title: Catecholamine response to ultrasonographically guided percutaneous blood sampling in fetal sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the fetal catecholamine and arterial blood gas responses to ultrasonographically guided percutaneous needle aspiration of blood from a fetal cardiac ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover trial design was used. Nine pregnant sheep of 120 to 130 days' gestation were stratified to either percutaneous fetal blood sampling or a sham experiment performed on the first day, and the alternative study on the following day. Arterial blood samples were withdrawn from chronically implanted catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous fetal blood sampling caused small but statistically significant increases in mean plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels 5 seconds after the procedure. Levels thereafter were similar to baseline values. Arterial pH and PCO2 values were unaltered except in one fetus, where blood sampling was followed by bradycardia with acidosis and elevated catecholamine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonographically guided percutaneous fetal blood sampling from a cardiac ventricle in sheep produces a rise in catecholamine levels that return to baseline values within 5 minutes. This technique provides an alternative to chronic catheterization for some experiments in which blood sampling or drug injection is required. The results also indicate that needle insertion produces only a modest and transient stress response in the fetus.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Polk
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Padbury
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jobe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D017218:Cordocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine