title: Wavefront amplitude distribution in the female breast.
abstract: Ultrasound measurements of a large population of wavefronts transmitted through female breasts at 3 and 4 MHz show that the wavefront amplitude distribution is close to Rayleigh. This finding is consistent with a fully developed scatter field, implying that the scatter energy removed from the coherent incident beam dominates the wavefront. The wavefront received from an inhomogeneous medium is the superposition of an incident wave plus a scattered wave. If the scattered field is weak, the received field is dominated by the incident field and the wavefront amplitude distribution is Rician. If the scattered field is strong, the received field is primarily the scattered field and the wavefront amplitude distribution is Rayleigh. If, in addition to scattering, refraction between bodies of different refractive indexes occurs, the total net effect on the wavefront amplitude distribution is the same as for strong scattering. This is what we have observed in the highly refractive female breast. This result has implications for the design of high lateral-resolution echo scanners that will incorporate adaptive phase deaberration algorithms. The published algorithms were developed for weak scattering and therefore may not be powerful enough. Alternatives have to be found to deaberrate the severe wavefront distortion in the breast.
authors.affiliation: Valley Forge Research Center, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D014159:Transducers; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*