title: [Intrauterine defensive mechanism of amniotic fluid and fetal membranes].
abstract: To determine the intrauterine defensive role of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), we studied the effects of UTI in amniotic fluid, fetal membranes and myometrium. The level of UTI was 94 +/- 34 U/ml in neonatal urine (compared to adult urine 8.0 +/- 6.0 U/ml) and 88 +/- 37 U/ml in amniotic fluid. This may indicate that the main source of UTI in the amniotic fluid is the fetal urine. UTI was found to be concentrated in vernix, fetal intestine, amniotic membranes and uterine myometrium. Immunostaining of term amnion revealed a dark staining for UTI, whereas in premature deliveries UTI staining was markedly decreased. In myometrium, the concentration of UTI was found to be increased during pregnancy compared to non pregnant myometrium. Also, placentas were well stained for UTI in term pregnancy. Thus UTI has an important role in amniotic fluid, fetal membranes, placenta and uterine muscles. UTI has an inhibitory effect on several enzymes and cytokines. UTI was found to inhibit neutrophil elastase activity as well as trypsin activity. Its inhibitory activity was increased in the presence of lipid. LPS stimulated amnion cells trapped more UTI than unstimulated amnion cells. UTI in amnion cells was released after addition of 1% meconium solution. UTI was also found to inhibit the effect of IL-1, TNF and interleukin-8 on amnion. These results indicate that UTI localized in amnion is important in the protection of fetal membrane especially against bacterial infections and cytokines. It is known that endothelin (ET), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and oxytocin can induce uterine contraction. UTI could inhibit uterine contractions stimulated by ET, PGF2 alpha and oxytocin in isometric contraction test. UTI could also inhibit cervical maturation induced by interleukin-8. Therefore UTI is essential for maintenance of pregnancy. From the isometric contraction tests, we assumed that UTI might works through regulation of calcium entry or availability in the cells. Initial increase in intracellular calcium was also inhibited by UTI pre incubation dose dependantly. We examined the change in intracellular calcium at single cell level by digital image analysis with Fura 2AM as a calcium probe. At resting level UTI incubation did not produce any significant changes in intracellular free calcium. Thrombin, LPS, interleukin-8 and ET-1, known calcium agonists could increase intracellular calcium in fibroblasts, amnion and uterine myocytes. Whereas as the same doses of those known calcium agonists could not change the intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations in UTI pre incubated fibroblasts, amnion cells and uterine smooth muscle cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanayama
mesh_terms: D000033:Abortion, Threatened / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D011255:Pregnancy Maintenance / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; C028665:urinastatin; D002118:Calcium