title: Effects of subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane and their interactions with epinephrine on acquisition and retention of the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence concerning the concentrations of volatile anesthetics that prevent learning and recall is limited. Epinephrine is believed to enable learning during anesthesia. We investigated the effects of isoflurane and its interaction with epinephrine on learning and subsequent retention of the rabbit's classically conditioned nictitating membrane response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) preceded paraorbital shock (unconditioned stimulus, US) during 60-min daily sessions of 60 presentations of these paired stimuli for 6 days of acquisition training under 0, 0.4%, or 0.8% isoflurane (n = 8, 13, and 9, respectively). Responses were recorded as conditioned responses (CRs) if they occurred during the CS and before the onset of the US. After 1 day of rest, the animals were given 3 days of extinction consisting of 60 presentations of CS-alone and without isoflurane to assess the retention of CRs from acquisition training. In experiment 2, epinephrine in a dose of 0, 0.01, or 0.1 mg/kg was injected subcutaneously in rabbits receiving 0.4% isoflurane. Two types of epinephrine were used, a sustained release form and epinephrine hydrochloride. Acquisition and retention were tested in the same way as in experiment 1. No isoflurane or epinephrine was used during retention testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Learning was significantly suppressed during 0.4% isoflurane (approximately equal to 0.2 MAC) treatment and eliminated during 0.8% (approximately equal to 0.4 MAC). Information learned during administration of 0.4% isoflurane was not retained (P < 0.05). Although the low doses of epinephrine improved learning during the last day of the acquisition phase (P < 0.05), there were no differences between the treatment groups on any of the remaining acquisition or extinction days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no learning during treatment with 0.8% concentration. Even a 0.4% concentration, which allowed some learning, abolished CRs in extinction, perhaps because of state-dependent retrieval. Epinephrine did not alter substantially the rates of CR acquisition or resistance to extinction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: el-Zahaby
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ghoneim
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gormezano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009541:Nictitating Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane; D004837:Epinephrine