title: Electromotive administration of a new morphine formulation: morphine citrate.
abstract: Two formulations of morphine citrate were synthesized: trimorphine citrate, 3(MH)+(C6H5O7)3- and morphine sodium citrate, 3(MH)+3Na+2(C6H5O7)3-. Four healthy individuals volunteered to undergo electromotive administration of the two formulations. Application of electric current (2 mA) to solutions of trimorphine citrate for 1 h resulted in iontophoretic transcutaneous administration of therapeutic quantities of morphine, without deleterious reduction in the pH of the drug solutions. Application of a 2-mA current to solutions of morphine sodium citrate for 2 h resulted in combined iontophoretic and electrophoretic delivery of morphine with increased administration rates and an improved buffering capacity of the drug solutions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miotti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettaglio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonezzi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine