title: The incidence of masseter muscle rigidity after succinylcholine in infants and children.
abstract: To determine whether the incidence of masseter muscle rigidity is affected by the anaesthetic induction sequence, we prospectively studied for ten months the anaesthetic course in 5,641 infants and children who received muscle relaxation to facilitate tracheal intubation. The anaesthetic induction sequence consisted of intravenous sodium thiopentone (STP) 5 mg.kg-1 alone, halothane induction alone 1-4%, or halothane followed by STP. Inhalational inductions with halothane included nitrous oxide and oxygen. Tracheal intubation was facilitated by either intravenous succinylcholine (Sch) at least 1.5 mg.kg-1 or by a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. The induction sequence and all episodes of MMR were recorded. Ninety percent of the patients received Sch and 10% received a non-depolarising agent. Of those who received Sch, 88% (5,064 patients) were anaesthetised with STP and 12% (607 patients) were anaesthetised with halothane alone or halothane followed by STP. Masseter muscle rigidity was defined clinically by the transient inability to distract the mandible from the maxilla such that the mouth could not be opened or could only be opened with force. No children anaesthetised with STP followed by Sch developed MMR. One child (0.9%) developed MMR after halothane and Sch and two developed MMR after halothane, STP and Sch (0.4%). The incidence of MMR after Sch was less with STP than with halothane alone or with halothane and STP (P < 0.025). The peak CPK values in the three children who developed MMR were 17,580 IU.L-1 after halothane and Sch, and 7,280 IU.-1 and 3,273 IU.-1 after halothane, STP and Sch. There was no evidence of MH reactions in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lazzell
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Creighton
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008305:Malignant Hyperthermia / Q000209:etiology; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D013390:Succinylcholine; D013874:Thiopental; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane