title: Noninvasive assessment of the direct action of oral nifedipine and nicardipine on left ventricular contractile state in patients with systemic hypertension: importance of reflex sympathetic responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to noninvasively assess the direct action of calcium channel blockers on left ventricular contractility in humans and to establish a framework for determining the importance of reflex sympathetic responses to any pharmacologic intervention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Assessment of left ventricular contractility in patients taking calcium channel blockers by using traditional indexes of systolic performance is difficult because of the after-load-reducing and reflex sympathetic effects of the drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen hypertensive patients (mean blood pressure 127 +/- 15 mm Hg) were studied with Doppler echocardiography and calibrated subclavian pulse tracings while receiving placebo and 1 week after randomization to treatment with oral nifedipine (20 mg three times daily; n = 7) or nicardipine (30 mg three times daily; n = 8). Left ventricular circumferential end-systolic wall stress versus rate-corrected velocity of shortening (Vcfc) relations were generated over a range of loads using nitroprusside. Data were acquired before and during esmolol infusion, thereby allowing assessment of hemodynamic responses with the sympathetic nervous system functionally intact as well as ablated. The adequacy of sympathetic blockade was confirmed with isoproterenol challenges. In each case, left ventricular contractile state was measured relative to placebo and esmolol data as delta Vcfc at a common end-systolic wall stress. Increased and decreased contractility were defined as delta Vcfc > 0 and delta Vcfc < 0, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nifedipine and nicardipine equally decreased blood pressure and end-systolic wall stress and increased left ventricular percent fractional shortening and stroke volume. Neither drug alone consistently altered ventricular contractility compared with placebo. Ablation of reflex sympathetic tone with esmolol unmasked a negative inotropic effect for nifedipine (p = 0.03 vs. esmolol alone) but not nicardipine (p = 0.68 vs. esmolol alone). The difference between the contractility effects of nifedipine plus esmolol versus those of nicardipine plus esmolol approached statistical significance (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Totally noninvasive techniques showed a differential effect on left ventricular contractility between nifedipine and nicardipine when alterations in afterload and reflex sympathetic responses were eliminated as confounding variables. This diagnostic approach, based on the use of pharmacologic probes, should have wide applicability for assessing the direct inotropic effect of any agent, even in the presence of complex primary and secondary physiologic modes of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Illinois.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Borow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ehler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valentine-Bates
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friday
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; D009529:Nicardipine; D009543:Nifedipine; C036604:esmolol