title: Characterization of class II and class III ADP-ribosylation factor genes and proteins in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ubiquitous approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and are involved in intracellular vesicular transport. Based on size, phylogenetic analysis, amino acid identity, and gene structure, mammalian ARFs fall into three classes (class I, ARF1, -2, and -3; class II, ARF4 and -5; class III, ARF6). A class I ARF had been identified in Drosophila melanogaster. To search for ARFs of other classes in Drosophila, polymerase chain reaction-based techniques were used, resulting in cloning of Drosophila ARF (dARF) II and dARF III with deduced amino acid sequences similar to those of class II and class III mammalian ARFs, respectively. The three Drosophila ARF genes map to different chromosomes and the coding regions have different splicing sites. dARF II mRNA, like ARF I mRNA, is fairly uniformly distributed throughout adult flies, whereas dARF III mRNA is significantly more abundant in heads than in legs or bodies. Recombinant dARF II and dARF III have biochemical and immunological properties similar to those of human ARF5 (hARF5) and hARF6, respectively. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that the three classes of ARFs are present in non-mammalian as well as mammalian species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Murtagh
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors