title: Dose uniformity in a planar interstitial implant system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work makes use of a volume-ratio technique to examine dose uniformity in a planar interstitial implant system based entirely on geometrical constraints. The rationale for determining an upper limit for acceptable dose variation is examined and discussed. Variation of ribbon spacing and interplanar separation is evaluated in terms of its effect on dose homogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volume-dose curves were generated for a range of planar implant dimensions. The volume inside the target region and enclosed between the reference isodose and a higher isodose surface was calculated as a measure of dose uniformity. Studies of homogeneity, target coverage, and external tissue irradiation were carried out to evaluate the importance of flexible interplanar spacing in optimizing implants. New dose tables were generated to accommodate the frequent clinical need to minimize the number of catheter insertions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implants carried out in accordance with specified geometric constraints were found also to provide optimal dose homogeneity as determined using the volume ratio method with a flexible high dose limit. For two-plane implants, the interplanar spacing should be determined specifically in each case to ensure accurate target coverage. Calculations for specific cases showed that the tissue volume treated to unnecessarily high dose levels can be reduced by a large factor by careful positioning of the implant planes. A smaller ribbon and seed spacing will, in general, lead to better dose uniformity when this is evaluated in terms of the volumes treated to very high dose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies showed that implants carried out using simple and useful geometric guidelines will also provide an acceptably uniform dose distribution. For double plane implants, the separation of the implant planes should be optimized for each target thickness.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0058.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zwicker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Ullrich
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage