The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify circumstances in which biochemical assessments of smoking produce systematically higher or lower estimates of smoking than self-reports. A secondary aim was to evaluate different statistical approaches to analyzing variation in validity estimates.


METHODS
Literature searches and personal inquiries identified 26 published reports containing 51 comparisons between self-reported behavior and biochemical measures. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smoking were calculated for each study as measures of accuracy.


RESULTS
Sensitivity ranged from 6% to 100% (mean = 87.5%), and specificity ranged from 33% to 100% (mean = 89.2%). Interviewer-administered questionnaires, observational studies, reports by adults, and biochemical validation with cotinine plasma were associated with higher estimates of sensitivity and specificity.


CONCLUSIONS
Self-reports of smoking are accurate in most studies. To improve accuracy, biochemical assessment, preferably with cotinine plasma, should be considered in intervention studies and student populations.
Patrick
D L
DL
Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
Cheadle
A
A
Thompson
D C
DC
Diehr
P
P
Koepsell
T
T
Kinne
S
S
D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology