title: Retroperitoneal approach used exclusively with epidural anesthesia for infrarenal aortic disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The retroperitoneal approach for elective infrarenal aortic procedures is an attractive alternative to the standard transperitoneal approach. In an effort to limit the number of extraneous influences on patient outcome, this approach was performed using epidural anesthesia without the use of endotracheal intubation or general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1991 through July 1993, 62 consecutive patients with aorto-occlusive or aorto-iliac disease underwent infrarenal aortic repair using the retroperitoneal approach. Epidural anesthesia was used exclusively in all cases. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, comorbid conditions, morbidity, operating time, blood loss, ileus, and length of hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 29 aortobiiliac bypasses, 18 aortobifemoral bypasses, and 15 aortic tube grafts. Three patients had an associated renal artery procedure performed. There were 48 men and 14 women. The average age was 74.2 years (range 30 to 88). Comorbid conditions including smoking (69%), coronary artery disease (61%), hypertension (61%), prior myocardial infarction (43%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (35%), prior surgery (27%), diabetes mellitus (24%), and a history of cancer (8%) were identified. The average length of surgery was 2 hours and 10 minutes (range 1 hour 20 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes). The average blood loss was 510 mL (range 200 to 4,000). A nasogastric tube was not used in any patient perioperatively, and oral feeding was started on average by postoperative day 2. The average intensive care unit stay was 1.3 days (range 1 to 7). A mortality rate of 1.6%, and major complication rate of 11% were found. None were of pulmonary nature, which may be ascribed to the absence of endotracheal intubation or general anesthesia. A minor complication rate of 19% was achieved under the presented method. The average hospital stay was 7.7 days (range 5 to 15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No large series using the retroperitoneal approach exclusively under epidural anesthesia has been reported. Recent literature on the retroperitoneal approach makes use of general anesthesia with/without epidural anesthesia. This review supports our contention that the procedure of choice for elective infrarenal aortic surgery is the retroperitoneal approach utilizing epidural anesthesia in the absence of endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia. There is a decrease in the physiologic disturbances associated with general anesthesia, notably pulmonary and gastrointestinal, when only epidural anesthesia is used. This translated into a low complication rate, improved patient comfort, early hospital discharge, and subsequent lower costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Miami Beach, Florida 33140.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D007668:Kidney; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D013997:Time Factors; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods