title: Determination of gene dosage by a quantitative adaptation of the polymerase chain reaction (gd-PCR): rapid detection of deletions and duplications of gene sequences.
abstract: Screening methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, single-stranded conformational polymorphism, and heteroduplex analysis, are powerful tools for the detection of point mutations as well as small deletions and insertions, but are unable to detect heterozygous deletions or duplications of exons, genes, or chromosomes. We now report a PCR-based approach, designated gene dosage-PCR (gd-PCR), that allows rapid screening for heterozygous deletions and duplications of genes or exons. Gene dosage-PCR is a quantitative method in which two in vitro synthesized DNA internal standards are coamplified with the genomic DNA sample, one corresponding to the gene of interest (test sequence) and the other to a reference (disomic) gene (reference sequence). Both internal standards are designed to be amplified with the same primer pairs and with efficiencies similar to those of their genomic DNA counterparts, yielding PCR products slightly smaller than those derived from genomic DNA. Amplification of approximately equimolar amounts of the two internal standards and genomic DNA, in the presence of [32P]dCTP, results in four radiolabeled PCR products; after electrophoresis and quantification of the products, gene dosage is easily calculated. For validation, genomic DNA from 56 subjects, 28 with cytogenetically documented Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and 28 controls that were disomic for chromosome 21, was assayed. Using the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene (APP: chromosome 21q21) as the test sequence, control subjects had an adjusted mean gene dose of 2.00 +/- 0.29, while subjects with Down syndrome had a mean gene dose of 3.05 +/- 0.27.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Celi
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wertheimer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000473:pathology; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D017931:DNA Primers; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D017931:DNA Primers