Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis using immunoreactive trypsinogen and direct gene analysis: four years' experience.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the performance and impact of a two tier neonatal screening programme for cystic fibrosis based on an initial estimation of immunoreactive trypsinogen followed by direct gene analysis.


METHODS
Four year prospective study of two tier screening strategy. First tier: immunoreactive trypsinogen measured in dried blood spot samples from neonates aged 3-5 days. Second tier: direct gene analysis of cystic fibrosis mutations (delta F508, delta I506, G551D, G542X, and R553X) in samples with immunoreactive trypsinogen concentrations in highest 1% and in all neonates with meconium ileus or family history of cystic fibrosis.


METHODS
South Australian Neonatal Screening Programme, Adelaide.


METHODS
All 88,752 neonates born in South Australia between December 1989 and December 1993.


METHODS
Neonates with two identifiable mutations were referred directly for clinical assessment and confirmatory sweat test; infants with only one identifiable mutation were recalled for sweat test at age 3-4 weeks. Parents of neonates identified as carriers of cystic fibrosis mutation were counselled and offered genetic testing.


METHODS
Identification of all children with cystic fibrosis in the screened population.


RESULTS
Of 1004 (1.13%) neonates with immunoreactive trypsinogen > or = 99th centile, 912 (90.8%) had no identifiable mutation. 23 neonates were homozygotes or compound heterozygotes; 69 carried one identifiable mutation, of whom six had positive sweat tests. Median age at clinical assessment for the 29 neonates with cystic fibrosis was 3 weeks; six had meconium ileus and two had affected siblings. 63 neonates were identified as carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation. Extra laboratory costs for measuring immunoreactive trypsinogen and direct gene analysis were $A1.50 per neonate screened.


CONCLUSIONS
This strategy results in early and accurate diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and performs better than screening strategies based on immunoreactive trypsinogen measurement alone.
Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia.
E
E
Ranieri
B D
BD
Lewis
R L
RL
Gerace
R G
RG
Ryall
C P
CP
Morris
P V
PV
Nelson
W F
WF
Carey
E F
EF
Robertson
D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009154:Mutation; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000097:blood
D014362:Trypsinogen