title: Long-term intermittent intravenous insulin therapy and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: An important defect in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is that the liver does not meet its full fuel-processing function, because many of the enzymes involved depend on high insulin concentrations in the portal vein. We tried to reactivate the liver by long-term treatment of IDDM patients with intravenous insulin in pulses, with the aim of achieving high portal-vein concentrations during and after a glucose meal. We studied 20 IDDM patients with brittle disease; despite use of a four-injection regimen with manipulation of insulin doses, diet, and physical activity, and frequent clinic visits for at least a year, these patients still had wide swings in blood glucose and frequent hypoglycaemic reactions. The intermittent therapy consisted of 7-10 pulses of intravenous insulin, infused while the patient was ingesting carbohydrate, primarily glucose, during the first hour of a 3 h treatment; three treatments were given in a day. After 2 consecutive days' treatment, patients were treated for 1 day per week. No patient was withdrawn from the study. At the time of this analysis the duration of intermittent treatment ranged from 7 to 71 months (mean 41 [SE 5] months). Haemoglobin A1C concentrations declined from 8.5 (0.4)% at the end of the stabilisation phase to 7.0 (0.2)% at the analysis point (p = 0.0003). During the same time the frequencies of major and minor hypoglycaemic events also fell significantly (major 3.0 [1.1] to 0.1 [0], minor 13.0 [2.6] to 2.4 [0.8] per month; both p < 0.0001). Because the use of saline rather than insulin pulses would have led to unacceptable hyperglycaemia we opted for a historical control design. The absence of a true control group limits the interpretation of these preliminary results, but we believe further studies of hepatic and muscle metabolism before and after long-term intermittent intravenous insulin therapy would be worth while.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Benbarka
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Okimura
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kumagai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin