title: Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoxia and indirect angiogenic factors may stimulate angiogenesis via induction of endothelial cell mitogen(s). To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated whether low oxygen tension or cytokines known to promote neovascularization in vivo could modulate the expression of either vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMCs were treated with platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) or transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) or exposed to low oxygen tension in serum-free medium. Northern analysis detected low basal levels of VEGF and bFGF mRNA in extracts of unstimulated SMCs. However, both VEGF and bFGF transcripts increased after administration of PDGF-BB (10 or 20 ng/mL) or TGF-beta 1 (0.1 to 10 ng/mL). Hypoxia was a potent stimulus for VEGF gene expression but had no apparent effect on bFGF steady-state mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that certain indirect angiogenic cytokines, such as PDGF-BB or TGF-beta 1, may act via induction of bFGF and VEGF gene expression in cells resident near endothelial cells in vivo. Hypoxia constitutes a potent stimulus for VEGF gene expresion but does not regulate bFGF under the same experimental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brogi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Isner
mesh_terms: D000077214:Becaplermin; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D000077214:Becaplermin