title: Acute infection of Macaca nemestrina by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
abstract: The pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) has a marked sensitivity to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2). On this basis, we previously studied this species' susceptibility to HIV-1 and demonstrated infection in six macaques inoculated with either cell-associated HIV-1 or cell-free virus alone. This report expands upon our initial in vitro and in vivo findings. Five laboratory-adapted and one primary clinical strain of HIV-1 replicated in vitro in human and M. nemestrina peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Replication was enhanced when CD4+ purified PBMCs were infected and inhibited when PBMC cultures were treated with zidovudine. All six macaques demonstrated HIV-1 infection of PBMCs from 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation but nearly all PBMC cultures were negative from weeks 10 to 40. Polymerase chain reaction showed HIV-1 gag DNA in the PBMCs of all infected macaques, including times when the macaques were culture negative. All macaques developed and maintained antibodies to gag and envelope HIV-1 proteins from week 4 after inoculation through the period of observation. Five macaques showed neutralizing antibody. These findings suggest that M. nemestrina can be infected by cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1. This model of acute HIV-1 infection may help in evaluating the pathogenesis of HIV-1 replication and candidate vaccines and therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Frumkin
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Agy
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panther
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Florey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dragavon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Katze
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001483:Base Sequence; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D015483:HIV Antibodies