title: Moduli of rupture of layered dental ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the moduli of rupture of layered beams made of strong core materials veneered with weaker conventional feldspathic porcelain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-point flexural test, and formulae derived especially for this purpose were used. Two systems were investigated. The first consisted of Vitadur N (Vita Zahnfabrik), a conventional feldspathic porcelain; and Dicor MGC (L.D. Caulk), a machinable glass ceramic. The second consisted of Vitadur N and In-Ceram (Vita Zahnfabrik), a strong reinforced aluminous porcelain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to evaluate the effect of numerous factors on the modulus of rupture. The results indicated that the material forming the tensile surface, the material forming the compressive surface and their interaction had a highly significant effect on modulus of rupture (p < 0.05). The effect of the material forming the tensile surface on modulus of rupture was of much greater magnitude than that of the compressive surface. Theoretical curves describing effects of the layers' elastic moduli and thickness on the force-bearing capacity of model beams were plotted. These indicated that for a wide range of thickness ratios and for a wide variety of elastic modulus ratios, the tensile material dominates the force-bearing capacity of layered beams except when a very much lower modulus material forms the compressive layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Layered prostheses made of strong cores veneered with weaker feldspathic porcelain may be prone to failure when the feldspathic surfaces are subjected to tensile force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Vidjak
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Seghi
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003801:Dental Veneers; D004548:Elasticity; D008422:Materials Testing; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C047475:Dicor ceramic; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C070870:In-Ceram; C058236:Vitadur N; D000537:Aluminum Oxide