title: Botulinum toxin A in management of cerebral palsy.
abstract: The efficacy of local injection of botulinum toxin A in selected skeletal muscles to relieve muscle hypertonia and muscle contracture, and increase range of motion in children with cerebral palsy was studied in an open ABA (baseline-treatment-posttreatment phase) type of study. The first 6 months were the baseline phase, the day of injection the treatment phase, and the next 6 months the posttreatment phase. The patients acted as their own controls. Fifteen children with cerebral palsy (mean age: 6 years, 8 months) were included in the study. All had limb deformities associated with non-fixed joint contractures that had not responded to physical therapy. Clinical assessment of passive and active muscle tone was performed using a modified Ashworth scale. The range of motion to passive movement was measured with a manual goniometer. Botulinum toxin was injected directly into the muscle at several sites. The postinjection scores of muscle hypertonia were significantly lower (P < .01) and the range-of-motion values demonstrated a significant increase (P < .001). Functional improvement was measured by decreased scissoring on standing in all 6 children with adductor muscles injected; all 6 children with knee flexor muscles injected were able to straighten the knees. The 3 children with injected gastrocnemius muscles were able to achieve heel-strike while bare-footed. The study provides evidence that the intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A in selected skeletal muscles decreases muscle tone and contractures, and increases range of motion and motor function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children and Adolescents Neurological Center, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calderon-Gonzalez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calderon-Sepulveda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rincon-Reyes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia-Ramirez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mino-Arango
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003286:Contracture / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins