title: Influence of carbon dioxide gas perfusion to thermal distribution of sapphire probe. A comparative study with saline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous study confirmed that the direct laser-thermal conduction of the sapphire probe with carbon dioxide gas perfusion increased the width of the laser-recanalized channel. This caused us to further investigate the thermal distribution characteristics of the sapphire probe when lasing with CO2 gas perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surface temperature of a sapphire probe in a circulation model using 37 degrees C flowing whole blood was measured. Two hundred and sixteen measurements were obtained by directly contacting a flexible thermocouple wire onto the sapphire probe at different sites: 1) metal connector; 2) lateral side of the sapphire crystal; 3) top of the sapphire crystal; and 4) 3 mm in front of the sapphire probe. During lasing with a neodymium-yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) laser, the CO2 gas or saline was infused through the sapphire probe at different flow rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral side of the sapphire crystal was heated up to 75 degrees C when lasing without any perfusion, but up to 220 degrees C when lasing with CO2 gas perfusion. At all four sites, the mean temperature increases were statistically higher (P < .01) with CO2 gas than with saline perfusion. The mean peak temperatures increased with increasing flows of CO2 gas perfusion and decreased with increasing flows of saline perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thermal conduction from the sapphire probe can be significantly enhanced by increasing flows of CO2 gas perfusion. This may play an important role in creating a greater diameter of the recanalized channel and in better delaying the formation of restenosis or re-occlusion after laser recanalization of atheromatous arteries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soimakallio
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D016342:Angioplasty, Laser; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000601:surgery; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008961:Models, Structural; D010477:Perfusion; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000537:Aluminum Oxide