Self-percepts of control in middle and later adulthood: buffering losses by rescaling goals.
The authors propose a model of how a sense of control is maintained in later adulthood through shifts in the subjective importance of developmental goals. Developmental goals and control beliefs were repeatedly assessed over an 8-year interval on a core sample of 735 participants (initial age range: 30-59 years). The findings reveal a high degree of stability in generalized perceptions of control even in the transition to later adulthood. In line with predictions, moderated multiple regressions indicated(a) that the degree to which self-percepts of control within a particular goal domain affect an individual's general sense of control depends on the personal importance of that domain, and (b) that losses of control within a goal domain affect general perceptions of control to a lesser degree if the importance of the respective domain is downscaled within the same longitudinal interval. Implications for theories of depression as well as for successful aging are discussed.
Brandtstädter
J
J
Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Germany.
Rothermund
K
K
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005610:Freedom; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment