title: Universal signals control slime mold stalk formation.
abstract: The primitive slime mold Dictyostelium minutum does not display oscillations during aggregation, cannot form migrating slugs, and does not form a prestalk/prespore pattern, all of which are characteristic for development of its advanced relative Dictyostelium discoideum. We used D. minutum to investigate whether slime molds share common mechanisms controlling development. In D. discoideum, the morphogen differentiation inducing factor (DIF) can induce stalk-cell differentiation in vitro. However, stalk formation in vivo is supposedly triggered by local depletion of DIF antagonists such as ammonia or cAMP. A homologue of the D. discoideum stalk gene ecmB was cloned in D. minutum that encodes a 3.4-kb mRNA, and its deduced amino acid sequence shows repeats of 24 amino acids that are characteristic for the D. discoideum ecmB gene. Remarkably, DIF effectively induces expression of the D. minutum ecmB gene and ammonia inhibits its expression. D. discoideum cells were transformed with a construct of the D. minutum ecmB promoter fused to the lacZ reporter gene and showed expression in the stalk, but not in the upper and lower cup of the fruiting body, which also express the D. discoideum ecmB gene. In D. discoideum, the D. minutum ecmB and the ecmB promoter are similarly activated by DIF and repressed by both cAMP and ammonia, suggesting that additional signaling is required for ecmB expression in upper and lower cup cells. Our data indicate that the extracellular signals controlling stalk formation and their intracellular signaling cascades including gene regulatory proteins remained highly conserved during slime mold evolution.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Unit, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Es
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lenouvel
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Deursen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaap
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006588:Hexanones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006588:Hexanones; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C069214:ecmB protein, Dictyostelium; C053433:1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone; D000641:Ammonia; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D001616:beta-Galactosidase