title: Quantitating familial cancer risk: a resource for clinical oncologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because a family history of cancer constitutes an important risk factor, estimation and communication of cancer risk can facilitate efforts toward early detection and prevention. This review provides a resource for health professionals called to draw upon a multidisciplinary literature to provide quantitative risk estimates to families with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive population-derived, epidemiologic, genetic, genetic epidemiologic, and molecular studies are critically reviewed in the context of cancer genetic counseling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data are presented that document the increased lifetime relative risk to relatives of individuals with cancers of the breast, ovary, colon, prostate, or other sites. In general, risk ratios are poorly suited for clinical counseling. Age-specific absolute risks are presented for first-degree relatives of individuals affected by cancers of the breast, ovary, and colon. The derivation of Mendelian and Bayesian risk estimates in the setting of well-defined cancer family syndromes, and the growing role of DNA testing in more accurately assessing these risks, are discussed. Such carrier testing requires careful psychologic and ethical considerations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multidisciplinary cancer genetic counseling is an emerging resource available to physicians who care for families with common adult malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Offit
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005192:Family Health; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors