title: Influence of progressive tumor growth on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle and kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of progressive malignant growth on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle and in kidney were investigated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Fast-growing tumors consume considerable quantities of glutamine and lead to a decrease in circulating glutamine concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed at various stages of tumor growth in rats implanted subcutaneously with the non-metastasizing methylcholanthrene-induced (MCA) fibrosarcoma and in pair-fed non tumor-bearing controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor growth stimulated a twofold increase in hindquarter (muscle) glutamine release, which was not due to an increase in blood flow, but rather to a doubling in the fractional release rate. Consequently, a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine concentrations was observed over time. Simultaneously, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), the principal enzyme of de novo glutamine biosynthesis, increased more than twofold. This increase in muscle GS activity was accompanied by an increase in GS mRNA but the augmentation in GS expression apparently could not match the increased rate of efflux since muscle depletion developed. In rats with large tumors and severe glutamine depletion, GS activity was not elevated. Glutamine feeding increased muscle glutamine concentrations and glutamine synthetase specific activity. Although tumor growth led to the development of mild systemic acidemia, the classic renal adaptations normally observed, i.e., elevated glutaminase activity and accelerated renal glutamine utilization, were not present in acidotic tumor-bearing rats. Instead, renal GS activity was increased in tumor-bearing animals and ammoniagenesis was enhanced, in spite of a reduction in net renal glutamine uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that marked alterations in muscle and renal glutamine handling occur in the host with cancer; the enhanced muscle glutamine release in conjunction with no increase in renal consumption is consistent with increased glutamine uptake in other organs, most likely the tumor itself and the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Espat
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Souba
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012079:Renal Circulation; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005973:Glutamine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000641:Ammonia; D003404:Creatinine; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase