title: Cholecystokinin-coupled intracellular signaling in human gallbladder muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been shown that cholecystokinin (CCK) contracts the gallbladder muscle by utilizing intracellular calcium, but the intracellular pathways have not been elucidated. The present study was designed to characterize the signal transduction pathways that mediate CCK-induced contraction of human gallbladder muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single muscle cells were isolated from human gallbladders by enzymatic digestion with collagenase. Permeable cells were obtained by incubation with saponin. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was determined by measuring the phosphorylation of a specific substrate peptide from myelin basic protein, Ac-MBP(4-14).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) antagonist heparin blocked the contractions induced by CCK. The PKC inhibitor H-7 blocked the contractions caused by low, but not high, concentrations of CCK and IP3. In contrast, the calmodulin inhibitor CGS9343B blocked the contractions induced by high, but not low, doses of CCK and IP3. Furthermore, exogenously activated calmodulin blocked the PKC-mediated contraction induced by diacylglycerol. Direct measurements of PKC activity showed that low, but not high, CCK concentrations caused PKC translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCK contracts the gallbladder muscle via IP3-mediated calcium release. CCK activates the PKC pathway at low concentrations, whereas it activates the calmodulin pathway at high concentrations, which in turn inhibits the activation of PKC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Petris
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biancani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behar
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000502:physiology*; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000502:physiology*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002147:Calmodulin; D004075:Diglycerides; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D007546:Isoquinolines; D010879:Piperazines; C052087:CGS 9343B; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D011493:Protein Kinase C