title: The routine analysis of breast milk for drugs of abuse in a clinical toxicology laboratory.
abstract: Drug screening of breast milk in a clinical toxicology laboratory is reported. Findings from three cases include cocaine, ethylbenzoylecgonine (cocaethylene), ethanol, oxycodone, codeine, and nicotine. We believe this to be the first report of ethylbenzoylecgonine in human breast milk. One other specimen submitted for analysis was screened with negative results. Screening and confirmation procedures adapted for use with breast milk are described. Finally, the potential for cocaine intoxication from mother to baby is discussed. Estimates of infant blood cocaine concentration are given which may increase awareness of the need to monitor milk and blood cocaine concentrations in the infant when the situation warrants.
authors.affiliation: Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studts
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Nipper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makoid
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Therkildsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D003061:Codeine / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D010098:Oxycodone; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine; D003061:Codeine