title: Stress fractures of the ribs in amateur golf players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress fractures of the ribs are sometimes seen at the Outpatient Department in patients with a history of playing golf enthusiastically. Many are diagnosed as "muscle strain" or "myofascial pain" and patients are simply advised to take some rest or are treated with analgesics and local injection. This case study investigated 11 amateur golfers whose chief complaint was anterior, posterior or lateral chest pain. After X-ray and bone scan evaluation, "stress fracture of the ribs" was diagnosed. A questionnaire presented to them trying to find the possible mechanisms of these stress fractures. Biomechanical analysis showed that the bending force of the ribs was located at posterolateral segments where fractures tend to occur. Overuse, poor technique and inadequate stretch in beginners are postulated as causes for apparent increased susceptibility to these skeletal injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires inquired about (1) warm-up time, (2) number of strikes, (3) fracture sites, (4) pain patterns, (5) combined injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 11 patients were beginners with right side hand dominance who had begun to play golf within the year. Right side ribs fracture occurred in six cases; left side ribs fracture occurred in eight cases including three patients with two fracture sites. Localized pain was reported in six cases and there were five cases with radiating pain along costal margins. All the golfers had spent no more than 10 minutes in warm up them. Seven patients suffered from multiple injuries after they had played. Five were diagnosed by X-ray and six showed positive finding after Tc-99m MDP bone scan. All lesions were located at the posterolateral segments of the ribs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress fractures of the ribs in amateur golfers are certainly not uncommon. Predominant muscle forces are generated by forced coupling of scapular retraction and protraction, acting through the serratus anterior. With early diagnosis and relative rest for four to eight weeks, the pain will improve. Overuse, poor technique and inadequate stretch will probably lead to stress fracture of the rib.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006055:Golf / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D012272:Ribs / Q000293:injuries*