Right ventricular outflow reconstruction with cryopreserved homografts in pediatric patients: intermediate-term follow-up with serial echocardiographic assessment.
OBJECTIVE
This study was performed to assess by echocardiography the intermediate-term outcome of cryopreserved homografts employed in pulmonary outflow reconstruction in children and to validate the reliability of Doppler echocardiography in their evaluation.


BACKGROUND
Cryopreserved homografts have become the most widely used pulmonary conduits. Previous reports have shown the occurrence of homograft regurgitation in the immediate postoperative period and the propensity of regurgitation to progress. Although Doppler echocardiography has been useful in assessing extracardiac valved conduit stenosis, its reliability in assessing a large series of cryopreserved homografts has not been documented.


METHODS
Echocardiograms of 41 patients (43 homografts) who underwent operations between December 1986 and October 1992 were retrospectively reviewed. The median age of patients at operation was 37.5 months (range 3 to 333), and the median duration of follow-up was 28.5 months (range 1 to 68). Homograft regurgitation was classified on a scale of 0 to 4+. Pressure gradients across the homografts measured in 23 catheterizations were correlated with corresponding echocardiographic gradients.


RESULTS
Regurgitation: Homograft regurgitation occurred in 100% of patients at follow-up. Progression of severity > 2 grades occurred during follow-up in 35% and was associated with operation before age 18 months (p < 0.002) and stenosis progression (p < 0.05) but not with homograft type (aortic or pulmonary). These data predict that 50% of patients operated on before 18 months of age will have severe regurgitation by 15 months postoperatively compared with only 15% operated on after 18 months. Stenosis: At follow-up, 51% of homografts had a stenotic gradient > or = 25 mm Hg predominantly at the distal anastomosis, and stenosis progression was related to young age at operation (< 18 months, p < 0.005) and small conduit size (p < 0.01). Fifty percent of conduits implanted before age 18 months could be predicted to stenose by 21.8 months compared with only 5% of those implanted after age 18 months. The gradient measured from Doppler echocardiography correlated well with the catheterization gradient (r = 0.86).


CONCLUSIONS
Cryopreserved homograft dysfunction is frequent and progressive. Young age at operation (< 18 months) predicts more rapid deterioration. Doppler echocardiography is reliable in assessing the systolic gradients across homografts. Serial echocardiographic assessment in the follow-up of these patients accurately characterizes these problems.
Chan
K C
KC
Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina Children's Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Charleston 29425.
Fyfe
D A
DA
McKay
C A
CA
Sade
R M
RM
Crawford
F A
FA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D015925:Cryopreservation; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous