title: Morphological study of long axonal projections of ventral medullary inspiratory neurons in the rat.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine medullary and spinal axonal projections of inspiratory bulbospinal neurons of the rostral ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the rat. A direct visualization of long (9.8-33 mm) axonal branches, including those projecting to the contralateral side of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, was possible due to intracellular labeling with neurobiotin and long survival times (up to 22 h) after injections. Seven of the nine labeled neurons had bilateral descending axons, which were located in discrete regions of the spinal white matter; ipsilateral axons in the lateral and dorsolateral funiculus, contralateral in the ventral and ventromedial funiculus. The collaterals issued by these axons at the mid-cervical level formed close appositions with dendrites of phrenic motoneurons, which had also been labeled with neurobiotin. None of these collaterals crossed the midline. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the crossed-phrenic phenomenon. Additional spinal collaterals were identified in the C1 and T1 segments. Within the medulla, collaterals with multiple varicosities were identified in the lateral tegmental field and in the dorsomedial medulla (in the hypoglossal nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract). These results demonstrate that inspiratory VRG neurons in the rat have some features which have not been previously described in the cat, including frequent bilateral spinal projection and projection to the nucleus of the solitary tract. In addition, this study shows that intracellular labeling with neurobiotin offers an effective way of tracing long axonal projections, supplementing results previously obtainable only with antidromic mapping, and providing morphological details which could not be observed in previous studies using labeling with horseradish peroxidase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipski
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kruszewska
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanjhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D001710:Biotin; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000166:cytology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D001710:Biotin; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase