title: Altered patterns of MDM2 and TP53 expression in human bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The TP53 gene maps to the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p13.1) and encodes for a nuclear phosphoprotein of 53 kd (p53) involved in cell cycle control. The MDM2 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q13-14), and it encodes for a nuclear protein (Mdm2) of 90 kd of molecular mass. Genetic alterations in the TP53 gene have been reported as frequent events in bladder cancer and are associated with disease progression. The MDM2 gene has been shown to be amplified and overexpressed in sarcomas; however, these changes have not yet been analyzed in neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We undertook the present study in order to determine the frequency of MDM2 and TP53 abnormalities in bladder tumors, as well as to examine the clinical relevance of identifying their altered patterns of expression in patients affected with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a cohort of 87 patients affected by bladder tumors. Altered patterns of expression of Mdm2 proteins were determined using an immunohistochemical assay with monoclonal antibody 2A10, and MDM2 gene amplifications were studied by Southern blotting. Mutant p53 proteins were identified using monoclonal antibody PAb1801. The presence of intragenic mutations in the TP53 gene were assessed utilizing single-strand conformation polymorphism and further characterized by sequencing. Associations were assessed statistically by the two-tailed Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six of 87 cases had abnormally high levels of Mdm2 proteins; however, only one case showed an MDM2 amplification. Thirty-six of 87 cases displayed p53 nuclear overexpression. Sixteen cases had abnormally high levels of both Mdm2 and p53 proteins. There was a strong statistical association between Mdm2 and p53 overexpression (Fisher's exact test: P = .018). Moreover, there was a striking association between Mdm2 overexpression and low-stage, low-grade bladder tumors (Fisher's exact test: P = .0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that aberrant Mdm2 and p53 phenotypes are frequent events in bladder cancer and may be involved in tumorigenesis or tumor progression in urothelial neoplasias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to report altered patterns of MDM2 expression in human bladder tumors and demonstrates that aberrant Mdm2 and p53 phenotypes may be important diagnostic and prognostic markers in patients affected by bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lianes
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orlow
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sarkis
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordon-Cardo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010641:Phenotype; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2