title: Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of caloric restriction, independent of differences in weight loss, on improvements in glycemic control, fasting insulin, and insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 93 obese type II diabetic patients to two different degrees of calorie restriction (1,674 or 4,185 kJ/day; 400 or 1,000 kcal/day) and compared the changes in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin sensitivity that resulted from a comparable reduction in body weight (11% of initial body weight). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the minimal model analysis of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite equal weight losses, subjects in the 1,674 kJ/day (400 kcal) condition had lower fasting glucose levels (7.61 vs. 10.13 mM, P = 0.03) and greater insulin sensitivity (1.79 vs. 1.13, P = 0.04) after weight loss than did subjects in the 4,185 kJ/day (1,000 calorie) condition. Subjects were restudied 15 weeks later when both groups were consuming a 4,185 kJ/day (1,000 kcal/day) diet. Subjects who increased from 1,674 to 4,185 kJ (400 to 1,000 calories) had worse fasting glycemic control in spite of continued weight loss, whereas subjects who remained on 4,185 kJ (1,000 calories) throughout had further improvements in both blood glucose and insulin sensitivity with increased weight loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both degree of calorie restriction and magnitude of weight loss have independent effects on improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bononi
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D013997:Time Factors; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin