title: Immune activation and enhanced urinary zinc concentrations in allograft recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zinc metabolism is frequently abnormal in renal allograft recipients. These abnormalities may be immune mediated because zinc metabolism is affected by inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined urinary zinc and neopterin concentrations in 24 allograft recipients (18 kidney, 3 combined kidney-pancreas and 3 liver allografts) daily for 1-41 days. In addition, serum zinc concentrations were measured in 11 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum zinc was decreased and urinary zinc concentrations were increased in kidney as well as liver transplant recipients when compared with healthy controls. Urinary zinc concentrations were only slightly elevated in patients with uncomplicated post-transplant course, but the increase was more pronounced in renal allograft recipients with acute tubular necrosis. Urinary zinc concentrations were drastically increased during rejection of various organs. In addition, significant associations between urinary zinc and neopterin concentrations were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that enhanced urinary zinc excretion in allograft recipients is due to immune activation. The data indicate that cytokines play a role in zinc metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Melichar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aichberger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Artner-Dworzak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margreiter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wachter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000652:urine; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D019798:Neopterin; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D001708:Biopterins; D019798:Neopterin; D015032:Zinc