title: Teleoperation, telerobotics, and telepresence in surgery.
abstract: The concepts of teleoperation, telerobotics, and telepresence are presented and defined. Current surgical systems, some in clinical practice and others in prototype demonstration, are used to illustrate each of these principles. The importance and impact of these technologies and their relation to other advanced technologies are illustrated to project a framework for the future of surgery.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Hospital Monterey (Ft. Ord), California.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Satava
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D013502:General Surgery; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science; D011468:Prostatectomy; D012371:Robotics; D017216:Telemedicine