title: Prospective study of psychological development of adolescent female athletes: initial assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at assessing the impact of physical training on psychological functioning at the onset of a prospective study of psychological and somatic maturation of adolescent female athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven highly trained gymnasts aged 12.7 +/- 1.1 year (mean +/- SD, training load = 18-26 hr/week) and 16 age-matched but moderately trained swimmers (13.0 +/- 0.9 yr, training load 4-15 hr/wk) were submitted to standardized somatic and psychiatric examinations during training camps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gymnasts were significantly shorter, lighter and thinner (p < 0.001) than swimmers. Their bone age was moderately but significantly retarded (-1.42 +/- 0.99 yr, p < 0.001) in contrast with swimmers in whom it was adequate for chronological age (+0.28 +/- 0.94 year, ns). Only 7.4% of gymnasts had already had menarche in contrast with 50% of age-matched swimmers (p = 0.003). Psychological functioning was considered as normal in all subjects. However, seven athletes including 3/27 gymnasts and 4/16 swimmers (p = 0.394) were considered as subjects "at risk" to develop a manifest mental disorder over time. Ten gymnasts (41.7%) presented with a global delay in psychological maturation, whereas no such case was observed among swimmers (p = 0.015). No correlation could be established between psychological delay and pubertal retardation (p = 0.210).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strenuous training in gymnastics for more than 1 yr has so far no detectable interference with the normal maturational events of adolescence. The outcome of athletes at risk to develop psychopathology as well as those with a global delay in psychological maturation who presented as if they were still in the latency period, remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Theintz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ladame
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kehrer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plichta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Howald
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sizonenko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008572:Menarche; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*