title: The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes.
abstract: Lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), are unusual among retroviruses in their ability to infect nondividing cells. The matrix proteins of several lentiviruses contain a short stretch of amino acids reminiscent of known nuclear localization signals. In HIV-1, this motif has been shown to function as a nuclear targeting sequence when conjugated to a heterologous protein, and to permit the active nuclear import of the HIV-1 preintegration complex in growth-arrested cells. In the present work, mutations were introduced in the matrix nuclear localization region of T-cell- and macrophage-tropic HIV-1 clones. The resulting viral mutants replicated with normal or even accelerated kinetics in dividing cells, including activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, in sharp contrast with wild-type virus, the mutants could not grow efficiently in terminally differentiated macrophages or establish a stable and inducible infection intermediate in unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Because macrophages represent a major viral reservoir in vivo, and because at any given time most T cells in the body are quiescent, these results strongly suggest that the karyophilic properties of the matrix protein are critical for the spread of the virus in HIV-infected individuals, and consequently for AIDS pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Schwedler
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kornbluth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trono
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016296:Mutagenesis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014779:Virus Replication; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015488:HIV Antigens; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C054858:p17 protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1