title: Efficacy of deferoxamine in preventing complications of iron overload in patients with thalassemia major.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine whether deferoxamine prevents the complications of transfusional iron overload in thalassemia major, we evaluated 59 patients (30 were female and 29 male; age range, 7 to 31 years) periodically for 4 to 10 years or until death.
  
  
  METHODS
  At each follow-up visit, we performed a detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation and measured hepatic iron stores with a noninvasive magnetic device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The body iron burden as assessed by magnetic measurement of hepatic iron stores was closely correlated (R = 0.89, P < 0.001) with the ratio of cumulative transfusional iron load to cumulative deferoxamine use (expressed in millimoles of iron per kilogram of body weight, in relation to grams of deferoxamine per kilogram, transformed into the natural logarithm). Each increase of one unit in the natural logarithm of the ratio (transfusional iron load to deferoxamine use) was associated with an increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (relative risk, 19.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.8 to 77.4), diabetes mellitus (relative risk, 9.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 47.7), cardiac disease (relative risk, 9.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 51.2), and death (relative risk, 12.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 to 65.4). All nine deaths during the study occurred among the 23 patients who had begun chelation therapy later and used less deferoxamine in relation to their transfusional iron load (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early use of deferoxamine in an amount proportional to the transfusional iron load reduces the body iron burden and helps protect against diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, and early death in patients with thalassemia major.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brittenham
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nienhuis
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015913:Chelation Therapy; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D003676:Deferoxamine