title: Free flap valvular transplantation for refractory venous ulceration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonoperative therapeutic approaches to chronic venous ulceration, although effective, often require prolonged dressing care and immobilization with leg elevation. Results of skin grafting, perforator ligation, and valve interpositions and reconstructions improve results of ulcer healing but have not uniformly prevented ulcer recurrence. Our hypothesis is that reconstruction of chronic venous ulcers by excision of the diseased tissue bed and replacement with a free flap containing multiple competent microvenous valves and a normal tissue microcirculation will result in long-term cure of these debilitated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with chronic venous insufficiency and recurrent ulceration (class 3) underwent excision of ulcers and surrounding liposclerotic tissue beds and reconstruction with fasciocutaneous free flaps (two bilateral). Preoperative and postoperative photoplethysmography was used to assess venous refilling times. Duplex scanning was performed to assess deep venous reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no flap failures. Photoplethysmographic venous refilling times measured on flaps demonstrated significant immediate and long-term increases from preoperative values (all results +3 by Society of Vascular Surgery outcome grading). Long-term maintenance of tissue integrity is shown by absence of recurrent ulceration and no evidence of recurrent tissue lipodermatosclerosis in all flaps at follow-up (8 months to 7.5 years; mean 24 months). No recurrent lipodermatosclerosis was seen on flap biopsy at 2 and 7 years. Separate cadaveric injection studies, including scanning electron microscopy, revealed numerous microvenous valves directed toward the draining pedicle in the flaps used for reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first comprehensive report providing combined laboratory and clinical evaluation, anatomic rationale, and long-term outcome of surgical rehabilitation of patients with chronic venous ulceration who have undergone microsurgical flap reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fudem
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000098:blood supply; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014699:Venules / Q000637:transplantation; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D005337:Fibrin