Motor signs of wakefulness during general anaesthesia with propofol, isoflurane and flunitrazepam/fentanyl and midlatency auditory evoked potentials.
Auditory evoked potentials have been used as an indicator of awareness. In the present study we combined epidural analgesia with three techniques of general anaesthesia. Motor signs of intra-operative wakefulness were documented and assessed along with cardiovascular changes and with midlatency auditory evoked potentials. Thirty patients undergoing elective laparotomy were studied as follows: first continuous epidural analgesia was used in all patients to block painful sensation to the level of T5. Intravenous general anaesthesia was induced with propofol (2.5 mg.kg-1 b.w., group 1, n = 10), thiopentone (5 mg.kg-1 b.w., group 2, n = 10) or etomidate (0.2 mg.kg-1 b.w., group 3, n = 10) and maintained with a propofol (3-5 mg.kg-1, group 1), isoflurane (0.4-0.8 Vol%, group 2), flunitrazepam and fentanyl (0.005 mg.kg-1 b.w.) bolus injection every 20 to 30 s (group 3). Heart rate and arterial pressure were recorded continuously. Purposeful movements of the limbs, eye-opening or other movements as well as coughing were documented as motor signs of intra-operative wakefulness. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded in the awake state, after induction and during maintenance of general anaesthesia. Motor signs of intra-operative wakefulness occurred statistically significantly more often in the patients of the flunitrazepam/fentanyl group than in those of the propofol and isoflurane group. There was no correlation between wakefulness and cardiocirculatory parameters. In the awake patients midlatency auditory evoked potentials had high peak to peak amplitudes and a periodic waveform.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Institute for Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, Germany.
D
D
Schwender
E
E
Faber-Züllig
S
S
Klasing
E
E
Pöppel
K
K
Peter
D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
D005445:Flunitrazepam; D007530:Isoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol