title: Origin of the apparent tissue conductivity in the molecular and granular layers of the in vitro turtle cerebellum and the interpretation of current source-density analysis.
abstract: 1. We determined the origin of the apparent tissue conductivity (sigma 2) of the turtle cerebellum in vitro. 2. Application of a current with a known current density (J) along the longitudinal axis of a conductivity cell produced an electric field in the cerebellum suspended in the cell. The measured electric field (E) perpendicular to the cerebellar surface indicated a significant inhomogeneity in sigma a (= J/E) with a major discontinuity between the molecular layer (0.25 +/- 0.05 S/m, mean +/- SD) and granular layers (0.15 +/- 0.03 S/m) (n = 39). 3. This inhomogeneity was more pronounced after anoxic depolarization. The value of sigma a decreased to 0.11 +/- 0.03 and 0.040 +/- 0.008 S/m in the molecular and granular layers, respectively. The ratio of sigma a S in the two layers increased from 1.67 in the normoxic condition to 2.75 after anoxic depolarization. 4. This difference in sigma a across the two layers was present within the range of frequencies (DC to 10 kHz) studied where the phase of sigma a was small (less than +/- 2 degrees) and therefore sigma a was ohmic. 5. The inhomogeneity in sigma a was in part due to an inhomogeneity in the extracellular conductivity (sigma e) as determined from the extracellular diffusion of ionophoresed tetramethylammonium. Like sigma a, the value of sigma e was also higher in the molecular layer (0.165 S/m) than in the granular layer (0.097 S/m). The inhomogeneity in sigma e was due to a smaller tortuosity and a larger extracellular volume fraction in the molecular layer compared with the granular layer. 6. sigma a was, however, consistently higher, by approximately 50%, than sigma e. A core conductor model of the cerebellum indicated that these discrepancies between sigma a and sigma e were attributable to additional conductivity produced by a passage of the longitudinal applied current through the intracellular space of Purkinje cells and ependymal glial cells, with the glial compartment playing the dominant role. Cells with a long process and a short space constant such as the ependymal glia evidently enhance the effective "extracellular" conductivity by serving as intracellular conduits for the applied current. The result implies that the effective sigma e may be larger than sigma e for neuronally generated currents in the turtle cerebellum because the space constant for Purkinje cells is several times greater than that for the ependymal glia and consequently Purkinje cell-generated currents travel over a long distance relative to the space constant of glial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Magnetophysiology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, 87108.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tranchina
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004805:Ependyma / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*