title: Phase I/II trial of cyclosporine as a chemotherapy-resistance modifier in acute leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the toxicities and maximum-tolerated dose of cyclosporine (CsA) administered with daunorubicin as a modulator of multidrug resistance (MDR) in acute leukemia, and to evaluate response to treatment and its relationship to mdr1 gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) received sequential treatment with cytarabine (3 g/m2/d intravenously [i.v.]) days 1 to 5, and daunorubicin (45 mg/m2/d) plus CsA as a 72-hour continuous infusion (CI) days 6 through 8 in a phase I/II trial. A loading dose of CsA administered over 1 to 2 hours preceded the CI. CsA dose escalations ranged from 1.4 to 6 mg/kg (load) and 1.5 to 20 mg/kg/d (CI). Whole-blood concentrations of CsA were monitored by immunoassay; plasma concentration of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Specimens were analyzed for P-glycoprotein expression, and results confirmed by a quantitative RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the mdr1 gene transcript.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients are assessable for toxicity and response. P-glycoprotein was detected in 70% of cases. Dose-dependent CsA toxicities included nausea and vomiting (22%), hypomagnesemia (61%), burning dysesthesias (21%), and prolongation of myelosuppression. Transient hyperbilirubinemia developed in 62% of treatment courses and was CsA-dose-dependent. Reversible azotemia occurred in three patients receiving concurrent treatment with potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics. Steady-state blood concentrations of CsA > or = 1,500 ng/mL were achieved in all patients receiving CI doses > or = 16 mg/kg/d. Mean plasma daunorubicin, but not daunorubicinol, levels were significantly elevated in patients who developed hyperbilirubinemia (P = .017). Twenty-six (62%) patients achieved a complete remission (CR) or restored chronic phase and three patients achieved a partial remission (PR) for an overall response rate of 69% (95% confidence interval, 54% to 84%). The response rate was higher in patients who developed hyperbilirubinemia (P = .001), whereas MDR phenotype did not influence response to treatment. Among five patients with MDR-positive leukemia, cellular mdr1 mRNA decreased (n = 1) or was absent from relapsed specimens (n = 4), while mdr1 RNA remained undetectable at relapse in two patients who were MDR-negative before treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High doses of CsA, which achieve blood concentrations capable of reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated anthracycline resistance in vitro, can be incorporated into induction regimens with acceptable nonhematologic toxicity. Transient hyperbilirubinemia occurs commonly with CsA administration and may alter daunorubicin pharmacokinetics. Recommended doses of CsA for phase II and III trials are a load of 6 mg/kg and CI of 16 mg/kg/d.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Futscher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003630:Daunorubicin