title: A predictive index for functional decline in hospitalized elderly medical patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively develop and validate a predictive index to identify on admission elderly hospitalized medical patients at risk for functional decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two prospective cohort studies, in tandem. The predictive model developed in the initial cohort was subsequently validated in a separate cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  General medical wards of a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the development cohort, 188 hospitalized general medical patients aged > or = 70 years. For the validation cohort, 142 comparable patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects and their nurses were interviewed twice weekly using standardized, validated instruments. Functional decline occurred among 51/188 (27%) patients in the development cohort. Four independent baseline risk factors (RFs) for functional decline were identified: decubitus ulcer (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 5.2); cognitive impairment (RR 1.7; CI 0.9, 3.1); functional impairment (RR 1.8; CI 1.0, 3.3); and low social activity level (RR 2.4; CI 1.2, 5.1). A risk-stratification system was developed by adding the numbers of RFs. Rates of functional decline for the low- (0 RF), intermediate- (1-2 RFs), and high- (3-4 RFs) risk groups were 8%, 28%, and 63%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The corresponding rates in the validation cohort, of whom 34/142 (24%) developed functional decline, were 6%, 29%, and 83% (p < 0.0001). The rates of death or nursing home placement, clinical outcomes associated with functional decline in the hospital, were 6%, 19%, and 41% (p < 0.002) in the development cohort and 10%, 32%, and 67% (p < 0.001) in the validation cohort, respectively, for the three risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional decline among hospitalized elderly patients is common, and a simple predictive model based on four risk factors can be used on admission to identify elderly persons at greatest risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acampora
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tinetti
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003237:Connecticut; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method