title: Dipyridamole directly inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo: implications in the treatment of restenosis after angioplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of dipyridamole on smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevention of intimal thickening after arterial injury was investigated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In addition to antiplatelet activity, dipyridamole also inhibits cell proliferation. We examined whether the antiproliferative action of dipyridamole on smooth muscle cells, as demonstrated here, has a direct effect on intimal thickening after vascular injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was determined by measuring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and by cell counting. The in vivo effect of locally delivered dipyridamole was determined in a rabbit model with carotid or femoral artery injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dipyridamole produced a dose-dependent inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, producing 50% inhibition at 7 micrograms/ml. Structural analogues SH-869 and mopamidol were 10 to 100 times less effective than dipyridamole, suggesting that cell growth inhibition may be unrelated to the antiplatelet activity of dipyridamole. Inhibition of cell proliferation by dipyridamole was attenuated by increasing the serum concentration in the culture medium. Bypassing serum by local delivery of dipyridamole at the periadventitial site produced 63% inhibition (p < 0.05) of cell replication in balloon-injured arteries. Locally delivered dipyridamole also inhibited intimal thickening (20%, p < 0.05) after balloon injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dipyridamole inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. This activity was attenuated by serum proteins. Locally delivered dipyridamole inhibited cell replication in arteries and intimal thickening after balloon injury. These results suggest that although systemic treatment with dipyridamole may not be efficacious because of inadequate serum levels, its antiproliferative action on smooth muscle cells may reduce restenosis when the drug is delivered locally after coronary angioplasty.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rothfuss
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Wiernicki
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Lacefield
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dubé
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000818:Animals; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D012008:Recurrence; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004176:Dipyridamole