Women are at greater risk than men for malpositioning of the endotracheal tube after emergent intubation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the occurrence of endotracheal tube malpositioning after emergent intubation in critically ill adults and to determine the need for a routine postintubation chest radiography to assess endotracheal tube position.


METHODS
Prospective study.


METHODS
All adult critical care and acute care units of a 560-bed university teaching hospital.


METHODS
Study of 297 consecutive intubations (185 intubations in males and 112 intubations in females) in 238 adult patients.


METHODS
Emergent endotracheal intubations were performed by resident physicians with supervision from an intensive care unit (ICU) or anesthesia attending physician or an anesthesia resident. After intubation, proper positioning of the endotracheal tube was verified by the intubating physician using clinical criteria, including auscultation of bilateral breath sounds, symmetric chest expansion, and palpation of the endotracheal tube cuff in the suprasternal notch. The endotracheal tube position relative to the lower anterior incisors or alveolar ridge was recorded using the centimeter markings printed on the endotracheal tube. A chest radiograph was obtained after intubation to verify endotracheal tube position. Appropriate endotracheal tube position on chest radiograph was defined as between > 2 and < or = 6 cm above the carina.


RESULTS
Of the 297 intubations, 26 were excluded from analysis because a chest radiograph was not obtained or the patient was not of normal stature. For the remaining 271 intubations, 42 (15.5%) endotracheal tubes were inappropriately placed, according to the radiographic assessment. The percentage of malpositioned endotracheal tubes was significantly higher in women than in men (61.9% vs. 38.1%, respectively; chi-square: p < .001). Thirty-three (78.6%) of 42 malpositioned endotracheal tubes were placed < 2 cm from the carina, with the highest occurrence (24/33) of proximal malposition occurring in women. Positioning of endotracheal tubes using the centimeter markings printed on the tube referenced to the lower incisors did not accurately identify malposition as documented by chest radiograph.


CONCLUSIONS
Emergent endotracheal intubations result in a significant occurrence of malpositioned endotracheal tubes that are undetected by clinical evaluation. Malpositioning is not detected by routine clinical assessment, but only by chest radiograph. Women are at greater risk than men for endotracheal tube malpositioning after emergent intubation; in women, the endotracheal tube is more likely to be positioned too close to the carina. A chest radiograph for confirmation of endotracheal tube position after emergent intubation should remain the standard of practice.
Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco.
D E
DE
Schwartz
J A
JA
Lieberman
N H
NH
Cohen
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors