title: Adrenal hemorrhage in abused children: imaging and postmortem findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenal hemorrhage associated with child abuse has received little attention in published reports. We review imaging studies or pathologic findings of adrenal hemorrhage in five cases of proved child abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The imaging findings in three children with adrenal hemorrhage were analyzed retrospectively. All three had abdominal CT scans and skeletal radiographs. One also had abdominal sonograms and MR images. The pathologic findings in two other abused children with adrenal hemorrhage who died of head injuries were also studied. In all five cases, a history of trauma was not initially known; child abuse was later confirmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unilateral hemorrhage in the right adrenal gland was found in all patients. Enhanced CT scans of the abdomen showed a low-attenuation, oval mass separating the limbs of the adrenal gland. Sonograms in one case showed a small, heterogeneous mass in the right adrenal gland. MR images obtained 3 weeks later showed an area of high signal intensity within the right adrenal gland on both T1- and T2-weighted images, consistent with subacute hemorrhage. In both deceased children, autopsy showed hemorrhage in the right adrenal gland, mainly within the medulla with some extension beyond the capsule in one case. All five children had associated abdominal visceral injuries or rib fractures or both, on the same side as the hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging findings of adrenal hemorrhage are similar to those previously described in patients with accidental trauma. Pathologic sections of the gland reveal predominantly medullary involvement with hemorrhage. The presence of adrenal hemorrhage in a child should prompt a search for other associated injuries and raise the possibility of unsuspected trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nimkin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teeger
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wallach
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: DuVally
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spevak
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed