title: Care of dying patients in hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the process of care of dying patients in general hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-participant observer (MM) carried out regular periods of continuous comprehensive observation in wards where there were dying patients, recording the quantity and quality of care given. Observations were made in 1983.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 wards (six surgical, six medical, and one specialist unit) in four large teaching hospitals (bed capacity 504-796) in west of Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 dying patients (29 female, 21 male) with mean age of 66 (range 40-89); 29 were dying from cancer and 21 from non-malignant disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Final period of hospitalisation ranged from 6 hours to 24 weeks. More than half of all patients retained consciousness until shortly before death. Basic interventions to maintain patients' comfort were often not provided: oral hygiene was often poor, thirst remained unquenched, and little assistance was given to encourage eating. Contact between nurses and the dying patients was minimal; distancing and isolation of patients by most medical and nursing staff were evident; this isolation increased as death approached.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care of many of the dying patients observed in these hospitals was poor. We need to identify and implement practical steps to facilitate high quality care of the dying. Much can be learned from the hospice movement, but such knowledge and skills must be replicated in all settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Macrae
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003253:Consultants; D005260:Female; D006694:Holistic Health; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012606:Scotland; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*