title: Limited effects of HIV counseling and testing for women. A prospective study of behavioral and psychological consequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing for seronegative women in terms of sexual behavior and psychological outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design is prospective and longitudinal, using repeated measures. Participants were interviewed at recruitment, 2 weeks later (when tested women received results), and 3 months later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four community health clinics in southern Connecticut; all provide HIV counseling and testing and other specialized and primary health care services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequential sample of women were recruited for two study groups: those seeking HIV counseling and testing (n = 152), and a comparison group never tested for HIV (n = 78), matched by clinic, race, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A composite measure of sexual risk was developed, based on sexual activity, condom use, and partner risk factors. Psychometrically valid and reliable measures of general psychological functioning and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)--specific psychological indicators were also used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average level of sexual risk was lower for tested than nontested women at all three interviews. For both groups, there was no significant change in sexual risk from baseline to 3-month follow-up. At the individual level, there was no difference in the number of women who decreased or increased sexual risk. For tested women, intrusive thoughts about AIDS and estimated chance of getting AIDS decreased after counseling and testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral and psychological consequences of HIV counseling and testing for women at risk for HIV were limited. These results have implications for further prevention interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8025.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ickovics
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morrill
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Beren
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodin
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors