title: Apolipoprotein(a) gene transcription is regulated by liver-enriched trans-acting factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha.
abstract: Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) in the plasma are a risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke. Plasma Lp(a) concentrations are highly heritable and predominantly determined by the liver-specific apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) gene. In this report we show by deletion analysis that sequences from -98 to +130 of the apo(a) gene are sufficient to direct liver-specific transcription. DNase I protection analysis of this region using HepG2 nuclear extracts revealed six major protein-binding sites, designated A to F. A mutation within footprint C, situated in the 5'-untranslated region of the gene, resulted in a marked reduction of luciferase expression from a reporter construct to 12% of wild type. This was not due to a decrease in mRNA stability. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that site C binds hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha), and overexpression of HNF-1 alpha in HepG2 cells resulted in a significant stimulation of transcription from this promoter fragment. Mutation of footprint B resulted in a 2-fold enhancement of transcription. These results show that positive regulation of transcription of the apo(a) gene is dependent on the binding of HNF-1 alpha to a regulatory element situated downstream of the mRNA start site, and suggest that an as yet unidentified protein may negatively regulate apo(a) transcription by binding to a discrete sequence within the 5'-untranslated region.
authors.affiliation: Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University Medical School, California 94305.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lawn
mesh_terms: D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C496487:HNF1A protein, human; C496495:HNF1B protein, human; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases