title: Echocardiographic evaluation of vagolytic effects of atropine sulfate during pediatric halothane anesthesia.
abstract: The aims of this study were to define the antagonistic effects of atropine sulfate to halothane-induced cardiovascular depression in children, and to clarify whether or not a larger dose of atropine is more effective in attenuating the cardiovascular depression. Thirty-four children aged 1-12 years who had undergone minor surgery, free from cardiac or pulmonary disease, were assigned at random to two groups. M-mode echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in each patient was performed at three points (before induction, point A; after induction, point B; and following administration of atropine, point C). Results were compared between points A and B, B and C and C and A, and between the two study groups with different doses of atropine (0.01 mg/kg vs 0.02 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP) and left ventricular shortening fraction (LVSF) decreased, and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) were increased significantly by halothane induction. Although HR and MBP recovered following atropine, LVSF and LVEDD remained unchanged. There were no differences found between the values after vagolysis in both study groups, except for HR and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf). Heart rate increased above that of pre-induction, even following the smaller dose of atropine. The myocardial depression cannot be necessarily attenuated by vagolysis regardless of the dosage of atropine. The smaller dose (i.e. 0.01 mg/kg) seems to be sufficient only to antagonize the bradycardia and hypotension during halothane anesthesia in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ibaraki Children's Hospital, Mito, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horigome
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine; D006221:Halothane