title: Low polarization pacing lead for detecting the ventricular-evoked response.
abstract: The cardiac response to a pacing pulse is potentially useful for rate adaptive pacemakers and threshold tracking systems. However, until now capture recognition of the ventricular-evoked response by the use of a single electrode for stimulation as well as detection was limited by the electrode polarization. Electronic measures against the stimulus polarization artifact have not been successful due to the variability of the after potential or the requirement of additional battery power. Following the idea of Lewin, Myers and Parsonnet, who introduced the idea of a non-polarizable porous electrode for physiological stimulation, titanium nitride (TiN) and iridium (Ir) coatings with fractal surface structure have been developed with high electro-chemical active surface areas and Helmholtz double-layer capacities of up to 50,000 microF/cm2, thus reducing the polarization artifact significantly. Two types of endocardial leads (10 with a fractal TiN coating and 5 with a fractal Ir coating) were implanted in the apex of the right ventricle and the polarization artifact, as well as the evoked response, was measured. Both types of pacing leads show a 90% reduction in the polarization artifact in comparison to conventional leads. If an autoshort of approximately 20 to 50 ms is applied after the pacing pulse, the polarization artifact of these leads is negligible, thus enabling reliable detection of at least the repolarization phase of the ventricular-evoked response, which is fully sufficient for capture recognition. Additionally, due to their low polarization losses, TiN- or Ir-coated electrodes with fractal surface structure have a unique stimulation and detection performance.
authors.affiliation: Department for Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hubmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riedmüller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaldach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003722:Dental Alloys; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D017709:Fractals; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D007495:Iridium; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D007495:Iridium; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium