title: Phase I evaluation of a water-soluble etoposide prodrug, etoposide phosphate, given as a 5-minute infusion on days 1, 3, and 5 in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the toxicities, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacology of etoposide phosphate, a water-soluble etoposide derivative, administered as a 5-minute intravenous infusion on a schedule of days 1, 3, and 5 repeated every 21 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six solid tumor patients with a mean age of 63 years, performance status of 0 to 1, WBC count > or = 4,000/microL, and platelet count > or = 100,000/microL, with normal hepatic and renal function were studied. Doses evaluated in etoposide equivalents were 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/m2/d. Etoposide in plasma and urine and etoposide phosphate in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eleven of 36 patients were treated with concentrated etoposide phosphate at 150 mg/m2/d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grade I/II nausea, vomiting, alopecia, and fatigue were common. Leukopenia (mainly neutropenia) occurred at doses greater than 75 mg/m2, with the nadir occurring between days 15 and 19 posttreatment. All effects were reversible. Hypotension, bronchospasm, and allergic reactions were not observed in the first 25 patients. The MTD due to leukopenia was determined to be between 175 and 200 mg/m2/d. In 11 patients treated with concentrated etoposide phosphate, no local phlebitis was noted, but two patients did develop allergic phenomena. The conversion of etoposide phosphate to etoposide was not saturated in the dosages studied. Etoposide phosphate had peak plasma concentrations at 5 minutes, with a terminal half-life (t1/2) of 7 minutes. Etoposide reached peak concentrations at 7 to 8 minutes, with a t1/2 of 6 to 9 hours. Both etoposide phosphate and etoposide demonstrated dose-related linear increases in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Etoposide phosphate displays excellent patient tolerance in conventional dosages when administered as a 5-minute intravenous bolus. The suggested phase II dose is 150 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5. The ability to administer etoposide phosphate as a concentrated, rapid infusion may prove of value both in the outpatient clinic and in high-dose regimens.
authors.affiliation: Don Monti Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, NY 11030.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Budman
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Igwemezie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lichtman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vinciguerra
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000505:Alopecia / Q000139:chemically induced; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012995:Solubility; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011355:Prodrugs; C061400:etoposide phosphate; D005047:Etoposide