title: Fenoldopam infusion for the treatment of postoperative hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the safety and efficacy of intravenous fenoldopam as compared to placebo for the treatment of postoperative hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  16 ASA I-III hypertensive patients scheduled for noncardiac surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment with fenoldopam or placebo was initiated immediately after other causes of hypertension had been ruled out. Hypertension was defined as a supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 20% over the patient's preoperative baseline, which was obtained 6 hours prior to the procedure with the patient lying quietly. The baseline consisted of 3 consecutive blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained at 5-minute intervals and not varying by more than 10%. Fenoldopam or placebo infusion was initiated at 0.1 microgram/kg/min and increased and decreased as necessary until the therapeutic goal BP was reached or treatment failure had occurred. The therapeutic goal BP was a decrease to at least 10% above the preoperative baseline, and failure of treatment was defined as inability to reach this BP level after 15 minutes at 1.5 micrograms/kg/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP and heart rate (HR) data were collected consistently throughout the study and 1 hour after termination of infusion. Laboratory studies and 12-lead electrocardiographic results were obtained at the start of the study and repeated 24 hours after termination of infusion. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Pretreatment BP measurements were significantly elevated from baseline in both groups. Fenoldopam treatment significantly reduced BP to the therapeutic goal in 8 of 8 patients; placebo reduced BP to this goal in only 4 of 8 patients (p < 0.05). At the end of the titration period, the therapeutic goal BP was not significantly different from baseline in the fenoldopam group. HR was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) at goal in the fenoldopam group as compared with the placebo group. Fenoldopam administration lowered SBP and DBP to goal in a mean time of 28 minutes versus 42.5 minutes in the placebo group. There were no significant differences in catecholamine levels at any of the measurement periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fenoldopam is an effective drug for reducing BP following hypertensive episodes in the postoperative setting. Fenoldopam use is associated with an increase in HR versus placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Helene Fuld Medical Center, Trenton, NJ.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantillo
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nemiroff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subramoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torjman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schieren
mesh_terms: D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D018818:Fenoldopam; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine; D018818:Fenoldopam; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine