title: Photogrammetric accuracy measurements of head holder systems used for fractionated radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe how stereo photogrammetry can be used to determine immobilization and repositioning accuracies of head holder systems used for fractionated radiotherapy of intracranial lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apparatus consists of two video cameras controlled by a personal computer and a bite block based landmark system. Position and spatial orientation of the landmarks are monitored by the cameras and processed for the real-time calculation of a target point's actual position relative to its initializing position. The target's position is assumed to be invariant with respect to the landmark system. We performed two series of 30 correlated head motion measurements on two test persons. One of the series was done with a thermoplastic device, the other one with a cast device developed for stereotactic treatment at the German Cancer Research Center. Immobilization and repositioning accuracies were determined with respect to a target point situated near the base of the skull. The repositioning accuracies were described in terms of the distributions of the mean displacements of the single motion measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movements of the target in the order of 0.05 mm caused by breathing could be detected with a maximum resolution in time of 12 ms. The data derived from the investigation of the two test persons indicated similar immobilization accuracies for the two devices, but the repositioning errors were larger for the thermoplastic device than for the cast device. Apart from this, we found that for the thermoplastic mask the lateral repositioning error depended on the order in which the mask was closed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photogrammetric apparatus is a versatile tool for accuracy measurements of head holder devices used for fractionated radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologie, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pastyr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008397:Masks; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*