title: Hemodialysis access in the pediatric patient population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Each year, three to five children per million develop chronic renal failure. Of these, 70% will require dialysis for short periods, and 23% will require prolonged hemodialysis support. It is in the latter group that difficulty is encountered in establishing dialysis access.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1985 to 1992, we provided hemodialysis access for a group of 24 children. There were 16 boys and 8 girls, with a mean age of 11.1 +/- 4 years (range 3 to 17). All children were significantly below the 50th percentile weight for their age and sex. Seven children entered hemodialysis following failed peritoneal dialysis after an average of 21 +/- 10.5 months. Seventeen patients received a renal transplant. Seven of these children have resumed hemodialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technique for establishing hemodialysis was varied: 15 arteriovenous fistulae, 37 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) bridge grafts, 9 bovine arteriovenous bridge grafts, and 29 chronic central venous catheters. The overall mean functional patency of the fistulae was 6.2 +/- 10.2 months. One third of these fistulae failed to mature sufficiently to permit their use for dialysis purposes. Twenty-one upper extremity ePTFE grafts were implanted, with a mean functional patency of 11 +/- 11.1 months. Sixteen groin loop grafts were utilized, with a primary patency of only 4.1 +/- 5 months. Thrombectomy was performed in 25 cases (patch or interposition in 8 cases), with a secondary patency in these grafts of 10.5 +/- 17 months. An inability to achieve access in 2 children resulted in the creation of unusual types of access: an aorto-caval fistula and an axillo-femoral fistula and a combination of single-needle puncture of an immature fistula with one lumen of a PermCath. There were eight ePTFE graft infections, with graft loss occurring in seven cases. Superior vena caval occlusion occurred in two patients, inferior vena caval thrombosis in one patient, and axillo-subclavian venous occlusion in two patients. Development of central venous occlusions significantly increased the difficulty in establishing dialysis access. The total dialysis period provided by the 90 primary procedures performed in this study was 658 months. Each procedure, therefore, provided access for a mean duration of only 7.3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing dialysis access in the pediatric population is a time-consuming and frustrating challenge. We believe that all patients with renal dysfunction should have their conditions managed as potential long-term dialysis candidates. Therefore, our philosophy is to achieve maximal use from each access site. Although the primary patency of upper-arm ePTFE grafts was greater than that for the forearm fistulae in this study, failure of the upper-arm graft can result in loss of that limb for the purposes of future dialysis access. Consequently, we strongly advocate the "distal before proximal" and "autogenous before prosthetic" dogma in providing pediatric hemodialysis access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lumsden
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Dodson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012086:Reoperation; D017131:Thrombectomy; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene