title: A sustained outbreak of Clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the endemicity and epidemiology of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated, 465-bed tertiary care teaching hospital with adjacent cancer clinic in Hamilton, Ontario.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 8, 1991, through August 31, 1993, a total of 187 cases were investigated for epidemiologic analysis of toxigenic C difficile from stool cultures, to identify the endemic clone(s). To assess the nature of contamination, cultures of inanimate surfaces in the patient environment from the four most affected units (medical teaching, nonteaching medical, hematologic oncology, and the intensive care unit) were processed for C difficile. The 229 clinical strains and 24 environmental strains isolated were typed by numerical analysis of SDS-PAGE protein patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority (81%) of cases in the epidemiologic analysis were associated with a toxigenic electrophoretic (EP) type 1 C difficile that was identical to the strain first isolated from an index case that occurred 18 months before the start of this study. Culture and typing of the C difficile strains from the inanimate surfaces in the four most affected units showed that the patient environment was contaminated with the toxigenic EP type 1 organism. Six other strains that occurred infrequently among cases also were found in the environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single predominant toxigenic clone has been implicated in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea that affected elderly patients. The "endemic" clone transmitted for the 25-month study period was linked to an index case shedding a toxigenic EP type 1 strain that occurred 21 months prior to the initial outbreak on the medical teaching unit. The patient environment in the affected units was found to be contaminated with the same clone, possibly due to shedding of organisms by fecally incontinent symptomatic patients. The extrinsic factors contributing to the endemic transmission of this one clone still are not well understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Henderson General Hospital Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Thornley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kucera
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: On
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costas
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002999:Clone Cells; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006745:Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology