title: Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection of the stomach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been found to be associated with a type of gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). However, many questions remain unanswered, such as epidemiology, and pathologic features of EBVaGC and the significance of EBV in the genesis of EBVaGC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric carcinoma and non-neoplastic mucosa were evaluated to reveal the following issues: the incidence of EBVaGC in Japanese population, pathologic features and EBV genotype, clonality, and gene-expression in EBVaGC, localization of EBV in non-neoplastic stomach, and serum titer of anti-EBV antibodies in EBVaGC-carrying patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using PCR and EBER1 in situ hybridization, EBVaGC (definitely amplifiable EBV-DNA and positive EBER1-signal in the nuclei of carcinoma cells) was found in 8 of 72 gastric carcinomas (11%). The dominant genotype of EBV was type A (7/8), with type C (6/8), and F (8/8) restriction enzyme polymorphism, which are the predominant type of EBV found in throat washing of the general population in Japan. EBVaGC was found in the cardia (4/8) or body (4/8) of the stomach, and consisted of 7 advanced and 1 intramucosal carcinoma. By Southern blot analysis of EBVaGC hybridized with right- and left-side probe adjacent to the terminal repeats, EBV was present in a monoclonal episomal form in all of the EBVaGC. EBVaGC lacked expression of EBNA2 (0/8) and LMP1 (0/8) by immunocytochemistry. In non-neoplastic mucosa, EBER1 signal was identified in the infiltrating lymphocytes and shedding epithelial cells predominantly in fundic gland mucosa of patients with EBVaGC (8/8). Patients with EBVaGC showed high titers of anti-VCA IgG (8/8), anti-VCA IgA (2/8) and anti-EA IgG (7/8) antibodies just before surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBV may infect the surface epithelium of the stomach through the reactivated EBV-carrying lymphocytes. EBV may be a factor initiating EBVaGC. Anti-EBV antibodies or EBER1 in situ hybridization may help to identify patients at high risk for EBVaGC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ooba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D001483:Base Sequence; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000150:complications*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015335:Molecular Probes; D012367:RNA, Viral