title: Influence of tiamulin concentration in feed on its bioavailability in piglets.
abstract: Tiamulin pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in 8 2-month-old male improved Swiss Landrace piglets after intake of 2,000 mg/kg feed, 500 mg/kg feed, 12.5 mg/ml aqueous solution administered via a stomach tube and 180 mg/kg feed offered ad libitum. In all cases, the total tiamulin dose received was 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. For the 2,000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treatments, animals were restrictively fed a commercial mix in amounts corresponding to 3-fold their maintenance requirement of digestible energy. The piglets first individually received the amount of medicated feed and immediately thereafter the rest of the daily ration. The highest tiamulin serum concentrations (Cmax), the largest area under the curve (AUC0-->infinity), the largest absorption rate constant (Ka), and the shortest time at which the maximum serum concentration occurred (tmax) were obtained after administration via stomach tube followed in the respective order by the 2,000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg treatments. Ad libitum feeding of the medicated mix at 180 mg/kg failed to provide tiamulin serum concentration above minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of some representative microorganisms. In conclusion, tiamulin concentration in medicated feed strongly influences its rate and extent of absorption and consequently serum concentrations. Larger tiamulin concentration in feed enhances its bioavailability. The common practice adopted by national regulatory agencies for the registration of a new drug is to conduct pharmacokinetic studies after administration agencies for the registration of a new drug is to conduct pharmacokinetic studies after administration via a stomach tube. This practice should be reevaluated because this mode of administration does not correspond to that in routine use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Division of Animal Nutrition, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Riond
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wanner
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; C014224:tiamulin