title: Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers. Because anecdotal reports suggest that smoking and nicotine may improve the symptoms of the disease, we examined the effect of nicotine as a supplemental treatment for ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 72 patients with active ulcerative colitis with either transdermal nicotine patches or placebo patches for six weeks in a randomized, double-blind study. Incremental doses of nicotine were given; most patients tolerated doses of 15 to 25 mg per 24 hours. All the patients had been taking mesalamine, and 12 were receiving low doses of glucocorticoids; these medications were continued without change during the study. Clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic assessments were made at base line and at the end of the study; symptoms were recorded daily on a diary card, and the clinician made a global assessment. Side effects and plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations were monitored throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen of the 35 patients in the nicotine group had complete remissions, as compared with 9 of the 37 patients in the placebo group (P = 0.03). The patients in the nicotine group had greater improvement in the global clinical grade of colitis (P < 0.001) and the histologic grade (P = 0.03), lower stool frequency (a difference of 1.6 stools daily; P = 0.008), less abdominal pain (P = 0.05), and less fecal urgency (P = 0.009). More patients in the nicotine group had side effects (23, vs. 11 in the placebo group; P = 0.002), the most common of which were nausea, lightheadedness, headache, and sleep disturbance. Withdrawals due to ineffective therapy were more common in the placebo group (3 vs. 8, P = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of transdermal nicotine to conventional maintenance therapy improves symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pullan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feyerabend
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine