title: Complications during the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Norway. A prospective multicentre study in seven hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the morbidity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy since its introduction in Norway in the Autumn of 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postal collection of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Practices of 26 surgeons in 7 district and university hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  527 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 patients (25.5%) had endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography before operation, and two had cholangiograms during operation; dissection was by electrocautery in 490 patients and by laser in 37.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morbidity, number converted to open operation, and number who required reoperation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths and a total of 70 complications (13.3%), 8 of which were after laser dissection. There were 59 local complications (11.2%) and 11 general (2.1%); 12 patients (2.3%) required reoperation for bleeding (n = 5), biliary leak (n = 4), and incisional hernia (n = 3). One had a retained stone in the common duct. 42 were converted to open operation (8.0%), 11 because of complications (bleeding, n = 6; damage to the bile duct, n = 3; and bowel perforation, n = 2). Of the 28 patients with acute cholecystitis 5 (17.9%) had to be converted to open operations and 7 (25.0%) developed complications. 2 of these patients had bile duct injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morbidity during the introductory period of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Norway is higher than that reported elsewhere, indicating that the risk of complications is increased during the learning period.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Department of Central Hospital of Akershus, Nordbyhagen, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trondsen
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ruud
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mårvik
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Myrvold
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buanes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viste
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rosseland
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000150:complications; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000293:injuries; D003549:Cystic Duct / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome