title: Cytokines in vitreous humor: interleukin-6 is elevated in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the levels of interleukins (IL) 1 beta, 6, and 8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), vitreous hemorrhage, and macular pucker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous samples were collected, undiluted, from patients with PVR, PDR of varying severity, and miscellaneous lesions (vitreous hemorrhage from trauma, macular degeneration, vein occlusion, and non-PVR patients with giant tear, retinal detachment, and macular pucker). Immunoreactive levels of the cytokines, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF alpha were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays, and samples were analyzed for protein and hyaluronic acid content using standard assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of TNF alpha were below detection limits of the assay (< 3 pg/ml). In 45 of the 47 samples tested, IL-1 beta levels also were below detection limits of the assay (< 3 pg/ml). IL-6 levels ranged from < 30 to 5487 pg/ml, with the highest values observed in the PVR patients. IL-8 levels ranged from < 20 to 1900 pg/ml, and were consistently high in the miscellaneous group. Some of the PVR patients with C2 and C3 level severity also exhibited IL-8 levels exceeding 100 pg/ml. In a second study, IL-6 content of vitreous from miscellaneous and PVR patients was compared. In this study, significantly elevated levels of IL-6 were observed in the PVR patients (91.5 +/- 18 pg/ml) compared to the miscellaneous group (10.3 +/- 3.7 pg/ml)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of IL-6 in the vitreous occur in PVR, implicating a role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of this ocular disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Meurs
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peperkamp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Master
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000276:immunology*; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6