title: Expanding the use and effectiveness of dose-volume histograms for 3-D treatment planning. I: Integration of 3-D dose-display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A technique is presented for overcoming a major deficiency of histogram analysis in three-dimensional (3-D) radiotherapy treatment planning; the lack of spatial information.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this technique, histogram data and anatomic images are displayed in a side-by-side fashion. The histogram curve is used as a guide to interactively probe the nature of the corresponding 3-D dose distribution. Regions of dose that contribute to a specific dose bin or range of bins are interactively highlighted on the anatomic display as a window-style cursor is positioned along the dose-axis of the histogram display. This dose range highlighting can be applied to two-dimensional (2-D) images and to 3-D views which contain anatomic surfaces, multimodality image data, and representations of radiation beams and beam modifiers. Additionally, as a range of histogram bins is specified, dose and volume statistics for the range are continually updated and displayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implementation of these techniques is presented and their use illustrated for a nonaxial three field treatment of a hepatic tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By integrating displays of 3-D doses and the corresponding histogram data, it is possible to recover the positional information inherently lost in the calculation of a histogram. Important questions such as the size and location of hot spots in normal tissues and cold spots within target volumes can be more easily uncovered, making the iterative improvement of treatment plans more efficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0010.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McShan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*