title: The effects of hormonal replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of hormone replacement therapy on insulin resistance in postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 37 surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys that were fed a moderately atherogenic diet for 12 weeks with either no treatment (control), conjugated equine estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, combination conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate, or tamoxifen. Insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness were determined by the frequent-sampling intravenous tolerance test by means of the minimal model analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in body weight, total plasma cholesterol, or body fat distribution between control and conjugated equine estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, or combination treatment groups. However, compared with control animals (insulin sensitivity = 5.9 +2- 1.2 x 10(-4) min-1 microU-1 ml) or conjugated equine estrogens treatment (6.3 +/- 1.1 x 10(-4) min-1 microU-1 ml) insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased in animals treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.9 +/- 0.4 x 10(-4) min-1 microU-1 ml, p < 0.001) or conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.8 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4) min-1 microU-1 ml, p < 0.001). Although insulin sensitivity was shown to be decreased in the tamoxifen-treated animals (insulin sensitivity = 4.6 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4) min-1 microU -1 ml), the difference was not statistically significant compared with the control or conjugated equine estrogens-treated animals. No significant differences were seen for glucose effectiveness comparing control animals (glucose effectiveness = 0.043 +/- 0.006 min-1) to animals treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (glucose effectiveness = 0.046 +/- 0.009 min-1), conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (0.048 +/- 0.008 min-1) or tamoxifen (0.039 +/- 0.006 min-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that progestins alone or in combination with estrogens can induce insulin resistance in postmenopausal monkeys while having no effect on plasma lipid concentrations or glucose effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1047.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bell-Farrow
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toffolo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010052:Ovariectomy; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D013629:Tamoxifen; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone