Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis: analysis of 52 cases.
In a review of 52 cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the upper extremity, the predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, topography of thrombosis, treatment employed, presence of complications, and evolution of the disease were investigated. In all patients, clinical manifestations were confirmed by bilateral phlebography and superior cavography. Thirty-five (67%) of the patients were male; the mean age was 45.4 years. Clinical manifestations were edema in 51 patients (98%), dilated collateral circulation in 37 (71%), and pain in 33 (63%). One patient presented with pulmonary embolism and another with phlegmasia cerulea dolens-like signs in an extremity. The right axillosubclavian segment was involved in 23 patients (44%), the left in 17 (33%), and both left and right segments associated with DVT of the superior vena cava in 11 (21%). One patient had left and right axillosubclavian thrombosis without superior vena cava involvement. The main predisposing factors identified were central venous catheterization in 15 patients (29%) and extrinsic compression, caused mainly by cancer, in 15 (29%). There were three cases of DVT related to effort and three to thoracic outlet syndrome. The majority of patients were treated with systemic heparin therapy followed by oral anticoagulation. During a follow-up of 6 months, nine patients died, one from pulmonary embolism; 21 patients (40%) were symptom-free, 11 (21%) had minimal edema, and seven (13%) had symptomless edema. Four patients (8%) were lost to follow-up. The overall incidence of pulmonary embolism was 4%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Burihan
E
E
Departamento de Cirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
de Figueiredo
L F
LF
Francisco Júnior
J
J
Miranda Júnior
F
F
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery
D006493:Heparin