title: Brain edema formation after brain injury, shock, and resuscitation: effects of venous and arterial pressure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent work suggests that increased intracranial pressure (ICP) following brain injury and shock is related to increased central venous pressure (CVP) following resuscitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the relationship of intravascular pressures to edema formation and ICP in an experimental model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a porcine model of cryogenic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock, we studied CVP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), ICP, and cortical water content (CWC, as cortical specific gravity) at baseline (BL), 45 minutes after shock (H45), and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours (H) after resuscitation. Group 1 was the control group, group 2 brain injury only, group 3 shock only, and group 4 brain injury and shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain injury significantly increased ICP and CWC. Mean arterial pressure significantly correlated with ICP (r = 0.54, p = 0.02) and with CWC (r = -0.48, p = 0.03) in group 4 at 24H but not in the other groups at any time period. There was no significant correlation between CVP and ICP or CWC in any group at any time interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that brain edema formation in the injured hemisphere is related to MAP and not CVP, but variability in MAP accounts for only 29% of the variability in CWC and ICP, suggesting the importance of factors other than hydrostatic pressure in determining the amount of edema and the ICP after brain injury. Previous work demonstrating the significant correlation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration with ICP (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) and with CWC (r = -0.63, p < 0.001) suggests that inflammation may be one of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Trevisani
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shackford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schmoker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine