title: Effect of S-emopamil, nimodipine, and mild hypothermia on hippocampal glutamate concentrations after repeated cerebral ischemia in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the effects of two different calcium channel antagonists, S-emopamil and nimodipine, on hippocampal glutamate and glycine release and to compare their effects to those of mild hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to two 7.5-minute episodes of global cerebral ischemia at a 1-hour interval produced by neck tourniquet inflation (20 psi) combined with hypotension during halothane anesthesia. Hippocampal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and glycine were monitored using in vivo microdialysis. Animals were randomized to receive either S-emopamil (1 mg.kg-1 bolus, 0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1 infusion), nimodipine (10 micrograms.kg-1 bolus, 1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 infusion), hypothermia (32 degrees C), or saline (control) before ischemia. Drug infusion and hypothermia were continued throughout the study periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all four groups, both ischemic episodes resulted in significant elevations of hippocampal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and glycine (baseline vs peak, P < .01 in all groups). However, glutamate levels were significantly lower in the S-emopamil (P = .0001) and hypothermia (P = .0003) groups when compared with the control group after the onset of the first ischemic episode through 1 hour after the second ischemic episode. There was no significant difference between the four groups in the concentrations of glycine. There was no significant difference between the peak concentrations of glutamate or glycine after each ischemic period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that preischemic administration of S-emopamil, but not nimodipine, attenuates the increase in hippocampal extracellular concentrations of glutamate in the peri-ischemic period in this model, and that this effect is also observed when mild hypothermia is instituted before ischemia. Decreased concentrations of glutamate after ischemic episodes may be a possible mechanism for the observed neuroprotective properties of S-emopamil and mild hypothermia (32 degrees C).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0629.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Scheller
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zornow
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Strnat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011817:Rabbits; D012008:Recurrence; D014700:Verapamil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005971:Glutamates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009553:Nimodipine; D014700:Verapamil; C052752:emopamil