title: Cyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine) inhibits the replication of human herpes viruses.
abstract: The creatine kinase/creatine phosphate (CK/CrP) system plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. CK isoenzymes, which reversibly generate ATP from CrP, are compartmentalized at cellular sites where energy is produced or utilized. It has been noted that the expression of CK is induced in cells infected by several DNA viruses, implicating a role for cellular energy modulation as an important step for efficient viral replication. A CK substrate analog, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine; CCr), was tested in vitro for antiviral activity against a variety of herpes viruses and RNA viruses. Several members of the human herpes virus family were found to be sensitive to CCr, including herpes simplex types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. When administered to mice infected vaginally with HSV-2, CCr significantly reduced mortality, reduced vaginal lesion scores, and lowered the titers of recoverable virus. This treatment combined with acyclovir appeared to enhance the antiviral effects of acyclovir. In a second model, mice infected intraperitoneally with HSV-2 and treated with CCr showed a significant increase in survival compared to placebo. We conclude that CCr is the first example of a new class of antiviral compounds that target the CK/CrP system.
authors.affiliation: AMIRA, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lillie
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Smee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sidwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaddurah-Daouk
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C040342:9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine triphosphate; C012260:cyclocreatine; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D003404:Creatinine; D000212:Acyclovir