title: Analgesics for cardiac surgery patients in critical care: describing current practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last 10 years, the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses has twice ranked pain management as a priority issue for research and practice. Recent research findings suggest that undermedication of patients continues both in and out of critical care. Postoperative cardiac surgery patients have reported detailed recollections of pain experiences while in critical care, yet little is known about management of postoperative cardiac surgery pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe current practice related to analgesic prescription and administration for postoperative cardiac surgery patients in critical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 80 adults undergoing cardiac surgery in two hospitals were randomly selected for review. Data pertaining to pain medications prescribed and doses administered for the day of surgery, first and second postoperative days were recorded for 66 eligible subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but one patient had a prescription for intravenous morphine, hourly as needed. In addition, all patients had prescriptions for one or more oral analgesics as needed. Gender and age effects were noted for analgesic prescriptions. The average total amount of intravenous morphine given over the 3 days was 13.9 +/- 13.5 mg in an average of 4 +/- 3.7 doses. The average total number of acetaminophen with oxycodone tablets given over the 3 days was 5.8 +/- 5.4 tablets in an average of 3.6 +/- 3.0 doses. Age and hospital effects were noted in the administration of analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of small and infrequent analgesic doses is consistent with other studies conducted in and out of critical care. Important inconsistencies, or variations in practice, exist in both the prescription and administration of analgesics for postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the critical care setting.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Maxam-Moore
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015205:Northwestern United States; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics