title: Maximizing foot salvage by a combined approach to foot ischemia and neuropathic ulceration in patients with diabetes. A 5-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of peripheral neuropathy and arterial insufficiency in patients with diabetes frequently results in chronic non-healing foot ulcers. These patients often have a protracted course that commonly ends in limb amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1987, 39 diabetic patients presented with 42 neuropathic ulcerations beneath the lesser metatarsal heads, complicated by severe arterial insufficiency. A variety of vascular reconstructions were performed to improve circulation to the foot. After successful vascular reconstruction, 14 patients with deep ulcers underwent resection of the involved bone or joint through a plantar elliptical incision with excision of the ulcer and primary closure (33%). Five patients required a simultaneous panmetatarsal head resection (12%). For fifteen superficial ulcers, metatarsal osteotomy through a dorsal approach was performed (36%). Eight patients underwent a fifth metatarsal head resection through a dorsal approach (19%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In follow-up of 2-64 months (mean 21.2 months), 35 extremities with patent bypass grafts achieved and maintained primary healing of their local foot procedure (83%). Two feet required subsequent revision but ultimately healed (5%). Three feet (7%) developed a new plantar ulceration adjacent to the original one. In two extremities, the foot remained healed in spite of thrombosis of their grafts (5%). One patient with a thrombosed graft required a below-knee amputation. One patient died before the foot healed with a patent bypass graft. Overall, 40 of 42 extremities (95%) ultimately healed over the course of the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that complex neuropathic ulcers in diabetic patients can be successfully treated by an aggressive surgical approach that removes infected bone and ulcers and corrects underlying structural abnormalities provided arterial insufficiency is corrected first.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Pomposelli
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Giurini
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chrzan
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Habershaw
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: LoGerfo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D013997:Time Factors