title: Transgenic mice provide genetic evidence that transforming growth factor alpha promotes skin tumorigenesis via H-ras-dependent and H-ras-independent pathways.
abstract: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which mediates the mitogenic activity of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), has been shown to activate Ras in cultured cells through well-defined intermediary proteins. To examine the in vivo relationship between EGFR and Ras, chemical carcinogenesis of TGF-alpha transgenic mouse skin was chosen as an experimental model. Transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-alpha in a wide variety of epithelial tissues by virtue of a metallothionein promoter demonstrate a multitude of premalignant and neoplastic lesions but not spontaneous skin tumors. Transgenic skin was initiated with a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), shown previously to induce, in concert with a tumor promoter, murine papillomas that consistently contain specific H-ras mutations. Virtually all DMBA-treated TGF-alpha transgenic mice, but not treated control animals, developed hyperplasias, papillomas, sebaceous adenomas, and more infrequently, sebaceous and squamous cell carcinomas. Therefore, TGF-alpha functions as an autonomous tumor promoter in DMBA-initiated transgenic skin. Skin tumors could be separated into two mutually exclusive genetic classes. In tumors harboring mutant H-ras, TGF-alpha transgene expression was relatively low and essentially unchanged relative to untreated skin; however, only 42% of skin tumors contained mutations in H-ras. Conversely, in most tumors with wild-type H-ras, transgenic TGF-alpha transcripts were enhanced 10- to 20-fold. These results suggest that strong constitutive EGFR stimulation, through TGF-alpha transgene overexpression, can substitute functionally for mutational activation of H-ras in skin tumorigenesis. Moreover, because H-ras mutational activation could not induce skin tumors without TGF-alpha transgene activity, simultaneous stimulation of an EGFR-mediated H-Ras-independent pathway appears to be required for tumor development as well.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jhappan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merlino
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D011905:Genes, ras; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D066246:ErbB Receptors