title: Investigation of applied forces in alphanumeric keyboard work.
abstract: This paper considers one way that occupational health professionals can assess the force exerted by keyboard users and the possible relationship between that force and the key force-displacement relationship. First, three personal-computer keyboards with the standard QWERTY layouts were tested as described by the American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display workstations (ANSI/HFS 100-1988) to determine the peak forces, 0.47-0.89N; displacements prior to the "breakaway" force that acknowledges key registration, 2.0-2.5 mm; and total key travel, 3.3-4.3 mm. Second, keyboard reaction forces were recorded while 10 subjects typed 4 alphanumeric sentences on the keyboards. It was found that the peak forces corresponding to each keystroke were 2.5 to 3.9 times the required activation forces, indicating that the subjects consistently displaced the keys to their limits. The average of the peak forces for all keystrokes was lowest for the keyboard with the lowest required activation force. It was concluded that keyboard reaction forces can be used as an index of finger forces for keying tasks. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between keyboard reaction forces, fatigue, and chronic muscle, tendon, and nerve disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2117.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Foulke
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rempel
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016287:Computer Peripherals; D006804:Ergonomics; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D016272:Occupational Health; D011312:Pressure