title: Transient changes in the mononuclear phagocyte system following administration of the blood substitute liposome-encapsulated haemoglobin.
abstract: We have examined the effects of administration of the blood substitute, liposome-encapsulated haemoglobin (LEH), in the normovolaemic rat. Test groups included LEH, lyophilized EH, the liposome vehicle, unencapsulated haemoglobin and normal saline, which were injected into the tail vein (n = 6; n = 3 for sham and saline groups). Administration of LEH (2.5 g phospholipid, 1.25 g haemoglobin/kg rat) was followed by blood sampling at 2 h, 24 h, 1 wk and 2 wk. Blood samples were analysed for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total and indirect bilirubin, serum creatinine, albumin, total protein, lipase, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, haematocrit, haemoglobin and differential white blood cell counts. Observed effects following injection were mild and transient, with baseline values recovered at 1 wk. Alanine aminotransferase increased moderately in the LEH group at 24 h to 601 +/- 143 IU/dl (P < 0.0001), with a return to baseline at 1 wk. Aspartate aminotransferase showed a smaller increase from 46 +/- 5 to 162 +/- 40 at 24 h and also returned to baseline at the 1 wk measurement (P < 0.001). The transient increase in serum transaminases was not observed for the lyophilized LEH group. Tissue sections showed accumulation of liposome groups in resident macrophages of the liver and spleen. Incubation of an adherent population of human peripheral blood monocytes with LEH in culture did not elicit the production of the inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor. Pre-incubation of monocytes with LEH prior to exposure to endotoxin did, however, result in a reduced expression of this inflammatory cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5348.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cliff
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Spargo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spielberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008081:Liposomes; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008081:Liposomes