title: Combined segregation and linkage analysis of Graves disease with a thyroid autoantibody diathesis.
abstract: Combined segregation and linkage analysis is a powerful technique for modeling linkage to diseases whose etiology is more complex than the effect of a well-described single genetic locus and for investigating the influence of single genes on various aspects of the disease phenotype. Graves disease is familial and is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele DR3. Probands with Graves disease, as well as close relatives, have raised levels of thyroid autoantibodies. This phenotypic information additional to affection status may be considered by the computer program COMDS for combined segregation and linkage analysis, when normals are classified into diathesis classes of increasing thyroid autoantibody titer. The ordinal model considers the cumulative odds of lying in successive classes, and a single additional parameter is introduced for each gene modeled. Distributional assumptions are avoided by providing estimates of the population frequencies of each class. Evidence for linkage was increased by considering the thyroid autoantibody diathesis and by testing two-locus models. The analysis revealed evidence for linkage to HLA-DR when the strong coupling of the linked locus to allele DR3 was considered (lod score of 6.6). Linkage analysis of the residual variation revealed no evidence of linkage to Gm, but a suggestion of linkage to Km.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ratanachaiyavong
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000235:genetics*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059810:HLA-DR Serological Subtypes; D015803:HLA-DR3 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D015805:HLA-DR5 Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007129:Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes / Q000235:genetics; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000235:genetics; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059810:HLA-DR Serological Subtypes; D015803:HLA-DR3 Antigen; D015805:HLA-DR5 Antigen; C041559:HLA-DR8 antigen; C014609:IgK; D007129:Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase