title: Biological effectiveness of 67-gallium decay in HL60 cells compared with external low dose rate gamma irradiation: effects on proliferation, G2 arrest, and clonogenic capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimation of the relative biological effectiveness of electron emissions of 67Gallium for cell growth delay and inactivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human myeloid HL60 cells were incubated in vitro with 0.74 MBq/mL, 1.48 MBq/mL, or 2.96 MBq/mL of 67Gallium for 4 days. Proliferation (vital cell counts and colorimetric tetrazolium assay), clonogenic survival, and cell-cycle effects were compared with responses of HL60 cells externally irradiated with 0.78, 10.37, and 13.22 Gy by an external 67Gallium source. Dosimetric calculations were performed by Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 events).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proliferation of cells was equally inhibited after 67Gallium incubation with 1.48 and 2.96 MBq/mL compared with 10.37 and 13.22 Gy external irradiation. Irradiation with 10.37 and 13.22 Gy caused a 81% and 89% reduction of Colony Forming Units, compared with 34%, 66%, and 80% reduction after 67Gallium incubation with 0.74, 1.48, and 2.96 MBq/mL, respectively. Peak values for G2/M accumulation were reached on day 4 for the cells externally irradiated with 10.37 and 13.22 Gy (47.5% and 56.7%) and on day 5 after 67Gallium incubation with 0.74 MBq/mL, 1.48 MBq/mL, and 2.96 MBq/mL (26.7%, 43.4%, and 58.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  67Gallium incubation exerts a significant cytotoxic effect on human HL60 cells, which, on the basis of dosimetric studies, may be mainly ascribed to conversion electrons (80 KeV) and 8 KeV Auger electrons. Low energy (< 1 keV) Auger electrons do not contribute significantly. The relative biological effectiveness of 67Gallium compared with external low dose rate gamma irradiation is about 1.0 for clonogenic survival and approximately 1.8 and 1.5 for proliferation inhibition and G2 arrest, respectively. For in vivo therapy, this might implicate that higher doses of 67Gallium than 131Iodine or 90Yttrium are necessary for the same biological effect.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jonkhoff
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: von Dieren
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Huijgens
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Versteegh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dräger
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: vd Loosdrecht
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Teule
mesh_terms: D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005708:Gallium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D005708:Gallium; C022616:thiazolyl blue