title: Effects of a small quantity of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of a low dose of omega-3 fatty acids on platelet function and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled study of a low dose of omega-3 fatty acids (2.5 g/day) in 20 ambulatory subjects with NIDDM. Subjects ingested five 1-g fish oil capsules each containing 0.5 g omega-3 fatty acids or five 1-g safflower oil capsules per day for 6 weeks followed by a 6-week washout period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine subjects completed the study in each group. Both groups exhibited moderate control of glucose levels; modest elevations in baseline total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels; and normal blood pressure values. In the fish oil group, plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels increased significantly. Fish oil significantly reduced the slope of the dose-response curves for collagen-induced platelet aggregation to one-third the value observed with safflower oil. No difference was observed in collagen-induced production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2, measured as the stable derivative TXB2), or in adenosine-5'-diphosphate- (ADP) induced platelet aggregation or TXA2 generation. Patients with high initial collagen-induced platelet TXA2 production showed a significantly larger drop after fish oil than safflower oil. Fish oil significantly reduced TG levels by 44 mg/dl and decreased upright systolic blood pressure (sBP) by 8 mmHg compared with safflower oil. Fish oil caused a significant but small increase in HbA1c (0.56%) and total cholesterol (20 mg/dl) but had no effect on fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small doses of fish oil inhibit platelet aggregation and TXA2 production, reduce upright sBP and TG levels, and have only a small effect on glucose and cholesterol levels in patients with moderately controlled NIDDM. Small quantities of omega-3 fatty acids or dietary fish are safe and potentially beneficial in NIDDM patients.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Axelrod
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camuso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005395:Fish Oils; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012450:Safflower Oil; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D012450:Safflower Oil; D013929:Thromboxane B2