title: Risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) after treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care level 3 neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three newborns treated with ECMO for severe respiratory failure during a 5-year period, who survived until day of life 28, and who did not have pulmonary hypoplasia as the initial cause for respiratory failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of BPD after treatment with ECMO, which was defined as oxygen and/or ventilatory requirements at day of life 28, with characteristic abnormalities seen on chest x-ray film.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age at ECMO initiation was significantly greater for patients with BPD compared with patients without BPD (mean +/- SD, 135 +/- 68 hours vs 50 +/- 37 hours; P < .001). There was an 11.5-fold increased risk for the development of BPD if ECMO was initiated at greater than 96 hours of age. The primary diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome imparted a 5.2-fold increased risk for the development of BPD. Patients with BPD required ECMO significantly longer than patients without BPD (203 +/- 73 hours vs 122 +/- 51 hours; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that delayed use of ECMO in treating neonatal respiratory failure is associated with an increased risk for the development of BPD and a longer duration of ECMO therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kornhauser
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Spitzer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors