title: Magnetization transfer imaging of the head and neck: normative data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine magnetization transfer ratios for normal head and neck structures so that evaluation of disease will be possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional magnetization transfer imaging was performed in 12 healthy volunteers and 20 patients. We used a repetition time of 500, echo time of 12, 20 degrees flip angle, and a magnetization transfer pulse offset from the resonance frequency of water by 2000 Hz (pulse duration 19 milliseconds, waveform area approximately 10 times greater than that of a 90 degree pulse). Magnetization transfer ratios (1 - [intensity after suppression/intensity before suppression]) were calculated for normal structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnetization transfer ratio of facial muscles (0.54) was equivalent to that of tongue muscles (0.54). These values exceeded those of parotid (0.39) and submandibular glands (0.41). Fat (0.07) and cerebrospinal fluid (0.05) had negligible transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetization transfer imaging is a simple and effective means of studying the contribution of macromolecular protons to the MR image. Normal neck structures show a wide range of magnetization transfer rates, maximal for muscle and minimal for cerebrospinal fluid and fat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schnall
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology*