title: Persistence of ventricular arrhythmia after resolution of occult myocarditis in children and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine whether resolution of occult myocarditis in children with associated ventricular arrhythmia correlated with the presence of arrhythmia at late follow-up.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Complex ventricular arrhythmias have been documented in children with myocarditis. Therapy is aimed at controlling the arrhythmia and any associated ventricular dysfunction. However, no reported studies have documented whether resolution of myocarditis in children is associated with resolution of the associated arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 12 patients (mean age 12 years) with myocarditis. Ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitors were reviewed for ventricular arrhythmias at presentation and follow-up. Patients were assigned to Group I if they received corticosteroids in addition to any antiarrhythmic agents and to Group II if they did not receive steroids. Follow-up endomyocardial biopsy was performed in some patients, and results were analyzed in relation to the presence of arrhythmias at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients had ventricular tachycardia, and one had multiform couplets. Corticosteroids were given to seven patients (Group I). Follow-up biopsy was performed in seven patients (six received steroids), with resolution of inflammation in all; four of the seven still had ventricular arrhythmias but with improved control. Of the five patients without follow-up biopsy, three had persistent arrhythmia. Absence of inflammation at follow-up biopsy did not correlate with loss of ventricular arrhythmias, and there was no difference between Group I and II patients with respect to resolution of arrhythmia (Fisher exact test, p = 0.70, power 11%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex ventricular arrhythmias persist after apparent resolution of occult myocarditis in children. Although these arrhythmias are easier to control after such resolution, the patients may require long-term antiarrhythmic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moak
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fenrich
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents