title: 19th-century academic examinations for physicians in the United States Army Medical Department.
abstract: During the latter half of the 19th century, the United States Army commissioned medical officers or hired civilian physicians to serve its troops. The civilian physician signed a contract for services, and the candidate for a commission was subjected to rigorous examinations before becoming an officer. The rigorous testing of prospective medical officers was necessary because of the lack of standardization in the education of physicians. Examples of the test, statistics, and individual records show how the Army dealt with unqualified candidates.
authors.affiliation: Great Basin History of Medicine Program, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557-0046.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sohn
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States