title: Cow's milk exposure and type I diabetes mellitus. A critical overview of the clinical literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review and summarize the clinical evidence relating a short duration of breast-feeding or early cow's milk exposure to insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All relevant citations retrieved through comprehensive searching of the medical literature were critically reviewed and analyzed. Those case-control studies that minimized the possibility of bias were meta-analyzed to determine overall odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ecological and time-series studies consistently showed a relationship between type I diabetes and either cow's milk exposure or diminished breast-feeding. In the case-control studies, patients with type I diabetes were more likely to have been breast-fed for < 3 months (overall OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.15-1.77) and to have been exposed to cow's milk before 4 months (overall OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.22-2.17). Slightly lower ORs were obtained when all of the case-control studies were meta-analyzed in a sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early cow's milk exposure may be an important determinant of subsequent type I diabetes and may increase the risk approximately 1.5 times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012042:Registries