title: The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, some lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disease after organ transplantation. Many lymphoproliferative tumors that occur after transplantation are clonal, a property that classifies them as neoplastic. Clonality can be determined by analysis of the extrachromosomal circular DNA episomes produced by EBV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe three young children in whom smooth-muscle tumors developed 18 months to 5 1/2 years after liver transplantation with immunosuppression. We examined the tumors by microscopy and with immunohistochemical studies and molecular genetic analyses of the EBV DNA:
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumors were composed of spindle cells with smooth-muscle features and resembled those described in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Immunohistochemical analysis was negative for EBV latent membrane protein and EBV receptor (CD21), but positive for EBV nuclear antigen 2. In situ hybridization revealed nuclear EBV sequences, and molecular genetic analysis showed the EBV genome to be clonal in all three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smooth-muscle tumors that developed after organ transplantation contained clonal EBV, suggesting that the virus has a role in the development of these neoplastic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Locker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nalesnik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alashari
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nour
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzakis
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dickman
mesh_terms: D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral