title: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection from maternal rubella in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of intrauterine rubella infection in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred three pregnant women with evidence of rubella infection were enrolled. Congenital rubella infection was diagnosed by testing specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M in fetal cord serum obtained from funipuncture or amniotic fluid culture. The fetal outcomes were evaluated by ultrasonic examination, specific antibody detection in cord blood at birth, and complete physical examination during early childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal diagnosis was possible in 95 of 103 fetuses, 93 by funipuncture and two by amniocentesis. Five intrauterine rubella infections were detected prenatally, and another one was diagnosed after birth. The intrauterine infection rates were 10.0, 11.8, 2.9, and 6.5% after maternal infection at 1-10, 11-14, 15-19, and 20-29 gestational weeks, respectively. Among the six fetuses with serologic evidence of congenital infection, one had congenital rubella syndrome with sensorineural deafness, two were terminated during the second trimester, two others were normal, and one was lost to follow-up. With the exception of the infant with clinical congenital rubella syndrome, no evidence of rubella defects was found in the other 81 children who received follow-up to 2-4 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of congenital rubella infection in seropositive pregnant women is relatively low in Taiwan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hwa
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012409:Rubella / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007075:Immunoglobulin M