title: Abraham Lincoln and the insanity plea.
abstract: A confederate civilian physician shot and killed a white Union officer who was drilling Negro troops in Norfolk, Virginia. With no question as to guilt, President Abraham Lincoln decided to have a medical expert conduct a professional sanity/insanity examination. Documentation indicates that legal and political factors may have influenced Lincoln's decision. As a lawyer, Lincoln prosecuted a case where the insanity plea was used as a defense. Two influential Cabinet members, William H. Seward and Edwin M. Stanton, also had legal experience involving the insanity plea. Politically, Lincoln faced serious issues such as the draft riots, the military necessity to recruit slaves into the army, the impact of Union Negro soldiers upon the border states, the morale and discipline of the army and the upcoming presidential election. Upon Seward's recommendation, Lincoln chose a physician who had a reputation for finding the accused sane and who did so in this case. As the southern physician was hanged, Lincoln's means achieved the desired legal and political ends.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn 11203.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D005197:Famous Persons; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007298:Insanity Defense / Q000266:history*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000266:history; D008891:Military Science / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014481:United States; D014768:Virginia