title: Bovine connexin44, a lens gap junction protein: molecular cloning, immunologic characterization, and functional expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify, clone molecularly, characterize immunochemically, and express functionally a bovine lens gap junction protein (connexin).
  
  
  METHODS
  The methods used were polymerase chain reaction, genomic cloning, RNA and DNA blotting, bacterial expression of a fusion protein, immunoblotting, alkaline phosphatase treatment, Xenopus oocyte expression, and voltage clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bovine genomic clone encoding a polypeptide of 44,424 d, termed connexin44 (Cx44), was isolated. Cx44 was most closely related to the lens connexins rat Cx46 and chicken Cx56. The Cx44 DNA hybridized to a 2.5 kb mRNA detected only in lens RNA. The carboxyl terminal 161 amino acids from Cx44 were expressed in bacteria fused to maltose binding protein (MBP). The Cx44/MBP fusion protein reacted in immunoblots with anti-rat Cx46(411 to 416) antibodies and with the monoclonal antibody 5H1, but not with a monoclonal antibody to MP70 nor with antibodies to other connexins. Cx44 translated in vitro from the cloned DNA showed a single band with an apparent electrophoretic mobility of approximately 50 kd on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Multiple bands of 53 to 57 kd were detected by immunoblotting in homogenates of bovine lens; these bands were reduced to a broad band of approximately 50 kd by alkaline phosphatase treatment, suggesting that they represented phosphorylated forms of Cx44. Cx44 RNA injected in single oocytes induced a large and characteristic time- and voltage-dependent current. Overexpression of Cx44 produced depolarization and cell lysis. Junctional currents that could be regulated by transjunctional voltage were induced between paired oocytes injected with Cx44 RNA. Observations in paired oocytes suggested the assembly of hemichannels into junctional channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cx44 is a phosphoprotein component of bovine lens fiber gap junctions. Although it has a relatively distinct sequence, it shares sequence similarity, immunologic cross-reactivity, and electrophysiological properties with rat Cx46. These data suggest that Cx44 is the protein previously identified in several immunohistochemical studies of bovine lens gap junctions that used anti-rat Cx46 antibodies. They also suggest that the formation of intercellular channels by pairing of hemichannels might prevent the cell lysis induced by the opening of unpaired hemichannels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Berthoud
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Atal
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jarillo
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Beyer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017630:Connexins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D003459:Crystallins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004594:Electrophysiology; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017630:Connexins; D003459:Crystallins; D017931:DNA Primers; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins