title: The analysis of plasma kinetics and beta-receptor binding and -blocking activity of timolol following its small intravenous dose.
abstract: Plasma kinetics and beta-receptor blocking and -binding activity of timolol was studied in six healthy volunteers following its intravenous 0.25 mg dose. Timolol concentrations were measured using radioreceptor assay (RRA), blocking activity by comparing the dose ratios (DRs) of the infusion rates of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 25 bpm (I25) and binding activity by determining the extent to which timolol occupied beta 1-receptors of rabbit lung and beta 2-receptors of rat reticulocytes in undiluted plasma samples. Timolol was eliminated from plasma with a mean half-life for the elimination phase of 2.6 hours. The dose antagonized potently isoprenaline-induced tachycardia at least for four hours. The effect was excellently correlated with the estimated beta 2-receptor binding activity of timolol in the circulating plasma. In conclusion, the small intravenous timolol dose was eliminated from plasma by a fashion, which was very similar to its eighty-fold higher oral doses reported earlier in the literature. The 0.25 mg dose was of considerable systemic beta-receptor blocking and -binding activity, that may help to explain its reported side-effects following ocular drug administration. The extent to which beta-blocking agents occupy rabbit lung beta 1- and rat reticulocyte beta 2-receptors in the circulation appears to predict the intensity and selectivity of their beta-blocking effects in healthy volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karhuvaara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huupponen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iisalo
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D013999:Timolol; D007545:Isoproterenol