title: The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy: a clinicopathologic review of 673 consecutive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to document the various causes of dilated cardiomyopathy in a large group of adult patients with congestive heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous reports of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy have usually been case reports of a single specific etiology or review articles. The frequency of any single specific heart muscle disease is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 673 patients referred for congestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. The evaluation included medical history, physical examination, routine blood chemistry and hematologic measurements, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Thyroid function tests, antinuclear antibody tests and urinary vanillylmandelic acid and metanephrine levels were also obtained. Endomyocardial biopsy with right heart catheterization was performed in every patient. Coronary arteriography was performed in patients who had at least two standard cardiovascular risk factors or a history suggestive of myocardial ischemia. The cases were retrospectively reviewed, and a final cause for dilated cardiomyopathy was listed for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy were idiopathic origin (47%), idiopathic myocarditis (12%) and coronary artery disease (11%). The other identifiable causes of dilated cardiomyopathy made up 31% of the total cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is a common cause of congestive heart failure. Specific heart muscle diseases occur with much less frequency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Agema
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Deckers
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Baughman
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies