title: The chicken beta/epsilon-globin enhancer directs autonomously regulated, high-level expression of the chicken epsilon-globin gene in transgenic mice.
abstract: In transiently transfected chicken erythroid cells, beta-like globin gene switching is mediated through differential activation of the cis-linked embryonic epsilon- and adult beta-globin genes by a shared enhancer. Two underlying mechanisms have been proposed: (i) tissue- and stage-specific factors activate the beta-globin promoter in adult erythroid cells (autonomous regulation); and (ii) the epsilon-globin promoter, although transcriptionally competent in both embryonic and adult cells, is suppressed at the adult stage through competition with the beta-globin promoter for interaction with the enhancer (competitive regulation). Analyses of transgenic mice carrying the chicken beta/epsilon-globin locus demonstrated that both genes depended on the enhancer for erythroid expression, but only the epsilon-globin gene exhibited developmentally appropriate transcription at levels comparable to the endogenous mouse globin genes. Surprisingly, the chicken epsilon-globin gene also appeared to be autonomously regulated, as has been observed for human embryonic and fetal beta-like globin genes in transgenic mice. These results suggest that the chicken beta/epsilon-globin enhancer possesses either embryonic stage or epsilon-globin gene specificity when incorporated into the murine germ line.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pruzina
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Winick
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grosveld
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002645:Chickens; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA