title: Impact of patient incompetence on decisions to use or withhold life-sustaining treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship of patient incompetence to decisions to withhold life-sustaining treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cohort study consisted of 311 inpatients with end-stage congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily assessments were used to classify patients as incompetent if they had depressed consciousness, major psychiatric disease, or cognitive impairment throughout their hospital stay. Treatment decisions were assessed by observation and medical record review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight (15%) patients were incompetent: 33 had depressed consciousness, 11 failed cognitive screens, and 4 had major psychoses. Incompetent patients were more severely ill (APACHE II score 14.9 versus 12.6, P < or = 0.05) and more commonly had cancer (73% versus 44%, P < or = 0.05). Decisions were made to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 71% of incompetent patients, but for only 21% of competent patients (P < or = 0.001). Decisions to withhold other treatments were also more common for incompetent patients (42% versus 16%, P < or = 0.001). After controlling for differences in severity of illness, diagnosis, race, and insurance status, patient incompetence remained strongly associated with a decision to withhold CPR (odds ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 8.9) and with decisions to withhold other treatments (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 5.3). Decisions for incompetent patients were made by physicians with family surrogates 79% of the time. No decision was based on a written advanced directive. Patient preference was the rationale for 41% of decisions to withhold CPR from incompetent patients. Major conflict occurred in only 1% of all cases where a decision was made to withhold treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current legal and ethical debate, incompetent patients are far more likely than competent patients to have life-sustaining treatment withheld. Most decisions are made by a consensus of physicians and family surrogates, and major conflicts rarely occur.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutran
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003657:Decision Making; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D009657:North Carolina; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D028761:Withholding Treatment