title: Medication cart-filling time, accuracy, and cost with an automated dispensing system.
abstract: Medication cart filling with an automated dispensing system was compared with manual cart filling with respect to personnel time, costs, and accuracy. At a 650-bed tertiary-care medical center, technician cart filling and pharmacist cart checking were timed for the existing manual system and for the Baxter ATC-212 automated dispensing system. Subsequently, carts filled with each system were checked for accuracy of dispensing. On the basis of drugs used in the automated system over three months, drug acquisition and dispensing costs were calculated for automated and manual cart filling; the costs of personnel time were also compared. Daily cart filling time for technicians was significantly less with the automated system. The savings of pharmacist time was not significant; pharmacists had to cut the strip-packaged drugs into individual doses as they checked patients' medications. For both systems, errors were found in fewer than 1% of the doses (0.84% for the manual system and 0.65% for the automated system). Drug costs were higher with the automated system; acquisition prices for the bulk drugs purchased for use in the dispensing machine were higher than the prices of the same products in unit dose packaging. Personnel time saved amounted to less than 0.5 full-time equivalent. With the automated system, overall time savings was not great enough to substantially affect pharmacy operations, and drug costs were higher.
authors.affiliation: Erie County Medical Center, PA.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santora
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kitrenos
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D009518:New York; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D013996:Time and Motion Studies