title: Communal orientation and individualism: factors and correlations with values, social adjustment, and self-esteem.
abstract: Contemporary personality structures in the West reportedly are dominated by a problematic self-contained individualism, whereas a community-oriented ensembled individualism is presumed to be more adaptive. With the present sample of American undergraduates, an Individualism scale (Bales & Couch, 1969) was used to measure self-contained individualism, and the Communal Orientation Scale (Clark, Ouellette, Powell, & Milberg, 1987) was used to measure ensembled individualism. Results showed that both instruments predicted a belief in equalitarianism, but individualism was more likely to be associated with interpersonal maladjustment and poor self-esteem. Neither the full scales nor any of their factors displayed significant inverse correlations with each other, thus confirming the existence of negative correlates for self-contained individualism but also demonstrating that the two individualisms are not wholly incommensurable, as has been argued in the past.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 37403.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008257:Machiavellianism; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012945:Social Values