title: The cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 2365 patients undergoing 3062 carotid endarterectomies from 1965 through 1991 were reviewed. Sixty-six (2.2%) operations were associated with a perioperative stroke. The mechanism of stroke was determined in 63 of 66 cases. Patient risk factors and surgeon-dependent factors were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 20 different mechanisms of perioperative stroke were identified, but most could be grouped into broad categories of ischemia during carotid artery clamping (n = 10), postoperative thrombosis and embolism (n = 25), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 12), strokes from other mechanisms associated with the surgery (n = 8), and stroke unrelated to the reconstructed artery (n = 8). Dividing the operative experience approximately into thirds, during the years 1965 to 1979, 1980 to 1985, and 1986 to 1991 the perioperative stroke rates were 2.7%, 2.2%, and 1.5%, respectively. This, in part, is associated with a better selection of patients (more symptom free, fewer with neurologic deficits). There has been a notable decrease in perioperative stroke caused by ischemia during clamping and intracerebral hemorrhage, but postoperative thrombosis and embolism remain the major cause of neurologic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although patient selection seems to play a role, most perioperative strokes were due to technical errors made during carotid endarterectomy or reconstruction and were preventable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Riles
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Imparato
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jacobowitz
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lamparello
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giangola
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adelman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies