title: Lactation stage-dependent changes in levels of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin in milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of lactation stage-dependent changes in levels of tumor neurosis factor (TNF) in milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioassay and immunoblocking assay were used to identify and assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF; mostly TNF alpha) in bovine milk at different stages of lactation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF alpha levels in milk started to increase steadily after the onset of drying-off (weaning/involution), peaked at 4 to 6 wk prior to parturition and precipitously decreased to undetectable levels at parturition (colostrum). Thereafter, TNF alpha reappeared and maintained midlevel concentration in the mature (normal) milk throughout the rest of the lactation cycle. Analysis of cells in mammary secretions by flow cytometry revealed that elevated TNF alpha levels coincided with an increase in macrophages in the secretion from the dry period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These lactation stage-dependent changes in TNF alpha levels reflect differential effects that TNF alpha have on involution and prepartum remodeling of the mammary gland of the dam and on gastrointestinal development and immunoregulatory function of the suckling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3089.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewinski
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha