title: The reticulospinal glutamate synapse in lamprey: plasticity and presynaptic variability.
abstract: 1. The glutamatergic synapses formed between the unbranched giant reticulospinal axons onto spinal neurons in lamprey offer a central vertebrate synapse in which the presynaptic element can be impaled with one or several microelectrodes, which may be used for recording as well as microinjection of different substances. To provide a basis for the use of this synapse in studies of release mechanisms, we have examined the use-dependent modulation of the synaptic response under conditions of conventional cell body stimulation, and during direct stimulation of the presynaptic axon. 2. To examine the stability of the mixed electrotonic and chemical reticulospinal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) over time, action potentials were evoked at a rate of 1 Hz for 800-1000 trials. In three out of seven synapses the chemical component remained at a similar amplitude, while in four cases a progressive decrease (up to 35%) occurred. The electrotonic component remained at a similar amplitude in all cases. 3. During paired pulse stimulation of the reticulospinal cell body (pulse interval 65 ms) the chemical EPSP component showed a net facilitation in all cases tested [from 0.64 +/- 0.35 to 0.89 +/- 0.48 (SD) mV, n = 13], while the peak amplitude of the electrotonic component was unchanged (1.37 +/- 0.68 and 1.36 +/- 0.66 mV, respectively). Recording of the axonal action potential during paired pulse stimulation showed that the width of the first and second action potential did not differ [1/2 width (2.48 +/- 0.39 ms and 2.48 +/- 0.42 ms, respectively; n = 8)]. 4. The degree of facilitation varied markedly between different synapses, ranging from an increase of a few percent to a two-fold increase (24 +/- 16% mean change of total EPSP amplitude, corresponding to 44 +/- 26% mean change of chemical EPSP amplitude). This type of variability was also observed in synapses made from the same unbranched reticulospinal axon onto different postsynaptic cells. 5. When paired pulse stimulation was applied to the reticulospinal axon in the very vicinity of the synaptic area (0.1-1 mm) a net depression of the chemical component occurred in 11 out of 19 cases, and in the remaining cases the level of net facilitation was lower as compared with cell body stimulation (range between +17 and -23% change of total EPSP amplitude; mean -5%; n = 19). 6. To test if the change of the EPSP plasticity during local stimulation correlated with an increased transmitter release, two microelectrodes were placed in the same reticulospinal axon at different distances from the synaptic area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brodin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shupliakov
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Pieribone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellgren
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D007798:Lampreys / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid