title: Pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, and feasibility study of oral vinorelbine in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The feasibility of administering vinorelbine (Navelbine, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC), a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid with broad activity, as a liquid-filled gelatin capsule was evaluated in a bioavailability (F) and pharmacokinetic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 17 cancer patients had pharmacokinetic studies performed after receiving vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 intravenously (IV), which is the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) for weekly IV administration, and twice after receiving the oral formulation at a nominal dose of 100 mg/m2. Subsequently, these patients and 10 other subjects received the oral formulation at a dose of 100 mg/m2/wk to evaluate the feasibility of chronic oral administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma drug disposition was well described by a triphasic model. Mean central volume of distribution and steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) were large (0.66 +/- 0.46 L/kg and 20.02 +/- 8.55 L/kg, respectively); the mean harmonic terminal half-life (t1/2) was long (18 hours); and the high mean clearance (CI) rate (0.80 +/- 0.68 L/h/kg) approached hepatic blood flow. F was low (0.27 +/- 12), and absorption was rapid (mean time of maximum plasma concentration [Tmax], 0.91 +/- 0.22 hours). Absorption parameters after the first and second oral doses were similar, with mean F values of 0.27 +/- 0.14 and 0.25 +/- 0.11, respectively. Coefficients of variability (CVs) for F, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and Tmax were 32%, 42%, and 78%, respectively, indicating moderate intraindividual variability. The pharmacologic profile of this oral formulation indicates that there is a large first-pass effect. Neutropenia was the principal toxicity of oral vinorelbine. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 63% of patients, but only 11% developed neutropenia and infection. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were also common with oral administration, but these effects were rarely severe and could be ameliorated by using a divided-dose schedule and/or prophylactic antiemetic and antidiarrheal agents. The mean nominal oral dose was 82 mg/m2, and the mean percentage of intended dose that was received was 92%. Although dose escalations were permitted for negligible toxicity, doses were not escalated to greater than 100 mg/m2/wk in any patient. Vinorelbine given as a liquid-filled gelatin capsule at 100 mg/m2 provided equivalent pharmacologic exposure as 30 mg/m2 IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oral administration of vinorelbine, specifically as a liquid-filled, soft gelatin capsule, is a feasible route of administration. Weekly oral dosing at 100 mg/m2 induces a consistent degree of myelosuppression, but the high frequency of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, albeit brief and uncomplicated, warrants the recommendation of a slightly lower starting dose, ie, 80 mg/m2/d, for subsequent phase II evaluations, especially in heavily pretreated patients.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Baltimore MD 21287-8934.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Noe
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wargin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hohneker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lubejko
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sartorius
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ettinger
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077235:Vinorelbine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002214:Capsules; D014747:Vinblastine; D000077235:Vinorelbine