title: Update on childhood immunizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of childhood immunizations with emphasis in new recommendations, as well as recent vaccine developments and special populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language literature identified via a MEDLINE search. Additional references were obtained from cited references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original articles, reviews, and official publications were used to obtain the most accurate data on safety and efficacy of available pediatric vaccines, as well as current recommendations for their use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunizations have been an area of vigorous research for several years. New vaccines have been developed by improving older products to maximize immunogenicity and minimize adverse effects. Some of these novel vaccines, like the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines (HibCV), have already contributed significantly to the prevention of diseases in childhood. New recommendations have been issued to help speed this process. Adverse effects of routine immunizations are generally mild and transient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of new effective and safe vaccines for children is an important step in the global eradication of contagious diseases. A new generation of combination vaccines has started with the combination of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and HibCV. Some other combined products are yet to come that would eventually make immunization schedules more cost-effective and improve compliance rates. Our colleagues in the community and in the ambulatory care setting must actively participate in the implementation of vaccination programs and provide education to parents regarding all aspects of the immunization process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: de Clavijo
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Weart
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D017778:Vaccines, Combined; D014765:Viral Vaccines