title: Should protracted withdrawal from drugs be included in DSM-IV?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors reviewed both clinical data and selected laboratory research related to withdrawal from alcohol, opiates, and stimulants in order to draw a conclusion about whether the phenomenon of protracted withdrawal exists and should be included in DSM-IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were located through computerized searches and reference sections of published articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms extending beyond the period of acute withdrawal in alcohol and opiate dependence have been fairly consistently described; this is not the case with cocaine. Nevertheless, protracted alcohol and opiate withdrawal has not been conclusively demonstrated because of the failure of studies to do multiple time point sampling, to use standardized instruments and control groups, and to re-administer the substance in an attempt to suppress withdrawal symptoms. Further, the concept of protracted withdrawal itself is ambiguously defined. This confounds interpretation of the literature and precludes derivation of a unified concept of the term, which would be necessary for adding the diagnosis to DSM-IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient documentation to justify inclusion of protracted withdrawal in DSM-IV because of methodologic limitations of the studies and lack of consensus definition of the term itself. An outline for conceptualizing protracted withdrawal is offered in which the symptoms can be seen as: 1) a global post-use syndrome, 2) attenuated physiologic rebound, 3) toxic residuals, 4) expression of preexisting symptoms unmasked by cessation of use. Future efforts to identify signs and symptoms of protracted withdrawal should carefully define the parameters of the syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Satel
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D009294:Narcotics; D000431:Ethanol