title: Is living near a coking works harmful to health? A study of industrial air pollution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there was excess ill health in people living near a coking works, and if so whether it was related to exposure to coking works' emissions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Populations varying in proximity to the coking works were compared with control populations. Health data were correlated with available environmental data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of routinely collected mortality, cancer registration, and birth statistics; community survey using self completed postal questionnaires; retrospective analysis of general practice (GP) records; tests of respiratory function; and analysis of available environmental data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study and control populations were comparable in terms of response rates, gender, and most socioeconomic indicators. For adults, age standardised mortality and cancer rates of the population closest to the coking works were comparable with those for the district as a whole. Gender ratios, birthweight, and stillbirth rates were comparable in the study and control populations. For several indicators of respiratory health including cough, sinus trouble, glue ear, and wheeze (but not for asthma and chronic bronchitis) there was a gradient of self reported ill health, with the highest prevalence in areas closest to the works. For example, sinus trouble was reported by 20% of adults and 13% of children in the area closest to the works compared with 13% and 6% respectively in the control area. GP consultations for respiratory disorders increased when pollution (measured by SO2 levels) was high: annual consultation rates per 1000 varied from 752 in the top group of daily pollution levels to 424 in the bottom group. Analysis of locally collected smoke and SO2 data indicated that SO2 concentrations were highest closest to the works and, after closure of the coking works, the number of days on which SO2 and smoke levels exceeded 100 micrograms/m3 and 90 micrograms/m3, respectively, fell steeply.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routinely available indicators failed to provide convincing evidence that the coking works had harmed health. Self report and GP consultations indicated that respiratory ill health in the people living close to the works was worse than expected. Some of the excess probably resulted from exposure to coking works emissions. The health effects of relatively low level but intermittently high air pollution from a point source may be subtle, contributing to respiratory morbidity, but not apparent in analysis of routine health indicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Medical School, School of Health Care Sciences, Newcastle.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhopal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phillimore
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moffatt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003077:Coke; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012906:Smoke; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003077:Coke; D012906:Smoke; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide