title: X-ray kinematography as a tool for investigations of distal limb movements of the cat.
abstract: X-ray kinematography was used to investigate the kinematics of cat distal forelimb joints during motor behaviour. These joints are not accessible for instrumentation with external markers normally used in conventional motion analysis systems. To trace the movements in space two X-ray systems positioned rectangularly to each other illuminated the forelimb quasi-simultaneously with pulsed X-ray shots (time resolution: 20 ms). A mathematical model was developed for 3-dimensional reconstruction of the object and includes procedures for correction of image distortions, e.g., pincushion distortions and rotation of the image due to interaction of the earth's magnetic field with the electron optics of the image amplifiers. Accuracy of image correction and object reconstruction is +/- 1 pixel, corresponding to +/- 0.5 mm in space which is sufficient for investigation of the kinematics of cat distal forelimb joints. The approach described is of general relevance and useful in kinematic investigations where the structures under study are not directly accessible to external instrumentation with markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boczek-Funcke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Illert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D011859:Radiography