A nine-year chronic toxicity study of cadmium ingestion in monkeys. I. Effects of dietary cadmium on the general health of monkeys.
Thirty-five male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) 2-5 y-of-age were separated into 5 groups and fed 200 g solid food daily which contained 0, 3, 10, 30 or 100 micrograms cadmium/g (ppm) as cadmium chloride for 462 w (9 y). The control feed (0 ppm) contained 0.27 micrograms cadmium/g. Dietary zinc intake was limited to the minimum requirement of 6 mg zinc/day (control food concentration was 3 mg zinc/100 g) to avoid impacting cadmium toxicity due to excessive zinc intake. Urine was collected at 3-w intervals. Decreased development (reduced body weight and body length) was observed in groups that received 10 ppm cadmium or more. The 100 ppm group had glucose in the urine after 48 w, elevated urine protein at 98 w, and markedly increased urine volume after the 102nd week. No abnormalities in renal functions were noted in the 3 or 10 ppm groups. Despite the development of these clinical signs of renal dysfunction, none of the 100 ppm group had aggravated renal dysfunction or renal failure during the 9 y of study.
Masaoka
T
T
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan.
Akahori
F
F
Arai
S
S
Nomiyama
K
K
Nomiyama
H
H
Kobayashi
K
K
Nomura
Y
Y
Suzuki
T
T
D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
D002104:Cadmium