title: Cerebral lactate-oxygen index in acute brain injury with acute anemia: assessment of false versus true ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the occurrence of global cerebral ischemia in acute brain trauma with acute anemia by combined measurements of cerebral hemodynamics, oxygenation, and lactate production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuroscience intensive care unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults (n = 22) with severe acute brain trauma (Glasgow Coma Scores ranging from 4 to 8), undergoing frequent serial measurements of total hemoglobin content, jugular oxyhemoglobin saturation, arteriojugular oxygen content difference, arteriojugular lactate concentration difference, lactate-oxygen index, and cerebral blood flow, along with other routine procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute anemia (disclosed by a total hemoglobin content of < 11 g/dL in at least three measurements) was found in 19 (86%) of 22 patients. In 211 serial multivariate physiologic observations, only one (0.4%) disclosed abnormally negative arteriojugular lactate difference consistent with global cerebral ischemia. However, in 18 (8.5%) studies in seven (31.8%) patients, acute anemia resulted in markedly decreased values of arteriojugular oxygen content difference. The latter, in turn, yielded abnormally high values of lactate-oxygen index despite normal cerebral lactate production (arteriojugular lactate difference) and oxygenation (jugular oxyhemoglobin saturation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In acute brain injury with acute anemia, global cerebral ischemia is a rare finding. However, false cerebral ischemia may be frequently found, if assessed by the lactate-oxygen index, because the denominator of the index (the arteriojugular oxygen content difference) frequently decreases as a function of decreasing hemoglobin, thus yielding false calculated ischemic high values for lactate-oxygen index despite normal cerebral oxygenation and lactate production.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Hoffstad
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jaggi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen