title: Utilization and cost analysis of bedside capillary glucose testing in a large teaching hospital: implications for managing point of care testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the use and cost of bedside capillary glucose testing in a large teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study of 40 inpatient units and 10 outpatient units at Massachusetts General Hospital, records were maintained by each unit of the date, time, operator, and results of patient and quality control tests. Cost analysis was performed using data from time studies, test tallies in logbooks, and hospital administration records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of glucose meters in the hospital increased from 10 to 54 over a 2-year period. In 1992, 67,596 tests were performed by the bedside method, representing 30.7% of all glucose measurements performed in the institution. The majority of tests (94.7%) were performed on inpatients, and 10.2% of all hospital admissions underwent bedside glucose testing. The impact on the number of glucose tests performed in the clinical laboratories was minimal, indicating that bedside glucose testing was added as an extra test rather than as a substitute for laboratory-based glucose measurements. The cost of bedside glucose testing was $4.19 per test compared with $3.84 in the clinical laboratory. The cost varied from one unit to another (median $5.52, range $3.08 to $48.16), an effect largely attributed to the difference in the volume of tests performed by different units. In seven high-volume units the cost per test was lower than the corresponding value in the laboratory. The cost of bedside glucose testing included labor (80.2%) and supplies (19.8%). The percent of costs attributed directly to patient testing was 57.7%, whereas the costs for all other related activities (training, quality control, and quality assurance) was 42.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bedside capillary glucose testing is a rapidly expanding technology and is performed on a significant percentage of hospital admissions. Bedside glucose testing is not inherently more expensive than centralized laboratory measurements but implementation on inefficient care units with low utilization can add substantially to the cost. Much of the excess cost of the bedside method can be attributed to the high costs of quality control and quality assurance, training, and documentation.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee-Lewandrowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laposata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eschenbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camooso
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Godine
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hurxthal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewandrowski
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D001900:Boston; D002196:Capillaries; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose