title: Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 197 patients aged 50 years and over, resident in Newcastle, and admitted consecutively with a hip fracture, and 382 community controls, matched by age and sex, who had not suffered a hip fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validated methods were used to assess customary physical activity. Information on body build, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption was also obtained. Grip strength was measured. Physical inactivity was strongly associated with the risk of hip fracture in men and women. Subjects who did not regularly weight-bear, perform muscle-loading activities such as climbing stairs, and perform productive activities such as gardening, were all more than twice as likely to sustain a hip fracture, when compared with subjects at the higher end of the activity spectrum. These increases in risk remained after adjusting for body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dependence in daily living activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Customary physical inactivity is an independent determinant of hip fracture in the elderly. Strategies to improve the day to day activity of elderly people require urgent exploration.
authors.affiliation: MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors