title: The relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial neoplasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia share a number of risk factors, particularly exposure to oestrogen stimulation. Studies have shown that cigarette smoking protects against carcinoma. This study was undertaken to confirm this finding in carcinoma, and to extend the investigation to hyperplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a previously published population-based case-control study, conducted in Toronto, Ontario were used to model risk estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking modestly reduced the risk, (although not statistically significantly), for hyperplasia among pre- and postmenopausal women, and for carcinoma among postmenopausal women. In contrast, smoking appeared to elevate risk for carcinoma among premenopausal women, although the number of cases upon which these estimates are based are very small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the shared risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma is cigarette smoking. As these results are consistent with other studies, it seems apparent that the mechanism of action for cigarette smoking may be different in premenopausal women. Hyperplasia could provide a useful model for studying the smoking effect on endometrial neoplasms in premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kreiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens