title: Non-occupational lead exposure and hypertension in northern Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has addressed the issue that low-level blood lead concentration could be associated with an increased risk of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper examines the cross-sectional association between blood lead and hypertension in 630 adult males not employed in activities characterized by specific exposure to lead and living in two Northern Italian cities (Verona and Brescia). The participants, aged 26-69 years, constituted a random sample of the patients in the practice of a general practitioner (Verona) and of regular blood donors (Brescia). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of selected variables (blood lead, blood cadmium, zinc erythroprotoporphyrin, haemoglobin, whole blood viscosity, age, body mass index, smoking habits and alcohol consumption) on the probability of being hypertensive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blood lead concentration (range: 4.3-46.9 micrograms/dl; median: 14.8 micrograms/dl) was very similar in the two samples, whereas the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the Verona sample than in the Brescia sample (20.4% versus 8.3%). Hypertensive subjects showed significantly higher blood lead levels than normotensive ones. In a preliminary (univariate) analysis blood lead levels, body mass index (BMI) and age were each significantly related to the prevalence of hypertension. After adjusting for age and/or BMI, statistical significance of the relationship between blood lead and hypertension was lost.CONCLUSIONS. The present study showed that blood lead is weakly related to hypertension in non-occupationally exposed men. The statistical significance of this association disappeared when age and BMI were used to make adjustments.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Statistica e Ricerca Operativa, Università di Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Micciolo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maranelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead