title: Continuous infusion of loop diuretics in the critically ill: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  a) To present the pharmacodynamic concepts behind the administration of loop diuretics via continuous infusion; b) to review the clinical trials and reports in critically ill patients that have described this method of drug delivery; and c) to discuss the data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1966 to the present.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design was not a factor in selecting literature for this review. All studies, case reports, and case series describing infusion of a loop diuretic are included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cited literature was found in peer-reviewed clinical or basic science journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a pharmacodynamic basis for the use of a controlled infusion of the loop diuretics in critically ill patients requiring extensive diuresis. Animal and human volunteer studies have demonstrated a clear improvement in efficiency of diuresis by controlled infusion Clinical studies in critically ill patients have demonstrated an improved diuretic response with a controlled infusion. Adverse effects appear to be minimal, and the amount of drug required for effect is less than the required amount for bolus administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of loop diuretics by continuous intravenous infusion may improve diuresis in critically ill patients who require prompt, controllable diuresis, or who demonstrate "diuretic tolerance" to conventional administration regimens. Despite few, well-designed studies using this method of administration in clinical practice, pharmacodynamic concepts support continuous infusion over bolus administration, including decreased dosage requirements, improved diuretic response and few adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Danziger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003422:Critical Care; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004355:Drug Stability; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004976:Ethacrynic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008138:Loop of Henle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002034:Bumetanide; D005665:Furosemide; D004976:Ethacrynic Acid