Characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in vivo.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between encrustation and microbial biofilm formation on indwelling ureteric stents.


METHODS
Ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for the presence of a microbial biofilm and encrustations. Bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified.


RESULTS
A profuse biofilm (> 10(4) c.f.u. cm-3) was identified on 11 (28%) stents. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common biofilm organism identified and Proteus spp. were not present. Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) of stents and was not associated with the level of urinary calcium. The major risk factor for stent encrustation was the presence of urolithiasis. Importantly, there was no causative link between stent biofilm formation and encrustation. Both biofilm formation and encrustation increased with the duration of stenting.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by bacteria in vivo despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Newer materials must be sought if effective long-term stenting is to be achieved.
Department of Urology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK.
P F
PF
Keane
M C
MC
Bonner
S R
SR
Johnston
A
A
Zafar
S P
SP
Gorman
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011140:Polyurethanes; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000382:microbiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000378:metabolism
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous