title: Thermoregulatory thresholds during epidural and spinal anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are significant physiologic differences between spinal and epidural anesthesia. Consequently, these two types of regional anesthesia may influence thermoregulatory processing differently. Accordingly, in volunteers and in patients, we tested the null hypothesis that the core-temperature thresholds triggering thermoregulatory sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering are similar during epidural and spinal anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male volunteers participated on three consecutive study days: epidural or spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned on the 1st and 3rd days (approximately T10 level); no anesthesia was given on the 2nd day. On each day, the volunteers were initially warmed until they started to sweat, and subsequently cooled by central venous infusion of cold fluid until they shivered. Mean skin temperature was kept constant near 36 degrees C throughout each study. The tympanic membrane temperatures triggering a sweating rate of 40 g.m-2.h-1, a finger flow less than 0.1 ml/min, and a marked and sustained increase in oxygen consumption (approximately 30%) were considered the thermoregulatory thresholds for sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering, respectively. Twenty-one patients were randomly assigned to receive epidural (n = 10) or spinal (n = 11) anesthesia for knee and calf surgery (approximately T10 level). As in the volunteers, the shivering threshold was defined as the tympanic membrane temperature triggering a sustained increase in oxygen consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thresholds and ranges were similar during epidural and spinal anesthesia in the volunteers. However, the sweating-to-vasoconstriction (inter-threshold) range, the vasoconstriction-to-shivering range, and the sweating-to-shivering range all were significantly increased by regional anesthesia. The shivering thresholds in patients assigned to epidural and spinal anesthesia were virtually identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparable sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds during epidural and spinal anesthesia suggest that thermoregulatory processing is similar during each type of regional anesthesia. However, thermoregulatory control was impaired during regional anesthesia, as indicated by the significantly enlarged inter-threshold and sweating-to-shivering ranges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenhardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moayeri
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Noyes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rotheneder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011343:Procaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012016:Reference Values; D012768:Shivering; D013546:Sweating; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011343:Procaine; C004616:chloroprocaine