title: Electroencephalography improves the prediction of functional outcome in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the value of clinical and electroencephalographic assessment in patients with acute first-ever supratentorial ischemia in predicting functional outcome after 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 55 consecutive patients admitted after a median interval of less than 24 hours, the degree of handicap was dichotomized as moderate (Rankin grade 1, 2, or 3) or severe (Rankin grade 4 or 5). Clinical deficits were categorized according to signs of a lacunar or a cortical syndrome. Without knowledge of clinical data, electroencephalograms (EEGs) were classified according to findings predicting good or poor prognosis. The outcome after 1 year was assessed as good (Rankin grade 3 or less) or poor (Rankin grade 4 or 5 or death from stroke) and was correlated to clinical data and to EEG findings in the acute stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients with a moderate handicap on admission all had a good outcome (predictive value [PV] of the initial handicap, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88 to 1.00). Of the 25 patients with severe handicap on admission a poor outcome occurred in 13 (PV, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.72). If these patients with severe handicap at baseline were subdivided according to clinical features, a lacunar syndrome predicted good outcome in 4 of 5 patients (PV, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.00), but a cortical syndrome predicted poor outcome in only 12 of 20 patients (PV, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.81). Of the 20 patients with severe handicap and a cortical syndrome at baseline, an EEG with features predicting a good prognosis correctly predicted good outcome in 6 of 7 patients (PV, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.00). An EEG with features predicting poor prognosis correctly predicted poor outcome in 11 of 13 patients (PV, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroencephalography improves the prediction of functional outcome in patients with a severe neurological deficit in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia. This may have implications for the design of future intervention trials in acute stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cillessen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Huffelen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kappelle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Gijn
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015996:Survival Rate