title: Central nervous system effects of intrathecal muscle relaxants in rats.
abstract: When given for a sufficient time and dose intravenously, neuromuscular blocking drugs eventually can enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To study the potential pharmacologic consequences of neuromuscular blocking drugs in the CSF, a model was developed in the rat by using an intrathecal infusion of these drugs. A cannula was stereotaxically implanted in a lateral cerebral ventricle of anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g). Several days later, the effects of an intraventricular infusion (5 microL/min) of atracurium (0.804 mumol/mL), pancuronium (0.172 mumol/mL), and vecuronium (21.978 mumol/mL) were studied in unanesthetized rats. These rats (n = 6 in each group) exhibited dose-dependent hyperexcitability, during drug infusion, with seizures occurring at threshold doses of (mean), 0.12, 0.26, and 0.065 +/- 0.010 and 3.32 mumol/kg of atracurium, pancuronium, and vecuronium, respectively. The neuromuscular ED50 (intravenous dose required to produce a 50% depression of twitch tension) in rats determined by other investigators are 0.408, 0.115, and 0.352 mumol/kg for atracurium, pancuronium, and vecuronium, respectively. Therefore, seizure threshold doses were not related to the potencies of these drugs as neuromuscular blocking drugs. Based on these data, central nervous system effects were studied over the subseizure dose range approximating 1/100, 1/10, and 1/5 of the cumulative dose causing seizures for each drug (n = 5 for each dose). At 1/100 of seizure dose, decreased locomotor activity and piloerection occurred. At 1/10 to 1/5 of seizure dose, agitation, shivering, splayed limbs, and whole body shaking resulted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szenohradszky
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Trevor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bickler
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Rampil
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001279:Atracurium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; D010197:Pancuronium