title: Frequency response of PVDF needle-type hydrophones.
abstract: This paper examines the factors governing the frequency response of ultrasonic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer needle-type hydrophones, in particular the sensitivity variations in the lower frequency range of 1-6 MHz. A theoretical model was used to analyze the influence of the hydrophone's diameter, the metal electrodes, thickness, PVDF material properties, the adhesive layer acoustical characteristics and the backing material, on the frequency response of the hydrophone. The results of the theoretical modelling differ by less than +/- 0.5 dB from those obtained experimentally from the reciprocity calibration in the frequency range 1-20 MHz. It is shown that the needle hydrophone's diameter and backing material are the main reasons for the sensitivity variations observed in the frequency range below 6 MHz.
authors.affiliation: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lankjaer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lewin
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000497:Alloys; D002138:Calibration; D003300:Copper; D004867:Equipment Design; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015032:Zinc; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003300:Copper; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013193:Stainless Steel; D015032:Zinc; C048399:brass; C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers