title: Optimized vertical stereo base radiographic setup for the clinical three-dimensional reconstruction of the human spine.
abstract: This paper presents a method to determine the stereoradiographic planes and anatomical vertebral landmarks giving the most reliable three-dimensional reconstructions of the thoracic and lumbar spine for clinical studies. The present investigation was limited to stereoradiographic setups with a normal vertical stereo base. Possible X-ray tube positions are thus corresponding to angles ranging from 0 (conventional posteroanterior radiograph) up to 30 degrees (dimension of the X-ray room). An X-ray phantom was used as a specimen from which three-dimensional reconstructions with the direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm were obtained. Visibility of landmarks located on pedicles, end-plates, transverse and spinous processes was evaluated for the whole thoracic and lumbar spine (T1 to L5). Process landmarks were discarded because their poor visibility on radiographs produced inaccurate three-dimensional reconstructions. Considering the size, shape and orientation of vertebrae, an angle of 20 degrees between the posteroanterior horizontal position and the angled position of the X-ray tube gave optimal results. Landmarks located on pedicles and end-plates produced the most reliable three-dimensional reconstructions of the spine. Pedicles were found to be more reliable landmarks than end-plates. Validation of the technique with reconstructed steel beads reveals three-dimensional errors under 1.0 mm. Since vertebral landmarks were more difficult to identify on radiographs than steel beads, reconstruction results were compared with those obtained with a biplanar orthogonal setup. This shows that three-dimensional errors of 8.0 mm may be expected on actual reconstructions of the spine and errors as large as 15.0 mm may be present on poorly visible landmarks.
authors.affiliation: Département de génie mécanique, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal (Québec), Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dansereau
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Labelle
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008961:Models, Structural; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*