A MADYMO model of near-side human occupants in side impacts.
The protection of automotive occupants against broadside collisions is of current interest due to the implementation of a new Federal standard on side impact. There is controversy as to the validity of the standard, the best criterion to assess injury to the thorax and the type and manner in which padding should be used. Although it has been shown in a series of 17 cadaveric tests that paper honeycomb can reduce thoracic injuries dramatically, there are still concerns regarding the loss of air space between the door and the occupant due to the presence of the padding and regarding the loss of protection for the thorax when there is no engagement of the shoulder with the intruding side structure of the car. This paper describes the development of a three-dimensional rigid body model to simulate cadaveric experiments carried out at Wayne State University. Model parameters were chosen to yield human-like responses at the level of the shoulder, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. The model was then used to study the effect of padding on injury parameters related to the nearside occupant when a relatively thick padding is used (up to 100 mm). It was also used to study the increase in force on the thorax when shoulder engagement is lost. Laboratory tests were conducted with full shoulder engagement but in the field most cars have a low beltline (window sill) which effectively eliminates shoulder contact if the arms are outstretched in a normal driving posture. If a sufficiently soft padding was used, the model did not predict an increase in thoracic force level or any of the injury parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Huang
Y
Y
Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
King
A I
AI
Cavanaugh
J M
JM
D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D001336:Automobiles; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011482:Protective Devices; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012622:Seat Belts; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control