title: Pretransplant urologic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although a number of pretransplant urologic evaluations have been recommended in the literature, their efficacy has not been validated. This study was undertaken to evaluate a standardized urologic diagnostic protocol for potential adult transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred consecutive adult transplant candidates were prospectively evaluated with a complete history and physical examination, renal ultrasonography (US), voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), urinalysis, and urine culture. Other diagnostic studies including cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography were performed as indicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urologic malignancies were diagnosed in 3 patients that included Stage A2 prostate cancer, Stage TA transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and Stage II renal cell carcinoma. The only significant abnormality detected by renal US was renal cell carcinoma in 1 patient. Twenty-six individuals had VCUG abnormalities, but these could not be predicted based on patient characteristics. However, VCUG was normal in all nondiabetic patients without voiding symptoms or a history of urinary tract infections. Thirteen patients had hematuria and were evaluated with cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography. One individual (7.6%) had a significant abnormality (bladder tumor) detected during cystoscopy. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated no clinically significant abnormalities in this patient group. Eighteen patients had sterile pyuria and underwent similar endoscopic evaluation. Cystoscopic examination was normal in all these individuals, and retrograde pyelography showed either normal or clinically insignificant papillary necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although renal US has a low diagnostic yield, all adult transplant candidates should undergo this study because of the high prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in this cohort. VCUG also should be performed prior to transplantation, but it may be omitted in nondiabetic patients without voiding symptoms or a history of urinary tract infection. Transplant candidates with hematuria warrant an endoscopic evaluation, although this may not be necessary in individuals with sterile pyuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Assimos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D016482:Urinalysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology