title: Testicular self-examination: attitudes and practices among young men in Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testicular self examination (TSE) is recommended for the early detection of testicular cancer. Evidence from North America suggests there is only limited public awareness of its importance among the young male population. Compliance with regular TSE is found in only a small minority of young men. Attitudes toward and practice of TSE have rarely been studied outside North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attitudes to TSE were evaluated by questionnaire in a sample of 16,486 students. Frequency of TSE practice was reported by the 7,304 men in the sample. The data were collected as part of the European Health Behavior Survey, an international study on health beliefs and health behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven percent of men reported never having practiced TSE. Regular practice (monthly) was reported by only 3% of the sample, with another 10% reporting occasional TSE. Significant differences emerged between countries, ranging from 76% of German men to 98% of Icelandic men reporting no TSE. Men rated TSE as less important to health than women. Attitude toward TSE among men was a significant predictor of TSE practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the low levels of TSE and the low ratings of the importance of TSE suggest that young men in Europe are unaware of the value of this comparatively simple method of early detection of cancer. If a highly educated population group in the "at risk" age category is not carrying out the recommendations, it is unlikely that there are higher levels of compliance in other groups. These results suggest an important role for health education in the early detection of testicular cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vögele
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zarczynski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016353:Self-Examination; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology