title: The sequences of and distance between two cis-acting signals determine the efficiency of ribosomal frameshifting in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-cell leukemia virus type II in vivo.
abstract: We have analyzed in cell culture the sequence elements that control the level of ribosomal frameshifting in the human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-2) gag-pro junction. The slippery sequence of HTLV-2 is sufficient to dictate a basal level of frameshifting. This level is enhanced by its upstream sequence context and by the downstream stem-loop structure which is located at an optimal distance of 7 bases. Frameshifting in human immunodeficiency virus gag-pol is similar to that of HTLV-2 gag-pro. However, experiments using hybrid cassettes of HTLV-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 frameshift elements show that while the slippery sequence of HTLV-2 is less efficient, the stem-loop structure is a more efficient enhancer.
authors.affiliation: Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kollmus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Honigman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panet
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D005814:Genes, Viral; D015750:Genes, gag; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015678:Viral Structural Proteins