title: Polyoma-induced neoplasms of the mouse adrenal medulla. Characterization of the tumors and establishment of cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pheochromocytomas that are usually noradrenergic arise commonly in the adult rat adrenal medulla. The widely studied PC12 cell line, that is representative of these rat adrenal tumors, is also noradrenergic. The reasons for the absence of epinephrine production by most rat pheochromocytoma cells are unknown, and there are currently no adrenergic adrenal medullary cell lines. Pheochromocytomas are rare in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumors induced by polyoma virus in the adrenal medullas of postnatal mice were studied immunocytochemically for catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in order to determine how their profiles of catecholamine production compared with those of rat pheochromocytomas. Clonal cell lines were established from a representative tumor and were evaluated for responsiveness to agents known to affect the development and function of normal and neoplastic rat chromaffin cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although adrenal medullary cells from normal rodents produce epinephrine before birth, polyoma-induced mouse adrenal tumor cells are immature or poorly differentiated. They synthesize norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, which during normal development is produced later than norepinephrine. They also produce relatively large quantities of dihydroxyphenylalanine, suggesting an abnormality of catecholamine biosynthesis such that tyrosine hydroxylase is not rate-limiting. Secretory granules are sparse, as demonstrated by electron microscopy or by staining for chromogranin A, and catecholamine stores are low. Further, the tumor cells appear to be phenotypically unstable, as judged from heterogeneous staining for tyrosine hydroxylase even in early passage, twice-cloned cell lines. Tumor cell morphology and catecholamine profiles appear to be unaffected or minimally affected by nerve growth factor, forskolin or dexamethasone, which are known to affect normal or neoplastic rat chromaffin cells. However, tumors formed after subcutaneous injection of cell lines into mice show up to a 10-fold increase in catecholamine stores, suggesting that the cells are subject to some forms of regulation. The cloned cell lines do not produce detectable polyoma virus, but express all three viral T antigens, including a characteristic, truncated form of large T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the process of neoplastic transformation and/or the presence of polyoma virus T antigens results in suppression of the adrenergic phenotype in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. T antigens might therefore be useful as tools for studying mechanisms that regulate the differentiation and maturation of chromaffin cells in normal and neoplastic states. Furthermore, although polyoma virus cannot be readily used to produce adrenergic cell lines from the mouse adrenal medulla, the lines that are produced might substitute for PC12 cells in some types of studies that require a mouse model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tischler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alroy
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Riseberg
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D002838:Chromaffin System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000032:analysis; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011120:Polyomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D002395:Catecholamines; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine