title: Methods for measurement of energy expenditure and substrate concentrations in swimming rats.
abstract: A measuring system is described for the determination of oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) in swimming rats. Vo2 and Vco2 were measured by means of an O2-analyzer (Ametek S3A) and a mass spectrometer (Balzers QMG 511), respectively, combined with a gas flow meter. The measurements were made in a 5-1 metabolic chamber on top of a swimming pool in which a water flow of 0.22 m/s was maintained. The rats were fitted with an indwelling catheter with its tip at the entrance of the right atrium for the repeated determination of energy substrate and hormone concentrations, before, during, and after swimming. The inaccuracy of the Vo2 and Vco2 measurements was 0.18% and 0.31% of the reading, respectively; the imprecision was 2.15% and 2.59%. This high accuracy and precision of the system was attained by measuring room air for 20 s after each 100 s of measuring air from the metabolic chamber, and by using demineralized water in the swimming pool. Vo2 during steady-state swimming was 1.89 +/- 0.06 mmol/kg.min (ca. 60% Vo2max), indicating moderate exercise. Respiratory quotient (RQ), during steady-state exercise, was 0.80 +/- 0.01. Vo2 and RQ resulted in rates for carbohydrate and fat utilization of 15.6 +/- 0.8 and 15.1 +/- 0.7 mg/kg.min, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benthem
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bolhuis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Leest
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D007773:Lactates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine