title: Over-the-counter cold medications. A critical review of clinical trials between 1950 and 1991.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether over-the-counter cold medications have been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE database using the key words combined with medications and research and review articles. Articles were retrieved if they were written in English and published between January 1950 and January 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were selected if they described a controlled clinical trial on the treatment of the common cold. Forty-eight percent of 106 articles met the selection criteria, and these were grouped by age into child studies (< 5 years old and < 12 years old) and adolescent (aged 12 years and older)/adult studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each article was scored on 11 criteria to determine scientific validity. Those articles scoring above 70% were included in the final analysis. Two authors independently scored a sample of articles to determine interrater reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very few studies have been performed on children. Of those, two done on preschool children demonstrated no symptom relief, whereas two done on older children showed some benefit. In the adolescent/adult studies, chlorpheniramine maleate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, ipratropium bromide, and atropine methonitrate all improved nasal symptoms. Combination therapy (using an antihistamine-decongestant mix) was shown to relieve a variety of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No good evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of over-the-counter cold medications in preschool children. Further studies are required to clarify the role of these medications in children. Certain single over-the-counter medications and combinations have been shown to reduce cold symptoms in adolescents and adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Medicine, Izaak Walton Killam Children's Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003139:Common Cold / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005100:Expectorants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016239:MEDLINE; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005100:Expectorants; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D013566:Sympathomimetics