title: Long-term results of venous valve reconstruction: a four- to twenty-one-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to describe the very long-term clinical, hemodynamic, and imaging results of venous valve reconstruction for reflux disease in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 51 extremities (48 patients) with follow-up of 4 to 21 years with a mean of 10.6 years. Clinical severity was graded as asymptomatic (class 0), mildly symptomatic (class 1), moderately symptomatic but without ulceration (class 2), or severely symptomatic with or without ulceration (class 3). Preoperative and postoperative evaluation consisted of history and physical examination, ascending venography (preoperative only), ambulatory venous pressures or photoplethysmography, and descending venography or duplex scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before surgery, 49 (96%) of 51 limbs demonstrated severe, class 3 disease, and two limbs were classified as class 2 disease. After venous valve reconstruction by either direct femoral vein valve repair, transposition, or transplantation, long-term clinical success of achieving a class 0 or 1 result (by life-table analysis) was 60% at 10 years. Thirty-three percent demonstrated a class 0 result in which the limbs were free from symptoms and had no need for long-term elastic support. After 6 years clinical results were stable and did not deteriorate. Incompetent perforators were identified in 31 cases and were treated selectively. Three disease patterns of chronic venous insufficiency were identified: primary valve insufficiency 43%, postthrombotic syndrome 31%, and a group consisting of both primary valve insufficiency of the superficial femoral vein and postthrombotic syndrome of the calf veins (primary valve insufficiency-postthrombotic syndrome) 26%. Ten-year cumulative clinical success was clearly superior in limbs with primary valve insufficiency corrected by valve repair (73%) as opposed to those with postthrombotic syndrome treated by either valve transposition or transplantation (43%) (p = 0.029). Clinical outcome correlated strongly with postoperative imaging results, and durability of valve repair was confirmed by demonstrating competence up to 16 years after the operation. Significant improvement in ambulatory venous pressure (mean percentage of pressure fall and refill time) was found in limbs with class 0 or 1 outcome; however, values did not reach "normal" levels in all cases. Recurrent ulcerations after the operation were attributed to failed reconstructions (10), incompetent profunda femoris veins (three), incompetent perforators (three), and concomitant lymphedema (one).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report highlights a difference found in very long-term prognosis of surgical treatment of primary valve insufficiency as opposed to postthrombotic syndrome. Long-term elimination of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency is achieved by valve repair for primary valve insufficiency beyond 10 years, whereas late results of treatment of postthrombotic syndrome in this study was accompanied by high recurrence rates and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Straub Clinic and Hospital, Honolulu, HI 96814-1617.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kistner
mesh_terms: D001367:Axillary Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation; D001458:Bandages; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D010690:Phlebography; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011186:Postphlebitic Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*