title: Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis: increased risk associated with nondilated bile ducts and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to evaluate the relationship between common bile duct diameter and the risk of sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and ten consecutive patients were prospectively investigated. Patients were divided into three groups according to the indication for sphincterotomy: Group I had common bile duct stones (n = 108), group II had sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (n = 48), and group III had sphincterotomy for other indications (n = 54) (i.e., stent, dilation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 62 males and 148 females with a mean age of 60 yr (range 15-93 yr). Eleven of the 210 patients (5.2%) developed pancreatitis. Other sphincterotomy-induced complications were bleeding (n = 2), cholangitis (n = 2), retroperitoneal duodenal perforation (n = 1), and bile duct leakage (n = 1). The percentages of pancreatitis in groups I (3.7%), II (12.5%), and III (1.9%) were significantly different (p = 0.03). Patients with nondilated common bile ducts (< or = 10 mm) had more pancreatitis than patients with dilated common bile ducts (8.8% vs. 2.8%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.07). However, when group III was excluded from the analysis, there was a significant difference in the percentage of pancreatitis between the patients with nondilated bile ducts and those patients with dilated bile ducts (13.1% vs. 2.2%, respectively; p < 0.01). Analysis for trend did not show a significant inverse relationship between bile duct diameter and the rate of sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis. However, for all complications combined, the inverse relationship between bile duct diameter and rate of sphincterotomy-induced complications was significant: < or = 5 mm (23.1%), > 5-10 mm (13.8%), > 10-15 mm (3.2%), > 15 mm (2.4%) (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic sphincterotomy is more hazardous in patients with nondilated bile ducts and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Further studies are needed to determine whether pancreatic stenting reduces the risk of sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis in those clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Foliente
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Collen
mesh_terms: D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000473:pathology*; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015607:Stents