: Ultrastructural evidence for innervation of the endothelium and interstitial cells in the atrioventricular valves of the Japanese monkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A rich supply of nerves to the atrioventricular valve has been demonstrated. The role of the valvular nerves is still controversial because the target sites of the nerves have not been confirmed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The innervation of the atrioventricular valves of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) was examined by acetylcholinesterase staining and electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y (NPY) was also investigated by a post-embedding immunogold method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The valvular nerve elements were clearly concentrated between the endothelium and interstitial cells on the atrial side of cusps. Naked axon terminals were observed to make direct contact (20-nm gaps) with interstitial cells and also to be in close proximity (approximately 200-nm cleft) to the endothelium. NPY immunoreactivity was clearly detected on the large granular vesicles in some terminals that were in close proximity to interstitial cells and/or the endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the extensive innervation of the atrioventricular valve, which includes NPY-containing nerves, might affect valvular function via interstitial cells and/or the endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsumori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Domoto
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000294:innervation; D003239:Connective Tissue Cells; D004727:Endothelium / Q000294:innervation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008251:Macaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000294:innervation*; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000032:analysis*; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase