title: Confirmatory tests for drugs in the workplace by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: The Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs require the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the confirmation of presumptive positive urine specimens. This review focuses upon GC-MS methods developed specifically for forensic confirmation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-acid), benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine and phencyclidine in urine for purposes of workplace drug testing. In addition, current laboratory issues pertaining to each drug class are reviewed. Generally, drug assays utilized either liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction methods, derivatization if necessary, and GC-MS detection operating in the selected ion monitoring mode or by full scan acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cone
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000652:urine; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000652:urine; D003042:Cocaine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D005504:Food Analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine; D010622:Phencyclidine