title: Characterization of the nutritional interactions between organic acids and inorganic bases in the pig and chick.
abstract: Four experiments were conducted to characterize the interactions between fumaric (FA), malic (MA), or citric acid (CA) and NaHCO3. In two experiments, seven diets were formulated containing 2.5% FA, MA, and CA, with or without 2.3, 1.9, or 1.4% NaHCO3, respectively, as well as a control diet (no addition of organic acids or NaHCO3) for 28-d-old pigs (Exp. 1, corn-soy protein concentrate-based diet) and 1-wk-old chicks (Exp. 4, corn-soy-based diet). In Exp. 1, at 2 and 4 wk, the FA+NaHCO3 treatment resulted in greater average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) compared with the control (P < .05). In Exp. 2, 28-d-old pigs were fed corn-soy diets with .9, 1.6, and 2.3% NaHCO3 in addition to 2.5% FA. After wk 2, there was a quadratic response in ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .05) when increasing levels of NaHCO3 were added to the diet. This was true at wk 4 for both ADG and ADFI (P < .05). In Exp. 3, finishing pigs were fed corn-soy diets containing 2.5% FA or 2.5% FA + 2.3% NaHCO3 added to a control diet. No effect (P < .05) of FA or NaHCO3 was observed. In Exp. 4, the combination of CA+NaHCO3 or MA+NaHCO3 was superior to FA+NaHCO3 for ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .05) when fed to young chicks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Easter
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development*; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005650:Fumarates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008293:Malates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002951:Citrates; D005650:Fumarates; D008293:Malates; D019343:Citric Acid; C030298:malic acid; C032005:fumaric acid; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate