title: Transvalvular left ventricular assistance in cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction. Evidence for recovery from near fatal myocardial stunning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that transvalvular left ventricular assistance would support the circulation in patients with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction and allow recovery of function in patients with a reversibly damaged (stunned) left ventricle.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiogenic shock occurs in 7.5% of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction, resulting in survival of only 20%. Despite the use of aggressive interventional therapy in patients with shock secondary to anterior myocardial infarction, survival remains as low as 33%.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock, as defined by a cardiac index < 2 liters/min per m2, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure > 18 mm Hg and systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg during positive inotropic therapy. Patients were 57 +/- 13 years old (mean +/- SD) and had a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 25 +/- 11%, mean arterial pressure of 69 +/- 13 mm Hg and mean cardiac index of 1.6 +/- 0.4 liters/min per m2 on admission to the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 1st 24 h of left ventricular assistance, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from 26 +/- 4 to 16 +/- 4 mm Hg (p = 0.01), cardiac index increased from 1.6 +/- 0.4 to 2.4 +/- 0.4 liters/min per m2, and the dopamine hydrochloride dose decreased from 51 +/- 92 to 18 +/- 12 micrograms/kg body weight per min. In survivors, cardiac index improved to 3.2 +/- 0.5 liters/min per m2 (p = 0.01), and left ventricular ejection fraction improved to 34 +/- 5% (p < 0.05). The overall survival in the study group was 4 (36%) of 11 patients (95% confidence interval [CI] 8% to 65%), and 4 (66%) of 6 patients (95% CI 29% to 100%) with a Q wave anterior myocardial infarction survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvalvular left ventricular support during cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction is feasible and results in significant hemodynamic and functional improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77030.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Smalling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lachterman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heibig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Willerson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors