title: Current diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Original English language reports were obtained through a Medline search of the National Library of Medicine up to and including 1993. The reference lists of all original reports and review articles were searched to locate any further material. In the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, randomized studies were preferentially considered; greatest priority was given to double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Abstracts, nonrandomized trials, and non-English language publications were considered only when other data were unavailable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information obtained from histories and physical examinations suggests that GERD occurs in many patients. Evaluation of mucosal injury with use of either endoscopy or air contrast barium radiography is an important early step in the diagnosis of GERD. Endoscopy obtains tissue for histologic study, especially in Barrett's esophagus. Prolonged esophageal pH monitoring is the most useful determinant of the presence and amount of reflux of acid. Patients with GERD should be counseled on lifestyle modification and the use of antacids and antirefluxants. Histamine type 2 receptor antagonists provide symptomatic relief in 32 to 82% of patients with GERD and resolution of verified esophagitis in 0 to 82%. Responses with omeprazole therapy are higher; symptomatic responses were noted in 62 to 94% of patients, and healing of esophagitis occurred in 71 to 96%. Promotility agents and surgical therapy have a role in selected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GERD is a chronic disorder that often necessitates individualized lifelong therapy. Many questions remain to be answered about the cost-effectiveness of both diagnostic tests and therapy for GERD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida 32224.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: DeVault
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Castell
mesh_terms: D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic