Infectious disease surveillance during emergency relief to Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.
OBJECTIVE
To implement simplified infectious disease surveillance and epidemic disease control during the relocation of Bhutanese refugees to Nepal.


METHODS
Longitudinal observation study of mortality and morbidity.


METHODS
Refugee health units in six refugee camps housing 73,500 Bhutanese refugees in the eastern tropical lowland between Nepal and India.


METHODS
Infectious disease surveillance and community-based programs to promote vitamin A supplementation, measles vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, and early use of antibiotics to treat acute respiratory infection.


METHODS
Crude mortality rate, mortality rate for children younger than 5 years, and cause-specific mortality.


RESULTS
Crude mortality rates up to 1.15 deaths per 10,000 persons per day were reported during the first 6 months of surveillance. The leading causes of death were measles, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infections. Surveillance data were used to institute changes in public health management including measles vaccination, vitamin A supplementation, and control programs for diarrhea and acute respiratory infections and to ensure rapid responses to cholera, Shigella dysentery, and meningoencephalitis. Within 4 months of establishing disease control interventions, crude mortality rates were reduced by 75% and were below emergency levels.


CONCLUSIONS
Simple, sustainable disease surveillance in refugee populations is essential during emergency relief efforts. Data can be used to direct community-based public health interventions to control common infectious diseases and reduce high mortality rates among refugees while placing a minimal burden on health workers.
Marfin
A A
AA
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colo.
Moore
J
J
Collins
C
C
Biellik
R
R
Kattel
U
U
Toole
M J
MJ
Moore
P S
PS
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001631:Bhutan / Q000208:ethnology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004403:Dysentery / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012066:Relief Work