title: Rhizobium nod factors reactivate the cell cycle during infection and nodule primordium formation, but the cycle is only completed in primordium formation.
abstract: Rhizobia induce the formation of root nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. In temperate legumes, nodule organogenesis starts with the induction of cell divisions in regions of the root inner cortex opposite protoxylem poles, resulting in the formation of nodule primordia. It has been postulated that the susceptibility of these inner cortical cells to Rhizobium nodulation (Nod) factors is conferred by an arrest at a specific stage of the cell cycle. Concomitantly with the formation of nodule primordia, cytoplasmic rearrangement occurs in the outer cortex. Radially aligned cytoplasmic strands form bridges, and these have been called preinfection threads. It has been proposed that the cytoplasmic bridges are related to phragmosomes. By studying the in situ expression of the cell cycle genes cyc2, H4, and cdc2 in pea and alfalfa root cortical cells after inoculation with Rhizobium or purified Nod factors, we show that the susceptibility of inner cortical cells to Rhizobium is not conferred by an arrest at the G2 phase and that the majority of the dividing cells are arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the outer cortical cells forming a preinfection thread enter the cell cycle although they do not divide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Blank
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meskiene
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Kammen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bisseling
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000737:chemistry*; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D016213:Cyclins; D006657:Histones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase