title: Effect of paternal leukocyte immunization on implantation after biochemical pregnancies and repeated failure of embryo transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear how paternal leukocyte immunization prevents pregnancy loss. We investigated whether immunization affects early pregnancy, and whether it increases the rate of implantation and early embryonic development at the time of implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of women with possible implantation failure were immunized: (1) recurrent biochemical pregnancies (> 3), (2) three or more failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, and (3) IVF after immunization for recurrent abortion (> 3). Patients were immunized if antipaternal complement-dependent antibody (APCA) was negative, and mixed lymphocyte culture hyporeactive to husbands lymphocytes. Immunizations were prepared from 100 ml paternal blood separated by Ficoll Hypaque density centrifugation. IVF was attempted after APCA was produced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the women with biochemical pregnancies, 10 to 12 subsequent pregnancies developed normally. Seventy-nine subsequent IVF cycles in 33 patients resulted in 20 pregnancies, 16 of which developed normally. Six pregnancies followed 30 cycles in recurrent failed IVF, and 14 pregnancies from 49 cycles in 23 patients with previous habitual abortion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This treatment may prevent further biochemical pregnancies if control studies confirm this preliminary observation, but was not shown to affect recurrent failed embryo transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Carp
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Toder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mashiach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabinovici
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000276:immunology*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003165:Complement System Proteins