title: Metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide, and N-methylformamide in the rat.
abstract: The metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and two of its metabolites, N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (HMMF) and N-methylformamide (NMF) were evaluated over a 4-day period in rats. DMF toxicity was dose dependent and delayed toxicity after the administration of a high DMF dose (13.7 mmol/kg) in comparison to a lower dose (4.1 mmol/kg) was observed. Treatment of rats with 13.7 mmol/kg DMF, HMMF, or NMF showed i) that DMF is more toxic than HMMF or NMF, and ii) that hepatotoxicity occurs later for DMF than for HMMF or NMF. Analysis of serum and urine samples demonstrated that DMF is first metabolized to HMMF, which is then partially converted to NMF. After HMMF administration, NMF was found both in serum and in urine. The time course of DMF and HMMF toxicity in relation to NMF formation fitted the hypothesis that the hepatotoxicity of DMF and HMMF is mediated via NMF. The degree of hepatotoxicity after HMMF and NMF treatment is similar. However, the degree of DMF hepatotoxicity is much higher than in the case of NMF or HMMF. The role of NMF as an obligatory intermediate in DMF and HMMF hepatotoxicity is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, University of Ghent Medical School, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van den Bulcke
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rosseel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wijnants
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buylaert
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Belpaire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005559:Formamides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005559:Formamides; C042331:N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; C002950:methylformamide