title: Use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Untreated major mood disorders during pregnancy pose significant risks. The author reviews case reports of the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) during pregnancy to clarify potential risks and modifications of ECT techniques that make the procedure safer for pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 case reports of ECT during pregnancy drawn from the literature from 1942 through 1991 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight of the 300 cases reported complications associated with ECT during pregnancy, including transient, benign fetal arrhythmias; mild vaginal bleeding; abdominal pain; and self-limited uterine contractions. Without proper preparation, there was also increased likelihood of aspiration, aortocaval compression, and respiratory alkalosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroconvulsive therapy is a relatively safe and effective treatment during pregnancy if steps are taken to decrease potential risks. Preparation for ECT during pregnancy should include a pelvic examination, discontinuation of nonessential anticholinergic medication, uterine tocodynamometry, intravenous hydration, and administration of a nonparticulate antacid. During ECT, elevation of the pregnant woman's right hip, external fetal cardiac monitoring, intubation, and avoidance of excessive hyperventilation are recommended. Informed consent for ECT should include the patient's capacity to understand and rationally evaluate risks and benefits to herself and the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago 60612.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors