title: Effects of maternal distraction and reprimands on toddlers' transgressions and negative affect.
abstract: Misbehaviors occur at a high rate during the toddler years, and parents use a variety of methods to control these behaviors. The present investigation compared the effectiveness of two commonly used strategies, distraction and reprimands. Twenty mothers and their 17- to 39-month-old children were observed in a laboratory setting in which mothers used either distraction then reprimands or reprimands followed by distraction in response to their children's transgressions. When reprimands were used as the initial strategy, they were significantly more effective than distraction in controlling children's transgressions. Distraction was effective in maintaining low rates of transgression when preceded by a period of reprimands. However, when reprimands were instituted following a period of distraction, children's rates of negative affect increased significantly. Implications for the etiology and management of child behavior problems are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-2500.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012057:Reinforcement, Verbal