title: Increased frequency of in vivo hprt gene-mutated T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activated T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc); such cells rapidly divide in vivo and are thus theoretically subject to random mutation more frequently than resting cells. To study whether SSc is associated with rapidly expanding T cell clones the frequency was determined of in vivo mutated T cells (MF) at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene in the peripheral blood from patients with SSc. Specific clinical or serological associations were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 healthy individuals and 20 patients with SSc were cultured using an hprt clonal assay; mutated and wild T cell clones were established to assess individual values of T cell MF. T cell clones were further expanded in vitro and their phenotype was determined by standard immunofluorescence technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for simultaneous measurements of plasma levels of soluble Interleukin-2 receptors (s-IL-2R) and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) value of T cell MF in patients with SSc was 2.5-fold higher than the normal mean (SD) value [10.6 (6.6) x 10(-6) v [4.4 (2.8) x 10(-6), p = 0.0007]. Eleven of 20 patients with SSc (55%) had T cell MF values greater than two SD above the normal mean value. The majority (84%) of mutated T cells had a helper/inducer, memory phenotype while 12% were cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. There was no association between T cell MF and the extent of skin involvement or the duration of Raynaud's phenomenon. High individual T cell MF values were not related to a possible concurrent immune overactivity as assessed by plasma levels of s-IL-2R and s-ICAM-1. Patients with long standing skin disease, however, had almost double T cell MF values than patients with early skin disease [(13.6 (7.4)) x 10(-6) v (7.5 (4.3)) x 10(-6), p = 0.03], suggesting that increased T cell MF in SSc may reflect an ongoing process of chronic in vivo T cell proliferation and/or prolonged survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased in vivo T cell mutation in patients with SSc suggests that excessive division and/or survival of T cell clones contribute to the pathology in SSc; this approach can be used in further investigations to identify the stimulus that is triggering T cell activation in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sfikakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tesar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theocharis
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Klipple
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tsokos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000145:classification*
chemical_list: D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase