[Nosocomial epidemic outbreak of diarrhea from Clostridium difficile. Comparative study of diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics].
BACKGROUND
Clostridium difficile is considered as one of the principal enteropathogens of nosocomial origin in developed countries in the last decade. No nosocomial outbreaks have been described in Spain.


METHODS
A descriptive study of a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhea by C. difficile (DCD) which was produced during two months in a general hospital of 250 beds was carried out. The risk factors, clinical and analytical characteristics were compared with the cases of diarrhea associated to the use of antibiotics (DAA) produced during the same period.


RESULTS
Of the 23 diarrheas studied, 17 (74%) corresponded to DAA and 6 (26%) to DCD, four of which were of nosocomial origin and were detected in the department of Nephrology. The incidence of DAA was 44/1000 patients who received antibiotic treatment per month and the incidence of DCD was 15.5/1000 patients/month. The patients with DAA received a mean of 1.82 antimicrobians per patient and in DCD 2.16 per patient (p: NS). The only differences found between DAA and DCD were: length of the symptoms (16.5 days in DCD, 8.5 days in DAA, p < 0.01) and the presence of blood in the feces (66.6% in DCD and 0 in DAA p < 0.01). No differences were observed in age, sex, base disease, mucous diarrhea, fever, mortality, high VSG and leucocytosis. Surveillance and control measures were effective in combating the epidemic outbreak.


CONCLUSIONS
The diagnosis of diarrhea by C. difficile requires a high index of suspicion given the difficulty in differentiating the same from diarrhea associated to antibiotic use. The clinical profile and risk factors do not differ to those described in other geographic areas. The isolation and/or detection of toxins of C. difficile is recommended in patients submitted to antibiotic treatment and diarrhea of more than 72 hours of evolution.
Knobel
H
H
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona.
Salvadó
M
M
Plass
E
E
Orfila
A
A
Llorach
I
I
Díez
A
A
D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
Brote epidémico nosocomial de diarrea por Clostridium difficile. Estudio comparativo con la diarrea asociada al uso de antibióticos.