title: Multidisciplinary approach to evaluating welfare of veal calves in commercial facilities.
abstract: Due to pending legislation and public concerns, a multidisciplinary approach was designed to investigate the welfare of special-fed veal calves in commercial veal facilities. Concerns included housing conditions, dietary regimens, management practices, and behavioral aspects imposed on special-fed calves. Four categories of parameters including environment and housing, nutrition, health and stress, and behavior provided a broad base of evaluating veal systems. Observations and samples were collected on 550 Holstein bull calves located in 10 commercial veal facilities. Each facility was visited to collect data during wk 0 (week of arrival of the calves), 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. Nine facilities used individual stalls 48 to 55 cm in width with tethers attached to the front of the stalls. One facility housed 30 calves in group pens after obtaining calves at 8 wk of age. Ammonia, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide gas did not exceed the permissible limit for humans in any facility. All facilities exceeded the 2-foot-candle recommendation for lighting. The average daily gain of calves was .85 kg during wk 0 to 8 and 1.18 kg during wk 8 to 16. Dietary iron levels decreased from 209 ppm at wk 0 to 32 ppm at wk 16. At 16 wk, 25% of calves were marginally anemic and 10% clinically anemic. Overall mortality was 4.2%. Stress indices such as plasma cortisol concentrations or neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios declined as calves approached market weight. In either pens or stalls, calves spent approximately 25 and 75% of time in standing and lying positions, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616-8736.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stull
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002140:California; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D018655:Lymphocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone