title: Helicobacter pylori: the missing link in perspective.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori, an organism responsible for a common human infection, may act as a cofactor to produce gastrointestinal disease in a significant minority. The exact mechanisms of transmission are still unclear, but likely involve direct person-to-person spread and fecal-oral or waterborne/environmental transmission. Infection is a necessary condition for the development of duodenal ulcers and chronic nonspecific gastritis. It also likely contributes to the development of gastric ulcers, and the intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, but further studies are needed to confirm these hypotheses. Multiple effective treatment regimens currently exists. We recommend using bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline as the initial regimen of choice. Unfortunately, the relative importance of bacterial virulence factors is still unclear when compared with host susceptibility factors, and much knowledge needs to be gained about pathogenesis before vaccine development can proceed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans