title: HCV RNA is present in the menstrual blood of women with chronic hepatitis C infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further determine potential routes of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), we examined the menstrual blood of women chronically infected with this virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten premenopausal women with documented HCV infection were studied. All patients were anti-HCV positive by ELISA-II and positive for HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Eight patients acquired their infection via intravenous drug abuse, one patient through blood transfusion, and one patient was a health care worker. Liver biopsies showed evidence of chronic hepatitis in all patients. Menstrual blood was collected on the first day of menses utilizing a sterile 15-ml conical centrifuge tube. Total RNA was isolated from serum by the one-step guanidinium method. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed with "nested" primers from the 5' noncoding region of the HCV genome. All samples were run twice, and negative controls were run with each sample. Three anti-HCV negative volunteers served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCV RNA was present in the menstrual blood of all chronically infected patients tested. All controls were negative for menstrual blood HCV RNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) HCV RNA is routinely present in the menstrual blood of women chronically infected with this virus. 2) Knowledge of the presence of HCV RNA in menstrual blood should help facilitate appropriate guidelines for the sexual counseling of patients with chronic HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Puccio
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kulesza
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McCray
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood* / Q000635:transmission; D006521:Hepatitis, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral