title: Cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid-tranquilizer combinations in dogs.
abstract: The cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid-tranquilizer combinations were evaluated in six dogs. The four combinations were administered to each dog in a randomized order. Buprenorphine (BUP; 0.01 mg/kg IV) or oxymorphone (OXY; 0.1 mg/kg IV) was followed in 10.4 +/- 1.3 minutes by midazolam (MID; 0.3 mg/kg IV) or acepromazine (ACE; 0.05 mg/kg IV). Nalbuphine (0.16 mg/kg IV) was administered 94.1 +/- 2.3 minutes after the tranquilizer was given. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased significantly (P < .05) after each combination. MAP was significantly lower with combinations using ACE. Most dogs panted after opioid administration; this was associated with increased minute volume (VM) and decreased tidal volume (VT). After administration of the tranquilizer, mean breathing rate and VM index (VMI) were significantly lower with ACE combinations. There were no significant changes in pH and blood gas variables after BUP-ACE. The other three combinations were associated with significant (P < .05) decreases in pH and increases in PaCO2. Mean PaO2 decreased significantly (P < .05) with OXY combinations but not BUP combinations. Dysrhythmias (atrial or ventricular escape complexes) were seen with each combination. HR increased significantly (P < .05) after nalbuphine in dogs receiving OXY, but not BUP. Dogs receiving OXY became more alert after nalbuphine on six of 12 occasions, whereas dogs receiving BUP became less alert on six of 12 occasions. OXY-ACE provided the most chemical restraint/sedation and BUP-MID provided the least.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061-0442.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010111:Oxymorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine; D000075:Acepromazine; D010111:Oxymorphone; D009266:Nalbuphine; D008874:Midazolam