title: Development of visual acuity in relation to plasma and erythrocyte omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in healthy term gestation infants.
abstract: The development of preferential looking acuity was studied prospectively to 3 mo of age in exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed term gestation infants. The formula contained (% of total fatty acids) 17.9% linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) and 2.1% alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3) but no docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3) or arachidonic acid (20:4 omega-6). The breast milk contained (mean +/- SEM) 13.4 +/- 0.8% 18:2 omega-6, 1.5 +/- 0.1% 18:3 omega-3, 0.51 +/- 0.03% 20:4 omega-6, and 0.22 +/- 0.02% 22:6 omega-3. Preferential looking acuity, assessed by the acuity-card procedure, and plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acids were determined at 14 d and 3 mo of age. There were no significant differences in acuity at 14 d or 3 mo, despite substantial differences in erythrocyte and plasma lipid 22:6 omega-3. Visual acuity was [mean (cycles/degree) +/- SD (octaves)] 3.93 +/- 0.54 and 4.77 +/- 0.48 and erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine %22:6 omega-3 was (mean +/- SE) 7.6 +/- 0.5 and 4.0 +/- 0.2 in the 3-mo-old breast-fed and formula-fed infants, respectively. These studies show that feeding formula containing 2.1% 18:3 omega-3 (approximately 1.0% energy) results in development of visual acuity similar to breast-feeding in term infants to > or = 3 mo of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rioux
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated