title: Characteristics of women with a family history of ovarian cancer. I. Galactose consumption and metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galactose metabolism may be a risk factor for ovarian cancer based upon evidence that galactose causes ovarian failure and that ovarian cancer arises from premature ovarian failure. This study examines galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) activity in women with a family history of ovarian cancer (FOC) to determine if low GALT activity occurs in women who are at risk for but in whom ovarian cancer has not yet developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 106 premenopausal women (FOC patients) with one primary or two second-degree relatives with ovarian cancer compared with 116 age matched control subjects without a family history of ovarian cancer (FOC controls). All women completed questionnaires and had blood drawn to measure GALT activity and genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean erythrocyte GALT activity, in micromoles of hexose conversion per hour per gram of hemoglobin was 21.5 in FOC patients, significantly lower than the mean of 23.1 observed in FOC control subjects, (P = 0.001). FOC patients more frequently displayed the Duarte variant of galactosemia as detected by electrophoresis. In a subset of 87 patients and 113 control subjects for whom DNA was available, the allelelic frequency of the Duarte variant based upon molecular genetic detection of the N314D mutation that is associated with the Duarte variant was 15.5% among FOC cases compared with 7.5% among control subjects (P < 0.02). Galactose consumption did not differ between FOC patients and control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galactose metabolism differs between women with and without a family history of ovarian cancer, suggesting that it may be a genetic risk factor for ovarian cancer, possibly mediated through oocyte toxicity from galactose.
authors.affiliation: Familial Ovarian Cancer Clinic, Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valles
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D003611:Dairy Products; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004247:DNA; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; D007785:Lactose; D005690:Galactose