title: The effect of cell monolayer density on the cytotoxicity of metal ions which are released from dental alloys.
abstract: The effect of cell density (number of cells per unit area of a monolayer culture) on the in vitro cytotoxicity of metal ions which are known to be released from dental materials was investigated. The effects of cell density (1) may explain previous discrepancies in in vitro tests, (2) may be important in wound healing where cell density changes over time, and (3) may help clarify the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of metal ions. Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were plated at cell densities ranging from 10,000-80,000 cells/cm2 and were exposed to 8 concentrations of 10 different metal ions. After 24 h, the succinic dehydrogenase activity and DNA synthesis were measured to quantify the cytotoxic effect. Higher cell densities markedly reduced the sensitivity of these fibroblasts to all metal ions except Al+3 and Zn+2, but the magnitude of the reduction was metal dependent. In addition, the DNA synthesis was inhibited more than the succinic dehydrogenase activity for all metal ions except Zn+2. The unique effect of cell density on each metal ion supported the hypothesis that the effect was not simply caused by a dilution of the number of metal ions per cell. Given these results, the effect of cell density should be carefully selected in in vitro cytotoxicity tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wataha
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003035:Cobalt / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005708:Gallium / Q000633:toxicity; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity; D014639:Vanadium / Q000633:toxicity; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D002104:Cadmium; D014639:Vanadium; D003035:Cobalt; D012834:Silver; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D004247:DNA; D005708:Gallium; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D015032:Zinc