title: Complementarity of genotoxic and nongenotoxic predictors of rodent carcinogenicity.
abstract: Twenty-one chemicals carcinogenic in rodent bioassays were selected for study. The chemicals were administered by gavage in two dose levels to female Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of these 21 chemicals on four biochemical assays [hepatic DNA damage by alkaline elution (DD), hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content (P450)] were determined. Available data from seven cancer predictors published by others [the Ames test (AMES), mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1537 (TA 1537), structural alerts (SA), mutation in mouse lymphoma cells (MOLY), chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (ABS), sister chromatid exchange in hamster ovary cells (SCE), and the ke test (ke)] were also compiled for these 21 chemical carcinogens plus 28 carcinogens and 62 noncarcinogens already published by our laboratory. From the resulting 111 (chemicals) by 11 (individual cancer predictors) data matrix, the five operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictivity, negative predictivity, and concordance) of each of the 11 individual cancer predictors (four biochemical parameters of this study and seven cancer predictors of others) are presented. Two examples of complementarity or synergy of composite cancer predictors were found. To obtain maximum concordance it was necessary to combine both genotoxic and nongenotoxic cancer predictors. The composite cancer predictor (DD or [ODC and P450] or [ODC and ALT]) had higher concordance than did any of the four individual cancer predictors from which it was constructed. Similarly, the composite cancer predictor (TA 1537 or DD or [ODC and P450] or [ODC and ALT]) had higher concordance than any of its five individual constituent cancer predictors. Complementarity or synergy has been demonstrated both 1) among genotoxic cancer predictors (DD and TA 1537) and 2) between nongenotoxic (ODC, P450, and ALT) and genotoxic cancer predictors (TA 1537 and DD).
authors.affiliation: Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kitchin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000187:drug effects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase