Smoke signals: an alert for oral disease.
Since the early 1600s, questions have been raised about the ill effects of smoking. Tobacco has long been linked to oral cancer and leukoplakia, but research in the last 20 years suggests an association with other oral diseases as well. Studies concerning the effects of smoking on the periodontal diseases--and the mechanisms involved--are reviewed.
Mandel
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Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, New York 10032.
D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*