title: The prevalence and origins of left hand preference in high risk infants, and its implications for intellectual, motor and behavioural performance at four and six years.
abstract: This study investigates the origins of hand preference at 4 years in a cohort of 115 high risk and premature infants; the relationship between patterns of hand preference and intellectual, motor, temperament and behavioural status at 4 and 6 years; and evidence for brain injury in mediating the relationship between hand preference and development disorder. Increased left hand preference was independently associated with extreme prematurity, high neonatal risk, increased numbers of minor physical anomalies, lowered intellectual and motor abilities, and more difficult temperament. These findings supported the presence of intrauterine and neonatal pathological mechanisms leading to left hand preference in a small number of children. Neither poor function of the non dominant hand nor absence of a family history of left handedness could further define this pathological subgroup. Support for pathological mechanisms producing left handedness was found predominatly in the infants of high birth weight, whereas prevalence of left handedness was increased mainly among the extremely low birth weight infants. In this latter group the prevalence of left handedness was also increased among children of normal intelligence, suggesting that mechanisms other than brain damage lead to left hand preference in very premature infants.
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Clinic, Mater Misericardiae Public Hospitals, Brisbane.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Y R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Burn
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mohay
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Tudehope
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013694:Temperament