title: [Consciousness].
abstract: "Consciousness" is the feeling that each individual has of his own existence (self-awareness) and also the state which permits him to perceive his environment (consciousness and wakefulness). These two types of consciousness, apparently quite different, are in fact the two converging stems of the perceptions that the nervous system provides to the organism. To explain this better, it is necessary to refer to the evolution of the nervous system organization among the species and to imagine what perception the nervous system provides at each stage of this evolution, or in each species harbouring a nervous system corresponding to a given stage. At the beginning, the role of the nervous system is to protect the organism and only by an automatic and reflex organization. It corresponds to an unconscious alertness which permits to perceive the environment; it is the prefiguration of the future consciousness. Self-awareness seems to appear with the centrencephalic and limbic structures which are the highest part of the nervous system in the inferior mammals and the central part in man. At this stage, acquisition memory and affectivity with its different manifestations (emotions, mood, pain...) are established. This kind of consciousness is difficult to imagine since it is only sensorial and affective. Mental consciousness appears with the mental activity in the cerebral hemispheres. It is more than likely that it exists in the superior mammals though it is impossible to imagine what it corresponds to. It reaches the highest development in the man in whose the frontal lobes have the largest extent. Speech is the most striking figure of this development. At each stage of the evolution, consciousness expresses the nervous system activity, centered on a perception, the level of which corresponds to the improvements occurring at each stage and superadded to the previous ones. Hence it is obvious that consciousness has no specific center or pathway. It relies upon structures that participate in triggering and regulating the nervous activity and that utilize the particular centers of perception and analysis. These structures are: the reticular formation and the diffuse thalamic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houdart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001926:Brain Death / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003128:Coma / Q000503:physiopathology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity
vernacular_title: Essai sur la conscience.