title: Autocrine transforming growth factor-beta 1 and beta 2 expression is increased by cell crowding and quiescence in colon carcinoma cells.
abstract: Although a great deal is known about the cellular effects of exogenous transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) treatment and the effects of various exogenous agents (including TGF-beta's themselves) on TGF-beta expression, studies of cellular controls for autocrine TGF-beta expression and function have been rare. Since exogenous TGF-beta treatment blocks progression through the cell cycle, it seemed likely that autocrine TGF-beta activity would be induced by growth states in which there was little or no cell division such as confluency or quiescence. Specific TGF-beta 1 or beta 2 neutralizing antibody treatment of a colon carcinoma cell line designated CBS showed that autocrine TGF-beta activity could be demonstrated in quiescent cells but not in preconfluent cells. Studies of kinetics of TGF-beta 1 and beta 2 mRNA levels during the establishment of quiescence revealed a significant increase of both isoforms in quiescent cells. The quiescent cells also secreted three- to fourfold and four-to fivefold higher levels of total (latent plus active) TGF-beta 1 and beta 2 protein in the conditioned media than the confluent cells and preconfluent cells, respectively. There was no detectable active form of either TGF-beta isoform in the conditioned media of preconfluent cells, whereas a significant amount of active TGF-beta 1 and beta 2 was detected in the conditioned media of quiescent cells. Quantitative RNase protection assays were developed to compare the effects of cell crowding vs quiescence on TGF-beta expression. TGF-beta 1 was primarily induced by quiescence. TGF-beta 2 was induced by both quiescence and cell crowding. Increased TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels appeared to be exclusively due to an increase in stability, while increased TGF-beta 2 mRNA levels were due to increased transcription. This growth state-related induction of TGF-beta's was also observed in two other colon carcinoma cell lines. These studies show that TGF-beta 1 and beta 2 are autocrine-negative factors which can be situationally expressed by cells as a function of their growth state. Autocrine expression of the TGF-beta's in this model system appears not to affect exponentially growing cells, but rather to function by maintaining a quiescent state and/or by blocking progression through the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Brattain
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta