title: Relation between mouth and haematogenous infection in total joint replacements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the source of infections associated with orthopaedic prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of four infections of prosthetic joints with case records; minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations and sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell wall polypeptides of the Streptococcus sanguis isolates from the mouth and infected prostheses; examination of the patients' mouths for periodontal disease and caries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four adults (three men) aged 58-83.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each patient the strain of S sanguis isolated from the mouth was indistinguishable from that isolated from the prosthesis. All patients had severe periodontal disease and caries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mouth was probably the source of bacterial infection in the prosthetic joints of these patients; the route of infection was possibly haematogenous. Incipient oral infection should be treated before joint replacement, and oral health should be maintained indefinitely.
authors.affiliation: Wirral Hospital NHS Trust, Wirral, Merseyside.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bartzokas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jane
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000302:isolation & purification*