title: Transforming growth factor-beta activation in irradiated murine mammary gland.
abstract: The biological activity of TGF-beta, an important modulator of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation, is governed by dissociation of mature TGF-beta from an inactive, latent TGF-beta complex in a process that is critical to its role in vivo. So far, it has not been possible to monitor activation in vivo since conventional immunohistochemical detection does not accurately discriminate latent versus active TGF-beta, nor have events associated with activation been defined well enough to serve as in situ markers of this process. We describe here a modified immunodetection method using differential antibody staining that allows the specific detection of active versus latent TGF-beta. Under these conditions, we report that an antibody raised to latency-associated peptide detects latent TGF-beta, and we demonstrate that LC(1-30) antibodies specifically recognize active TGF-beta 1 in tumor xenografts overproducing active TGF-beta 1, without cross-reactivity in tumors expressing similar levels of latent TGF-beta 1. We previously reported that TGF-beta immunoreactivity increases in murine mammary gland after whole-body 60Co-gamma radiation exposure. Using differential antibody staining we now show that radiation exposure specifically generates active TGF-beta 1. While latent TGF-beta 1 was widely distributed in unirradiated tissue, active TGF-beta 1 distribution was restricted. Active TGF-beta 1 increased significantly within 1 h of irradiation concomitant with decreased latent TGF-beta immunoreactivity. This rapid shift in immunoreactivity provides the first evidence for activation of TGF-beta in situ. This reciprocal pattern of expression persisted for 3 d and was accompanied by decreased recovery of latent TGF-beta 1 from irradiated tissue. Radiation-induced activation of TGF-beta may have profound implications for understanding tissue effects caused by radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Barcellos-Hoff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Derynck
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weatherbee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002460:Cell Line; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008907:Mink; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta