title: Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by measurement of urinary 5 beta-pregnanetriol.
abstract: The development of an enzymeimmunoassay for 5 beta-pregnanetriol and its use for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive cycles in Asian elephants is described. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,17 alpha,20 alpha/beta-triols as the two most abundant urinary progesterone metabolites. The assay developed used the antiserum anti-5 beta-pregnane-17 alpha,20 alpha-diol-3 alpha-gamma l glucuronide but was designed to measure the free steroid in urine samples after hydrolysis and extraction. HPLC confirmed the presence of immunoreactive pregnanetriol in urine, but indicated that the measurement was nonspecific. Immunoreactive pregnanetriol concentrations were significantly correlated with the concentrations of both progesterone (r = 0.98, n = 269, P < 0.01) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (r = 0.95, n = 205, P < 0.01), the metabolic precursor of pregnanetriol. The mean +/- SEM deviation of cycles as determined by measurements of plasma progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and urinary pregnanetriol, respectively, were 15.54 +/- 1.5 (n = 23, where n = number of cycles), 15.21 +/- 1.7 (n = 15) and 15.45 +/- 0.94 weeks (n = 20). These results demonstrate that it is possible to monitor ovarian function in Asian elephants by the measurement of urinary immunoreactive pregnanetriol concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Niemuller
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hodges
mesh_terms: D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones / Q000097:blood; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011279:Pregnanetriol / Q000652:urine*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones; D011279:Pregnanetriol; D011374:Progesterone; D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone