title: A comparative study of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of immediate-release and controlled-release diltiazem tablets.
abstract: We have studied the controlled-release properties and relative systemic availabilities of two dosages of the same controlled-release (CR) diltiazem tablet formulation by comparing them at steady state with those of an immediate-release formulation. We measured 24-hour plasma concentration profiles during 4-day treatments with diltiazem 90 mg CR tablet bd diltiazem 120 mg CR tablet bd, and conventional diltiazem 60 mg immediate-release (IR) tablet tid. The study had a randomized, three-way crossover design. Twelve healthy men (38-52 y) participated. Trough plasma concentrations were determined on days 3 and 4. The 24-h plasma concentration-time profiles were assessed after the last morning dose on day 4 of each period. The following steady-state pharmacokinetic values were calculated: the minimum plasma concentration (Cmin), the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time interval during which the plasma concentration exceeded 75% of Cmax (t75), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC72-96), the peak-to-trough fluctuation (PTF), and the area-under-the-curve fluctuation (AUCF). Steady state was achieved on day 3. The pharmacokinetics were comparable. For diltiazem CR 90 mg and diltiazem CR 120 mg, AUC84-96 (night) was approximately 75% of AUC72-84 (daytime). The diltiazem plasma concentration increased slowly from about 6 h after the evening dose of both CR tablets, resulting in relatively high plasma concentrations in the early morning hours. Only during treatment with diltiazem CR 120 mg were the plasma concentrations of diltiazem maintained above the minimum therapeutic plasma concentration of 50 micrograms.l-1 throughout the full 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Pharma Bio-Research International BV, Zuidlaren, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Leeuwenkamp
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mensink
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jonkman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004110:Diltiazem