Steroid hormone receptor phosphorylation: is there a physiological role?
All members of the steroid hormone receptor family are phosphoproteins. Additional phosphorylation occurs in the presence of hormone. This hormone-induced phosphorylation, which is 2- to 7-fold more than the basal phosphorylation, is a rapid process. All steroid receptors are phosphorylated at more than one single site. Most phosphorylation sites are located in the N-terminal domain, and phosphorylation occurs mainly on serine residues. Phosphorylation on threonine residues occurs in only a few cases. Phosphorylation on tyrosine residues has been found only for the estrogen receptor. Six different protein kinases are possibly involved in steroid receptor phosphorylation (estrogen receptor kinase; protein kinase A; protein kinase C; casein kinase II; DNA-dependent kinase; Ser-Pro kinases). Steroid receptor phosphorylation has been directly implicated in: activation of hormone binding, nuclear import of steroid receptors, modulation of binding to hormone response elements, and consequently in transcription activation.
Kuiper
G G
GG
Department of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Brinkmann
A O
AO
D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013256:Steroids / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
D010750:Phosphoproteins; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D013256:Steroids; D014157:Transcription Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases