title: Intraoperative duplex monitoring of the carotid bifurcation for the detection of technical defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative Duplex examination can be used to identify technical imperfections during carotid endarterectomy. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the technical feasibility of intraoperative Duplex; (2) to compare Duplex findings with contrast arteriography; (3) to correlate intraoperative Duplex findings with postoperative complications and with Duplex data obtained during follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Vascular Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  44 patients underwent Duplex scanning at the completion of carotid endarterectomy. In addition intraoperative arteriography was performed in the first 16 consecutive patients. Follow-up included a Duplex examination at three monthly intervals during the first postoperative year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Technical defects and flow disturbance at the time of surgery, and postoperative restenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At contrast arteriography a distal intimal ridge with 15-20% diameter reduction was observed in two, an occlusion of the external carotid artery in three and moderate kinking in one patient. All abnormalities were identified at Duplex imaging. In none of the cases were the Duplex findings considered an indication to re-explore the endarterectomised internal carotid artery. Postoperative complications occurred in six patients: three strokes, two transient ischaemic attacks and two internal carotid occlusions (in one patient combined with a stroke). Severe spectral broadening (spectral class D) correlated significantly with early postoperative complications (p = 0.027). In contrast, moderate defects on Duplex imaging did not correlate significantly with early complications. Duplex examination during the first year of follow-up demonstrated recurrent stenosis in four patients. Intraoperative spectral broadening did not correlate significantly with the development of common or internal carotid restenosis. However, external carotid recurrent stenosis was positively related to intraoperative flow disturbance (p = 0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duplex scanning is easy to use after completion of carotid endarterectomy. There is good agreement between intraoperative Duplex scanning and contrast arteriography. Extensive spectral broadening of the Doppler velocity signal is associated with an increased prevalence of early postoperative complications. Restenosis at follow-up appears to be related to severe flow disturbance as was demonstrated for the external carotid artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Gier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buth
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods