title: Pharmacodynamic activity of a cephalosporin, Ro 40-6890, in human skin blister fluid: antibiotic activity in concert with host defense mechanisms.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of an antimicrobial drug in human plasma and in vitro susceptibility testing of an antimicrobial drug do not necessarily predict its efficacy in vivo. Therefore, the combined activity of an antimicrobial drug and blood-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in vitro. In addition, a pharmacological model allowing analysis of the bactericidal activity of a drug-containing exudate against S. aureus ex vivo was developed. For this purpose, a phagocytic-bactericidal assay was miniaturized to a volume of 100 microliters in order to test the bactericidal activities of an antimicrobial drug with blood PMN in vitro and with skin blister fluid (CBF) ex vivo. Ro 40-6890, the active metabolite of the ester prodrug Ro 41-3399, was used as the test drug. Killing of S. aureus was clearly enhanced when Ro 41-6890 was combined in vitro with a suboptimal number of blood-derived PMN. In eight healthy volunteers, skin blisters were provoked by plasters containing cantharidin. Following a single oral dose of Ro 41-3399, CBF containing PMN was sampled at regular intervals and incubated ex vivo with S. aureus (5 x 10(5) CFU/ml) for 2, 4, 6, and 24 h at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of Ro 40-6890 were measured in CBF (CCBF) and plasma. Ro 40-6890 distributed well from plasma into CBF. When CCBF was below the MIC, an enhanced effect of Ro 40-6890 and host defense factors present in CBF against S. aureus was observed. In conclusion, the present model can provide additional information on human plasma drug concentrations and MICs established in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hoogkamer
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sansano
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zimmerli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001768:Blister / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D002193:Cantharidin; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; C079140:Ro 413399; C077918:Ro 406890; D002193:Cantharidin