title: Leupeptin inhibits phospholipases D and C activation in rat hepatocytes.
abstract: The relationship between phospholipase D and C activation was studied in intact rat hepatocytes and rat liver plasma membranes. In intact hepatocytes, in the presence of ethanol, vasopressin, phorbol ester, and calcium independently stimulated phosphatidylethanol (PETH) formation, a specific marker of phospholipase D activity. Leupeptin (10-1500 microM) inhibited PETH formation induced by vasopressin, but was ineffective in response to phorbol ester or calcium. Leupeptin also inhibited the formation of inositol phosphates in intact cells in response to vasopressin. In liver plasma membranes, GTP[S] induced the production of phosphatidic acid and, in the presence of ethanol, PETH. Plasma membrane-associated phospholipase D did not require calcium and was insensitive to protein kinase C inhibitors. Leupeptin inhibited PETH formation in response to GTP[S]. The inhibition by leupeptin could be overcome by increasing the concentration of GTP[S]. In plasma membranes, the inhibitory effects of leupeptin on phospholipase D occurred at doses that far exceed those required to maximally inhibit proteolysis. These data highlight a central role for phospholipase C in the activation of phospholipase D, and a minor role for a direct G-protein activation. The findings also demonstrate a novel use of leupeptin as an inhibitor of phospholipases D and C, perhaps at the level of a G protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benistant
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moehren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torres-Marquez
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D020404:Glycerophospholipids; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000494:pharmacology; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D020404:Glycerophospholipids; D007976:Leupeptins; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids; C051521:phosphatidylethanol; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D010739:Phospholipase D; C032854:leupeptin