title: The effectiveness of immobilization during prostate irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a hemibody foam cradle on the reproducibility of patient setup during external beam radiation treatment of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1992 and April 1993, 74 patients received external beam radiation treatment to the prostate +/- nodes, generally with a four-field box technique. Forty-four of the 74 patients had a custom-made hemibody foam cast used in an attempt to improve setup accuracy. A review of the routine weekly port films was performed following the completion of therapy to determine the reproducibility of patient setup in all 74 patients. The physician's request of an isocenter shift was used as an indicator of reproducibility. Neither the treating technologists nor the physicians knew at the time the films were taken that the port films would be reviewed for setup reproducibility at a later date. The results were compared between the patients treated with (44) and without (30) an immobilization device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 44 immobilized patients, 213 routine checks of the isocenter were performed during the 7-week course of radiation therapy. In 17.4% of these instances (37 out of 213), an isocenter shift was requested. This rate is compared to 23.1% (30 out of 130) in the 30 patients who did not have the immobilization device (p < 0.2). There was a statistically significant reduction in isocenter shifts requested in the anterior to posterior direction in the patients who were immobilized, 5.1% (9 out of 175) vs. 12.6% (13 out of 103) (p < 0.05, two tailed chi-square test). There was no significant improvement in the reproducibility of isocenter placement in the cephalad to caudal or right to left directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This custom-made hemibody foam cradle appears to improve the reproducibility of patient setup during the 7-week course of fractionated external beam irradiation for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. This type of immobilization device is now routinely used in our clinic and is recommended for all patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy. These devices are likely to be particularly useful when contemplating dose escalation to minimize the volume of bladder and rectum included in the treatment fields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bentel
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Sherouse
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anscher
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*