title: Replacement of chlorpromazine with other neuroleptics: effect on abnormal skin pigmentation and ocular changes.
abstract: This paper describes the outcome of 15 patients with chlorpromazine (CPZ)-induced abnormal skin pigmentation (ASP) in whom CPZ was replaced with other neuroleptics for three to 13 years. Complete resolution of ASP occurred over a period of six months to five years following substitution with haloperidol (four patients), levomepromazine (three patients), trifluoperazine (one patient), thioproperazine (one patient) as the sole neuroleptic, by a combination of two of the three phenothiazines (four patients) or haloperidol plus pipotiazine (one patient). Resolution was maintained during the remainder of the follow-up period. In one patient, at final follow-up, marked improvement was present three years after CPZ was replaced with levomepromazine. Bilateral lenticular pigmentary deposits persisted in all eight patients examined 3.3 to 13 years after replacing CPZ and less than three months to nine years after resolution of ASP; improvement was noted in only one of these patients. Bilateral endothelial corneal deposits, present in five patients while on CPZ therapy, had disappeared in two patients seven and 13 years, respectively, after replacing CPZ; improvement was noted in two other patients. These findings indicate that: 1. CPZ-induced ASP is completely reversible in most, if not all, patients if CPZ is withdrawn; 2. a variety of neuroleptics including other phenothiazines can be used to replace CPZ without risk of re-emergence of ASP; 3. CPZ-induced lenticular changes persist whereas corneal changes may resolve slowly over a period of many years following replacement of CPZ; 4. ASP and ocular changes induced by CPZ may be subserved by two different pathophysiological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: McGill Centre for Research in Schizophrenia, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thavundayil
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D012880:Skin Pigmentation
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010640:Phenothiazines; D006220:Haloperidol; D002746:Chlorpromazine