title: Contraceptive use among women smokers and nonsmokers in the San Francisco Bay area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women smokers were previously reported to be more sexually active but less likely to use contraception than nonsmokers. Differences in contraceptive choices between the two groups were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sexually active women, 287 who smoked cigarettes and 263 who did not smoke, were queried about current contraceptive use and demographic, sexual, and reproductive factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexually active smokers were less likely than nonsmokers to use contraceptives, especially oral contraceptives. The deficit of contraceptive use among smokers was most pronounced in women under age 30, black women, single women, women with some college education, nulliparous women, women who reported early age at first intercourse, and women who reported four or more lifetime sexual partners. In contrast, smokers were more than twice as likely as nonsmokers to use sterilization (P = 0.002). Among women over age 30, prevalence of contraceptive use was similar between the two groups. Oral contraceptives were used by fewer smokers than nonsmokers who were under age 24 (P = 0.01), had a high school education or less (P = 0.01), and/or had never been pregnant (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young, sexually active women who smoked cigarettes were less likely than nonsmokers to have used contraceptives, especially oral contraceptives, while women smokers over age 30 were more likely than nonsmokers to have used sterilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine 94109.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cress
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Aston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D044469:Racial Groups; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral