title: Reliability of ultrasonography in identification of reflux nephropathy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of ultrasonography to identify reflux nephropathy in children after urinary tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten experienced radiologists performed a total of 240 ultrasonographic examinations of kidneys in a one day study. The examiners were unaware of the results of previous radiological and clinical examinations and of the proportions of normal and abnormal kidneys. Urography was used as method of reference, supported by static renal scintigraphy (dimercaptosuccinic acid labelled with technetium-99m) in half of the cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient radiology department.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 children aged 2-16 years (20 kidneys with and 30 kidneys without renal scarring).
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal scarring. Overall size and length of kidneys. Sensitivity and specificity including receiver operator characteristics and variation between observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With renal scarring as the diagnostic criterion and including cases classified as abnormal, probably abnormal, and uncertain the sensitivity of ultrasonography was 54% (specificity 80%). Addition of reduced renal size as a diagnostic criterion increased the sensitivity to 64% (specificity 79%). There were, however, wide variations between observers, with sensitivity ranging between 40% and 90% (specificity 94% to 65%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of its low sensitivity and specificity and poor agreement between observers, ultrasonography cannot be generally recommended for the detection of reflux nephropathy after urinary tract infection in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Radiology, East Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stokland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jodal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odén
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology