title: Precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions: the multicultural "male" risk factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current knowledge regarding characteristics of males whose partners develop cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Classic and current descriptive, cohort, and case-control studies of "male factors" associated with risk of precancerous squamous cell intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male hygiene sperm and seminal fluids, occupational exposure to carcinogens, smoking, promiscuity, and venereal infections have been linked to increased risks for developing cervical cancer in a number of studies. Results vary from culture to culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Areas of strongest association that can be targeted for prevention programs include male history of genital warts, poor hygiene, smoking, high numbers of sexual partners, and infrequent practice of safe sexual behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Establishment of prevention programs predicated on reducing male factors known to increase risk, encouraging screening of high-risk populations, and using patient education to reduce the practice of high-risk sexual behaviors are called for.
authors.affiliation: Teachers College, Columbia University in New York, NY.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lovejoy
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017280:Condoms; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005114:Extramarital Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D010412:Penile Neoplasms; D012307:Risk Factors; D012736:Sex Education; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control