title: A comparison of three electron planning algorithms for a 16 MeV electron beam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report results of a comparison of three electron planning algorithms, an Age-Diffusion Pencil beam algorithm and two (2-D) and three dimensional (3-D) Hogstrom pencil beam algorithms, using simple 2 x 2 cm air and hard bone inhomogeneities and a complex anthropomorphic head and neck phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The simple inhomogeneities have variable dimensions outside the plane of calculation to test the effects of out of plane scattering on 2-D algorithms, compared with dose measured by film below the inhomogeneity in the dose fall-off range. Comparisons are also made of a parotid treatment field for 16 MeV electrons, and the dose measured by high sensitivity thermoluminescent dosimeters in the head and neck phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behind the simple inhomogeneities, the electron algorithms are found to underestimate the dose behind the air cavity by up to 40% and overestimated the dose behind bone by up to 30%. In the head phantom, the presence of inhomogeneities also presents problems for the algorithms, with overestimations of dose of up to 20% found behind bone-tissue interfaces, apparently due to shielding by high density bone. Overestimations of up to 17% are also found beside interfaces parallel to the beam. Underestimations of dose of up to 10% are found on the beam-side of interfaces, due to under-prediction of backscattered electrons. All three investigated algorithms underestimate the dose by up to 20% behind extreme surface curvature. One algorithm is found to underestimate the dose in the falloff region while another overestimates the dose around the 90% isodose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of their planning systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Denham
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy