title: The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVEs. An earlier paper estimated the per-case and national incidence costs of Alzheimer's disease for 1983. This paper updates the estimates of costs per case to 1991 and presents new national prevalence estimates of the economic and social costs of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  All data for the cost estimates were taken from published sources or provided by other researchers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At midrange values of the estimated cost and epidemiological parameters, the discounted (at 4%) direct and total costs of Alzheimer's disease were $47,581 and $173,932 per case, respectively. The estimated 1991 national direct and total prevalence costs were $20.6 billion and $67.3 billion, respectively. Assuming conservatively that the prevalence of the disease remains constant, the estimated discounted present values of the direct and total costs of all current and future generations of Alzheimer's patients are $536 billion and $1.75 trillion, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The $536 billion and $1.75 trillion figures are minimum estimates of the long-term dollar losses to the US economy in 1991 caused by Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005251:Fees, Medical; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D026712:Value of Life