title: Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of tics or dyskinesias (T/D) and examine associated clinical factors in children treated with stimulant medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of a clinic cohort with chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based clinical service within a division of developmental and behavioral pediatrics.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-two children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulant medication. All children currently or recently treated were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Determinations were made of medication used, medication dosage, presence or absence of T/D, time of T/D onset, and history and family history of T/D. Incidence of T/D was 9.0% of children or 8.2% of medication trials. One child (0.8%) had development of Tourette's syndrome. Age, medication, dosage, history of tics, or family history of tics was not related to onset of T/D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 9% of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulant medication had development of T/D, predominantly transient in nature, with less than 1% having development of chronic tics or Tourette's syndrome. Personal or family tic history, medication selection, or dosage was not related to onset of T/D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lipkin
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Adesman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010389:Pemoline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D010389:Pemoline; D003913:Dextroamphetamine