title: Skull of a 5,300-year-old mummy: reproduction and investigation with CT-guided stereolithography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In September 1991, a mummified corpse was discovered soon after it was released by the receding ice of the Similaun glacier in the Tyrolean Alps. This body proved to be an astonishingly well-preserved man from the late Neolithic Age or early Bronze Age. To preserve the fragile mummy, scientific investigations were required to be as noninvasive and nondestructive as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A radiologic investigation that included conventional radiography, digital radiography, and whole-body computed tomography (CT) was performed from the CT data, the skull was duplicated by means of stereolithography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The copy of the prehistoric skull was validated by means of comparison of measurements obtained from the original CT images and from external physical measurements of the intact head of the mummy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CT images, radiologic findings, and duplicated skull are expected to provide anthropologists and other interested scientists relatively accurate information without the need to handle the mummy, to expose it to the considerable risks of repeated partial thawing, or to perform invasive exploratory studies such as autopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: zur Nedden
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wicke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Judmaier
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seidler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Platzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001317:Austria; D002508:Cephalometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005615:Freezing; D049690:History, Ancient; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009106:Mummies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed