title: Cranial computed tomography scans in children after minimal head injury with loss of consciousness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the need for cranial computed tomography (CT) in the emergency department evaluation of children with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 after mild head injury with loss of consciousness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of children aged 2 to 17 years with documented loss of consciousness after head injury from January 1, 1988, to July 31, 1992. All had a GCS score of 15 on initial ED evaluation and were further categorized according to physical examination findings, neurologic status, and whether the head injury was isolated or nonisolated. Recursive partitioning was used to identify variables predictive of the presence and absence of intracranial hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  ED in two settings: a regional tertiary care trauma center and a community children's hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 185 patients who met study criteria, 17 had evidence of depressed or basilar skull fractures on physical examination or had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place before head injury. In the remaining 168 patients, recursive partitioning identified two variables (neurologic status and head injury type) associated with intracranial hemorrhage. Overall, 12 of 168 patients (7%) had intracranial bleeding. However, none of the 49 neurologically normal children with isolated head injury had intracranial hemorrhage (95% confidence interval, 0.0 to 6.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of intracranial hemorrhage in children with mild closed-head injury appears to vary with the presence of neurologic abnormalities and other noncranial injuries. After isolated head injury with loss of consciousness, children older than 2 years who are neurologically normal and without signs of depressed or basilar skull fracture may be discharged home from the ED without a cranial CT scan after careful physical examination alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makela
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Rivara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed