title: The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale for measuring disability: its utility in international comparisons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) is a non-disease-specific instrument to measure disability in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). It was developed in studies of Dutch samples consisting of elderly or chronically ill people. The psychometric properties of the GARS demonstrated in these studies were highly satisfactory. This paper addresses the psychometric properties of the GARS across countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 623 patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis from four European countries were analyzed by means of a principal components analysis and a Mokken scale analysis for polychotomous items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the analyses were highly satisfactory: there was one strong and reliable general factor representing one underlying dimension of disability in ADL and IADL, and there was a clear hierarchical ordering of the items included in the GARS. The validity of the GARS was strongly suggested by the pattern of associations of the GARS with age, sex, and other existing health status measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychometric characteristics of the GARS, which measures disability in ADL and IADL simultaneously, make this instrument very useful for comparative research across countries.
authors.affiliation: Northern Centre for Health Care Research, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Suurmeijer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Doeglas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briançon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanderman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillemin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjelle
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009664:Norway; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden