title: Potential for bias in studies of the influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the recognition, incidence, clinical course, and microbiology of pelvic inflammatory disease.
abstract: As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic affects more women, clinicians are increasingly observing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in HIV-infected women. The extent to which PID is a factor in the recognition of HIV or HIV is a factor in the recognition of PID is unknown. Even less is known about how HIV infection influences the development, clinical course, and microbiology of PID. The paucity of existing data largely results from difficulties in designing studies that are free of bias. Several biases may distort studies of the effect of HIV on the recognition, incidence, clinical presentation and course, and microbiology of PID. Selection bias, diagnostic bias, and confounding bias are the most likely causes of invalid conclusions in studies of the influence of HIV infection on these aspects of PID, for three major reasons: Factors that determine patients' health care seeking behavior may be related to HIV status; the diagnosis of PID tends to be imprecise; and extraneous factors that cause or prevent PID may be distributed differently in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Appropriate study design and analytic techniques can eliminate, reduce, or estimate the magnitude and direction of these biases, thereby yielding more valid conclusions. To interpret properly existing and future studies of the influence of HIV infection on PID, clinicians must consider several biases that may distort results.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brodman
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015982:Bias; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015983:Selection Bias; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology