title: Latency of skeletal muscle contraction after pulse train stimulation: an important factor in correct timing of skeletal muscle cardiac assist devices.
abstract: Various configurations of conditioned skeletal muscle are under investigation for cardiac assistance in patients with end-stage cardiac failure. Optimal timing of conditioned skeletal muscle contraction is essential for effective cardiac augmentation. However, unlike mechanical methods of assistance, skeletal muscle requires time to develop peak tension. We measured "time to 50% peak tension" and "time to 90% peak tension" using an electrical strain gauge in 12 canine latissimus dorsi muscles (6 untrained controls and 6 trained with 3 months of electrical stimulation at 25 Hz with a 15% duty cycle). The "time to 50% relaxation" and the "time to 90% relaxation" after discontinuation of the stimulus were also measured. Conditioned skeletal muscle required significantly more time to develop peak tension than unconditioned skeletal muscle. Relaxation was also significantly prolonged in conditioned muscle. Notably, conditioned lattisimus needed, on average, 0.35 sec to develop peak tension and 0.20 sec for 90% relaxation. Thus, 0.55 sec of each muscle contraction/relaxation cycle was devoted to development of peak tension and subsequent relaxation. At normal canine heart rates of approximately 120 beats per minute (0.50 sec per cardiac cycle), conditioned skeletal muscle may take up to 70% of each cardiac cycle (0.35 sec) to develop 90% of peak tension. The recognition of this phenomenon in conditioned skeletal muscle is important for effective contraction timing of both human and animal skeletal muscle assist devices. Development of proper conditioning regimens for such devices may benefit from identification of those training parameters which produce a minimal "time to peak tension."
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Letsou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarif
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ariyan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors