title: Hormonal regulation of transcription factor activity in mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: The multihormonal control of milk protein gene transcription in mammary epithelial cells has been investigated. Although the hormones regulating milk protein gene expression are known, the interaction of the signal transduction pathways of steroid (glucocorticoids) and peptide (insulin and prolactin) hormones remains undefined in molecular terms. These signals converge on the level of nuclear factors binding to regulatory elements in the beta-casein gene promoter. The promoter has a modular architecture and is composed of positive and negative response elements. Nuclear transcription factors which bind to these elements have been identified. The mammary gland factor, MGF, is an essential mediator of lactogenic hormone action and is itself positively regulated in its DNA binding activity. It binds to the promoter region between positions -80 to -100. MGF counteracts a repressor element, constituted by two components, which is located adjacent to the MGF binding site at positions -100 to -150. The transcription factor YY1 binds to the proximal half of the repressor element which overlaps with the MGF binding site. Specific single-stranded DNA binding proteins contribute to the negative regulation of the promoter by interacting with sequence elements between -160 and -190. DNA binding of these proteins is negatively regulated by the lactogenic hormones.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Groner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altiok
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002364:Caseins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005796:Genes; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D006728:Hormones; D008894:Milk Proteins; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; C494093:Stat5a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor; C494699:Yy1 protein, mouse; D004247:DNA