title: Trace mineral requirements for athletes.
abstract: This paper reviews information pertaining to zinc, copper, chromium, and selenium requirements of athletes. Exercise increases zinc loss from the body, and dietary intake for some athletes, especially females, may be inadequate. Blood copper levels are altered by exercise, but there is no information to suggest that copper ingestion or status is compromised in athletes. Studies have shown that urinary chromium excretion is increased by exercise, but whether this leads to an increased requirement is still unknown. There is concern that athletes may not ingest sufficient quantities of chromium; however, there are inadequate data to confirm this. The limited data that exist show that athletes do not have altered selenium status. There is no conclusive evidence that supplementation with any of these trace minerals will enhance performance. A diet containing foods rich in micronutrients is recommended. However, for those athletes concerned that their diets may not be sufficient, a multivitamin/mineral supplement containing no more than the RDA may be advised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haymes
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements