title: In vivo mapping of cholinergic neurons in the human brain using SPECT and IBVM.
abstract: In the search for an in vivo marker of cholinergic neuronal integrity, we extended to human use the tracer (-)-5-[123I]iodobenzovesamicol (IBVM).
  
  
  METHODS
  IBVM, an analog of vesamicol that binds to the acetylcholine transporter on presynaptic vesicles, was prepared with specific activity greater than 1.11 x 10(9) MBq mmole-1. After intravenous injection of [123I]IBVM, body distribution studies (n = 5) and brain SPECT studies (n = 5) were performed on normal human subjects (n = 10). SPECT images of the brain were collected sequentially over the first 4.5 hr following injection, and again 18 hr later. Data were realigned and transformed to stereotaxic coordinates, and localized activities were extracted for tracer kinetic analysis. The cerebral tracer input function was determined from metabolite-corrected radial arterial blood samples. The best data fit was obtained using a three-compartment model, including terms reflecting cerebral blood volume, exchange of free tracer between plasma and brain and specific binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dissociation of bound tracer was negligible for up to 4 hr. For the fitted parameters reflecting transport (K1) and binding site density index (k3), coefficients of variation were approximately 8% in cortical regions of interest. Relative distributions corresponded well with postmortem immunohistochemical values reported for the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase, k3 (IBVM binding site density index), and tracer activity distribution at 22 hr, but not at 4 hr after injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPECT imaging of [123I]IBVM succeeds as an in vivo measure of cholinergic neuronal integrity and should be useful for the study of cerebral degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0028.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Koeppe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fessler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minoshima
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gildersleeve
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wieland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D010880:Piperidines; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D010880:Piperidines; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; C065043:5-iodobenzovesamicol; D010622:Phencyclidine