title: Refluxes in orthotopic neobladders: can the ileocecal sphincter be considered an adequate antireflux mechanism?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of the ileocecal sphincter in preventing ureteral refluxes in ileocecal orthotopic neobladder, thus avoiding the use of antireflux technique for ureteroileal anastomosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1980 to 1992, 95 patients underwent orthotopic bladder substitution. In 30 our detubularized ileal reservoir was used and in 65 first only an integral ileocecal segment was used and subsequently multiple transverse teniamyotomies on the cecal portion to increase the capacity and reduce the pressure. The upper urinary tract was indirectly protected in the ileal reservoir technique by leaving an integral 8 to 10 cm long afferent segment folded behind the reservoir and in the ileocecal technique by the ileocecal sphincter, thus keeping the anastomosis between ureters and ileum simple and direct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up of the 65 patients with ileocecourethrostomy is 37 +/- 33 months (range, 2 to 141 months); in 13.8% of the patients (9/65) monolateral refluxes appeared, but without any evident clinical consequences. The appearance of monolateral stenosis on the ureterointestinal anastomosis requiring treatment occurred in 4 patients (6%): 3 underwent an endoscopic treatment and 1 a surgical one. Modifications of renal function with respect to the preoperative status were not verified in any of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ileocecal sphincter is an effective antireflux mechanism for an orthotopic neobladder in which multiple transverse teniamyotomies (5 to 7) increase the capacity of the neobladder itself, reduce its internal pressure, and confer a nearly spherical configuration. Moreover, a correct anastomosis between the cecum and membranous urethra decisively reduces the resistance to emptying of the neobladder, thus avoiding too strong pressures against the ileocecal sphincter. The integrity of the circular muscular layer maintains a healthy tonic wall: this fact, combined with the low peripheral resistances, ensures good emptying and a stable capacity. The procedure is easy to perform and not time-consuming; these considerations lead us to consider the ileocecal unit an excellent structure for bladder substitution.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Department, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alcini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Racioppi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Addessi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sasso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giustacchini
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002432:Cecum / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine