title: A molecularly defined cardiorespiratory interneuron expressing SDPFLRFamide/GDPFLRFamide in the snail Lymnaea: monosynaptic connections and pharmacology.
abstract: 1. Neuron-specific expression of alternately spliced exons of the gene encoding the Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) family of neuropeptides and the role of encoded peptides in synaptic transmission were examined in an identified cardiorespiratory interneuron, the visceral white interneuron (VWI), in the snail Lymnaea. 2. In situ hybridization using exon-specific probes showed VWI cytoplasmic expression of the exon encoding the Lymnaea heptapeptides Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (GDPFLRF amide) Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (SDPFLRF amide) but not the exon encoding the tetrapeptides FMRFamide and Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FLRFamide). 3. The absence of the tetrapeptides (FMRFamide and FLRFamide) in the VWI was indirectly confirmed by the lack of immunoreactivity to a specific antibody raised against the sequence Leu-Tyr. This sequence is present in the Lymnaea tetrapeptide precursor, but not the heptapeptide precursor. 4. The VWI has monosynaptic connections with many identifiable neurons in the CNS. These were excitatory on three clusters of identified neurons [B group (Bgp), E group (Egp), and F group (Fgp)], inhibitory on another cluster [A group (Agp)] or biphasic (excitation followed by inhibition) on a single giant neuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. 5. The role of GDPFLRFamide/SDPFLRFamide as putative neurotransmitters was examined by comparing neuronally evoked postsynaptic responses with the effects of focal peptide application. 6. The heptapeptides closely mimicked the inhibitory responses (threshold pressure pipette concentration 10(-9) M) on the Agp cells and RPeD1, including an increase in membrane conductance. FMRFamide was 1 order of magnitude less potent. GDPFLRFamide/SDPFLRFamide, applied either alone or in "cocktails" (combinations of GDPFLRFamide, SDPFLRFamide, FMRFamide, and FLRFamide), did not reproduce the excitatory effect of the VWI on the Bgp, Egp, and Fgp cells. These peptides, applied either together or separately, inhibited the cells. 7. FMRFamide or FLRFamide, but not GDPFLRFamide or SDPFLRFamide, could reproduce the initial depolarizing component of the biphasic response on RPeD1. This only occurred at concentrations of > or = 10(-4) M (10(-3) M was necessary to get spikes on RPeD1) and may not be physiologically significant. 8. We conclude that at least one so far unidentified co-transmitter must be present in the VWI to account for its full range of synaptic responses.
authors.affiliation: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Skingsley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Minnen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brierley
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D019835:FMRFamide; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology*; D008195:Lymnaea; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014781:Viscera / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; C067840:GDPFLRFamide; C067845:SDPFLRFamide; D019835:FMRFamide