title: Reference values for respiratory rate in the first 3 years of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raised respiratory rate is a useful sign to diagnose lower respiratory infections in childhood. However, the normal range for respiratory rate has not been defined in a proper, large sample.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the respiratory rate in a large number of infants and young children in order to construct percentile curves by age; to determine the repeatability to the assessment using a stethoscope and compare it with observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory rate was recorded for 1 minute with a stethoscope in 618 infants and children, aged 15 days to 3 years old, without respiratory infections or any other severe disease when awake and calm and when asleep. In 50 subjects we compared respiratory rate taken 30 to 60 minutes apart to assess repeatability, and in 50 others we compared simultaneous counts obtained by stethoscope versus observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeatability was good as the standard deviation of differences was 2.5 breaths/minute in awake and 1.7 breaths/minute in asleep children. Respiratory rate obtained with a stethoscope was systematically higher than that obtained by observation (mean difference 2.6 breaths/minute in awake and 1.8 breaths/minute in asleep children; P = .015 and P < .001, respectively). A decrease in respiratory rate with age was seen for both states, and it was faster in the first few months of life when also a greater dispersion of values was observed. A second degree polynomial curve accurately fitted the data. Reference percentile values were developed from these data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repeatability of respiratory rate measured with a stethoscope was good. Percentile curves would be particularly helpful in the first months of life when the decline in respiratory rate is very rapid and prevents to use cut off values for defining "normality."
authors.affiliation: First Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castagneto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellegatta
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Razon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001314:Auscultation / Q000295:instrumentation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology