Inhibition of activation-induced programmed cell death and restoration of defective immune responses of HIV+ donors by cysteine protease inhibitors.
In vitro activation of PBLs from HIV+ individuals resulted in programmed cell death (PCD) within 2 days in 58 of 95 HIV+ blood donors, in contrast to only two of 30 control HIV- donors. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV+ donors died under these conditions, and these cells showed apoptotic nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation. To test the hypothesis that this cell death shares a common biochemical pathway with that induced by TCR cross-linking in normal dividing T cells, inhibitors of the calcium-activated cysteine protease calpain were tested for their ability to block the activation-induced PCD of HIV+ donors. The E-64 (epoxysuccinyl) class of cysteine protease inhibitors gave 40% to 60% inhibition of HIV+ PCD responses, while the aldehyde inhibitors, leupeptin and calpain inhibitor II, gave 60% to 67% inhibition. The involvement of this calpain-dependent death pathway in HIV-induced functional T helper cell deficiency was tested by examining the effect of calpain inhibitors on the defective Ag- and mitogen-dependent proliferative responses of HIV+ donors. Twenty to fifty percent of such defective responses were significantly restored toward normal levels by calpain inhibitors, whereas control responses by normal donors were largely unaffected. These data suggest that a calpain-dependent PCD pathway contributes to HIV-associated immunodeficiency and suggest the use of calpain inhibitors as a possible route to therapy of HIV infection.
Sarin
A
A
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bthesda, MD 20892.
Clerici
M
M
Blatt
S P
SP
Hendrix
C W
CW
Shearer
G M
GM
Henkart
P A
PA
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001782:Blood Donors; D002154:Calpain / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D002154:Calpain