title: Redundant functions of the genes knirps and knirps-related for the establishment of anterior Drosophila head structures.
abstract: Developmental gene functions of Drosophila are typically characterized by a recognizable mutant phenotype. When molecular probes of such genes were used to isolate homologues, distinct spatially and temporally restricted expression patterns were observed in vertebrates as well. However, corresponding "gene knock-outs" often revealed subtle or no scorable phenotypes, a phenomenon attributed to redundant gene functions. We found that the evolutionarily related genes knirps (kni) and knirps-related (knrl) contribute to a similar phenomenon in Drosophila. The two closely situated genes show identical expression patterns in the developing embryo, including the posterior and anterior expression domains in the blastoderm. Here we show that the two biochemically equivalent gene products are both functional in the head anlage and that the lack of one gene activity can be overcome by the activity of the other. Whereas kni is also required for abdominal segmentation, knrl is nonfunctional in its posterior expression domain. Thus, the kni/knrl pair of genes provides a region-specific buffering system, rather than a case of global functional redundancy.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gaitán
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taubert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jäckle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology; D009024:Morphogenesis; D005810:Multigene Family; D009420:Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C074089:kni protein, Drosophila; C089211:knrl protein, Drosophila