title: Swallowing of lung liquid and amniotic fluid by the ovine fetus under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lungs of the mammalian fetus secrete large volumes of fluid daily. The purpose of this study was to estimate the fraction of the lung liquid that is swallowed as it exits the fetal trachea versus that which enters the amniotic fluid under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 119 to 133 days' gestation the volume of fluid swallowed by the fetus was monitored five times per day for three consecutive 24-hour periods: control, hypoxia, and recovery. The Na+, K+, and Cl- concentrations of the swallowed fluid, lung liquid, and amniotic fluid were measured simultaneously. The fraction of the swallowed fluid that originated from the lungs or amniotic fluid was calculated from 24-hour average compositions and the assumption that the fetus swallowed only amniotic fluid and lung liquid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the control, hypoxia, and recovery periods the fetuses swallowed 264 +/- 43 (SE), 92 +/- 23, and 271 +/- 24 ml/kg of fetal weight per day, respectively. As determined from Cl- concentrations, this swallowed fluid was composed of 17.7% +/- 2.7%, 24.8% +/- 5.8%, and 11.9% +/- 3.4% lung liquid, respectively, with the remainder being amniotic fluid. Throughout the three 24-hour observation periods there was an inverse relationship between the net 24-hour swallowed volume and the fraction of the swallowed fluid that originated from the lungs. Calculations based on Na+ concentrations yielded essentially the same results with slightly more scatter, whereas calculations based on K+ concentrations were unreliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Chloride concentrations provide the best of the three index values for a compositional analysis of fluids swallowed by the fetus. (2) Under normoxic conditions around 18% of swallowed fluid is derived from the fetal lungs. (3) On the basis of published fluid secretion rates for the fetal lung, an average of 50% of the liquid that exits the fetal trachea is swallowed and the rest mixes with the amniotic fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brace
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wlodek
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cock
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D003679:Deglutition; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium