title: Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open study with three parallel groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric surgery department at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 healthy ASA physical status I children undergoing minor surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: under 1 year of age (Group 1, n = 8), between 1 and 3 years of age (Group 2, n = 7), and over 3 years of age (Group 3, n = 11). Glycopyrrolate 5 micrograms/kg was given as a single intravenous (i.v.) injection before induction of general anesthesia. Blood samples (for determination of drug concentrations in plasma) were collected via venous cannula inserted into the contralateral antecubital vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECG was observed continuously, blood pressure was measured with an automatic noninvasive device, and blood samples were taken just before and at 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after injection of glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate concentrations in plasma were determined with a radioreceptor assay. The only significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters was the shortened elimination half-life in patients between 1 and 3 years of age. Glycopyrrolate 5 micrograms/kg i.v. did not cause any significant alterations in heart rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no significant changes in the distribution volume or clearance of glycopyrrolate in children of different ages. The shortened elimination half-life in children between 1 and 3 years of age is of minor clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rautakorpi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali-Melkkilä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Olkkola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iisalo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iisalo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanto
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D013511:Minor Surgical Procedures; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013390:Succinylcholine; D013874:Thiopental; D005283:Fentanyl; D006024:Glycopyrrolate